LkaLdj.

k % izFke
ISBN : 978-81-19211-25-8
MRP: 0/-
}kjk izdkf'kr % Physics Wallah

eksckby ,si% Physics Wallah (Iys LVksj ij miyC/)

osclkbV% [Link]
;wVÔwc pSuy% Physics Wallah - Alakh Pandey
UPSC Wallah
UPSC Wallah - Hindi Medium
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MPSC Wallah
bZesy% support@[Link]

vf/dkj
lHkh vf/dkj çdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr jgsaxsA ys•d ;k çdk'kd dh fyf•r vuqefr ds fcuk bl iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk fdlh Hkh
rjg ls mi;ksx ;k bldh vU; çfrfyfi rS;kj ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

Nk=k leqnk; ds fgr esa%

fdlh Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k pSuy] bZesy vkfn ;k fdlh vU; pSuy ds ekè;e ls eksckby] ySiVkWi ;k MsLdVkWi ds ekè;e ls ihMh,iQ ;k vU;
led{k çk:iksa esa iqLrdksa dh lkWÝV dkWih dk çlkj ,d çdkj dk vijk/ gSA fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ }kjk viuh fMokbl ([Link]) ij iqLrd dh
lkWÝV dkWih dks çlkfjr] MkmuyksM] laxzghr djuk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e dk mYya?ku gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ bl iqLrd ;k bldh fdlh Hkh lkexzh
dh iQksVksdkWih djuk Hkh voS/ gSA ,slh fdlh Hkh lkWÝV dkWih laca/h lkexzh ds çkIr gksus dh voLFkk esa bls MkmuyksM ;k iQkWjoMZ u djsaA

vLohdj.k%
fo"k; dh xgjh le> j•us okys PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kKksa ,oa vè;kidksa dh Vhe us iqLrdksa ds fy, dM+h esgur dh gSA tcfd bu iqLrdksa
dks rS;kj djus esa daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] lEikndksa ,oa çdk'kdksa }kjk [Link] ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqLrd 'kSf{kd mís';ksa ds
fy, vfHkçsr gS rFkk ys•d iqLrd esa fufgr fdlh Hkh =kqfV ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxkA fo"k; oLrq dh lVhdrk ds fy, tk¡p dh xbZ gSA
çdk'kd }kjk fo"k;&oLrq dks lVhd ,oa vkf/dkfjd tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k gSA
;g iqLrd ,oa blesa fufgr O;fÙkQxr ;ksxnku çdk'kd }kjk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e ds varxZr lqjf{kr gSaA
çfrfØ;k ds fy, bZesy djsa% support@[Link]

 (;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

 izLrkouk
PW ONLY IAS dh ,d vR;f/d dq'ky fo'ks"kK Vhe ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dM+h esgur djrh gS fd Nk=kksa dks chih,llh ijh{kk
ds fy, lokZsÙke vè;;u lkexzh çkIr gksA

'kq#vkr ls gh daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] leh{kdksa] MhVhih vkWijsVjksa] çwiQjhMjksa ,oa vU; yksxksa dh iwjh daVsaV Vhe Nk=kksa ds
fy, çHkko'kkyh vè;;u lkexzh rS;kj djus gsrq muds lokZsÙke Kku rFkk vuqHko ds vuqlkj vè;;u lkexzh dks vkdkj nsus esa layXu gSA

vè;kidksa us fo"k;&oLrq dks vklkuh ls le>us okyh Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djus dh ubZ 'kSyh viukbZ gS ,oa bl vè;;u lkexzh ds fuekZ.k
ds nkSjku Vhe dks viuk ekxZn'kZu rFkk i;Zos{k.k çnku fd;k gSA

PW ONLY IAS oSpkfjd ,oa euksjatd f'k{kk esa n`<+ fo'okl j•rk gSA PW ONLY IAS Nk=kksa dks [Link]Ùkk rFkk Li"Vrk ykus ds fy,
mPp ijh{kk&mUeq• fo"k;&oLrq çnku djrk gSA

chih,llh vè;;u lkexzh cgqrk;r ds lkFk cktkj esa miyC/ gS] ijarq PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kK gekjs chih,llh Nk=kksa ds fy, lokZsPp
vè;;u lkexzh çnku djus gsrq fujarj dk;Zjr gSaA

;g vè;;u lkexzh ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus okys ç'uksa dh çpqj fofo/rk ds lkFk vo/[Link] dk fo'ks"k ,oa le>us ds fy, cgqvk;keh
n`f"Vdks.k viukrh gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksxh ijh{kk ds fy, Kku ls lqlfTtr djrh gSA
bl vè;;u lkexzh dk eq[; mís'; gekjs Nk=kksa dks laf{kIr] Li"V] y?kq ,oa [Link]Ù[Link] fo"k;&oLrq çnku djuk gSA

iqLrd dh fo'ks"krk,a

z fo"k;ksa dh lexz ppkZ] chih,llh çkjafHkd vkSj eq[; ijh{kk ds ikB;Øe ds [Link]% vuq:i
z fo"k;okj dojst ds fy, ou&LVkWi lkWY;w'ku
z Rofjr le> vkSj iqujh{k.k ds fy, vkjs•] ÝykspkVZ vkSj VkbeykbUl
z bl ijh{kk ds çkjafHkd vkSj eq[; [Link] dh ,dhÑr rS;kjh
 fo"k;&lwph
1- HkkSfrd foKku......................................1&33 3- thofoKku....................................... 53&105
1-1 bdkbZ@ek=kd ,oa ekiu................................1 3-1 ifjp;................................................. 53
1-2 xfrdh...................................................2 3-2 dksf'kdk............................................... 53
1-3 inkFkZ ds HkkSfrd xq.k.................................4 3-3 laxBu dk vuqØe.k................................ 59
1-4 çdkf'kdh...............................................6 3-4 thoksa dk oxhZdj.k.................................. 59
1-5 Å"ek vkSj Å"ekxfrdh............................. 23 3-5 ikpu ra=k............................................. 63
1-6 rjaxsa.................................................... 26 3-6 'olu ra=k............................................ 64
1-7 èofu................................................... 27 3-7 lapkj ç.kkyh......................................... 67
1-8 fo|qr èkkjk............................................ 28 3-8 mRlthZ ra=k............................................ 69
1-9 fo|qr pqacdRo....................................... 31 3-9 var% lzkoh ra=k....................................... 70
1-10 [Link] fo•aMu vkSj lay;u....................... 32 3-10 çtuu ç.kkyh........................................ 71
3-11 raf=kdk ra=k............................................ 72
1-11 pkydrk.............................................. 32
3-12 isf'k;k¡ vkSj dadky ra=k............................ 73
2- jlk;u foKku.................................... 34&52
3-13 ikni 'kjhj fØ;k foKku............................ 73
2-1 jklk;fud foKku dh ewy voè[Link],a........... 34
3-14 foVkfeu vkSj iks"k.k................................. 94
2-2 jklk;fud laxBu.................................... 34
3-15 ekuo jksx............................................. 96
2-3 [Link] vkSj [Link]..................................... 35
4- çkS|ksfxdh..................................... 106&128
2-4 HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud ifjorZu................... 36
4-1 tSo çkS|ksfxdh...................................... 106
2-5 foy;u................................................ 37
4-2 [Link] çkS|ksfxdh.................................. 109
2-6 jklk;fud caèk....................................... 38
4-3 varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh................................. 111
2-7 jklk;fud lewg...................................... 38
4-4 j{kk.................................................. 116
2-8 èkkrqdeZ ds ewy fl¼kar............................ 41
4-5 jkscksfVDl............................................ 121
2-9 ;kSfxd ds fofHkUu çdkj........................... 42
4-6 lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZlhVh)...... 122
2-10 feJèkkrq............................................... 42
4-7 mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ka............................... 125
2-11 vdkcZfud jlk;u foKku ds ewy fl¼kar....... 44
5- fofo/.......................................... 129&138
2-12 vEy] {kkj vkSj yo.k.............................. 45
5-1 b±/u................................................. 129
2-13 •fut vkSj v;Ld................................. 48
5-2 chih,llh çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds fy,
2-14 dkcZu vkSj mlds ;kSfxd.......................... 50 [Link] ladsr.................................... 130
2-15 dkcZfud jlk;u ds ewy fl¼kar.................. 50 5-3 foKku ds {ks=k esa fcgkj dh çfl¼ gfLr;ka..... 131
2-16 lkcqu vkSj viektZd............................... 51 5-4 chih,llh ihokbZD;w,l........................... 133
 1 HkkSfrd foKku

1-1 bdkbZ@ek=kd ,oa ekiu ewyHkwr bdkb;ka

z eki dh ,d bdkbZ ,d ek=kk dk ,d fuf'pr ifjek.k xq.k bdkbZ çrhd
yackbZ ehVj M
gS] ftls vfèkfu;e ;k dkuwu }kjk ifjHkkf"kr vkSj viuk;k
æO;eku fdyksxzke kg
tkrk gSA ;g ,d gh çdkj dh ek=kk ds ekiu ds fy, ,d
le; lsdaM s
ekud ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
foèkqr èkkjk ,Eis;j A
z HkkSfrd ek=kkvksa dks ekius ds fy,] pkj ç.kkfy;k¡ ykxw gSaA
rkieku dsfYou K
1-1-1 lhth,l ç.kkyh ek=kk dk inkFkZ fry mol
;g vkèkkfjr gS& T;ksrh rhozrk dSUMsyk cd

z lsaVhehVj & yackbZ dh bdkbZ O;qRiUu ,lvkbZ bdkb;ksa

z xzke & æO;eku dh bdkbZ {ks=kiQy m2
z lsdaM& le; dh bdkbZ vk;ru m3
xkfr] osx ms–1
1-1-2 ,iQih,l ç.kkyh ms–2
Roj.k
;g vkèkkfjr gS& rjax nSèkZ m–1
z iQqV & yackbZ dh bdkbZ ?kuRo kgm–3

z ikmaM & æO;eku dh bdkbZ i`"B ?kuRo kgm–2

fof'k"V vk;ru m3 kg–1
z lsdaM & le; dh bdkbZ
foèkqr èkkjk A m–2
1-1-3 ,eds,l flLVe pqEcdh; {ks=k 'kfÙkQ A m–1
;g vkèkkfjr gS& T;ksrh rhozrk Cd m–2
æO;eku laèkzrk kgm–3
z ehVj & yackbZ dh bdkbZ
inkFkZ dh ek=kk mol m–3
z fdyksxzke & æO;eku dh bdkbZ
cy kgm s–2 (Newton-N)
z lsdaM & le; dh bdkbZ kgm–1 s–2 (Pascal-Pa)
nkc
1-1-4 bdkb;ksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; ç.kkyh (,lvkbZ vkorhZ s–1 (Hertz-Hz)

bdkb;ka) mtkZ] dk;Z] Å"ek dh ek=k kgm2 s–2 (Joule- J)

foèkqr vkos'k A s (Coulomb- C)
z bdkb;ksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; ç.kkyh ;k ,lvkbZ bdkb;ka lHkh
oksYVst@ foHkkUrj kgm2 s–3A–1 (volt- V)
HkkSfrd ds ekiu ds fy, ekud bdkb;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr
djrh gSa dqN [Link] ekid ;a=k vkSj Ldsy
z lS¼kafrd :i ls] fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf'k dks lkr ekSfyd midj.k µ vuqç;ksx
bdkb;ksa ds :i esa O;ÙkQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA z vehVj& fdlh ifjiFk esa fo|qr èkkjk dks ekirk gS
z ,uheksehVj& gok dh xfr vkSj gok ds ncko dks ekirk gS z ekbØksiQksu & èofu rjaxksa dks fo|qr ladsrksa esa ifjofrZr
z cSjksehVj& ok;[Link]; nkc ekirk gS djrk gS
z dkfMZ;ksxzkiQ& ân; dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks xzkfiQd :i ls z vksMksehVj & fdlh ifg, okys okgu }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh
fjdkWMZ djrk gSa dks ekius esa
z Mk;useks& ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gS z isfjLdksi & fdlh oLrq ds Åij] mlds vkl&ikl ;k
z bysDVªksLdksi& 'kjhj ij fo|qr vkos'k dh mifLFkfr vkSj mlds ekè;e ls voyksdu djus esa
ifjek.k dk irk yxkrk gS z iQksVksehVj & çdk'k dh rhozrk dks ekirk gS
z bysDVªks,UlsiQsyksxzkiQ& efLr"d dh fo|qr xfrfofèk dks z jsu xst ¾ le; dh ,d fuèkkZfjr vofèk esa rjy vo{ksi.k
fjdkWMZ djrk gS dh ek=kk ekius esa
z ,aMksLdksi& 'kjhj ds vanj ns•sa
z fLiQXekseSuksehVj & jÙkQpki dks ekius esa
z iQSFkksehVj& leqæ dh xgjkbZ ekirk gS
z LVsFkksLdksi & ân; dh vkokt lquus esa
z xSYosuksehVj& fo|qr çokg dk irk yxkrk gS
z LihMksehVj & fdlh okgu dh rkRdkfyd xfr dks ekirk gS
z gkbMªksehVj& rjy inkFkZ ds lkis{k ?kuRo dks ekirk gSa
z foaM osu & gok ds çokg dh fn'kk dks ekirk gSA
z lksukj& ikuh dh lrg ij ;k mlds uhps oLrqvksa dks
usfoxsV djus] lapkj djus ;k oLrqvksa dk irk yxkus ds z jMkj & oLrq igpku ç.kkyh tks oLrqvksa dh lhek] dks.k ;k
fy, èofu çlkj dk mi;ksx djrk gSA osx fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy, jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSA
1-2-1 U;wVu ds xfr ds fu;e
1-2 xfrdh
z U;wVu us xfr ds çfl¼ fu;eksa dks çfrikfnr fd;kA mUgksaus
z nwjh% fdlh oLrq }kjk nks fcanqvksa ds chp ;k=kk dh xbZ •xksyh; voyksdu djus ds fy, ,d •xksyh; nwjchu dk
fufnZ"V iFk dh yackbZA
fMtkbu rS;kj fd;kA mUgksaus [Link] dh ,d ubZ 'kk•k dk
z foLFkkiu% çkjafHkd fLFkfr vkSj inkFkZ dh vafre fLFkfr ds vkfo"dkj fd;k] ftls dSydqyl dgk tkrk gSA
chp lcls NksVh nwjhA
z igyk fu;e% ,d oLrq fLFkj ;k ,d lhèkh js•k esa
z xfr% xfr fdlh fuf'pr le; esa fdlh fiaM }kjk r; dh
,dleku xfr dh fLFkfr esa jgrh gS tc rd fd ml fLFkfr
xbZ nwjh vkSj ml le; dk vuqikr gSA bls ehVj çfr lsdaM
dks cnyus ds fy, cy }kjk ckè; ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
esa ekik tkrk gSA
(a) nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lHkh oLrq,¡ viuh xfr dh voLFkk esa
xfr ¾ r; dh xbZ nwjh@le;
ifjorZu dk fojksèk djrh gSaA
z osx% osx ,d fo'ks"k fn'kk esa ekih tkus okyh xfr gSA osx
(b) bldk vFkZ gS fd dksbZ fiaM@oLrq vfopfyr fLFkfr esa
,d lfn'k jkf'k gS] tks ,d ,slh jkf'k gS ftlesa ifjek.k
vkSj fn'kk nksuksa dks O;ÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA jguk pkgrk gSA xfr gS rks xfr esa jguk pkgrs gSa ;k
osx ¾ foLFkkiu@le; foJke esa gSa rks foJke esa jguk pkgrs gSaA
z Roj.k% Roj.k osx ds ifjorZu dh nj gSA Roj.k dks z nwljk fu;e% dgrk gS fd fdlh oLrq ds laosx ifjorZu
,d fuf'pr le; varjky esa osx esa ifjorZu ds :i esa dh nj cy dh fn'kk esa yxk, x, vlarqfyr cy ds
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Roj.k dks mèks2 (;k ms–2) lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
esa ekik tkrk gSA z rhljk fu;e% çR;sd fØ;k ds fy,] ,d leku vkSj
Roj.k ¾ vafre osx&çkjafHkd osx@le; foijhr çfrfØ;k gksrh gSA
midj.k µ vuqç;ksx (a) dFku dk vFkZ gS fd çR;sd var%fØ;k esa nks ijLij
z vkæZrkekih (Hygrometer) µ ok;[Link] dh lkis{k fØ;k djus okyh oLrqvksa ij ,d tksM+h cy dk;Z djrk
vkæZrk ekirk gS gSA
z ySDVksehVj & nwèk ds ?kuRo dks eki dj mldh 'kq¼rk (b) igyh oLrq ij yxus okyk cy nwljh oLrq ij yxus
dh tkap djrk gSa okys cy ds vkdkj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

2 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
laosx z fdlh oLrq dh xfrt ÅtkZ og ÅtkZ gS tks mldh xfr
z fdlh oLrq ds æO;eku vkSj osx dk [Link] ds dkj.k mlesa gksrh gSA ;fn 'kjhj dk æO;eku m kg vkSj
laosx ¾ æO;eku × osx xfr v m/sec gS] rks
KE = ½ MV2
laosx esa cnyko
z fdlh oLrq ds laosx esa ifjorZu dh nj oLrq ij vkjksfir laHkkfor ÅtkZ
cy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA laosx esa ifjorZu lnSo cy dh z laHkkfor ÅtkZ oLrq esa bldh fLFkfr ds dkj.k mRiUu ÅtkZ
fn'kk esa gksrk gSA ;g U;wVu ds xfr ds f}rh; fu;e dk gSA
nwljk :i gSA PE = mgh
cy ¾ laosx@le; esa ifjorZu
z tgk¡ m= æO;eku] g= xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k Roj.k vkSj
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa h= Å¡pkbZ
cy ¾ æO;eku × osx@le; ¾ æO;eku × Roj.k cy ¾
æO;eku × Roj.k 1-2-2 U;wVu dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk fu;e
cy ¾ æO;eku × Roj.k bl fu;e ds vuqlkj czãkaM dk çR;sd d.k czãkaM ds çR;sd
d.k dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA U;wVu dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk fu;e gS
dk;Z
z cy dks dk;Z djus okyk dgk tkrk gS] ;fn lfØ; gksus F = Gm1m2/r2
ij] cy dh fn'kk esa vuqç;ksx fcanq dk foLFkkiu gksrk gSA tgk¡ G ^lkoZHkkSfed xq#Roh; fLFkjkad* gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k ij vkxs
;fn cy yxkus ds ckn dksbZ foLFkkiu ugha gksrk gS] rks dksbZ ds ç;ksxksa us fl¼ fd;k fd%
dk;Z ugha gksrk gSA G = 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 fdxzkµ 2
z dk;Z dk ewY; cjkcj gksrk gS&
dk;Z ¾ cy × cy dh fn'kk esa foLFkkiu xq#Rokd"kZ.k fLFkjkad
W=F×S
xq#Rokd"kZ.k bdkbZ æO;eku okyh nks oLrqvksa vkSj bdkbZ nwjh ij
fLFkr oLrqvksa ds chp vkd"kZ.k cy dks fLFkj djrk gSA
tgka] W = dk;Z
F = cy 1-2-3 xq#Rokd"kZ.k
S = foLFkkiu z xq#Rokd"kZ.k og cy gS ftlds }kjk dksbZ xzg ;k vU; fiaM
z ;fn cy foLFkkiu dh fn'kk esa ugha gS] oLrqvksa dks vius dsaæ dh vksj •haprk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy
blds lkFk ,d dks.k q cukrs gq,] fiQj lHkh xzgksa dks lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj d{kk esa j•rk gSA
W = F cos q × S z xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk lkoZHkkSe fu;e% ftl fdlh Hkh oLrq
z dk;Z ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA dk æO;eku gksrk gS mldk xq#Rokd"kZ.k Hkh gksrk gSA
'kfÙkQ vfèkd æO;eku okyh oLrqvksa esa vfèkd xq#Rokd"kZ.k gksrk
z 'kfÙkQ fdlh e'khu ;k fdlh ds }kjk dk;Z djus dh nj gSA gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k Hkh nwjh ds lkFk detksj gksrk tkrk gSA
'kfÙkQ ¾ dk;Z (w)@le; (t) blfy,] oLrq,a ,d&nwljs ds ftruh djhc gksrh gSa] mudk
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy mruk gh etcwr gksrk gSA
ÅtkZ
z xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds lkoZf=kd fu;e us dbZ ifj?kVukvksa dh
z ÅtkZ dk;Z djus dh {kerk gSA ÅtkZ ds fofHkUu :i ;kaf=kd liQyrkiwoZd O;k[;k dh ftUgsa vlac¼ ekuk tkrk Fkk%
ÅtkZ] Å"ek ÅtkZ] çdk'k ÅtkZ] èofu ÅtkZ vkfn gSaA ÅtkZ
,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA  'kfÙkQ tks gesa i`Foh ls ckaèks j•rh gS_
 ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ
 i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj paæek dh xfr_
 ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ fdlh oLrq esa xfrt vkSj laHkkfor ÅtkZ
 lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj xzgksa dh xfr_ vkSj
dk ;ksx gS ftldk mi;ksx dk;Z djus ds fy, fd;k  paæek vkSj lw;Z ds dkj.k Tokj&HkkVkA
tkrk gSA z tc fdlh oLrq dks Lora=k :i ls iQsadk ;k fxjk;k tkrk
 xfrt ÅtkZ gS] rks ;g i`Foh ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k i`Foh dh vksj

HkkSfrd foKku 3
 fxjrh gS vkSj Roj.k ds mRiknu ds dkj.k bldh fxjus dh East
nj yxkrkj c<+ jgh gS] ftls xq#Rokd"kZ.k Roj.k ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
z bls 'g' }kjk çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk ek=kd m/s2
gksrk gSA
z 'g' dk eku oLrq ds æO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA
z i`Foh dh lrg ij fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij 'g' dk eku fHkUu
South
gksrk gSA ;g Hkweè; js•k ij U;wure vkSj èkzqoksa ij vfèkdre
gksrk gSA
fp=k 1-1
'g' vkSj 'G' ds chp lacaèk
z bl çdkj tc dksbZ fi.M o`Ùkkdkj iFk esa xfr djrk gS] rks
= GMe/Re2
fdUgha nks fcanqvksa ij xfr dh fn'kk leku ugha gksrh gSA vkSj
1-2-4 o`Ùkh; xfr tc fiaM dh xfr dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mldk
z tc dksbZ fiaM ;k oLrq o`Ùkh; iFk esa xfr djrk gS rks osx ,d leku ugha gksrk gSA blfy,] fiaM dh xfr fLFkj
mls o`Ùkh; xfr esa dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr o`Ùk esa xfr o`Ùkh; jgus ij Hkh ,d lkeku o`Ùkh; xfr rst gksrh gSA o`Ùkkdkj
xfr gksrh gSA tc dksbZ fiaM ;k oLrq o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij xfr xfr mRiUu djus ds fy, ,d cy dh vko';drk gksrh
djrk gS rks mldh xfr dh fn'kk ;k xfr dh fn'kk fujarj gSA fdlh oLrq dks o`Ùkkdkj iFk esa xfr djkus ds fy,
cnyrh jgrh gSA vko';d cy vfHkdsUæ cy gSA
z ;fn dksbZ ,FkyhV ,d o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij ,dleku xfr ls z ,d leku o`Ùkh; xfr ds mnkgj.k gSa%
pyrk gS] rks ,FkyhV dk osx fLFkj ugha gksxk D;ksafd osx  Ñf=ke mixzg i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ,dleku xfr ls
,d fufnZ"V fn'kk esa xfr gS vkSj ;gk¡ xfr dh fn'kk yxkrkj ?kwers gSaA blfy,] i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ,d mixzg dh
cnyrh jgrh gSA xfr rst gks tkrh gSA
z pwafd] fn'kk esa fujarj ifjorZu ds lkFk osx cnyrk gS]  paæek i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ,d leku xksykdkj xfr esa
blfy,] ,d o`Ùkkdkj iFk ds lkFk xfr dks Rofjr dgk
?kwerk gSA
tkrk gSA
 lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj i`Foh dh xfr Hkh ,d leku o`Ùkkdkj
,dleku o`Ùkkdkj xfr xfr gSA vr% lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj i`Foh dh xfr rhoz gks
z tc dksbZ fiaM ,dleku xfr ;k fLFkj xfr ls o`Ùkkdkj iFk tkrh gSA
esa xfr djrk gS] rks mldh xfr dks ,dleku o`Ùkh; xfr ds  ?kM+h dh lsdaM dh lqbZ dk fljk ?kM+h ds o`Ùkkdkj Mk;y
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fdlh fiaM ds fy, ,dleku xfr ls
ij ,dleku o`Ùkh; xfr n'kkZrk gSA
o`Ùkkdkj iFk esa xfr djuk rc rd laHko gS tc rd og
leku le; varjky esa leku nwjh r; dj jgk gksA ysfdu 1-3 inkFkZ ds HkkSfrd xq.k
,dleku xfr ls ,d o`Ùk esa ?kwe jgs 'kjhj dk osx ,d
leku ugha gS D;ksafd xfr dh fn'kk yxkrkj cny jgh gSA z lkekU;r% inkFkZ dh rhu voLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa&
z eku yhft, fd ,d iRFkj dks ,d èkkxs ls ckaèkdj ,d 1- Bksl
o`Ùkkdkj iFk esa nf{[Link] fn'kk esa ,dleku xfr ls ?kqek;k 2- rjy vkSj
tkrk gSA vc] tc dksbZ iRFkj ,d fuf'pr fcanq] eku 3- xSl
yhft,A ij igq¡prk gS] rks mldh xfr iwoZ dh vksj funZsf'kr
z inkFkZ dh rhuksa voLFkkvksa esa dqN fo'ks"k xq.k gksrs gSa] tks
gksrh gSA vkSj ;fn iRFkj dks rc NksM+k tkrk gS tc og A
bl çdkj gSa%
ij gksrk gS] rks og iwoZ fn'kk esa pyk tk,xkA tc iRFkj
(a) Bksl esa& çR;kLFkrk
fcanq B ij gksxk] rks mldh xfr nf{k.k dh vksj gksxhA vkSj
vxj iRFkj dks fcanq B ij NksM+k tkrk gS] rks og nf{k.k (b) æo esa& nkc] i`"B ruko] dsf'kdRo rFkk rSjus esa
fn'kk esa igq¡p tk,xkA (c) xSl esa& ok;qeaMyh; nckoA

4 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
1-3-1 çR;kLFkrk vkSj ruko dk vuqikr ,d fLFkj ewY; gS] ftls çR;kLFkrk
z lkekU;r% dBksj dk vFkZ dBksj Bksl inkFkZ gksrk gS] ftldk [Link] (bZ) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
,d fuf'pr vkdkj gksrk gSA ysfdu ;s •haps tk ldrs gSa] E = nokc@ruko
ladqfpr vkSj ifjofrZr gks ldrs gSaA
1-3-2 i`"Bh; ruko
z tc fdlh inkFkZ ij cká cy yxk;k tkrk gS rks mldk
z i`"B ruko ,d æo lrg dh çR;kLFkrk ço`fÙk gS tks bls de
vkdkj vkSj vkÑfr nksuksa gh ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA cy okil
ls de laHko lrg {ks=k çkIr djus ds fy, etcwj djrh
ysus ds ckn] ;g viuk lkekU; vkdkj ;k vkÑfr çkIr
gSA bls cy çfr bdkbZ yackbZ esa ekik tkrk gSA
dj ysrk gSA fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dk og xq.k ftlds }kjk og
f•apus ;k ladqfpr gksus ds ckn viuk lkekU; vkdkj çkIr z bldk SI ek=kd U;wVu@ehVj gSA
djus dk ç;kl djrk gS] çR;kLFkrk dgykrk gSA z fdlh Hkh rjy ds i`"B ruko dk eku mldh çÑfr]
rkieku vkSj rjy lrg ds nwljh rjiQ ekStwn ekè;e ij
z çR;kLFkrk ds xq.k ds vkèkkj ij inkFkZ nks çdkj ds
fuHkZj djrk gSA
gksrs gSa%
z i`"B ruko rkieku esa o`f¼ ds lkFk ?kVrk gSA ØkfUrd rki
1- [Link];k çR;kLFk inkFkZ (Perfectly Elastic Substance)%
ij ;g 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA
inkFkZ tks yxk, x, cy dks okil ysus ds ckn iwjh
rjg ls viuh lkekU; voLFkk esa vk tkrk gSA z ;fn æo dk Hkkj ux.; gS rks bldk vkdkj [Link]% xksykdkj
gksxkA mnkgj.k& o"kkZ ty dh cw¡nsa rFkk lkcqu ds cqycqysA
2- [Link] :i ls IykfLVd inkFkZ% inkFkZ tks ckgjh cy
dks okil ysus ds ckn viuh lkekU; fLFkfr dks fiQj 1-3-3 lalatd vkSj vklatd cy
ls 'kq: ugha djrk gS] og ges'kk ds fy, ifjofrZr z [Link] fl¼kar ds vuqlkj] çR;sd inkFkZ NksVs&NksVs [Link]
jgrk gSA ls cuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa [Link] dgk tkrk gSA ;s [Link] ,d nwljs
D;k vki tkurs gSa\ dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA lalatd cy ,d gh inkFkZ ds [Link]
DokV~tZ dks iwjh rjg ls çR;kLFkr inkFkZ ekuk tk ldrk gS ds chp vkd"kZ.k cy gSA vklatd cy fofHkUu inkFkks± ds
vkSj ekse iwjh rjg ls IykfLVd inkFkZ gSA [Link] ds chp vkd"kZ.k dk cy gSA
1-3-4 dsf'kdRo
nokc
z dksf'kdk uyh cgqr NksVs O;kl okyh dkap dh uyh gksrh
z fdlh inkFkZ ds vkdkj ;k vkÑfr dks cnyus ds fy, ml
gS] tks nksuksa fljksa ij •qyh gksrh gSA ds'kuyh esa i`"B ruko
ij cká cy yxkus ds nkSjku çR;sd •aM ij foijhr fn'kk
ds dkj.k fdlh æo ds Åij mBus ;k fxjus dh ço`fÙk dks
esa leku ek=kk dk vkarfjd çfrfØ;k cy mRiUu gksrk gSA
dsf'kdkRo dgrs gSaA tks æo dk¡p dks xhyk djrs gSa os Åij
bl cy dks nokc ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] vkSj ;g inkFkZ
mBrs gSa vkSj tks æo dk¡p dks xhyk ugha djrs os ds'kuyh
dks mldh lkekU; fLFkfr dks fiQj ls 'kq: djus dk ç;kl
esa uhps fxj tkrs gSaA
djrk gSA rc
nokc = F/A 1-3-5 nkc
z bldk ,lvkbZ ek=kd U;wVu@ehVj2 gSA z nkc ,d cy gS tks fdlh oLrq ds çfr bdkbZ {ks=k dh lrg
ruko ij yacor :i ls yxk;k tkrk gSA
z tc fdlh inkFkZ ds vkdkj ;k vkdkj dks ckgjh cy z nkc ¾ cy@{ks=kiQy
yxkdj cny fn;k tkrk gS] rks bls ruko ds :i esa tkuk z nkc dk SI ek=kd U;wVu@ehVj2 gksrk gS
tkrk gSA pwafd ;g ,d vuqikr gS blfy, ;g fcuk fdlh z rjy ds Hkhrj fdlh Hkh fcanq ij ncko
bdkbZ ds gSA z æo dh eqÙkQ lrg ls h xgjkbZ ij fLFkr fcanq ij nkc
gqd dk fu;e gksrk gS&
z ;fn inkFkZ esa ruko ukeek=k dk gS] rks inkFkZ ij yxk;k x;k P=h×d×g
ruko mlesa fodflr ruko ds lhèks vkuqikfrd gSA ruko z tgk¡] d æo dk ?kuRo gS_ g xq#Rokd"kZ.k Roj.k gSA

HkkSfrd foKku 5
mR{ksi cy z pedhyh ;k ikWfy'k dh gqbZ lrg okyh oLrq,¡ iQhdh ;k
z tc ,d Bksl dks rjy esa Mkyk tkrk gS] rks oLrq ds otu fcuk ikWfy'k dh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd çdk'k
esa deh fn•kbZ nsrh gSA ;g Li"V uqdlku ,d cy ds n'kkZrh gSaA pk¡nh dh èkkrq çdk'k dk lcls vPNk ijkorZd
dkj.k gksrk gS tks rjy }kjk Åijh fn'kk esa inkFkZ ij yxk;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lery dk¡p dh 'khV ds ,d vksj
pk¡nh dh èkkrq dh iryh ijr p<+kdj lery niZ.k cuk;k
tkrk gSA bl cy dks mR{ksi cy ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA pkanh dh ijr dks yky jax ls lqjf{kr fd;k
vkfdZfeMht dk fl¼kar tkrk gSA
z ;g crkrk gS fd ,d rjy esa Mwcs gq, oLrq ij Åij dh fu;fer ijkorZu vkSj çdk'k dk folfjr ijkorZu
vksj yxus okyk cy] pkgs iwjh rjg ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls z fu;fer ijkorZu esa] vkifrr çdk'k dk ,d lekukarj che
tyeXu gks] rjy ds otu ds cjkcj gksrk gS ftls oLrq ,d fn'kk esa ,d lekukarj che ds :i esa ifjyf{kr gksrk
foLFkkfir djrk gS vkSj ;g foLFkkfir rjy ds æO;eku ds gSA bl ekeys esa] lekukarj vkifrr [Link] ijkorZu ds ckn
dsaæ esa Åij dh fn'kk esa dk;Z djrk gSA Hkh lekukarj jgrh gSa vkSj dsoy ,d gh fn'kk esa tkrh gSa
Iyou dk fu;e vkSj ;g lery niZ.k ;k vR;fèkd ikWfy'k dh xbZ èkkrq
dh lrgksa tSlh fpduh lrgksa ls gksrh gSaA bl çdkj lery
z tc dksbZ Bksl æo esa gksrk gS] rks ml ij fuEufyf•r nks
niZ.k çdk'k dk fu;fer ijkorZu mRiUu djrk gSA
cy dk;Z djrs gSa&
z pw¡fd vkiru dks.k vkSj ijkorZu dks.k leku ;k cjkcj gksrs
1- Bksl dk Hkkj yacor :i ls vanj dh vksj dk;Z djrk gSa] ,d fpduh lrg ij iM+us okyh lekukarj [Link] dk
gSA ,d iq¡t dsoy ,d fn'kk esa lekukarj çdk'k [Link] ds
2- yacor fn'kk esa Bksl ij Åij dh vksj æo dk mR{ksi iq¡t ds :i esa ijkofrZr gksrk gSA bls uhps fp=k esa le>k;k
cyA x;k gSA
z F (mR{ksi) dk eku Bksl }kjk gVk, x, rjy ds Hkkj ds
cjkcj gksrk gSA
z fdlh oLrq dk æo esa Mwcuk ;k rSjuk bu nksuksa cyksa ds
lkis{k ewY;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
(i) ;fn W > F% [Link] cy (W F) rks ;g vanj dh vksj
dk;Z djsxk & oLrq Mwc tk,xh
(ii) ;fn W < F% oLrq rSjus yxsxhA
(iii) ;fn W < F% oLrq dks eqÙkQ NksM+us ij og Åij dh fp=k 1-2
vksj vkus yxsxhA

1-4 çdkf'kdh
z çdk'k ÅtkZ dk ,d :i gS tks gesa oLrqvksa dks ns•us esa
l{ke cukrk gS vkSj ftl lhèkh js•k ds lkFk ;g ;k=kk
djrk gS mls çdk'k dh fdj.k dgk tkrk gSA çdk'k lhèkh
js•k esa xeu djrk gSA ;g ;k rks ijkofrZr ;k viofrZr
gks ldrk gSA
çdk'k dk ijkorZu fp=k 1-3
z og çfØ;k ftlds }kjk fdlh oLrq ij lrg ij iM+us okyh z folfjr ijkorZu esa] vkifrr çdk'k dh ,d lekukarj
çdk'k [Link] okil Hksth tkrh gSa] çdk'k dk ijkorZu fdj.k fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa ijkofrZr gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa
dgykrh gSaA bl çdkj] tc çdk'k fdlh oLrq dh lrg lekUrj vkifrr [Link] ijkorZu ds i'pkr~ lekarj ugha
ij iM+rk gS rks og çdk'k dks okil Hkst nsrk gSA jgrha] os fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa fc•j tkrh gSaA bls vfu;fer

6 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 ijkorZu ;k ç[Link] ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS vkSj z blds vykok] tc çdk'k dh fdj.k lkekU; :i ls niZ.k
blfy, ;g dkxt] dkMZcksMZ] pkWd] Vscy] dqlhZ] nhokjksa dh lrg ij iM+rh gS rks çdk'k dh ,slh fdj.k ds fy,
vkSj fcuk ikWfy'k dh gqbZ èkkrq dh oLrqvksa tSlh •qjnjh vkiru dks.k vkSj ijkorZu dks.k 'kwU; gksxkA çdk'k dh ;g
lrgksa ls gksrk gSA
fdj.k okil mlh jkLrs ls ijkofrZr gksxhA
z pw¡fd] vkiru dks.k vkSj ijkorZu dks.k vyx&vyx gksrs
gSa] •qjnqjh lrg ij iM+us okyh çdk'k dh lekukarj [Link] oLrq,a vkSj Nfo;ka
vyx&vyx fn'kkvksa esa tkrh gSa] tSlk fd Åij fp=k esa z dksbZ Hkh oLrq tks vius vki çdk'k nsrh gS ;k mlds }kjk
crk;k x;k gSA ijkofrZr gksrh gS] oLrq dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d
lery niZ.k ls çdk'k dk ijkorZu cYc] ,d eksecÙkh] ,d isM+ vkfnA
z vkifrr fdj.k% niZ.k dh lrg ij iM+us okyh çdk'k dh
z tc fdlh oLrq ls vkus okyh çdk'k [Link] fdlh niZ.k
fdj.k vkifrr fdj.k dgykrh gSA
ls ijkofrZr gksrh gSa rks tks çdk'kh; :i mRiUu gksrk gS
z vkiru fcanq% og fcanq ftl ij vkifrr fdj.k niZ.k dh
lrg ij iM+rh gS] vkiru fcanq dgykrk gSA mls çfrfcEc dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc ge niZ.k esa
z ijkofrZr fdj.k% çdk'k dh og fdj.k tks niZ.k }kjk ns•rs gSa] rks gesa vius psgjs dk çfrfcEc fn•kbZ nsrk gSA
vkiru fcanq ls okil Hksth tkrh gS] ijkofrZr fdj.k z Nfo;ka nks çdkj dh gksrh gSa%
dgykrh gSA 1- okLrfod çfrfcEc% ftl çfrfcEc dks inZs ij ns•k
z lkekU; fdj.k% ?kVuk ds fcanq ij niZ.k dh lrg ds yacor tk ldrk gS] mls okLrfod çfrfcEc dgrs gSaA
;k ledks.k ij ,d js•k dks lkekU; fdj.k dgk tkrk gSA
2- vkHkklh çfrfcEc% ftl çfrfcEc dks inZs ij çkIr
z vkiru dks.k% vkifrr fdj.k }kjk vfHkyEc ls cuk dks.k
vkiru dks.k dgykrk gSA ugha fd;k tk ldrk] mls vkHkklh çfrfcEc dgrs gSaA
z ijkorZu dks.k% ijkofrZr fdj.k }kjk vkiru fcUnq ij z ik'oZ myVk% tc ge ,d niZ.k ds lkeus •M+s gksrs gSa vkSj
vfHkyEc ls cuk dks.k ijkorZu dks.k dgykrk gSA viuk nkfguk gkFk mBkrs gSa rks cuus okyh Nfo viuk ck;ka
çdk'k ds ijkorZu ds fu;e gkFk mBk ysxhA blfy, gekjs 'kjhj dk nkfguk Hkkx mldh
z çdk'k ds ijkorZu ds fu;e lery [Link] ds lkFk&lkFk Nfo esa ck;k¡ Hkkx cu tkrk gS vkSj gekjs 'kjhj dk ck;k¡
xksyh; [Link] ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA Hkkx mldh niZ.k Nfo esa nk;k¡ Hkkx cu tkrk gSA
z ijkorZu dk çFke fu;e% çFke fu;e ds vuqlkj] vkifrr z fdlh oLrq ds niZ.k çfrfcEc esa mldh Hkqtkvksa dk ifjorZu
fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k vkSj vfHkyac] lHkh ,d gh ry
dgykrk gS ik'oZ O;qRØ[Link] ;g çdk'k ds ijkorZu ds
esa gksrs gSaA
dkj.k gksrk gSA lery niZ.k esa çfrfcEc dk cuk
z ijkorZu dk nwljk fu;e% nwljs fu;e ds vuqlkj] ijkorZu
dk dks.k ges'kk vkiru ds dks.k ds cjkcj gksrk gS

Mirror

fp=k 1-4 fp=k 1-5

HkkSfrd foKku 7
 M
Plane Reflection of Silver
mirror light takes place coating
A C A
at concave protected
i D surface by paint
N1 r1 Image
Object 1 A B
E
F
B B
i2 G (a) A concave mirror
N2 r2
H Reflection of Silver
M light takes place coating
at convex protected
fp=k 1-6 surface by paint
B A
lery niZ.k }kjk cuus okys çfrfcEc dh çÑfr gksrh gS %
z vkHkklh vkSj lhèkkA
z cuus okys çfrfcEc dk vkdkj oLrq ds vkdkj ds cjkcj (b) A convex mirror
gksrk gSA fp=k 1-7
z çfrfcEc niZ.k ds ihNs curk gSA
z oØrk dsaæ% xksyh; niZ.k esa oØrk dsaæ niZ.k ds •ks•ys
z çfrfcEc niZ.k ds ihNs mruh gh nwjh ij curk gS ftruh xksys dk dsaæ fcanq gksrk gSA vory niZ.k esa oØrk dsaæ
fd oLrq niZ.k ds lkeus gksrh gSA mlds lkeus gksrk gS ysfdu mÙky niZ.k esa ;g niZ.k ds
z lery niZ.k esa cuk çfrfcEc ikf'oZd :i ls mYVk gksrk gSA ihNs gksrk gSA
lery niZ.k dk mi;ksx z èkzqo% xksyh; niZ.k ij dsaæ fcanq dks èkzqo dgk tkrk gSA
z gekjs Mªsflax Vscy vkSj ckFk:e ds 'kh'ks lery niZ.k gSa z oØrk dh f=kT;k% oØrk ds dsaæ vkSj èkzqo ds chp dh
vkSj •qn dks ns•us ds fy, bLrseky fd, tkrs gSaA nwjh dks oØrk dh f=kT;k dgk tkrk gSA
z ToSyjh 'kkWIl dks cM+k fn•kus ds fy, bUgsa vanj dh nhokjksa z çèkku v{k% oØrk vkSj èkzqo ds dsaæ ls xqtjus okyh lhèkh
ij yxk;k tkrk gSA js•kA
z bUgsa lM+dksa ds vaèks eksM+ksa ij yxk;k tkrk gS rkfd pkyd z niZ.k dk fNæ% niZ.k dk og Hkkx ftlls çdk'k dk
nwljh rjiQ ls vkus okys okguksa dks ns• ldsA ijkorZu gksrk gSA
z isfjLdksi cukus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA z vory niZ.k dk eq[; iQksdl% eq[; v{k ij og fcanq
z xksyh; [Link] ls çdk'k dk ijkorZu ftl ij v{k ds lekukarj lHkh çdk'k [Link] vory niZ.k
z xksyh; niZ.k og niZ.k gksrk gS ftldh ijkorZd lrg dkap ls ijkorZu ds ckn vfHklfjr gksrh gSaA
ds •ks•ys xksys dk Hkkx gksrh gSA Hollow sphere M
of glass
z xksykdkj niZ.k nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa% vory niZ.k vkSj Principal
Concave
mirror
mÙky [Link] axis Pole
z vory niZ.k esa çdk'k dk ijkorZu eqM+h gqbZ lrg ;k X
C P Y
Centre of
vory lrg esa gksrk gSA pEep dh Hkhrjh pednkj lrg curvature
vory niZ.k dk mnkgj.k gSA
M’
z mÙky niZ.k esa çdk'k dk ijkorZu mHkjh gqbZ lrg ;k mÙky R
Radius of
lrg ij gksrk gSA pEep dk fiNyk Hkkx mÙky niZ.k dk Curvature
mnkgj.k gSA (a)

8 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 Convex A ray of light Concave
mirror Hollow sphere
M
of glass passing through mirror
A focurs F
Principal
axis
P C F P
X Y G E
Pole C
Centre of
curvature Rule 3
fp=k 1-11
M’
R
Radius of fu;e 4% èkzqo ij vkifrr çdk'k dh fdj.k eq[; v{k ls leku
Curvature dks.k cukrs gq, okil ijkofrZr gks tkrh gS
(b) Concave
mirror
fp=k 1-8 A ray of light incident
A at pole P
z vory niZ.k dh iQksdy yackbZ% èkzqo vkSj eq[; iQksdl
ds chp dh nwjhA C
i
r
F P
z mÙky niZ.k dk eq[; iQksdl% eq[; v{k ij ,d fcanq
H
tgka ls çdk'k [Link] mÙky niZ.k ls ijkofrZr gksus ds ckn
Rule 4
vilfjr gksrh fn•kbZ nsrh gSaA
fp=k 1-12
vory niZ.k }kjk çfrfcEc çkIr djus ds fu;e
vory niZ.k }kjk çfrfcEc dk fuekZ.k
fu;e 1% tc eq[; v{k ds lekukarj çdk'k dh fdj.k ijkofrZr
gksrh gS] rks og mlds iQksdl ls xqtjrh gS z dsl 1% tc dksbZ oLrq vory niZ.k ds èkzqo vkSj iQksdl
Concave (P vkSj F ds chp) ds chp j•h tkrh gS] rks çdk'k dh
A ray of light
parallel light mirror fdj.k iQksdl vkSj oØrk ds dsaæ ls gksdj xqtjsxhA nks
A to the axis B ijkofrZr [Link] ckb± vksj ,d nwljs dks ugha dkVrh gSa vkSj
bl çdkj] ,d Nfo cukus ds fy, ihNs dh vksj mRiUu
X
Principal C F P gksrh gSaA
axis Y (Focus)
Concave
M mirror A’
Rule 1

fp=k 1-9 A E Image

D
fu;e 2% tc çdk'k dh fdj.k oØrk ds dsaæ ls gksdj xqtjrh C F B P B’
Object
gS] rks og mlh iFk ij okil ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSA X
Concave
A ray of light passing mirror
through the centre fp=k 1-13
A of curvature C
z çfrfcEc curk gS% niZ.k ds ihNs] vkHkklh vkSj lhèkk]
C F P oLrq ls cM+kA
z dsl 2% tc fdlh oLrq dks iQksdl (F ij) ij j•k tkrk
Rule 2 D
gS] rks çdk'k dh ijkofrZr [Link] iQksdl vkSj oØrk ds
fp=k 1-10 dsaæ ls xqtjrh gSaA
fu;e 3% tc çdk'k dh fdj.k iQksdl ls gksdj xqtjrh gS] rks z cuus okyh Nfo gS% vuar ij] okLrfod vkSj myVh vkSj
ijkorZu ds ckn ;g eq[; v{k ds lekukarj gks tkrh gS vR;fèkd c<+h gqbZ

HkkSfrd foKku 9
 Concave Concave
mirror mirror
E A D
A D
B’
B B P
C F
C F P Object A’
Y
Object Image
t E
ge a
Ima ity X
n
infi
fp=k 1-17
fp=k 1-14
z fLFkfr 6% tc dksbZ oLrq vuar ij gks (vuar ij)
z dsl 3% tc fdlh oLrq dks iQksdl vkSj oØrk dsaæ (F z çfrfcac curk gS% F ij] okLrfod vkSj mYVk] oLrq ls
vkSj C ds chp) ds chp j•k tkrk gS] rks çdk'k dh igyh cgqr NksVkA
fdj.k iQksdl ls gksdj xqtjrh gS vkSj çdk'k dh nwljh A
Two r
Concave
ays mirror
fdj.k oØrk dsaæ ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA tc bu [Link] dks (top) from sam
A of dis e
vkSj uhps dh fn'kk esa c<+k;k tkrk gSA tant o point D
bject
z Nfo curh gS% okLrfod vkSj myVh] oLrq ls cM+hA
Concave mirror B B’
Object at C F P
E
infinity A’
A D Image
B’ B M
C F P
Image Object fp=k 1-18
z e'kkyksa esa ijkorZd ds :i esa] okgu dh gsM ykbV vkSj &
A’
çdk'k dh 'kfÙkQ'kkyh [Link] çkIr djus ds fy, lpZykbV
fp=k 1-15 vkSj gtker cukus okys niZ.k ds :i esaA
z fLFkfr 4% tc fdlh oLrq dks oØrk ds dsaæ (C ij) ij z nar fpfdRldksa }kjk budk mi;ksx nkarksa dh cM+h Nfo;ka
j•k tkrk gS rks nksuksa [Link] iQksdl ls gksdj xqtjrh gSaA ns•us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z cuus okyh Nfo gksrh gS% oØrk ds dsaæ esa] okLrfod z lkSj Hkfêð;ksa dks xeZ djus ds fy, lw;Z dh [Link] ij è;ku
dsafær djus ds fy, lkSj ÅtkZ ds {ks=k esa budk mi;ksx
vkSj myVh] oLrq ds leku vkdkj dhA
Concave mirror
fd;k tkrk gSA
mÙky niZ.k }kjk fufeZr çfrfcEc çkIr djus ds fu;e
A D
fu;e 1% ijkorZu ds ckn eq[; v{k ds lekukarj çdk'k dh
Object
B fdj.k iQksdl ls vkrh gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSA
B’ C F P D
Image Reflected ray
A ray of light
A’ E parallel to axis B
A

fp=k 1-16
X
P F C
z fLFkfr 5% tc dksbZ oLrq oØrk ds dsaæ (lh ls ijs) ls Principal (Focus)
axis
ijs gksA Convex
mirror
z Nfo curh gS% F vkSj C ds chp] okLrfod vkSj myVh] Rule 1
oLrq ls NksVh fp=k 1-19

10 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
fu;e 2% oØrk dsaæ dh vksj tkus okyh çdk'k dh fdj.k mlh X
Convex
mirror
A D
iFk ij okil ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSA
E A'
A ray of light going towards
A centre of curvature C
B P B' F C
D Object Image

M
X
P F C fp=k 1-23
(Focus) (Centre of
Convex
curvature) dsl 2% tc oLrq dks vuar (vuar ij) ij j•k tkrk gS] rks
mirror
Rule 2 cuus okyh Nfo gS% F ij niZ.k ds ihNs] vkHkklh vkSj lhèkk]
vR;fèkd NksVkA
fp=k 1-20 Convex
mirror
A X
fu;e 3% ijkorZu ds ckn iQksdl dh vksj tkus okyh çdk'k D

dh fdj.k eq[; v{k ds lekukarj gks tkrh gSA A A'

B'
A A ray of light going B
Object Y P F
towards focus F Image
infinity
E
G M

X
fp=k 1-24
P F C
Principal (Focus) mÙky niZ.k ds mi;ksx
axis Convex
mirror z pkydksa dks vius ihNs ds ;krk;kr ds ,d cM+s {ks=k dks
Rule 3 ns•us esa l{ke cukrk gSA
fp=k 1-21
z cM+s mÙky [Link] dk mi;ksx ^nqdku lqj{kk niZ.k* ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fu;e 4% çdk'k dh fdj.k tks èkzqo ij vkifrr gksrh gS] eq[; niZ.k lw=k
v{k ds lkFk leku dks.k cukrs gq, okil ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSA z ,d lw=k tks xksykdkj niZ.k dh Nfo nwjh (v)] oLrq nwjh (u)
A ray of light vkSj iQksdy yackbZ (f) ds chp lacaèk crkrk gSA
A incident at pole P z tgk¡ v = niZ.k ls çfrfcEc dh nwjh
u = niZ.k ls oLrq dh nwjh f = niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjhA
i
X
r z fdlh Nfo dh ÅapkbZ dk fdlh oLrq dh ÅapkbZ ls vuqikr
P F C
(Focus) dks jSf•d vkoèkZu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
Convex vkoèkZu ¾ çfrfcEc dh Å¡pkbZ vFkkZr m = h2
H
mirror Rule 4 oLrq dh Å¡pkbZ h1
fp=k 1-22 z tgk¡ m = vkoèkZu] h1 = çfrfcEc dh Å¡pkbZ] h1 = oLrq
dh Å¡pkbZ
dsl 1% tc oLrq dks chp esa dgha Hkh j•k tkrk gS èkqzo vkSj z oLrq dh Å¡pkbZ (h1) ges'kk èkukRed gksxhA vkHkklh Nfo dh
vuar (ih vkSj vuar ds chp) Å¡pkbZ (h2) èkukRed gksxh vkSj okLrfod Nfo dh Å¡pkbZ
½.kkRed gksxhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;fn vkoèkZu esa èku fpÉ
çfrfcEc curk gS% P vkSj F ds chp niZ.k ds ihNs] vkHkklh gS] rks Nfo vkHkklh vkSj lhèkh gS vkSj ;fn vkoèkZu esa ½.k
vkSj lhèkk] NksVkA fpÉ gS] rks Nfo okLrfod vkSj myVh gSA

HkkSfrd foKku 11
z blds vykok] ,d niZ.k }kjk mRiUu jSf•d vkoèkZu ½.k z vkiru dks.k% vkifrr fdj.k vkSj lkekU; ds chp ds
fpÉ ds lkFk Nfo dh nwjh vkSj oLrq dh nwjh ds vuqikr dks.k dks vkiru dks.k dgrs gSaA
ds cjkcj gksrk gSA z viorZu dks.k% viofrZr fdj.k ds chp dk dks.k rFkk
Nfo nwjh ;kuh ,e lkekU; dks viorZu dks.k dgrs gSaA
vkoèkZu = = –v/u
oLrq nwjh z viorZu dks.k vkiru dks.k ls ;k rks NksVk ;k cM+k gksrk gSA
z tgk¡ m = vkoèkZu] v = çfrfcEc nwjh] u = oLrq nwjh viorZu ds dkj.k
z blfy,] ;fn m = h2/h1 vkSj m = –v/u z çdk'k vyx&vyx ekè;eksa esa vyx&vyx xfr ls pyrk
rc h2/h1= –v/u gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, çdk'k dkap dh rqyuk esa gok esa rsth
ls ;k=kk djrk gSA vr% fofHkUu ekè;eksa esa çdk'k dh xfr
1-4-2 çdk'k dh fØ;k esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k gh çdk'k dh [Link] viofrZr gksrh gSaA
çdk'k dk viorZu rc gksrk gS tc çdk'k ,d ekè;e ls nwljs vkWfIVdyh js;j ekè;e
ekè;e esa tkrk gSA ;g nks ekè;eksa ds chp dh lhek ij gksrk gSA z ,d ikjn'khZ inkFkZ (ekè;e) ftlesa çdk'k dh xfr vfèkd
nks ekè;eksa ds chp] çdk'k dh xfr vyx&vyx ekè;eksa esa gksrh gS çdkf'kd fojy ekè;e dgykrk gSA
vyx&vyx gksrh gSA vr% ;g ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e
vkWfIVdyh l?ku ekè;e
esa tkus ij çdk'k dh xfr esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;fn
z ,d ikjn'khZ inkFkZ (ekè;e) ftlesa çdk'k dh xfr de
çdk'k [Link] ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa ;k=kk dj jgh gSa
gksrh gS] oSdfYid :i ls l?ku ekè;e ds :i esa tkuk
rks os nks ekè;eksa ds chp dh lhek ij viuh fn'kk cnyrh gSaA
tkrk gSA
çdk'k dk viorZu z dk¡p gok vkSj ikuh dh rqyuk esa n`f"Vxr :i ls l?ku
z tc çdk'k [Link] ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa tkrs le; ekè;e gS
;k rks eqM+ tkrh gSa ;k viuh fn'kk cny ysrh gSa rks bls çdk'k ds viorZu ds fu;e
çdk'k dk viorZu dgrs gSaA çdk'k dk viorZu rc gksrk
z Case 1: tc çdk'k [Link] çdkf'kd :i ls fojy ekè;e
gS tc çdk'k gok ls dkap esa] dkap ls gok esa] gok ls
ls l?ku ekè;e esa tkrh gSa rks os lkekU; dh vksj >qd
ikuh esa ;k ikuh ls gok esa ;k=kk djrk gSA
tkrh gSaA bl ekeys esa viorZu dks.k vkiru dks.k ls NksVk
z çdk'k ds viorZu ds vkèkkj ij dk;Z djus okys çdk'kh; gksrk gSA
[Link] ds mnkgj.k dSejk] lw{en'khZ vkfn gSaA z çdk'k [Link] gok ls dkap esa ;k gok ls ikuh esa ;k=kk
z vkifrr [Link]% gok ls dk¡p ;k ikuh esa xqtjus okyh djrh gSa] ;g lkekU; dh vksj >qd tkrh gSA ,slk blfy,
çdk'k [Link] dks vkifrr [Link] dgrs gSaA gS D;ksafd gok ls dkap ;k ikuh esa tkus ij çdk'k [Link]
z viofrZr [Link]% tc çdk'k [Link] fdlh vU; ekè;e dh xfr de gks tkrh gSA
esa tkus ds ckn eqM+ tkrh gSa] rks mUgsa viofrZr [Link] dgk Incident
Normal
A N
tkrk gSA ray
Convex
i
mirror Air (Rarer medium) O
A X
D Glass
r
A Parallel-sided (Denser medium) Refracted
A' glass slab ray
B'
B
Object Y P F N' B
infinity Image
fp=k 1-26
M z Case 2: tc çdk'k dh [Link] çdkf'kd :i ls l?ku
fp=k 1-25 ekè;e ls fojy ekè;e esa tkrh gSa rks os vfHkyEc ls nwj
z lkekU;% ?kVuk ds fcanq dks lkekU; dgk tkrk gSA eqM+ tkrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa viorZu dks.k vkiru dks.k ls
vfèkd gksrk gSA

12 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z çdk'k [Link] dkap ls gok esa ;k ikuh ls gok esa ;k=kk djrh çdk'k dk dkap ds LySc ij yEcor~ fxjuk
gSa] os lkekU; ls nwj >qd tkrh gSaA dkap ;k ikuh ls gok z çdk'k dkap ds LySc dh lrg ij yEcor ;k lkekU; :i
esa ;k=kk djrs le; çdk'k [Link] dh xfr c<+ tkrh gSA ls fxjrk gS] ;g lhèkk tkrk gSA dkap ds LySc esa ços'k
djus ;k blls ckgj vkus ij çdk'k dh fdj.k dk eqM+uk
N
Parallel-sided A
Incident ugha gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa vkiru dks.k rFkk viorZu
ray
glass slab dks.k 'kwU; gksrk gSA
Glass i
(Denser medium) O z ;fn çdk'k dh fdj.k ikuh dh lrg ij yEcor~ fxjrh gS
Air (Rarer medium) rks Hkh ,slk gh gksrk gSA
r
Refracted Air
ray
N' B

fp=k 1-27
Glass block
çdk'k dk gok ls dkap esa tkuk vkSj gok esa okil tkuk Air

z bl fLFkfr esa çdk'k dk viorZu nks ckj gksrk gSA ,d tc fp=k 1-29
;g gok ls dkap ds LySc esa ços'k djrk gS vkSj nwljh ckj
çdk'k ds viorZu ds çHkko
tc ;g dkap ds LySc ds ekè;e ls gok esa ços'k djrk gSA
z çdk'k ds viorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gS fd tc ge fdlh
z çdk'k dh [Link] gok esa pyrh gqbZ ,d dkap ds LySc esa
NM+h dks ikuh esa frjNk vkSj vkaf'kd :i ls Mqckrs gSa rks
ços'k djrh gSa] os viofrZr gks tkrh gSa vkSj lkekU; dh
og ikuh dh lrg ij eqM+h gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSA
vksj >qd tkrh gSaA vc dkap ds LySc ls gok esa vkus ij A
viofrZr fdj.k dh fn'kk fiQj ls cny tkrh gSA pw¡fd Eye
The stick
çdk'k dh fdj.k l?ku ekè;e ls fojy ekè;e esa tkrh appears to be X E
gS] blfy, ;g lkekU; ls nwj >qd tkrh gSA Stick benthere
Y
z bl fLFkfr esa vkifrr fdj.k vkSj fuxZr fdj.k ,d nwljs AIR B Image C D
ds lekukarj gksrh gSaA vkifrr fdj.k ds ewy iFk vkSj dk¡p WATER

ds LySc ls fudyus okyh fuxZr fdj.k ds chp dh yacor I

nwjh dks çdk'k dh fuxZr fdj.k dk ik'oZ foLFkkiu dgk
O
tkrk gS vkSj fuxZr fdj.k tks lkekU; ds lkFk cukrh gS mls
fuxZr dks.k dgk tkrk gSA fp=k 1-30
A Normal
N z oLrq ikuh ds uhps j•us ij Åij mBh gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSA
Inc
ide
nt
ra
z ikuh dk ry okLrfod ls de xgjk fn•kbZ nsrk gSA
i
AIR y
P
O Q z ;fn uhacw dks ikuh ds fxykl esa j•k tk, rks fxykl ds
Rectangular
glass slab fdukjksa ls ns•us ij ;g cM+k fn•kbZ nsrk gSA
Re

GLASS
;g çdk'k ds viorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gS fd rkjs jkr esa
f

N1
ra

N' z
ct
ed

Direction
fVefVekrs çrhr gksrs gSaA
ra

of original ray
y

S B
AIR R
 D
Em
erg
çdk'k ds viorZu ds fu;e
Ni ray ent Lateral 1- vkifrr fdj.k] viofrZr fdj.k vkSj vkiru fcanq ij
Normal displacement
vfHkyac] lHkh ,d gh ry esa vFkkZr lrg ij fLFkr gksrs
fp=k 1-28 gSaA

HkkSfrd foKku 13
 Incident ray os nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa% mÙky vkSj voryA mÙky ysal }kjk
Normal fufeZr Nfo dks cM+k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vory ysal }kjk
i Angle of fufeZr Nfo dks NksVk fd;k tkrk gSA
Air incident
Glass
Refracted ray Convex Convex
Angle of refraction r surface surface

Convex lens Concave lens

fp=k 1-31
2- vkiru dks.k dh T;k dk viorZu dks.k dh T;k ls vuqikr fp=k 1-32
,d fn, x, ekè;e ds ;qXe ds fy, fLFkj gksrk gSA z mÙky ysal% ;g ysal dsaæ ls ckgj dh vksj mHkjk gksrk gS
 vkiru dks.k dk e@viorZu dks.k dh f=kT;k = fLFkjkad vkSj fdukjksa ij vFkkZr~ nksuksa vksj iryk gksrk gSA
 viorZukad dgykrk gSA z vory ysal% ;g ysal chp esa iryk vkSj nksuksa vksj ls
 ;k sin i/sin r = fLFkj
eksVk gksrk gSA
 fdlh ekè;e dk viorZukad ml ekè;e dh z dsaæ% ysal ds dsaæ fcanq dks vkWfIVdy dsaæ dgk tkrk gSA
çdk'k&>qdus dh {kerk dks tkuus esa enn djrk gSA çdkf'kd dsaæ ls xqtjus okyh çdk'k dh fdj.k lhèkh tkrh
gS vkSj fopfyr ugha gksrh gSA
viorZd lwpdkad vkSj çdk'k dh xfr z v{k% çdkf'kd dsaæ ls gksdj lhèkh bl çdkj xqtjus okyh
z ekè;e 1 ds lacaèk esa ekè;e 2 dk viorZukad ekè;e 1 js•k fd og dsaæ ls viuh Hkqtkvksa ij yEcor~ gks] mls
esa çdk'k dh xfr vkSj ekè;e 2 esa çdk'k dh xfr ds eq[; v{k dgrs gSaA
vuqikr ds cjkcj gSA z mÙky ysal dk iQksdl% ;g mÙky ysal ds eq[; v{k ij
lkis{k viorZd lwpdkad ,d fcanq gksrk gS tgk¡ eq[; v{k ds lekukarj lHkh çdk'k
z çdk'k fuokZr vkSj ok;q ds vykok ,d ekè;e ls nwljs [Link] ysal ls xqtjus ds ckn vfHklfjr gksrh gSaA
ekè;e esa tkrk gS] rks viorZukad ds eku dks vkisf{kd z çdk'k dh [Link] ck;ha vksj ls vk jgh gSa] os ysal ds nk;ha
viorZukad dgrs gSaA vksj vfHklfjr gksaxh vkSj blds foijhrA blhfy, ,d ysal
z viorZd lwpdkad = fuokZr esa çdk'k dh xfr@ekè;e esa ds nks iQksdl gksrs gSaA os vkWfIVdy dsaæ ls leku nwjh ij gSaA
çdk'k dh xfr z mÙky ysal dh iQksdy yackbZ% ysal ds vkWfIVdy dsaæ
z viorZd lwpdkad ¾ ekè;e esa çdk'k dh xfr 1@ekè;e vkSj eq[; iQksdl ds chp dh nwjh dks iQksdy yackbZ dgk
esa çdk'k dh xfr 2 ;k mnkgj.k] çdk'k dk ikuh ls dkap tkrk gSA
esa ;k=kk djukA M

fujis{k viorZukad C2
C1
z çdk'k fuokZr ls nwljs ekè;e esa xeu djrk gS] bls fujis{k F1
O
2F1 F2 2F2
viorZukad dgrs gSaA ftl inkFkZ dk viorZukad vfèkd
gksrk gS] og de viorZd lwpdkad okys vU; inkFkZ dh
rqyuk esa çdkf'kd :i ls l?ku gksrk gSA lkFk gh] ekè;e N
1 ls ekè;e 2 esa tkus okys çdk'k dk viorZukad eè;e fp=k 1-33
ls 2 ls ekè;e 1 esa tkus okys çdk'k ds viorZukad ds
z ysal dh iQksdy yackbZ dkap ds viorZd lwpdkad vkSj
O;qRØe ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
bldh oØrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA mPp viorZd lwpdkad
xksyh; ysalksa }kjk çdk'k dk viorZu ds ekeys esa] iQksdy yEckbZ de gksxhA blh çdkj] ;fn
z viorZu çdk'k dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu gS tc ;g ,d ekè;e ysal dh oØrk vfèkd gS rks iQksdl nwjh de gksxhA
ls nwljs ekè;e esa tkrk gSA ysal dk dk;Z çdk'k ds viorZu z mÙky ysal dks vfHklkjh ysal Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa
ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gS tc os blls xqtjrs gSaA ysal nks xksykdkj ls xqtjus okyh çdk'k [Link] dh lekukarj [Link] ,d fcanq
lrgksa ls caèks ikjn'khZ dkap dk ,d VqdM+k gS vkSj bldk
ij vfHklfjr gksrh gSaA
mi;ksx oLrqvksa dks vkofèkZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

14 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z vory ysal dk iQksdl% vory ysal ls xqtjus ds ckn iFk ds vuqfn'k tkus okyh çdk'k dh fdj.k Hkh lhèkh tkrh
lHkh çdk'k [Link] fopfyr gks tkrh gSa vkSj ihNs dh vksj gS vkSj fopfyr ugha gksrh gSA
c<+us ij ysal ds eq[; v{k ij ,d fcanq ij feyrh gqbZ A ray of light
Convex
lens
çrhr gksrh gSaA bl fcanq dks vory ysal ds eq[; iQksdl passing through L
optical centre C
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA A
z viofrZr [Link] iQksdl ls gVrh gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSaA vory X’ C Y’
F
ysal mÙky ysal ds foijhr gksrk gSA çdk'k [Link] dk F’
Goes Y
lekukUrj iq¡t blls gksdj xqtjus ds ckn vilkfjr gks tkrk Optical straight
gSA vory ysal esa Hkh nks iQksdl gksrs gSaA ;fn lekukarj centre
çdk'k [Link] ckb± vksj ls fxjrh gSa rks os dsoy ckb± vksj fp=k 1-36
ds fcanq ls vilfjr fn•kbZ nsrh gSa vkSj ;fn çdk'k [Link] z fu;e 3% tc çdk'k dh fdj.k mÙky ysal ds iQksdl
nkb± vksj ls fxjrh gSa rks os nkb± vksj ds fcanq ls vilfjr ls xqtjrh gS rks ysal ls viorZu ds ckn eq[; v{k ds
fn•kbZ nsrh gSaA lekukarj gks tkrh gSA
z vory ysal dks vilkjh ysal ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA A ray of light Convex
lens
bl ysal }kjk cuk çfrfcEc vkHkklh gksrk gSA passing through L
focus F’
z vory ysal dh iQksdy yackbZ% vkWfIVdy dsaæ vkSj eq[;
iQksdl ds chp dh nwjh dks vory ysal dh iQksdy yackbZ X’ Y’
dgk tkrk gSA F’
Principal (Focus)
C F
(Focus)
axis X
D
Becomes
parallel
2F1 F1 O to principal
axis
fp=k 1-37
fp=k 1-34 mÙky ysal }kjk cuus okys çfrfcEcksa ds çdkj
mÙky ysal }kjk fufeZr çfrfcEc çkIr djus ds fu;e z mÙky ysal }kjk fufeZr çfrfcEc dk çdkj çfrfcEc dh
fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
z mÙky ysal] Nfo ges'kk ml fcanq ij curh gS tgka de ls
z Case 1: ;fn oLrq dks çdkf'kd dsaæ vkSj iQksdl (C
de nks viofrZr çdk'k [Link] feyrh gSaA
vkSj F' ds chp) ds chp j•k tkrk gS rks oLrq ds 'kh"kZ
z fu;e 1% çdk'k dh ,d fdj.k tks ewy :i ls eq[; v{k ls 'kq: gksus okyh çdk'k dh igyh fdj.k eq[; v{k ds
ds lekukarj gksrh gS] ysal ds ekè;e ls viorZu ds ckn lekukarj gksrh gSA
iQksdl ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA z blfy,] fu;e ds vuqlkj] ysal ds ekè;e ls viorZu ds
A ray of light
parallel to the
Convex ckn ;g nwljs iQksdl ls xqtjrk gSA oLrq ls çdk'k dh
principal axis
lens nwljh fdj.k ysal ds çdkf'kd dsaæ ls xqtjrh gS vkSj bl
A D
Please through
çdkj fu;e ds vuqlkj ysal ds ekè;e ls viorZu ds ckn
focus F lhèks pyh tkrh gSA
X’ Y’ A’
F’ C F Convex
Principal (Focus) lens
axis X A D

L
X
fp=k 1-35 B’ F’ B C F
Image Object
Y
z fu;e 2% mÙky ysal ds çdkf'kd dsaæ ls xqtjus okyh (Virtual, erect
and magnified) f
çdk'k dh fdj.k viorZu ds ckn >qdrh ugha gS cfYd
lhèks pyh tkrh gSA lkFk gh] mÙky ysal ds eq[; v{k ds fp=k 1-38

HkkSfrd foKku 15
z nksuksa çdk'k [Link] viorZu ds ckn vilfjr gks tkrh z çdk'k dh ,d vkSj fdj.k çdk'kh; dsaæ ls gksdj xqtjrh
gSaA ysal ds ekè;e ls vkSj feyrs ugha gSaA blfy,] nksuksa gS vkSj viorZu ds ckn lhèks pyh tkrh gSA nksuksa viofrZr
viofrZr [Link] ihNs dh vksj mRiUu gksrh gSa rkfd os Nfo çdk'k [Link] nwljh vksj 2F′ ij feyrh gSaA
cukus ds fy, ,d fcanq ij feysaA cuus okyk çfrfcac gksxk% Convex lens
oLrq ds ihNs] vkHkklh vkSj lhèkk vkSj oLrq ls cM+kA A D

z Case 2: tc oLrq dks mÙky ysal ds iQksdl ij (F' ij) B 2F

2F’ F’ C F
j•k tkrk gS rks bldk eryc gS fd oLrq ysal dh iQksdy Object
2F B’

yackbZ ds cjkcj nwjh ij j•h xbZ gSA

2f
z çdk'k dh fdj.k ysal ds eq[; v{k ds lekukarj gks tkrh A’
Image
gS vkSj bl çdkj] ysal ds ekè;e ls viorZu ds ckn nwljs (Real, inverted and
iQksdl ls xqtjrh gSA çdk'k dh ,d vkSj fdj.k ysal ds same size as the object)

vkWfIVdy dsaæ ls gksdj xqtjrh gS vkSj lhèkh tkrh gSA fp=k 1-41
Convex lens
A D
z cuus okyk çfrfcEc gksrk gS% okLrfod vkSj mYVk] oLrq
ds leku vkdkj dkA
B
F’ C F X z fLFkfr 5% tc oLrq dks iQksdl ds nksxqus (2F' ls ijs)
Object Rays Ima ls vfèkd nwjh ij j•k tkrk gS] rks çdk'k dh ,d fdj.k
becomes at i ge
f parallel
Y nfin
ity eq[; v{k ds lekukarj gks tkrh gS vkSj ysal ds ekè;e
ls viorZu ds ckn iQksdl ls xqtjrh gS vkSj nwljh çdk'k
fp=k 1-39
fdj.k vkWfIVdy dsaæ ls xqtjrh gS vkSj viorZu ds ckn
blfy,] cuus okyh Nfo gS% vuar ij] okLrfod vkSj mYVk] lhèks pyh tkrh gSA
vR;fèkd cM+kA Convex lens
z dsl 3% tc Nfo dks iQksdl vkSj nksxqus ls de iQksdy A D
yackbZ (F′ vkSj 2F′) ds chp j•k tkrk gS] rks ysal ds B’
eq[; v{k ds lekukarj çdk'k dh fdj.k ysal ds ekè;e B 2F’ F’ C F 2F
ls viorZu ds ckn nwljs iQksdl (F) ls xqtjrh gSA Object
A’
Convex lens Image
A D 2f (Real, inverted
and diminished)
B’
2F’ B F’ C F 2F fp=k 1-42
Object
z cuus okyk çfrfcEc gS% F vkSj 2F ds chp] okLrfod
f
2f A’
Image (Image, inverted
vkSj mYVk] oLrq ls NksVkA
and magnified) z dsl 6% tc oLrq dks vuar ij j•k tkrk gS] rks çdk'k
fp=k 1-40 dh [Link] ysal rd igq¡pus ds ckn lekukarj gks tkrh gSaA
A
z çdk'k dh ,d vkSj fdj.k ysal ds vkWfIVdy dsaæ ls gksdj Paralle
l
Convex lens
point o rays from top
xqtjrh gS vkSj lhèkh tkrh gSA
D
f distan
A t object

z blfy,] cuus okyh Nfo gS% okLrfod vkSj myVh] oLrq ls B X F

cM+h vkSj 2F ls ijsA Object F’ C
Y
B’
at infinity A’
z dsl 4% tc oLrq dks mÙky ysal dh nksxqus iQksdl nwjh Image
(2F′ ij) ds cjkcj nwjh ij j•k tkrk gS rks çdk'k dh (Real, inverted
and highly diminshed
,d fdj.k eq[; v{k ds lekukarj gks tkrh gS vkSj viorZu
ds ckn ysal ds nwljs iQksdl ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA fp=k 1-43

16 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
ysal lw=k vory ysal }kjk çfrfcEcksa dk fuekZ.k
z 1@çfrfcEc nwjh (v) – 1@oLrq nwjh (u) = 1@iQksdy yackbZ (f) z vory ysal }kjk cuk çfrfcEc ges'kk gksrk gS% vkHkklh]
lhèkk vkSj NksVkA
vkoèkZu ysal }kjk fufeZr Concave lens X
z oLrq ds lkis{k Nfo dk vkdkj js•h; vkoèkZu }kjk fn;k A
tkrk gSA çfrfcEc dh Å¡pkbZ vkSj oLrq dh Å¡pkbZ ds vuqikr A

dks js•h; vkoèkZu dgrs gSaA B

Object
F B
Image Y Eye
z vkoèkZu (m) = Nfo dh ÅapkbZ (h2)@oLrq dh ÅapkbZ (h1) (Virtual, erect
and diminished)
z nwjh ds lanHkZ esa ,d vkSj lw=k_ Centre line
of the lens
z vkoèkZu ¾ çfrfcEc dh nwjh@oLrq dh nwjh
fp=k 1-47
vory ysal }kjk fufeZr çfrfcEc çkIr djus ds fu;e
z dsl 1% tc fdlh oLrq dks vkWfIVdy dsaæ vkSj vuar ds
z fu;e 1% vory ysal ds eq[; v{k ds lekukarj çdk'k chp dgha Hkh j•k tkrk gS] rks cuus okyh Nfo vkWfIVdy
dh fdj.k ysal ds ekè;e ls viorZu ds ckn iQksdl ls dsaæ vkSj iQksdl ds chp gksrh gSA
vkrh gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSA z dsl 2% tc dksbZ oLrq vuar ij j•h tkrh gS] rks vory
A ray of light
parallel to the
Concave
X ysal }kjk cukbZ xbZ Nfo iQksdl ij gksxhA
lens
principal axis
A D Appears to be ysal dh 'kfÙkQ
coming from focus F
X Y z fdlh ysal ij iM+us okyh çdk'k [Link] ds vfHklfjr ;k
F C F
(Focus) L vilfjr gksus dh fMxzh dh eki dks ysal dh 'kfÙkQ dgk
Centre line
of lens tkrk gSA
fp=k 1-44 z ysal dh {kerk (P) = 1@ ysal dh iQksdy yackbZ (f] ehVj
esa)
z fu;e 2% vory ysal ds vkWfIVdy dsaæ ls xqtjus okyh
z de iQksdy yackbZ okys ysal esa yach iQksdy yackbZ okys
çdk'k dh fdj.k ysal ls viorZu ds ckn lhèkh pyh
ysal dh rqyuk esa vfèkd 'kfÙkQ gksrh gSA ysal dh 'kfÙkQ dk
tkrh gSA SI ek=kd Mk;ksIVj gSA
A ray of light Concave lens
passing through
optical centre C ysal ds la;kstu dh 'kfÙkQ
A
z ysalksa ds la;kstu dh {kerk vyx&vyx ysalksa dh 'kfÙkQ ds
X
F F
Y [Link]; ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
Optical
L Goes Y P = P1 + P2 + P3 ……
Centre straight
z dSejksa esa ysalksa ds la;kstu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]
fp=k 1-45 lw{en'khZ] nwjn'khZ vkfnA ysalksa ds la;kstu ls Nfo dh
z fu;e 3% vory ysal ds nwljh vksj iQksdl dh vksj tkus rh{.krk c<+ tkrh gS tks dbZ nks"kksa ls eqÙkQ gksrh gSA
okyh çdk'k dh fdj.k ysal ds ekè;e ls viorZu ds ckn 1-4-3 dkap ds fçTe ls çdk'k dh fØ;k
eq[; v{k ds lekukarj gks tkrh gSA
A ray of light z viorZu çdk'k dk eqM+uk gS tc ;g ,d ekè;e ls nwljs
going towards ekè;e esa tkrk gS] blfy, tc çdk'k dh fdj.k ,d
A focus F Becomes parallel
Concave lens
to principal axis dkap ds fçTe ls xqtjrh gS] rks çdk'k dk viorZu rc
D
X gksrk gS tc ;g fçTe esa ços'k djrk gS vkSj tc ;g fçTe
X
F C F Y NksM+rk gSA pwafd viorZd lrg lekukarj ugha gSa] blfy,
(Focus)
(Focus)
Centre line
L fuxZr fdj.k vkSj vkifrr fdj.k ,d nwljs ds lekukarj
of lens ugha gSaA bl fLFkfr esa çdk'k dh fdj.k fçTe ls xqtjus ij
fp=k 1-46 fopfyr gks tkrh gSA

HkkSfrd foKku 17
z dk¡p dk fçTe ,d ikjn'khZ oLrq gS ftlds nks f=kHkqtkdkj ,d nwljs ds lekukarj ugha gksrh gSaA lkFk gh] tc çdk'k
fljs vkSj rhu vk;rkdkj Hkqtk,¡ gksrh gSaA dkap ds fçTe dh fdj.k fçTe ls gksdj xqtjrh gS rks og vius vkèkkj
esa çdk'k dk viorZu dkap ds LySc ls fHkUu gksrk gSA dh vksj >qd tkrh gSA
,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd ,d dkap ds fçTe esa] çdk'k dh çdk'k dk fo{ksi.k
vkifrr fdj.k çdk'k dh mHkjrh gqbZ fdj.k ds lekukarj z 1665 esa vkbtSd U;wVu us irk yxk;k fd liQsn jks'kuh
ugha gksrh gSA esa lkr jax gksrs gSaA mUgksaus ik;k fd ;fn liQsn çdk'k dh
E
P ,d fdj.k dks dkap ds fçTe ls xqtkjk tk, rks og lkr
jaxksa esa caV tkrh gSA ;s jax yky] ukjaxh] ihyk] gjk] uhyk]
Angle of uhy vkSj cSaxuh (VIBGYOR) gSaA
M
N
B
O C deviation z 'osr çdk'k dk LisDVªe% liQsn çdk'k dh fdj.k tc
ay N M Emer dkap ds fçTe ls gksdj xqtjrh gS rks lkr jaxksa dh tks iêðh
nt r gent r
ide ay D curh gS mls liQsn çdk'k dk LisDVªe dgrs gSaA
Inc
z çdk'k dk fo{ksi.k% liQsn çdk'k dk ikjn'khZ ekè;e ls
A
Q R xqtjus ij lkr jaxksa esa foHkÙkQ gks tkuk çdk'k dk fo{ksi.k
Glass Prism
dgykrk gSA
fp=k 1-48 z 'osr çdk'k dk fo{ksi.k blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd ikjn'khZ
z çdk'k dh ,d fdj.k dkap ds fçTe esa ços'k djrh gS rks ekè;e ls xqtjus ij fofHkUu jaxksa ds çdk'k dk viorZu
;g nks ckj fopfyr gks tkrh gSA igyh tc ;g dkap ds dks.k vyx&vyx gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] yky jax dk
fçTe esa ços'k djrh gS vkSj nwljh tc ;g fçTe ls ckgj fopyu lcls de gksrk gS vkSj LisDVªe ds Åijh Hkkx esa
vkrh gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd fçTe dh viorZd lrgsa curk gS vkSj cSaxuh jax dk fopyu lcls vfèkd gksrk gS
P vkSj ;g LisDVªe ds uhps curk gSA
White
screen
S
B Least deviation
f
am o S
A bete light Red
Orange P
whi ht) E
b u lb lig Yellow
C
r Max Green
A nlight o imum Blue T
(Su Q R devi
ation
Indigo R
Violet U
Glass prism M

fp=k 1-49
jaxksa ds LisDVªe dk iqul±;kstu
z çdk'k ds lkr jaxksa ds [Link]Øe dks iqu% la;ksftr djds liQsn jks'kuh okil cukbZ tk ldrh gSA ,slk nks dkap ds fçTeksa dks
lkFk&lkFk j•dj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu] nwljs dkap ds fçTe dks myVh fLFkfr esa j•saA tc 'osr çdk'k igys fçTe ls
gksdj xqtjrk gS rks og çdk'k dks lkr jaxksa esa fc•sj nsrk gS vkSj tc ;g çdk'k iqat nwljs fçTe esa ços'k djrk gS tks myVk
fLFkfr esa gksrk gS rks nwljs fçTe ls ckgj vkus ij liQsn çdk'k çkIr gksrk gSA
P Q R
Patch of
white light
Recombination t
ligh
W hite
t S
ite ligh
Wh Second White
Dispersion Screen
Prism
Q R
First
Prism Light of
seven colours
fp=k 1-50

18 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
baæèkuq"k
baæèkuq"k rc curk gS tc èkwi ds le; ckfj'k gksrh gSA vkSj èkwi ckfj'k dh cwanksa ij iM+rh gS vkSj mUgsa NksM+ (fxjus) nsrh gS] rks
çdk'k viofrZr gks tkrk gS vkSj vkdk'k esa lkr jaxksa dk pki cu tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] NksVh ckfj'k dh cwansa lwjt dh jks'kuh
(çdk'k) dks foHkkftr djus okys dkap ds fçTe ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSaA
Refraction
White light Dispersion
A from the sun
Sun B
C Total internal
Rain reflection
drop of spectrum

Red D
Refraction
Violet

Rainbow
fp=k 1-51
ok;qeaMyh; viorZu uhps fxjrk gS] ?kuh gok bls vkSj vfèkd eksM+ nsrh gS
z tc çdk'k dk viorZu i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy ds dkj.k gksrk vkSj bl çdkj rkjs okLro esa ftrus nwj gksrs gSa] mlls
gS rks bls ok;qeaMyh; viorZu dgrs gSaA blfy,] tc çdk'k dgha vfèkd fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA
Star
[Link] ok;qeaMy esa ços'k djrh gSa rks ogka gok gksrh gS Seems
Actual B
vkSj gok dh gj ijr dk rkieku vyx gksrk gSA bu ok;q position higher
ijrksa esa vyx&vyx çdkf'kd ?kuRo gksrs gSaA BaMh gok dh of star A
Increasing
ijr çdk'k [Link] ds fy, ,d oSdfYid l?ku ekè;e gS optical Bending of
tcfd xeZ gok dh ijr çdk'k [Link] ds fy, oSdfYid density star's light due to
(increasing atmospheric
:i ls fojy ekè;e gSA refractive index) refraction
z fuEufyf•r çdk'k ds ok;qeaMyh; viorZu ds mnkgj.k gSaA
1- rkjksa dk fVefVekuk% rkjs jkr esa fVefVekrs gSa D;ksafd
mudk çdk'k okrkoj.k esa viofrZr gks tkrk gSA tc fp=k 1-52
fdlh rkjs dk çdk'k i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy esa ços'k 3- tYnh lw;kZsn; vkSj nsj ls lw;kZLr% çdk'k ds viorZu
djrk gS rks ;g gok ds fofHkUu çdkf'kd ?kuRoksa ds ds dkj.k gh ge lw;Z dks lw;kZsn; ls nks feuV igys
dkj.k viorZu ls xqtjrk gSA blfy,] rkjs ,d iy esa vkSj okLrfod lw;kZLr ds nks feuV ckn ns• ikrs gSaA
pedhys vkSj nwljs esa ean fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA lw;kZsn; ds le; lw;Z dk çdk'k de l?ku ok;q ls
2- rkjs vius ls nwj fn•kbZ nsrs gSa% rkjksa ls çdk'k i`Foh vfèkd l?ku ok;q dh vksj vk jgk gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr
ds ok;qeaMy esa uhps vkrs gh viofrZr gks tkrk gSA esa lw;Z dk çdk'k uhps dh vksj viofrZr gks tkrk gS
vkdk'k esa Åij dh gok fojy (iQSyh gqbZ) gS vkSj vkSj bl çdkj okLro esa lw;Z f{kfrt ls Åij mBk gqvk
i`Foh dh lrg ds ikl l?ku gSA tSls gh rkjs dk çdk'k çrhr gksrk gSA
The sun appears
to be above the horizon

Horizon B

Atmospheric
refraction As seen
A from the earth
Actual position of the sun
(Just below horizon)

fp=k 1-53

HkkSfrd foKku 19
çdk'k dk ç[Link] gesa vius vkl&ikl dh phtksa dks ns•us esa l{ke cukrh gSA
z fofHkUu çdkj ds fuyafcr [Link] ij fofHkUu ;kn`fPNd lkFk gh ns•us dh {kerk dks] fotu ;k n`f"V dgk tkrk gSA
fn'kkvksa esa çdk'k iQsaduk (iQSykuk) çdk'k dk ç[Link] Eyelashes
dgykrk gSA Eyelid

Iris Vitreous humor

fVaMy çHkko Corrnea
Lens
z tc çdk'k vius iFk esa [Link] ds dkj.k ç[Link] gksrk gS] Fovea

rks bls fVaMy çHkko dgrs gSaA ftl çdkj lw;Z dk çdk'k Disc
Optic
fdlh dejs esa èkwy ds [Link] ls gksdj xqtjus ij fn•kbZ nsrk Iris
Pupil Aqueous
humor
Retina nerve

gS] vkSj tc lw;Z dk çdk'k ?kus taxy vkfn ls gksdj xqtjrk

gS] rc fVaMy çHkko ds mnkgj.k ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gSaA Human Eye
Sclera

z 1859 esa] fVaMy us ik;k fd tc çdk'k NksVs fuyafcr [Link] fp=k 1-54
okys Li"V rjy ls gksdj xqtjrk gS] rks liQsn çdk'k ds
z ,d O;fÙkQ nwj ;k ikl dh oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i ls ugha
uhys jax dk rjax nSè;Z de gksrk gS vkSj yky jax dh rqyuk
ns• ldrk gS vkSj n`f"V nks"k gS ftls p'ek igudj Bhd
esa vfèkd fc•jk gksrk gS ftldh rjax nSè;Z vfèkd gksrh gSA
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekuo vka• esa dkWfuZ;k] ifjrkfjdk]
z ç[Link] çdk'k dk jax [Link] ds vkdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gS
iqryh] flfyvjh ekalisf'k;ka] us=k ysal] jsfVuk vkSj çdk'kh;
z ok;qeaMy esa fc•js gq, èkwy ds cM+s [Link] vkSj ikuh dh raf=kdk gksrs gSaA
cwanksa ds dkj.k gh tc èkwi mu ij iM+rh gS rks og bl rjg
ijkofrZr gksrh gS fd fc•jh gqbZ jks'kuh Hkh liQsn fn•kbZ vk¡• dk fuekZ.k
nsrh gSA okrkoj.k esa èkwy ds d.k vkSj ikuh dh cwansa n`'; z vk¡• dk vxyk Hkkx ftls dkWfuZ;k dgrs gSa] ,d ikjn'khZ
çdk'k dh rjax nSè;Z lhek ls cM+h gksrh gSaA inkFkZ dk cuk gksrk gS vkSj bldh ckgjh lrg mÙky vkdkj
z ok;qeaMy esa vR;ar NksVs ok;q [Link] eq[; :i ls uhys çdk'k dh gksrh gSA dkWfuZ;k ds ekè;e ls gh oLrqvksa ls vkus
dks rc fc•sjrs gSa tc mu ij lw;Z dh jks'kuh iM+rh gSA okyk çdk'k vk¡•ksa esa ços'k djrk gSA dkWfuZ;k ds Bhd
,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd uhys jax dh rjaxnS?;Z de gksrk gS ihNs ifjrkfjdk gksrh gS ftls jaxhu Mk;kÚke Hkh dgk tkrk
vkSj ;g rjaxnS?;Z ok;q ds [Link] esa cgqr vfèkd gksrk gSA gSA ifjrkfjdk (vkbfjl) ds eè; esa fLFkr fNæ dks iqryh
vkleku uhyk D;ksa gS\ dgrs gSaA fiQj blds ihNs us=k ysal gksrk gS tks mÙky ysal
tc èkwi ok;qeaMy esa iM+rh gS] rks yach rjax nSè;Z okyh jks'kuh gksrk gSA i{ekHkh isf'k;ksa ds lgkjs ds dkj.k gh us=k ysal
gok ds [Link] }kjk ugha fc•jrh gSA ;g dsoy uhyk çdk'k viuh fLFkfr esa cuk jgrk gSA vk¡• dk ysal yphyk gksrk
gS ftldh rjax nSè;Z de gksrh gS tks ok;qeaMy esa ok;q ds gS vkSj bl çdkj flfyvjh ekalisf'k;ksa dh enn ls viuh
[Link] }kjk lcls vfèkd fc•jk gqvk gksrk gSA blh dkj.k iQksdy yackbZ vkSj vkdkj cny ldrk gSA vk¡• ds ysal
vkdk'k uhyk fn•kbZ nsrk gSA ds ihNs jsfVuk gksrk gS ftl ij vk¡• esa Nfo curh gSA
vk¡• dk dke djuk
lw;kZsn; vkSj lw;kZLr ds le; lw;Z z oLrq ls vkus okyh çdk'k [Link] iqryh ds ekè;e ls vk¡•ksa
yky D;ksa fn•kbZ nsrk gS\ esa ços'k djrh gSa vkSj us=k ysal ij iM+rh gSaA us=k ysal rc
lw;kZsn; vkSj lw;kZLr ds le; lkjs uhys jax dk çdk'k fc•j çdk'k [Link] dks vfHklfjr djrk gS vkSj jsfVuk ij oLrq
tkrk gS vkSj gekjh n`f"V ls nwj gks tkrk gSA blfy, eq[; :i dh ,d Nfo cukrk gS tks okLrfod vkSj myVh gksrh gSA
ls lw;kZsn; vkSj lw;kZLr ds le; ge rd igqapus okyk çdk'k jsfVuk esa cM+h la[;k esa çdk'k&laosnu'khy dksf'kdk,a gksrh
yky gksrk gS ftldh rjax nSè;Z vfèkd gksrh gSA gSa tks fo|qr ladsr mRiUu dj ldrh gSaA jsfVuk ij Nfo
cuus ds ckn ;g efLr"d dks fo|qr ladsr Hkstrk gS vkSj
1-4-3 u s=k% 'kjhj jpuk] lajpuk] dk;Z] çdk;Z vkSj gesa Nfo dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA lkFk gh] Hkys gh jsfVuk ij
nks"k cuus okyh Nfo myVh gks] ysfdu gekjk fnekx bls lhèkk
z ekuo vk¡• ikjn'khZ thfor lkexzh ls cus çkÑfrd mÙky le>rk gSA
ysal ds ekè;e ls çdk'k ds viorZu ij dke djrh gS vkSj z us=k ysal mÙky ysal gS] vkSj jsfVuk vka• dh LØhu gSA

20 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
vkbfjl (ifjrkfjdk) vkSj iqryh dk dk;Z nwjh vfèkdre gksrh gSA us=k&ysal rc çdk'k dh lekukarj
z ifjrkfjdk dk dk;Z iqryh ds vkdkj dks lek;ksftr djuk [Link] dks jsfVuk ij nwj dh oLrq dh ,d Nfo cukus ds
gSA ;fn vk¡• esa ços'k djus okys çdk'k dh ek=kk de gS fy, vfHklj.k djrk gSA tc vka• nwj dh oLrq dks ns•rh
rks iqryh iQSyrh gS rkfd vfèkd çdk'k vk¡• esa ços'k dj gS rks mls vlEc¼ dgk tkrk gSA
lds vkSj ;fn vk¡• esa ços'k djus okys çdk'k dh ek=kk Ciliary muscles Ligaments
relaxed are tight
vfèkd gks rks iqryh fldqM+ tkrh gSA
Parallel rays from
z iqryh ds vkdkj ds lek;kstu esa dqN le; yxrk gS vkSj a distant object
;gh dkj.k gS fd tc ge vaèksjs dejs ls èkwi esa ckgj tkrs I
Image
gSa rks gesa viuh vk¡•ksa esa ped eglwl gksrh gS ;k ;fn Object at infinity Eye lens
in thin
ge ckgj ls vkdj fdlh v¡èksjs dejs esa ços'k djrs gSa rks
dqN le; ckn gesa oLrq,¡ Li"V fn•kbZ nsrh gSaA Here eye lens in thin.
It has large focal length
but small converging power
ge jaxksa dks dSls ns•rs gSa An eye focused on a distant object (at infinity)

z gekjh vka• ds jsfVuk esa çdk'k ds çfr laosnu'khy

fp=k 1-55
dksf'kdk,a nks vkdkj dh gksrh gSa_ NM+h ds vkdkj vkSj
'kadq ds vkdkjA jkWM (NM+h) ds vkdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa dk z tc gekjh vka•sa ikl dh oLrqvksa dks ns•rh gSa rks i{ekHkh
dk;Z çdk'k dh ped dk çfrmÙkj nsuk gSA vkSj 'kadq ds isf'k;ksa esa f•apko gksrk gS vkSj bldh iQksdl nwjh de gks
vkdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa dk dk;Z gesa jaxksa dks fn•kuk vkSj tkrh gSA blds dkj.k] us=k ysal dh vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ c<+
muds chp varj djuk gSA tkrh gS] vkSj oLrqvksa ls vkus okyh çdk'k dh vilkjh
[Link] vfHklfjr gksdj jsfVuk ij ,d Nfo cukrh gSaA tc
z nwj vkSj ikl dh oLrq,¡ ns•uk
vk¡•sa ikl dh oLrqvksa dks ns•rh gSa rks mUgsa lek;ksftr
z nwj dh oLrq,¡% tc çdk'k dh [Link] nwj dh oLrqvksa ls dgk tkrk gSA
vk jgh gksrh gSa rks os 'kq#vkr esa vilfjr gksrh gSa ysfdu Ciliary muscles Ligaments
tc os gekjh vk¡• rd igq¡prh gSa rks lekukarj gks tkrh gSaA contracted are loose
blfy, nwj dh oLrq dks ns•us ds fy,] gesa de vfHklkjh
'kfÙkQ ds mÙky us=k&ysal dh vko';drk gksrh gS rkfd mUgsa Diverging rays
from nearby object
vk¡• ds jsfVuk ij ,d Nfo cukus ds fy, iQksdl fd;k I
tk ldsA de vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ okys mÙky us=k ysal dh O
Image
Nearby object Eye-lens
iQksdl nwjh vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj ;g dkiQh irys gksrs gSaA is thick
z fudV dh oLrq,¡% tc çdk'k dh [Link] ikl dh oLrqvksa
Here eye lens is thick. It
ls vk jgh gksrh gSa] rks os gekjh vk¡•ksa rd igq¡pus ij has short focal length but
fopfyr gks tkrh gSaA blfy,] ikl dh fdlh oLrq dks large converging power
ns•us ds fy, gesa mPp vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ ds mÙky us=k&ysal An eye focused on a nearby object

dh vko';drk gksrh gS rkfd è;ku dsafær fd;k tk lds fp=k 1-56

vkSj jsfVuk ij ,d Nfo cukbZ tk ldsA mPp vfHklkjh z ,d lkekU; vk¡• dh leatu 'kfÙkQ tks bls Li"V :i ls
'kfÙkQ okys mÙky us=k&ysal dh iQksdy yackbZ de gksrh gS ns•us esa l{ke cukrh gS] 25 lseh ds djhc vkSj vuar
vkSj ;g eksVk gksrk gSA rd nwj gksrh gSA
vk¡•ksa dh leatu {kerk n`f"V nks"k vkSj mudk fuokj.k
z vka• dh nwj vkSj lkFk gh ikl dh oLrqvksa dks vka• ds z n`f"V ds rhu lkekU; nks"k gSa%
jsfVuk ij Li"V :i ls iQksdl djus dh {kerk dks leatu 1- ek;ksfi;k (vnwjnf'kZrk ;k fudV n`f"Vnks"k)
dgk tkrk gSA
2- gkbijesVªksfi;k (nh?kZ&n`f"V ;k nwj&n`f"V)
z gekjh vka•sa nwj dh oLrqvksa dks ns•rh gSa rc i{ekHkh
3- çslck;ksfi;k
ekalisf'k;ka f'kfFky gks tkrh gSa vkSj bl fLFkfr esa iQksdl

HkkSfrd foKku 21
fudV n`f"V nks"k& vc pwafd çdk'k dh [Link] us=k ds nwj fcanq ls vkrh gqbZ
z vk¡• dk og nks"k ftlesa og nwj dh oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i çrhr gksrh gSa] vr% os vklkuh ls us=k&ysal }kjk iQksdflr
ls ugha ns• ikrk gS] ek;ksfi;k dgykrk gSA ek;ksfi;k ls gks tkrh gSa] vkSj çfrfcEc jsfVuk ij cu tkrk gSA fudV
ihfM+r O;fÙkQ ikl dh oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i ls ns• ldrk n`f"V nks"k ds fy, vory ysal dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
gSA ek;ksfi;k fuEu [Link] ls gksrk gS% rkfd us=k ysal dh vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ dks de fd;k tk ldsA
 ysal dh mPp vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ
z fp=k 1.59: fudV n`f"V nks"k dk lq/kjA vka• ds lkeus j•k
 us=kxksyd dk cgqr yack gksuk
vory ysal fudV n`f"V us=k ds nwj fcanq (F) ij nwj fLFkr
z vka• ds ysal ds mPp vfHklj.k ds fy,] Nfo jsfVuk ds oLrq dh vkHkklh Nfo cukrk gSA
lkeus curh gS vkSj ,d O;fÙkQ nwj dh oLrqvksa dks ugha ns•
ldrk gSA nwljh fLFkrh esa] ;fn us=kxksyd cgqr yack gS] rks z ek;ksfi;k dks Bhd djus ds fy, vory ysal dh 'kfÙkQ
jsfVuk us=k&ysal ls vfèkd nwjh ij gksrk gSA bl fLFkrh esa dh [Link] dk lw=k gS%
Hkh] Nfo jsfVuk ds lkeus curh gS] Hkys gh vka• ds ysal nwjh (v) & 1@oLrq nwjh (u) = 1@iQksdy yackbZ (f)
esa vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ lgh gksA
nh?kZ@nwj n`f"V nks"k
Parallel rays from
Retina
distant object z gkbijesVªksfi;k ;k nh?kZ n`f"V nks"k ,d vka• dk nks"k gS tgka
(at infinity)
O;fÙkQ ikl dh oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i ls ugha ns• ikrk gSA
I Image is
formed in
gkbijesVªksfid vka• dk fudV&fcanq 25 lseh ls vfèkd nwj
Image
front of gSA vk¡• ds bl nks"k ds dkj.k gksrk gS%
the retina
z vk¡• ds ysal dh de vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ
fudV n`f"V nks"k esa nwj dh oLrq dk çfrfcEc jsfVuk ds lkeus curk gSA
z vk¡• dh iqryh dk cgqr NksVk gksuk
fp=k 1-57 z gkbijesVªksfi;k ds ekeys esa] fdlh oLrq dh Nfo jsfVuk
Retina
ds ihNs curh gS vkSj blfy,] O;fÙkQ ikl dh oLrqvksa dks
F
Li"V :i ls ugha ns• ikrk gSA
I Retina
Far point Diverging rays
Image is
of this eye from nearby object
formed on
the retina O
I
N Image is formed
ek;ksfid us=k dk nwj fcanq (F) vuar ls de gksrk gS Nearby behind the retina
object
fp=k 1-58 25 cm
Normal
z vory ysal okys p'es dks igudj ek;ksfi;k ;k fudV near point
n`f"V nks"k dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS
fd fudV n`f"V nks"k ds fy, tc mi;qÙkQ 'kfÙkQ dk vory fp=k 1-60
ysal ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks vory ysal nwj dh oLrq ls ,d gkbijesVªksfid vka• esa] ikl dh oLrq dh Nfo lkekU;
vkus okyh çdk'k dh lekukUrj [Link] dks lcls igys fudV fcanq N (25 lseh ij) ij iM+h gksrh gS] tks jsfVuk ds
vilfjr djrk gSA blfy,] lcls igys] ek;ksfid vka• ds ihNs curh gSA
nwj fcanq ij ,d vkHkklh Nfo curh gSA Retina
Rays are first
diverged by
concave lens N I
N Image is
L Retina Near point Normal
Parallel rays from distant formed
of this eye near point
object (at infinity) on the retina
More than 25 cm
F I
Image is fp=k 1-61
Virtual image formed
formed at F on the gkbijesVªksfid vka• dk fudV fcanq N lkekU; fudV fcanq N
Concave lens to retina
correct myopia ls nwj gS
fp=k 1-59

22 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z gkbijesVªksfi;k okyh vka• dk fudV&fcanq 25 lseh ls vfèkd dk Åijh Hkkx vory rFkk fupyk Hkkx mÙky ysal dk
gksrk gSA vka• ds lkeus mÙky ysal yxkdj gkbijesVªksfi;k cuk gksrk gSA
dh fLFkfr dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk blfy, gS eksfr;kfcan
D;ksafd tc gkbijesVªksfid vka•ksa ds lkeus mi;qÙkQ 'kfÙkQ dk
z vka• dk ,d vkSj nks"k tks vkerkSj ij o`¼koLFkk esa vkrk
mÙky ysal j•k tkrk gS] rc mÙky ysal lcls igys ikl dh
gS og eksfr;kfcan gSA fpfdRlk fLFkfr ftlesa fdlh O;fÙkQ
oLrq ls vkus okyh çdk'k dh vilkjh [Link] dks us=k ds
dh vka• dk ysal mÙkjksÙkj èkqaèkyk gks tkrk gS ftlds
fudV fcanq ij vfHklfjr djrk gS ftl ij ikl dh oLrq
[Link]:i èkqaèkyh n`f"V gksrh gSA ;g rc fodflr gksrk gS
dh vkHkklh Nfo curh gSA pw¡fd çdk'k dh [Link] vc
tc fdlh O;fÙkQ ds us=k ysal ds Åij ,d f>Yyh cuus ds
vk¡• ds fudV fcanq ls vkrh gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSa] vk¡• dk
dkj.k èkqaèkyk gks tkrk gSA blls vka•ksa dh jks'kuh èkhjs&èkhjs
ysal vklkuh ls iQksdl dj ldrk gS vkSj jsfVuk ij Nfo
de gks tkrh gS vkSj blls vka•ksa dh jks'kuh iwjh rjg •Re
cuk ldrk gSA gkbijesVªksfi;k ds fy, ,d mÙky ysal dk
gks ldrh gSA ltZjh ds ckn bls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rkfd us=k&ysal dh vfHklkjh 'kfÙkQ
vikjn'khZ ysal dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds LFkku ij
dks c<+k;k tk ldsA
Rays are first vkWijs'ku ds ekè;e ls ,d Ñf=ke ysal Mkyk tkrk gSA bl
converged by nks"k dks fdlh Hkh çdkj ds p'es ds ysal }kjk Bhd ugha
convex lens
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
L
O ns•us ds fy, gekjs ikl nks vka•sa D;ksa gSa\
N I
N Image is z nks vka•sa 180 fMxzh dk O;kid {ks=k n`'; nsrh gSaA
Virtual image Nearby formed
formed N object on the retina z nks vka•sa fdlh oLrq dh nwjh dks vfèkd lVhdrk ls
Convex lens
to correct
vkadus esa enn djrh gSaA
hypermetropia

fp=k 1-62 1-5 Å"ek vkSj Å"ekxfrdh

z gkbijesVªksfi;k dk lqèkkj% mÙky ysal bl vka• ds fudV
fcanq N' ij oLrq (fcanq N ds ikl lkekU; fLFkfr esa) dh 1-5-1 Å"ek
,d vkHkklh Nfo cukrk gSA z Å"ek og ÅtkZ gS tks rkieku esa varj ds dkj.k ,d ç.kkyh
z gkbijesVªksfi;k dks Bhd djus ds fy, mÙky ysal dh 'kfÙkQ ls nwljh ç.kkyh esa LFkkukarfjr gksrh gSA bldk SI ek=kd
dh [Link] djus dk lw=k gS% twy gSA dSyksjh dk mi;ksx Å"ek dh bdkbZ ds :i esa Hkh
1/v – 1/u = 1/f
fd;k tkrk gSA
z bl lw=k esa] oLrq dh nwjh tks U gS] vka• ds fcanq (25 1-5-2 rkieku
lseh) ds ikl lkekU; gSA z rkieku fdlh oLrq dh m"eh; voLFkk gS] tks Å"ek ds
çslck;ksfi;k çokg dh fn'kk dks O;ÙkQ djrk gSA Å"ek ges'kk mPp
z n`f"V nks"k vkerkSj ij o`¼koLFkk esa gksrk gS tc i{ekHkh rkieku okys inkFkZ ls de rkieku okys inkFkZ esa LFkkukarfjr
ekalisf'k;ka detksj gks tkrh gSa vkSj us=k&ysal dks lek;ksftr gksrh gSA
ugha dj ikrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa ekalisf'k;ka yphyh gks tkrh 1-5-3 rkieku dk ekiu
gSa vkSj ikl dh oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i ls ugha ns• ikrh gSaA z FkekZehVj ,d midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx rkieku ekius ds
z çslck;ksfi;k okys o`¼ O;fÙkQ dk fudV&fcanq 25 lseh ls fy, fd;k tkrk gSA rki ekius ds fy, fuEufyf•r rkiekih
vfèkd gksrk gSA çslck;ksfi;k dks mÙky ysal okys p'es dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS&
iguus ls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA 1- lsfYl;l (lsaVhxzsM) Ldsy% rkieku dk ,d iSekuk
z è;ku nsus okyh ckr ;g gS fd fdlh O;fÙkQ dks ek;ksfi;k ftlesa 0°C ciQZ ds xyukad dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gS
vkSj gkbijesVªksfi;k nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa vkSj 100°C ikuh ds DoFkukad dk çfrfufèkRo djrk
ckbiQksdy ysal okyk p'ek iguk tkrk gSA f}iQksdlh ysal gSA

HkkSfrd foKku 23
 2- dsfYou Ldsy% dsfYou Ldsy ij ciQZ dk xyukad 1-5-5 xqIr Å"ek
273 K gksrk gS tcfd ikuh dk DoFkukad 373 K gksrk z rki ifjorZu ds fcuk fdlh Bksl dks æo ;k ok"i ;k æo
gSA bl çdkj lsfYl;l iSekus ij 0°C rkieku dsfYou dks ok"i esa cnyus ds fy, vko';d Å"ek dks xqIr Å"ek
iSekus ij 273 K ds cjkcj gksrk gSA rks] dsfYou iSekus dgrs gSaA
ij rkieku ¾ lsfYl;l iSekus ij rkieku $ 273A
xqIr Å"ek nks çdkj dh gksrh gS
K = C + 273
(i) xyu dh xqIr Å"ekA
3- iQkjsugkbV Ldsy% bl iSekus ij ciQZ dk xyukad
(ii) ok"iu dh xqIr Å"ekA
32°F vkSj ikuh dk DoFkukad 212°F gksrk gSA
xyu dh xqIr Å"ek
lsfYl;l vkSj iQkjsugkbV Ldsy ds chp laca/
z Bksl dks æo voLFkk esa cnyus ds fy, vko';d ÅtkZ dks
z ;fn rkieku C lsfYl;l iSekus ij vkSj F iQkjsugkbV iSekus xyu dh xqIr Å"ek dgrs gSaA ciQZ dh xqIr Å"ek dk eku
ij gS] rks 3.34 × 10' twy@fdxzk gksrk gSA
C/5 = F – 32/9
ok"iu dh xqIr Å"ek
1-5-4 rkieku dk inkFkZ ij çHkko z æo dks ok"i esa cnyus ds fy, vko';d ÅtkZ dks
z rkieku esa o`f¼ ds lkFk Bksl voLFkk rjy voLFkk esa vkSj ok"ihdj.k dh xqIr Å"ek dgrs gSaA ty dh xqIr Å"ek dk
rjy voLFkk xSlh; voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS tcfd eku 22.5 × 10' twy@fdxzk gksrk gSA
rkieku esa deh gksus ij xSlh; voLFkk rjy voLFkk esa
1-5-6 ÅèoZikru
vkSj rjy Bksl voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA
z xeZ djus ij tc dksbZ Bksl lhèks ok"i esa cnyrk gS vkSj
1- xyu% ,d ,slh çfØ;k ftlesa Bksl dks xeZ djds
BaMk djus ij tc ok"i lhèks Bksl esa cnyrk gS rks ml ?kVuk
æo esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA ftl rkieku ij Bksl
dks mèoZikru dgrs gSaA bl xq.k okys dqN inkFkZ veksfu;e
inkFkZ fi?kydj ok;qeaMyh; ncko ij æo esa ifjofrZr
DyksjkbM] vk;ksMhu] diwj vkSj usiQFkyhu vkfn gSaA
gks tkrk gS] mls mldk xyukad dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ciQZ 0 fMxzh lsfYl;l ij ikuh esa fi?ky tkrk 1-5-7 ok"ihdj.k
gSA vr% ciQZ dk xyukad 0°C gksrk gSA z og çfØ;k ftlesa æo vius DoFkukad ls uhps ok"i esa
2- mcyuk% og çfØ;k ftlesa æo xeZ djus ij ok"i esa cny tkrk gS] ok"ihdj.k dgykrh gSA ;g dejs ds rkieku
ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS] mcyuk dgykrh gSA ftl rkieku ij gks ldrk gSA
ij rjy mcyrk gS vkSj ok;qeaMyh; ncko ij cgqr z xhys diM+s ikuh ds ok"ihdj.k ds dkj.k lw• tkrs gSaA
rsth ls ok"i esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS] mls DoFkukad dgk fdlh Hkh æo ds ok"iu dh nj mlds DoFkukad ij
tkrk gSA vyx&vyx rjy inkFkks± esa vyx&vyx vfèkdre gksrh gSA
DoFkukad gksrs gSaA
1-5-8 Å"ek vkSj dk;Z
3- la?kuu% la?kuu çfØ;k xSl ls æo esa inkFkZ dh HkkSfrd
z ÅtkZ ds :i esa Å"ek lkewfgd :i ls xSl] rjy ;k Bksl
fLFkfr esa ifjorZu gS vkSj ;g ok"ihdj.k dh foijhr
cukus okys [Link] }kjk èkkj.k dh tkrh gSA ftl 'kjhj esa
?kVuk gSA
ÅtkZ gksrh gS mlesa dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA dk;Z rc
4- fgehdj.k% ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlesa ,d rjy Bksl fd;k tkrk gS tc dksbZ cy (F) fdlh nwjh (d) ls pyrk
esa cny tkrk gS tc mldk rkieku mlds fgekad ls gS% W = F × dA ;fn F dks U;wVu esa vkSj d dks ehVj esa
uhps pyk tkrk gS vkSj ;g çfØ;k fi?kyus ds foijhr ekik tkrk gS] rks W dks Nm esa ekik tkrk gS] vU;Fkk bls
gksrh gSA fdlh æo dks BaMk djus ij ftl rkieku ij twy dgk tkrk gSA
og Bksl esa cny tkrk gS] mls mldk fgekad dgrs
gSaA ty dk fgekad 0°C gksrk gSA æo dk fgekad vkSj 1-5-9 m"ekxfrdh
Bksl dk xyukad leku gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,& z m"ekxfrdh ç.kkyh ds Hkhrj rki] ÅtkZ vkSj rkieku ds
ikuh 0°C ij terk gS vkSj ciQZ 0°C ij fi?kyrk gSA O;ogkj vkSj [Link] dk vè;;u gSA

24 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
m"ekxfrdh dk igyk fu;e z ;g eku –273.15°C (–459.67°F) ;k 0°K (dsfYou) gSA
z m"ekxfrdh dk igyk fu;e dgrk gS fd fdlh Hkh can bl rkieku ij] ftls HkkSfrd :i ls çkIr djuk vlaHko
ç.kkyh esa ÅtkZ dh dqy ek=kk ges'kk leku jgrh gSA nwljs gS] 'kjhj ds [Link] daiu djuk can dj nsaxs] vkSj bl çdkj
'kjhj esa dksbZ vkarfjd ÅtkZ ugha gksxhA
'kCnksa esa] ÅtkZ ges'kk lajf{kr jgrh gS D;ksafd ;g ,d :i
ls nwljs :i esa LFkkukarfjr gksrh gSA 1-5-10 B ksl] æo vkSj xSlksa dk Å"eh; (rkih;)
çlkj
m"ekxfrdh dk nwljk fu;e
z fdlh fiaM ds rkieku esa ifjorZu ls ml fiaM dk foLrkj
z m"ekxfrdh dk nwljk fu;e dgrk gS fd Å"ek ges'kk xeZ
;k ladqpu gksrk gSA vfèkdka'k inkFkZ xeZ djus ij iQSyrs gSa
oLrq ls BaMh oLrq dh vksj çokfgr gksxh] u fd blds vkSj BaMk djus ij fldqM+rs gSaA bls rkih; çlkj dgrs gSaA
foijhrA blesa ,aVªkWih 'kCn 'kkfey gS] ,aVªkWih ,d ç.kkyh ikjs dk Lrj rkieku ds lkFk c<+rk gS] fctyh ds •aHkksa ls
ds fodkj dk ,d mik; gSA tqM+s rkj fldqM+rs gSa ;k ekSle esa cnyko ds lkFk iQSyrs gSa]
vkfn ;g lc rkih; foLrkj ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
m"ekxfrdh dk rhljk fu;e
z ;g ns•k x;k gS fd èkkrq ds <Ddu ls dldj can dh xbZ
z rhljs fu;e esa dgk x;k gS fd [Link] 'kwU; rd igqapus ij] cksrysa vklkuh ls •qy tkrh gSa] tc cksry dks dqN le;
,d ç.kkyh ls ÅtkZ fudkyuk rsth ls dfBu gks tkrk gSA ds fy, xeZ ikuh esa mYVk j•k tkrk gS rkfd <Ddu gh
lHkh fudk;ksa esa rkih; ÅtkZ] ;k Å"ek gksrh gSA [Link] 'kwU; og ikuh esa Mwck jgsA bl çdkj èkkrq dk <Ddu iQSyrk gS vkSj
lS¼kafrd fcanq gS ftl ij 'kjhj esa dksbZ xehZ ugha gksrh gSA vklkuh ls •qyrk gSA
Thermal Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases

Solids Liquids Gases The gas inside a balloon

Mercury expands expands when heated.
Expansion when heated.
joints expand
when it is hot.

What happens when What happens when

Rail contract? A Gas expands?

fp=k 1-63
z xSlksa ds ekeys esa] tc ,d xqCckjs dks BaMs dejs esa vkaf'kd z rkieku esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k fdlh inkFkZ ds vk;ru esa
:i ls iQqyk;k tkrk gS rks xeZ ikuh esa j•us ij ;g [Link] fHkUukRed ifjorZu dks vk;ru çlkj dk [Link] dgk tkrk
vkdkj dk gks tkrk gSA ;g lc rkih; foLrkj ds dkj.k gSA
gksrk gSA z rkih; çlkj ds lanHkZ esa ty ,d fof'k"V O;ogkj çnf'kZr
z rkieku esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k 'kjhj ds vk;ke esa o`f¼ rkih; djrk gSA ;g 0°C vkSj 4°C ds chp xeZ djus ij la?kfur
çlkj gSA yackbZ esa foLrkj dks jSf•; çlkj dgk tkrk gSA gksrk gSA ikuh dh nh xbZ ek=kk dk vk;ru] dejs ds rkieku
{ks=kiQy esa foLrkj dks {ks=k çlkj dgrs gSaA vk;ru ds ls BaMk gksus rd de gks tkrk gS] tc rd fd bldk
foLrkj dks vk;ru çlkj dgrs gSaA rkih; foLrkj [Link] rkieku 4°C rd ugha igq¡p tkrkA 4°C ls uhps] vk;ru
rkieku esa NksVs ifjorZu ds dkj.k vkdkj esa vkaf'kd c<+rk gS vkSj ?kuRo ?kVrk gSA
ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA z bldk eryc gS fd ikuh dk vfèkdre ?kuRo 4°C ij
z èkkrqvksa dk foLrkj vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj jSf•d foLrkj ds gksrk gSA bl xq.k ds dkj.k >hyksa vkSj rkykcksa tSls ty
[Link] ds vis{kkÑr mPp eku gksrk gSaA fudk; lcls igys 'kh"kZ ij ters gSaA

HkkSfrd foKku 25
z lkèkkj.k rkieku ij xSlksa dk çlkj Bksl vkSj æo ls vfèkd z rjax dh vko`fÙk (f) dks çfr lsdaM [Link] nksyuksa dh la[;k
gksrk gSA xSl çlkj dk [Link] rkieku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vko`fÙk dks gV~tZ (Hz)
,d vkn'kZ xSl ds fy,] fujarj ncko ij vk;ru çlkj dk esa ekik tkrk gSA JO; èofu vko`fÙk 20 gV~tZ ls ysdj
[Link] vkn'kZ xSl lehdj.k ls ik;k tk ldrk gS% yxHkx 20]000 gV~tZ rd gksrh gSA
PV = μRT z gok esa 20°C (68°F) ij èofu rjax dh xfr 344 m/s gksrh
z fujarj ncko ij gS] ysfdu ikuh esa èofu dh xfr 1461 m/s gksrh gS vkSj
PΔV = μR ΔT LVhy esa bldh xfr 5000 m/s gksrh gSA
ΔV/V = ΔT/T 1-6-2 rjaxksa ds xq.k
vFkkZr av = 1/T vkn'kZ xSl ds fy, z ygjksa esa ijkorZu] viorZu] foorZu vkSj O;frdj.k lfgr
z 0°C ij] av = 3.7 × 10–3 K–1] tks Bksl vkSj rjy inkFkks± dbZ xq.k gksrs gSaA
dh rqyuk esa cgqr T;knk gSA
ijkorZu
z vk;ru çlkj ds [Link] vkSj jSf•d foLrkj ds [Link] ds
z ijkorZu og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk fdlh rjax dk Hkkx ;k
chp ,d lacaèk gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh NM+ ds rkih; foLrkj
[Link] Hkkx okil vk tkrk gS tc og nks fHkUu lkefxz;ksa
dks mlds fljksa dks etcwrh ls fLFkj djds jksdk tkrk gS
rks NM+ fljksa ij dBksj leFkZu }kjk çnku fd, x, ckgjh ;k ekè;e ds chp dh lhek ls Vdjkrh gSA
cyksa ds dkj.k laihfMr ruko ls xqtjsxhA NM+ esa LFkkfir z rjax ijkorZu dk ,d [Link] mnkgj.k ,d çfrèofu gS]
laxr çfrcy dks rkih; çfrcy dgrs gSaA tc èofu rjaxsa nwj dh lrg ls Vdjkrh gSaA
viorZu
1-6 rjaxsa z viorZu ,d rjax ekspZs dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu gS D;ksafd
z rjax ,d ifj?kVuk gS ftlds }kjk ÅtkZ fcuk fdlh lkexzh ;g ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa frjNs (fdlh Hkh dks.k
ds LFkkukarj.k ds pyrh gSA ,Dl&js] ijkcSaxuh [Link]] çdk'k ij tks lhèkk ;k lekukarj ugha gS) xqtjrk gS ftlesa bldh
vkSj jsfM;ks rjaxsa lHkh ,d gh xfr ls ,d fuokZr ds ekè;e xfr cny tkrh gSA
ls ;k=kk djrh gSaA rjaxksa ds [Link] esa ty rjaxsa] èofu z ,d mnkgj.k gS tc çdk'k ,d ysal ;k fçTe esa ços'k
rjaxsa] çdk'k vkSj ,Dl&js 'kkfey gSaA djrk gS & çdk'k eqM+k gqvk gksrk gSA ;g viorZu dk
z rjax ,d ekè;e esa ,d LianukRed fo{kksHk gS tks nks fcanqvksa fl¼kar gS tks p'es esa ysalksa ds fy, mi;ksfxr gksrk gSaA
ds chp lhèks laidZ ds fcuk ,d fcanq ls nwljs fcanq rd
ÅtkZ ys tkrk gS foorZu
z ge dg ldrs gSa fd rjax ml ekè;e ds [Link] ds daiu z foorZu rc gksrk gS tc ,d fLyV ls xqtjus okyh rjaxsa]
ls mRiUu gksrh gS ftlls og xqtjrh gSA tks rjax nSè;Z dh rqyuk esa [Link] gksrh gSa] iQSyrh gSa vkSj
z rjaxsa nks çdkj dh gksrh gSa% vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa vkSj vuqçLFk visf{kr lhèkh js•k fn'kk ls çLFkku djrh gSaA
rjaxsaA z ;g crkrk gS fd ge fdlh ,sls O;fÙkQ ds 'kCnksa dks dSls
z vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa% ,d rjax ftlesa ekè;e ds d.k ^mlh lqu ldrs gSa tks gels nwj gksA
fn'kk* esa vkxs vkSj ihNs daiu djrs gSa ftlesa rjax py jgh O;frdj.k
gksrh gSA ekè;e Bksl] æo ;k xSl gks ldrk gSA blfy,] z O;frdj.k og ifj?kVuk gS tks rc gksrh gS tc nks ;k nks
èofu rjaxsa vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa gSaA ls vfèkd rjaxsa vkil esa tqM+rh gSa tSlk fd vè;kjksi.k ds
z vuqçLFk rjaxsa% ,d rjax ftlesa ekè;e ds d.k rjax dh fl¼kar }kjk funZsf'kr gksrk gSA
xfr dh fn'kk esa ^ledks.k ij* Åij vkSj uhps daiu djrs z vè;kjksi.k fl¼kar dgrk gS fd tc nks rjaxsa ,d gh le;
gSaA ;s rjaxsa dsoy Bksl vkSj æoksa esa mRiUu gksrh gSa] xSlksa esa ,d gh LFkku ij gksrh gSa] rks muds vk;ke (ÅapkbZ)
esa ughaA la;qÙkQ gks tkrs gSaA
1-6-1 rjax nSè;Z vkSj vko`fÙk z ;fn [Link] rjax dk vk;ke vyx&vyx rjaxksa ds vk;ke
z Øfed rjax J`axksa ds chp dh nwjh dks rjaxnS?;Z dgk tkrk ls vfèkd gS rks jpukRed O;frdj.k gks jgk gSA ;fn
gSA [Link] rjax NksVh gS] rks fouk'kdkjh O;frdj.k gks jgk gSA

26 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
1-6-3 fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa bl ckr esa fHkUu gksrs gSa fd os fuokZr esa ÅtkZ lapkfjr
z fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa fo|qr vkSj pqacdh; {ks=kksa esa vkilh djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
mrkj&p<+ko ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA z os cgqr rsth ls ;k=kk djrs gSa% fuokZr esa 299]792]458
ehVj@lsdsaMA
z èofu vkSj ty rjaxksa ds lHkh xq.k] tSls viorZu vkSj
z fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa esa çdk'k] ekbØksoso] vojÙkQ fofdj.k
foorZu] fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa esa ekStwn gksrs gSa] ysfdu os
vkSj ,Dl&js 'kkfey gSaA
u- rjaxs •kstdrkZ rjaxnSè;Z vuqç;ksx
–14
10 to 10 –10
1 xkek [Link] gsujh vfèkdre eeZK 'kfÙkQA [Link] çfrfØ;k vkSj Ñf=ke jsfM;ksèkfeZrk
csdjsy ikWy esa vuqç;ksxA dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dks ekjus ds fy, jsfM;ksFksjsih esa
foykMZ Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
–10
10 to 3 × 10 –8
2 ,Dl [Link] jkWUVxu fpfdRlk foKku vkSj m|ksx
–8
10 to 4 × 10 –7
3 vYVªk ok;ysV [Link] fjVj fpfdRlk foKku] •k| vkSj nok m|ksx] foVkfeu Mh dk mRiknu
–7
4 ×10 to 7.8 × 10 –7
4 n`'; çdk'k µ ekuo vka• ds fy, n`f"V
7.8 × 10 –7 to 10–3
5 bUÚkjsM [Link] g'kZsy ukbV fotu dSejk] Vhoh fjeksV] ghfVax ds fy, Hkh bLrseky
fd;k tkrk gS
10 –3 to 1
6 ekbØksoso gVZ jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh flXuy] jMkj] ekbØksoso vksou ds mi;ksx
7 ykWUx oso jsfM;ks ekdkZsuh 1 to 104 jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh dk;ZØeksa dk çlkj.k] lapkj
z og U;wure nwjh ftlesa èofu rjax Lo;a dks nksgjkrh gS]
1-7 èofu mldh rjax yackbZ dgykrh gSA ;g ,d [Link] rjax dh yackbZ
Time for one cycle gSA bls xzhd v{kj l (ySECMk) }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk
Amplitude
distance
gSA rjax nSè;Z dks ekius ds fy, S.I bdkbZ ehVj (m) gSA
Wavelength along wave z ,d èofu rjax esa] ,d laihMu vkSj ,d fudVorhZ fojyu
Cycle
dh la;qÙkQ yackbZ dks mldh rjaxnS?;Z dgk tkrk gSA lkFk
gh] nks Øekxr laihMuksa ;k nks Øekxr fojyuksa ds dsUæksa ds
chp dh nwjh blds rjaxnS?;Z ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
z laihMu ds dsaæksa vkSj fudVorhZ fojyu ds chp dh nwjh
blds rjaxnS?;Z ds vkèks ds cjkcj gksrh gS] vFkkZr l@2A
fp=k 1-64
z èofu ÅtkZ dk ,d :i gS tks gesa lquus esa enn djrh gSA vk;ke
z èofu rjaxksa ds :i esa pyrh gSA z tc dksbZ rjax fdlh ekè;e ls xqtjrh gS] rks ekè;e ds d.k
z èofu ,d vuqnSè;Z rjax gS ftlesa ,d ekè;e ls ;k=kk djus viuh ewy vfo{kqCèk fLFkfr ls vLFkk;h :i ls foLFkkfir gks
okys laihMu vkSj fojyu 'kkfey gksrs gSaA tkrs gSaA tc dksbZ rjax ekè;e ls gksdj xqtjrh gS rks ekè;e
1-7-1 èofu rjaxksa dks ikap fo'ks"krkvksa }kjk [Link] ds [Link] dk viuh ewy vfo{kqCèk fLFkfr ls vfèkdre
fd;k tk ldrk gS foLFkkiu rjax dk vk;ke dgykrk gSA
z rjax ds vkdkj dk [Link] djus ds fy, vk;ke dk mi;ksx
rjax nSè;Z
fd;k tkrk gSA vk;ke ds ekiu dh S.I bdkbZ ehVj (m)
One wavelength
() gS] gkykafd dHkh&dHkh bls lsaVhehVj esa Hkh ekik tkrk gSA
Displacement

amplitude
rjax dk vk;ke rjax mRiUu djus okys daiu fiaM ds vk;ke
ds leku gksrk gSA
vkorZdky
Distance from source
z ,d [Link] rjax ;k pØ ;k pØ mRiUu djus esa yxus okys
fp=k 1-65 le; dks rjax dk vkorZdky dgrs gSaA

HkkSfrd foKku 27
z daiu djus okys inkFkZ (oLrq) ds ,d [Link] daiu ls ,d f = 1/T
[Link] rjax mRiUu gksrh gSA rks] ,d daiu dks iwjk djus esa tgk¡ f= rjax dh vko`fÙk T= rjax dh vkorZdky
yxus okys le; dks vkorZ dky ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
rjax dk osx (rjax dh xfr)
bls T v{kj ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA vkorZdky ds ekiu
dh bdkbZ lsdaM (s) gSA z rjax }kjk ,d lsdaM esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks rjax dk osx
;k rjax dh xfr dgrs gSaA bls v{kj v }kjk çnf'kZr fd;k
vko`fÙk tkrk gSA
èofu rjaxksa dh vko`fÙk z osx dks ekius ds fy, S.I bdkbZ ehVj çfr lsdaM (m/s
In one second In one second ;k ms–1) gS
1-7-2 r jax ds osx] vko`fÙk vkSj rjax nSè;Z ds chp
lacaèk
High frequency Low frequency
High pitched sound low pitched sound
z osx ¾ r; dh xbZ nwjh@fy;k x;k le;
z ekuk v = l × kT
fp=k 1-66
z tgk¡ T = ,d rjax }kjk fy;k x;k le;A
z ,d lsdaM esa mRiUu [Link] rjaxksa ;k pØksa dh la[;k dks rjax
z v=f×l
dh vko`fÙk dgrs gSaA
z bl lw=k dks rjax lehdj.k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z pwafd daiu djus okys fiaM ds ,d [Link] daiu ls ,d [Link]
z tgk¡ v = rjax dk osx f = vko`fÙk
rjax mRiUu gksrh gS] çfr lsdaM daiu dh la[;k dks vko`fÙk
l = rjax nSè;Z
dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% ;fn ,d lsdaM esa 10 [Link]
rjaxsa ;k daiu mRiUu gksrs gSa rks rjaxksa dh vko`fÙk 10 gV~tZ z rjax dk osx ¾ vko`fÙk × rjax nSè;Z
;k 10 pØ çfr lsdaM gksxhA z ;g lHkh rjaxksa ij ykxw gksrk gS vFkkZr vuqçLFk rjaxsa
z rjax dh vko`fÙk fLFkj gksrh gS vkSj fofHkUu inkFkks± ls xqtjus tSls ty rjaxsa] vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa tSls èofu rjaxsa vkSj fo|qr
ij Hkh ugha cnyrh gSA pqEcdh; rjaxsa tSls çdk'k rjaxsa vkSj jsfM;ks rjaxsaA
vko`fÙk dh S.I bdkbZ gV~tZ gSA çfr lsdaM 1 rjax mRlftZr
z
1-8 fo|qr èkkjk
djus okys daiu fiaM dks 1 gV~tZ dh vko`fÙk dgk tkrk gSA
;kuh 1 gV~tZ çfr lsdaM 1 daiu ds cjkcj gSA dHkh&dHkh z fdlh pkyd esa fo|qr vkos'k ds çokg dh nj dks fo|qr
vko`fÙk dh ,d cM+h bdkbZ dks fdyksgV~tZ (kHz) ds :i esa èkkjk dgrs gSaA
tkuk tkrk gS tks fd 1 kHz = 1000 Hz gSA ,d rjax dh z èkukRed vkos'k ds çokg dh fn'kk dks fo|qr èkkjk ds çokg
vko`fÙk dks v{kj f }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA dh fn'kk ekuk tkrk gSA bl çdkj] fo|qr èkkjk ds çokg dh
z fdlh rjax dh vko`fÙk rjax mRiUu djus okys daiu fudk; fn'kk bysDVªkWuksa ds çokg dh fn'kk ds Bhd foijhr gksrh gSA
dh vko`fÙk ds leku gksrh gSA z fo|qr èkkjk dk SI ek=kd ,Eih;j gSA 1 ,Eih;j ¾ 1
,d rjax ds vkorZdky vkSj vko`fÙk ds chp lacaèk% dwykWe@lsdaMA
z ,d [Link] rjax mRiUu djus esa yxus okys le; dks rjax dk z fo|qr çokg ds çdkj%
vkorZdky dgrs gSaA z ;g 2 çdkj dk gksrk gS&
z eku yhft, fd fdlh rjax dh vkorZdky T lsdaM gSA (i) fn"V èkkjk (DC)% dsoy ,d fn'kk esa cgus okyh
fo|qr èkkjkA ,d cSVjh Mhlh fctyh dh vkiwfrZ dk
z T lsdaM esa mRikfnr rjaxksa dh la[;k = 1
,d mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.k gSA
z vr% 1 lsdaM esa mRiUu gksus okyh rjaxksa dh la[;k gksxh
(ii) çR;korhZ /kjk (AC)% ,d fo|qr çokg tks fu;fer
= 1/T varjky ij ,d lsdaM esa dbZ ckj viuh fn'kk dks
z 1 lsdaM esa ftruh rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSa] mls mldh vko`fÙk myV nsrk gS] vkerkSj ij fctyh dh vkiwfrZ esa mi;ksx
dgrs gSaA bl çdkj] fd;k tkrk gSA DC dh rqyuk esa AC dk eq[; ykHk
f = 1/vkorZdky ;g gS fd AC dks vfèkd fo|qr ÅtkZ gkfu ds fcuk
yach nwjh rd çsf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

28 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z bysDVªkseksfVo cy (EMF)% bysDVªkseksfVo cy fo|qr z fdlh pkyd dh çfrjksèkdrk r dsoy inkFkZ dh çÑfr
rhozrk ;k fo|qr ÅtkZ ds lzksr tSls cSVjh ;k tujsVj }kjk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
fodflr ncko gSA z bldk SI ek=kd vkse&ehVj gSA
z oksYVst (fo|qr foHko)% fo|qr {ks=k esa ,d fLFkfr ls
fdlh fcanq rd ,d bdkbZ ldkjkRed pktZ ykus ds fy, 1-8-1 djaV (fctyh) ekiu
fd, x, dk;Z dks ml fo'ks"k fcanq dk oksYVst dgk tkrk z ,d oksYV dh cSVjh mRiUu gksus okys fo|qr vkos'k ds
gSA bldk SI ek=kd oksYV gSA çR;sd dwykWe dks ,d twy ÅtkZ dh vkiwfrZ djrh gSA
z laHkkfor varj% ,d fo|qr {ks=k esa nks fcanqvksa ds chp fo|qr z ;kaf=kd 'kfÙkQ dks okV (twy çfr lsdaM) esa ekik tkrk gSA
{kerk esa varj ,d bdkbZ ldkjkRed pktZ dks ,d fcanq ls ;fn ,d 6v cSVjh 5 ,Eih;j (5 dwykWe çfr lsdaM) dh
nwljs fcanq ij LFkkukarfjr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk SI vkiwfrZ dj jgh gS] rks ;g 6 twy çfr dwykWe vkSj dqy
ek=kd Hkh oksYV gSA 5 × 6 = 30 twy çfr lsdaM dk mRiknu dj jgh gSA
z ;fn nks fcUnqvksa ds chp q vkos'k dks çokfgr djus esa W z fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ds fy, lkekU; lw=k gS%
twy dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS] rks bu fcUnqvksa ds chp foHkokUrj P=V×I
gS& z tgk¡ P okV esa 'kfÙkQ gS] V oksYVst gS (ftls laHkkfor varj
V = fd;k x;k dk;Z@vkos'k dk çokg ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS) vkSj I ,Eih;j esa djaV gSA
= W twy@q dwykWe
1-8-2 fo|qr èkkjk ds pqacdh; çHkko
= W/q oksYV
z ,d /kjkokgh pkyd vius pkjksa vksj ,d pqacdh; {ks=k
z çfrjksèk% çfrjksèk daMDVj dk ,d HkkSfrd xq.k gS tks
cukrk gS] ftls pqacdh; cy js•kvksa ;k pqacdh; {ks=k js•kvksa
daMDVj esa fo|qr çokg ds çokg dk fojksèk djrk gSA bldk
dk mi;ksx djds le>k tk ldrk gSA fdlh /kjkokgh lh/s
ek=kd vkse (Ω) gksrk gSA bls 'R' }kjk çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
pkyd esa pqacdh; {ks=k mlds pkjksa vksj ladsafær o`Ùkksa ds
z vkse dk fu;e% vkse dk fu;e dgrk gS fd nks fcanqvksa :i esa gksrk gSA
ds chp ,d daMDVj ds ekè;e ls cgkus okyh èkkjk lhèks Variable Resistance
– +
nks fcanqvksa ds chp oksYVst ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
+
z ;fn pkyd ds nksuksa fljksa ij foHkokUrj V yxk;k tk, vkSj –
fo|qr èkkjk dk çokg I gks rks] X
(a) K
I ∝ V or V ∝ I
V = RI Magnetic Effect of
Electric Current
z tgk¡ R ,d fLFkjkad gS] ftls pkyd ds çfrjksèk ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA (b)

z çfrjksèk dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd% fp=k 1-67

z daMDVj (R) dk çfrjksèk mldh yackbZ ds lhèks vkuqikfrd z pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk_ ,d lhèks daMDVj ds ekè;e ls
gSA fo|qr çokg dh fn'kk ds lacaèk esa nkfgus gkFk ds vaxwBs ds
;k R ∝ L fu;e dk mi;ksx djds n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS ftls eSDlosy
z daMDVj (R) dk çfrjksèk blds ØkWl&lsD'kuy ,fj;k (A) ds dkWdZLØw fu;e ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA
;k R ∝ 1/A
1-8-3 fo|qr èkkjk ds pqacdh; çHkko
z bu nks [Link] ls] z fo|qr èkkjk dk pqacdh; çHkko çeq• çHkkoksa esa ls ,d gS
tks xfrfofèk;ksa ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys
R ∝ L/A0
[Link] esa cqfu;knh fl¼kar ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,d
R = rL/A
èkkjkokgh pkyd ds pkjksa vksj pqacdh; {ks=k dks pqacdh;
z tgk¡ r ,d lekuqikfrd fu;rkad gS ftls bl :i esa tkuk {ks=k js•kvksa dk mi;ksx djds n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS tks blds
tkrk gS fof'k"V çfrjksèk ;k çfrjksèkdrkA pkjksa vksj ladsafær o`Ùkksa ds :i esa n'kkZ, tkrs gSaA èkkjkokgh

HkkSfrd foKku 29
 pkyd ds ekè;e ls pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk fo|qr èkkjk ds eSDlosy ds nkfgus gkFk ds vaxwBs ds fu;e dk vuqç;ksx
çokg dh fn'kk }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gSA z ;fn daMDVj ,d o`Ùkkdkj ywi ds :i esa gS] rks ywi pqacd
nkfgus gkFk ds vaxwBs dk fu;e dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA ,d o`Ùkkdkj èkkjkokgh daMDVj
esa] pqacdh; {ks=k daMDVj dh ifjfèk ds ikl vfèkd etcwr
z nk,a gkFk ds vaxwBs ds fu;e dks eSDlosy ds dkWdZLØw fu;e gksrk gSA
ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tks lhèks daMDVj ds ekè;e ls
fo|qr çokg dh fn'kk ds lacaèk esa pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk o`Ùkkdkj ywi vkdkj dk /kjk çokfgr djus okyk daMDVj
fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA z tSlk fd eSjh ,Eih;j us lq>k;k gS] ,d djaV ys tkus
okyk daMDVj ,d cy yxkrk gS tc ,d pqacd dks mlds
z tSls gh fo|qr èkkjk dh fn'kk cnyrh gS] pqacdh; {ks=k dh
vklikl j•k tkrk gSA blh çdkj pqacd Hkh èkkjkokgh
fn'kk Hkh myV tkrh gSA pkyd ij leku vkSj foijhr cy vkjksfir djrk gSA pkyd
z ;fn ÅèokZ/j :i ls fuyafcr fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd esa ij cy dh fn'kk fo|qr èkkjk ds çokg dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu
fo|qr /kjk dh fn'kk nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj gS] rks pqacdh; ds lkFk myV tkrh gSA
{ks=k okekorZ fn'kk esa gksxkA z ;g ns•k x;k gS fd cy dk ifjek.k lcls vfèkd gksrk
z ;fn èkkjk mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj cg jgh gS] rks pqacdh; gS tc èkkjk dh fn'kk pqacdh; {ks=k ds ledks.k ij gksrh
{ks=k dh fn'kk nf{[Link] gksxhA gSA ;fn fdlh fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr èkkjk nf{k.k ls mÙkj
dh vksj çokfgr gks jgh gks vkSj pkyd rkj ds Åij ,d
Current Current
pqacdh; daikl j•k tkrk gS] rks dEikl dh lqbZ if'pe
dh fn'kk esa fo{ksfir gksrh gSA bls SNOW fu;e ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gS tks pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk dh Hkfo";[Link]
djus esa enn djrk gS
Magnetic field
Ýysfeax dk ck;ka gkFk fu;e
Magnetic field
Ýysfeax ds ck,a gkFk ds fu;e ds vuqlkj] ;fn ck,a gkFk dh
rtZuh] eè;ek vkSj vaxwBs dks bl rjg iQSyk;k tk, fd os
fp=k 1-68 ,d&nwljs ds ledks.k ij gksa] rks rtZuh pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk
z ;fn djaV ys tkus okyk daMDVj nkfgus gkFk ls idM+k tkrk crkrh gSA eè;ek vaxqyh èkkjk dh fn'kk dh vksj b'kkjk djrh
gS_ vaxwBs dks lhèkk j•rs gq, vkSj ;fn fo|qr èkkjk dh fn'kk gSA vaxwBk cká pqacdh; {ks=k esa j•s èkkjkokgh pkyd ij dk;Z
vaxwBs dh fn'kk esa gks rks vU; vaxqfy;ksa ds eqM+us dh fn'kk djus okys cy dh fn'kk crkrk gSA
pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk n'kkZ,xhA pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k
dqaMyh ds ?kqekoksa dh la[;k ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA ;fn Field
current

dqaMy ds ^N* eksM+ gSa] rks dqaMy ds ,dy eksM+ ds ekeys

current

esa pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k pqacdh; {ks=k dk 'n' xquk gksxkA

Motion Motion
Fleming’s left hand rule (Motor rule)

fp=k 1-70
fo|qr eksVj
z ,d fo|qr eksVj fctyh ds pqacdh; çHkko dk mi;ksx
djds fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA
z ,d fo|qr eksVj esa] ,d vk;rkdkj dqaMyh pqacdh; {ks=k
ds nks èkzqoksa ds chp yVdh gqbZ gSA dkWby dks fo|qr vkiwfrZ
,d dE;wVsVj ls tqM+h gksrh gS tks ,d lfdZV ds ekè;e
ls fo|qr çokg ds çokg dh fn'kk dks myV nsrh gSA tc
fo|qr eksVj dh [Link];ksa dks fo|qr èkkjk dh vkiwfrZ dh
fp=k 1-69 tkrh gS] rks ;g pqacdh; {ks=k ds dkj.k fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA

30 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 tSls gh ;g vkèks jkLrs esa igqaprk gS] fLIyV fjax tks dE;wVsVj
z

ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] fo|qr çokg ds çokg dh fn'kk

1-9 fo|qr pqacdRo
dks myV nsrk gSA fo|qr èkkjk dh fn'kk dk mRØe.k dqaMyh fo|qr pqacdRo fLFkj vkSj xfreku fo|qr vkos'kksa ds dkj.k gksus
ij dk;Zjr cyksa dh fn'kk dks myV nsrk gSA cy dh fn'kk okys çHkkoksa dk vè;;u gSA
esa ifjorZu dqaMyh dks èkDdk nsrk gS] vkSj ;g ,d vkSj
vkèkk pDdj yxkrh gSA bl çdkj dqaMyh ,d èkqjh ds pkjksa 1-9-1 pqacdRo
vksj ,d pDdj iwjk djrh gSA bl çfØ;k ds tkjh jgus ls dqN èkkfRod v;Ldksa ds VqdM+s] tSls fd ykWLVLVksu] pqacdh;
eksVj jksVs'ku esa jgrh gSA
gksrs gSaA tc fdlh èkkxs ls Lora=k :i ls yVdk;k tkrk gS] rks
N S Magnet os mÙkj&nf{k.k dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA bl rjg ds pqacdh;
Armature dEikl dk mi;ksx 500 bZlk iwoZ ls fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
Split ring commutator
1-9-2 fo|qr pqEcdh; LisDVªe
+ – orZeku esa] foKku fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k ds ,d LisDVªe dks
Electric Motor igpkurk gS tks yxHkx 10&15 ehVj ls 10 fMxzh ehVj rd
fp=k 1-71 iQSyk gksrk gSA

VISIBLE LIGHT

GAMMA RAYS X-RAYS UV INFRARED RADIO WAVES

RADAR TV FM AM
0.0001 nm 0.001 nm 10 nm 1000 nm 0.01 nm 1 cm 1m 100 m

400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm

z jsfM;ks rjaxksa esa dqN feyhehVj ls ysdj dbZ fdyksehVj rd z ,Dl&js dh rjax nSè;Z yxHkx 10 ,u,e ls 10&4 ,u,e
rjax nSè;Z dh ,d cM+h J`a•yk gksrh gSA rd gksrh gSA
z ekbØksoso 1 feeh vkSj 30 lseh ds chp de rjax nSè;Z z [Link] çfrfØ;kvksa ds nkSjku dqN jsfM;ksèkehZ ukfHkdksa }kjk
okyh jsfM;ks rjaxsa gSa] vkSj budk mi;ksx jMkj vkSj ekbØksoso xkek [Link] mRlftZr gksrh gSaA
vksou esa fd;k tkrk gSA
1-9-3 LFkSfrd fo|qr vkos'k
z vyx&vyx rjax nSè;Z dh bUÚkjsM rjaxsa 'kjhj }kjk
z LFkSfrd fctyh esa fLFkj fo|qr vkos'k 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
vyx&vyx rkieku ij [Link] dh tkrh gSaA i`Foh vkSj
bldk okrkoj.k] 250 K (–23°C ;k –9.4°F) ds vkSlr z 1785 esa] dwyEc us fo|qr vkosf'kr fiaMksa ds chp vkd"kZ.k
rkieku ij] yxHkx 10 ekbØksehVj ij dsafær rjax nSè;Z vkSj çfrd"kZ.k dk fu;e rS;kj fd;k%
okyh vojÙkQ rjaxsa [Link] djrk gSA F = kQ1Q2/r2

z n`';eku rjaxksa dh rjax nSè;Z 400&700 uSuksehVj (nm; 1 z tgk¡ F cy gS] k ,d fLFkjkad gS] Q1 vkSj Q2 vkos'kksa ds
nm = 10-6 m) gksrh gSA vkdkj ($ ;k &) gSa] vkSj r vkos'kksa ds chp dh nwjh gSA
z ijkcSaxuh rjaxksa dh rjax nSè;Z yxHkx 380 ,u,e ls 60 i`Foh esa Lo;a dk pqacdh; xq.k gSaA ,d pqacd ds nks èkzqo
,u,e rd gksrh gSA 25]000 fMxzh lsfYl;l (45]000 fMxzh gksrs gSa] ftuesa ls ,d i`Foh ds pqacdh; mÙkjh èkzqo dh vksj
iQkjsugkbV) ls Åij xeZ flrkjksa ls fofdj.k] LisDVªe ds vkdf"kZr gksrk gS] tcfd nwljk nf{[Link] èkzqo dh vksj vkdf"kZr
cSaxuh vkSj ijkcSaxuh Hkkxksa dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gks tkrk gSA gksrk gSA

HkkSfrd foKku 31
 izkjafHkd [Link] esa iQfeZ;al] tks LFkk;h :i ls fo|eku d.k
1-10 [Link] fo•aMu vkSj lay;u z

gksrs gSa] vkSj ckslksu] ftUgsa Lora=k :i ls mRikfnr vkSj u"V

1-10-1 [Link] fo•aMu fd;k tk ldrk gS] ds chp ,d vkSj varj gksrk gSA
z tc ;wjsfu;e&235 ds leLFkkfud ij U;wVªkWuksa dh ceckjh z ekuk tkrk gS fd çR;sd çdkj ds d.k dk ,d lkFkh
dh xbZ] rks ;g vkSlru rhu U;wVªkWuksa ds lkFk nks gYds çfrd.k gksrk gS] tks fdlh fof'k"V rjhds ls blds foijhr
gksrk gSA
ukfHkdksa esa foHkkftr gks x;kA
z ldkjkRed vkos'k okyk ikWftVªkWu ½.kkRed vkos'k okys
z ;s U;wVªkWu vU; ukfHkdksa ij ceckjh vkSj fo•aMu djus esa
bysDVªkWu dk çfrd.k gSA dqN d.k] tSls iQksVkWu] vius Lo;a
l{ke Fks] ftlls vkSj vfèkd fo•aMu gks ldrk FkkA
ds ç[Link] ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
z ;fn ;wjsfu;e&235 dk æO;eku ,d fuf'pr Lrj ([Link]
z çksVkWu vkSj U;wVªkWu DokdZ uked NksVs [Link] ls cus gksrs gSaA
æO;eku) ls Åij Fkk rks blls ,d J`a•yk çfrfØ;k
Ng çdkj ds DokdZ gSa% vi] Mkmu] pkEMZ] LVªsat] VkWi vkSj
mRiUu gqbZA ;g bl psu fj,D'ku dk mRiknu Fkk] ftlds
ckWVeA çksVkWu dks nks vi DokdZ vkSj ,d Mkmu DokdZ ls
[Link]:i igys [Link] ce dk fodkl gqvkA fo•aMu cuk ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd U;wVªkWu esa nks Mkmu DokdZ vkSj
dk mi;ksx [Link] fj,DVjksa vkSj [Link] gfFk;kjksa nksuksa esa ,d vi DokdZ gksrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA
z eslkWu vYidkfyd [Link] d.k gksrs gSa tks çR;sd
1-10-2 [Link] lay;u nks DokdZ ls cus gksrs gSaA eslu çksVkWu vkSj U;wVªkWu ds chp
z rc gksrk gS tc nks NksVs ukfHkd vkil esa Vdjkrs gSa vkSj gksrs gSa] bl çdkj mUgsa ,d lkFk j•rs gSaA
vkil esa tqM+ tkrs gSa] ftlls detksj [Link] cy VwV tkrk z U;wVªhuks d.k gksrs gSa tks [Link] çfrfØ;kvksa ls cgqr vfèkd
gS vkSj ÅtkZ eqÙkQ gks tkrh gSA ÅtkZ ys ldrs gSa] tSls fd jsfM;ksèkfeZrk esa 'kkfey] ysfdu
z bl çdkj dh çfrfØ;k lkexzh ds ,d fn, x, æO;eku mudk irk yxkuk eqf'dy gksrk gS] D;ksafd os dsoy lkekU;
ds fy, fo•aMu çfØ;k dh rqyuk esa dkiQh vfèkd ÅtkZ inkFkZ ds lkFk cgqr detksj rjhds ls laidZ djrs gSaA os
eqÙkQ djrh gSA fcuk ns•s gh i`Foh ds vkj&ikj xqtjus esa l{ke gSaA
z gkykafd] [Link] fo•aMu dh çfØ;k ds ckjs esa oSKkfudksa 1-11 pkydrk
dks vHkh rd Bhd ls fu;af=kr djus ;k fu;af=kr djus dk
dksbZ rjhdk ugha feyk gSA dbZ oSKkfud vkt fu;af=kr dejs 1-11-1 fo|qr pkydrk
ds rkieku ds lay;u dh dqath dh •kst dj jgs gSa ftls z [Link] ds Hkhrj] ukfHkd ds fudVre bysDVªkWu vkd"kZd
^dksYM Ý;wtu* dgk tkrk gSA cy }kjk ukfHkd ds ldkjkRed vk;uksa (çksVkWu) ls etcwrh
z vfu;af=kr lay;u çfrfØ;k dk ,d mnkgj.k gkbMªkstu ls caèks gksrs gSaA ukfHkd ls nwj ds bysDVªkWuksa esa de vkd"kZd
(FkekZsU;wfDy;j) ce gS] tks Hkkjh [Link] nsus ds fy, çdk'k cy gksrk gSA
[Link] ds lay;u ij fuHkZj djrk gS] inkFkZ ds fouk'k z de vkd"kZd cy ds dkj.k ,sls bysDVªkWu viuh ewy
ds lkFk ns•h xbZ ÅtkZ dks eqÙkQ djrk gSA voLFkk ls vklkuh ls fudy tkrs gSaA ,sls bysDVªkWu eqÙkQ
bysDVªkWu dgykrs gSaA os bysDVªkWu tks fdlh [Link] ds
1-10-3 ukfHkdh; d.k
ukfHkd ls caèks ugha gksrs gSa vkSj ckgjh ÅtkZ ykxw gksus ij
z çksVkWu vkSj U;wVªkWu] ftUgsa dHkh inkFkZ dk ewy CykWd ekuk xfr djus ds fy, Lora=k gksrs gSa] eqÙkQ bysDVªkWu dgykrs gSaA
tkrk Fkk] vc 200 ls vfèkd çkFkfed [Link] ls cus gq, gSaA
z dksbZ Hkh bysDVªkWu tks fdlh vk;u] [Link] ;k [Link] ls tqM+k
z çkFkfed [Link] dks nks çdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk ugha gS vkSj ykxw fo|qr ;k pqacdh; {ks=k ds çHkko esa xfr
gS% djus ds fy, Lora=k gS] eqÙkQ bysDVªkWu dgykrk gSA
1- gSMªkWu tks fd Hkkjh d.k gSa tks etcwr cy ds vèkhu z ,d èkkrq ftlesa eqÙkQ bysDVªkWuksa dh vPNh la[;k gksrh
gSa] vkSj gS] fctyh dh vPNh pkyd gksrh gSA pk¡nh fctyh dk
2- ysIVku tks fd NksVs d.k gksrs gSa tks çcy cy ds vèkhu lcls vPNk lqpkyd gSA vU; èkkrq,¡&rk¡ck] lksuk vkSj
ugha gksrsA ,Y;qehfu;e Øe'k% fo|qr ds lqpkyd gSaA

32 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z fo|qr pkydrk dqN æoksa vkSj xSlksa esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA 1-11-4 lqijdaMfDVfoVh (vfrpkydrk)
z èkkrqvksa esa] fo|qr pkydrk eqÙkQ bysDVªkWuksa dh xfr ds dkj.k z ;g fcYdqy 'kwU; fo|qr çfrjksèk dh ?kVuk gS vkSj
gksrh gS] tcfd rjy vkSj xSlksa esa ;g ldkjkRed vkSj lqijdaMDVj dgs tkus okys dqN lkefxz;ksa esa gksus okys
udkjkRed vk;uksa dh xfr ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
pqacdh; çokg {ks=kksa ds fu"dklu dh ?kVuk gS] tc bls
z xSlksa esa] fo|qr pkydrk dsoy ,d fuf'pr ncko lhek
,d fo'ks"k [Link] rkieku ls uhps BaMk fd;k tkrk gSA
(yxHkx 10 feeh ,pth ls 103 feeh ,pth) ij gksrh
gSA ncko dh vfèkdre lhek (10mm Hg) ls Åij vkSj z ftl rkieku ij fdlh inkFkZ dk çfrjksèk vpkud 'kwU; gks
ncko dh U;wure lhek (103 mm Hg) ls de] xSlsa fctyh tkrk gS] mls ^laØe.k rkieku* dgk tkrk gSA
dh dqpkyd gksrh gSaA
dqN ekeyksa dk laØe.k rkieku
1-11-2 xSj&daMDVj (vpkyd) [Link]. inkFkZ dk uke laØe.k rkieku
z eqÙkQ bysDVªkWuksa dh cgqr de ;k 'kwU; la[;k okys inkFkZ
1- ikjk 4-2 K
dks ,d xSj&pkyd ;k fctyh ds ,d bUlqysVj ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA eqÙkQ bysDVªkWuksa dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k ,sls 2- VaxLVu 0-01 K
ekeyksa esa vkos'k dk çokg laHko ugha gksrk gSA 3- dSMfe;e 0-56 K
4- ,Y;qfefu;e 1-19 K
1-11-3 lsehdaMDVj (vèkZpkyd)
5- fVu (LVSul) 3-7 K
z inkFkZ ftldh fo|qr pkydrk daMDVj vkSj xSj&daMDVj
6- lhlk 7-2 K
(bUlqysVj) ds chp gksrh gS] lsehdaMDVj ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA ,sls inkFkZ dh pkydrk v'kqf¼ ds ;ksx ;k rkieku 1-11-5 vfrpkydrk dk vuqç;ksx
ds çHkko ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
z eSXyso Vªsuksa esa ç;qÙkQ 'kfÙkQ'kkyh lqijdaMfDVax bysDVªkseSXusVA
z ,d lseh&daMDVj esa fu;af=kr v'kqf¼;ksa dks feykus
dh çfØ;k dks Mksfiax ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA MksIM z eSXusfVd jstksusal besftax (MRI)A
lseh&daMDVj dks ,DlfVªafld dgk tkrk gSA tSls&tSls z [Link] pqacdh; vuqukn (NMR) e'khusaA
mudk rkieku c<+rk gS mudk çfrjksèk ?kVrk tkrk gS] tks
z pqacdh; caèku lay;u fj,DVj (tSls Vksdked)A
èkkrq ds foijhr O;ogkj gSA
z lsehdaMDVlZ ds mnkgj.k gSa & teZsfu;e] lsysfu;e] z d.k Rojd esa ç;qÙkQ che LVh;fjax vkSj iQksdflax eSXusVA
flfydkWu vkSj dkcZuA z fctyh ds rkjksa dk de uqdlkuA
v v v

HkkSfrd foKku 33
 2 jlk;u foKku

2-1 jklk;fud foKku dh ewy voè[Link],a ik¡poha cksl vkbaLVhu la?kfur

inkFkZ dh voLFkk,¡ (State of Matters) z vYcVZ vkbaLVhu vkSj Hkkjrh; oSKkfud lR;saæ ukFk cksl
us yxHkx ,d lnh igys cksl&vkbaLVhu la?kfur dh
z dksbZ Hkh oLrq ftlesa æO;eku gksrk gS vkSj tks LFkku ?ksjrh ekStwnxh dh •kst dhA
gS] inkFkZ (matter) dgykrh gSA z tc dqN rRoksa ds [Link] dks [Link] 'kwU; ds rkieku
z ijaijkxr :i ls inkFkZ rhu HkkSfrd voLFkkvksa ;kuh Bksl] rd BaMk fd;k tkrk gS] rks ,d vlkekU; inkFkZ curk
rjy vkSj xSl esa ekStwn gks ldrk gSA gSA
z [Link] ds lewg ml {k.k rjax vkSj d.k nksuksa [Link]
Bksl (Solid)
ds lkFk ,dy DokaVe oLrq ds :i esa O;ogkj djuk
z Bksl esa d.k ,d&nwljs ds fudV O;ofLFkr rjhds ls tqM+s 'kq: djrs gSaA
gksrs gSa vkSj ;s eqÙkQ :i ls xfr ugha dj ldrsA z cksl vkbaLVhu daMsulsV~l vR;fèkd Hkaxqj gksrs gSa] vkSj
z Bkslksa dk fuf'pr vk;ru vkSj fuf'pr vkdkj gksrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd cká inkFkks± ds lkFk FkksM+h var%fØ;k Hkh
mUgsa T;knk xje vkSj la?kfur dj ldrh gSA
æo (Liquids)
æo inkFkks± esa] d.k ,d nwljs ds fudV gksrs gSa ijUrq os
z
2-2 jklk;fud laxBu
pkjksa vksj xfr dj ldrs gSaA
z inkFkZ dks jklk;fud lajpuk ds vkèkkj ij rhu lewgksa esa
z æoksa dk vk;ru rks fuf'pr gksrk gS ysfdu vkdkj fuf'pr
ckaVk x;k gS% rRo] ;kSfxd vkSj [Link]
ugha gksrkA
z rRo (Elements)% ;g og ewy inkFkZ ;k inkFkZ gS ftls
xSl (Gases) fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd ;k jklk;fud çfØ;k }kjk fHkUu [Link]
z xSlksa esa] d.k Bksl ;k rjy voLFkk esa ekStwn [Link] dh ;k fo'ks"krkvksa okys nks ;k nks ls vfèkd fofHkUu ?kVdksa esa
rqyuk esa cgqr nwj gksrs gSa vkSj os eqÙkQ :i ls o rsth ls fo?kfVr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
xfr dj ldrs gSaA z bysDVªkWfud foU;kl ds vkèkkj ij rRo og inkFkZ ;k æO;
gS ftlds [Link] ds [Link] vkos'k leku gksrs gSaA ;g
z xSlksa dk u rks fuf'pr vk;ru gksrk gS vkSj u gh fuf'pr
nks çdkj dk gksrk gS& èkkrq vkSj vèkkrqA èkkrq lkekU;r%
vkdkjA
fo|qr vkSj Å"ek ds vPNs pkyd gksrs gSa vkSj eq[;r%
z xeZ djus ij] vkerkSj ij ,d Bksl] æo esa cny tkrk gS] Bksl voLFkk esa ik, tkrs gSaA ;s yphys vkSj rU; gksrs gSa
vkSj æo dks xeZ djus ij og xSl (;k ok"i) esa cny tcfd vèkkrq fo|qr vkSj Å"ek ds dqpkyd gksrs gSa vkSj
tkrk gSA blds foijhr çfØ;k esa] BaMk djus ij xSl] æo esa ;s Hkaxqj gksrs gSaA
cny tkrh gS vkSj BaMk gksus ij æo] Bksl esa cny tkrk gSA z ;kSfxd (Compounds)% ;g og inkFkZ gS tks ,d fuf'pr
vuqikr esa nks vkSj nks ls vfèkd rRoksa ds jklk;fud la;kstu
inkFkZ dh pkSFkh voLFkk
ls curk gS vkSj lkFk gh u, cus ;kSfxd ds HkkSfrd vkSj
inkFkZ dh pkSFkh voLFkk ^IykTek* (Plasma)] ,d vk;fur jklk;fud xq.k mlds ?kVd ;k ?kVd rRoksa ls fHkUu gksrs
xSl gS ftlesa èkukosf'kr vkSj ½.kkosf'kr [Link] dh leku gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,% ty] gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu ls
yxHkx la[;k gksrh gSA
feydj curk gSA
z feJ.k (Mixture)% ;g og inkFkZ ;k æO; gS tks nks ;k nks
Neutron
ls vfèkd 'kq¼ rRoksa ds fcuk fdlh fuf'pr vuqikr ds Nucleus
dsoy HkkSfrd la;kstu ds ekè;e ls curk gSA mnkgj.k ds Proton

fy,% ok;q] ihry (rkack $ tLrk) vkfnA

dqN çeq• 'kCnkoyh
z [Link] (Atom)% [Link]] inkFkZ dk ,d d.k gS tks Electron

fof'k"V :i ls ,d jklk;fud rRo dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA

,d [Link] esa ,d dsaæh; ukfHkd gksrk gS tks vkerkSj ij
,d ;k vfèkd bysDVªkWuksa ls f?kjk gksrk gSA çR;sd bysDVªkWu
½.kkosf'kr gksrk gSA ukfHkd èkukosf'kr gksrk gS] vkSj blesa fp=k 2-1% [Link] lajpuk
,d ;k vfèkd vis{kkÑr Hkkjh d.k gksrs gSa ftUgsa çksVkWu z mi & [Link] d.k (Subatomic Particles)% [Link]
vkSj U;wVªkWu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mi& [Link] [Link] tSls& çksVkWu] U;wVªkWu vkSj bysDVªkWu
ls cuk gksrk gSA
z fo•aMu (Fission)% [Link] fo•aMu ds nkSjku] ,d [Link]
dbZ NksVs VqdM+ksa esa VwV tkrk gSA bu VqdM+s] ;k fo•aMu z çksVkWu vkSj U;wVªkWu [Link] ds dsaæ (ftls ukfHkd dgk tkrk
gS) esa ,d NksVh] vR;fèkd l?ku lajpuk esa ,d lkFk
mRiknksa dk æO;eku] ewy æO;eku dk yxHkx vkèkk gksrk
ekStwn gksrs gSaA bysDVªkWu cgqr rst xfr ls bl ukfHkd dh
gSA bl fØ;k esa nks ;k rhu U;wVªkWu Hkh mRlftZr gksrs gSaA
ifjØek djrs gSaA çksVkWu vkSj bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k ds ekeys
z jsfM;ksèkehZ {k; (Radioactive decay)% dbZ ukfHkd esa fofHkUu rRo ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
jsfM;ksèkehZ gksrs gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd os vfLFkj gSa] vkSj lksus ds ukfHkd esa 79 çksVkWu gSa] tcfd dkcZu esa 6 çksVkWu
varr% ,d d.k mRlftZr djds] ukfHkd dk nwljs ukfHkd gSaA mi& [Link] [Link] çksVksu esa fo|qr vkos'k gksrk gS%
esa] ;k de ÅtkZ voLFkk esa cnydj mudk {k; gks tkrk çksVkWu] èkukosf'kr gksrs gSa tcfd U;wVªkWu mnklhu gksrs gSaA
gSA fofdj.k ds rhu eq[; çdkj gSa (i) vYiQk fofdj.k (ii) [Link]] fo|qr :i ls mnklhu gksrs gSa D;ksafd muesa leku
chVk fofdj.k (iii) xkek fofdj.k la[;k esa çksVkWu vkSj bysDVªkWu mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
z ukfHkdh la'ys"k.k (Nucleosynthesis)% rkjs dks ÅtkZ gYds z rRoksa ds jklk;fud xq.k mudh [Link] lajpuk ij fuHkZj
rRoksa ds lkFk Hkkjh rRoksa ds la;kstu] ftls lay;u ;k djrs gSaA ukfHkd ds pkjksa vksj bysDVªkWuksa dh O;oLFkk ds
¸[Link] dk tyuk¸ (Nuclear Burning) ds :i esa tkuh dkj.k gh rRoksa ds fo'ks"k jklk;fud xq.k gksrs gSaA bysDVªkWuksa
tkus okyh çfØ;k ls çkIr gksrh gSA dks ^d{kk* esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lcls ckgjh
z vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd tc gYds ukfHkd laykf;r d{kk dh fLFkfr lcls [Link] gksrh gSA fLFkj [Link]
gksdj Hkkjh ukfHkd cukrs gSa rks czãkaM esa ekStwn ghfy;e dh ckgjh d{kk [Link] gksrh gS & dsoy mRÑ"V xSlksa (tSls
ghfy;e) ds :i esa tkus tkus okys rRoksa esa ;g lajpuk
ls Hkkjh vfèkdka'k rRo fufeZr ;k la'ysf"kr gksdj rkjs cu
gksrh gS] vkSj blfy, os ,dy [Link] ds :i esa fLFkj
tkrs gSaA bl çfØ;k dks ukfHkdh la'ys"k.k dgk tkrk gSA
gksrs gSaA vU; rRoksa dh ckgjh d{kk,¡ [Link] gksrh gSa] blfy,
2-3 [Link] vkSj [Link] os fLFkj [Link] cukus ds fy, vU; [Link] ds lkFk caèk
cukrs gSaA
z [Link] lajpuk (Atomic Structure)% [Link]] ,d rRo z eksy dh voè[Link] (Mole Concept)% eksy ,d ,lvkbZ
dk lcls NksVk d.k gS tks ekStwn gks ldrk gS] vkSj bls bdkbZ (SI unit) gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx jklk;fud [Link] esa
çR;sd oLrq dh fuekZ.k bdkbZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh inkFkZ dk ,d eksy 6-023 × 1023
[Link]] feydj [Link] dk fuekZ.k djldrs gSaA [Link] fdlh bdkb;ksa ([Link]] [Link] ;k vk;u) ;k [Link] æO;eku@
rRo ;k ;kSfxd dk lcls NksVk d.k gksrk gS tks Lora=k :i [Link] æO;eku@xzke esa lw=k æO;eku ;k ,d ekud rki vkSj
ls jg ldrk gSA nkc ij xSl ds 22-4 yhVj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

jlk;u foKku 35
z [Link] (Molecule)% ,d [Link] fdlh jklk;fud rRo ;k z [Link] æO;eku (Atomic number)% fdlh [Link] ;k [Link]
;kSfxd dk lcls NksVk d.k gksrk gS ftlesa ml rRo ;k ds æO;eku dks vDlj mldk [Link] æO;eku dgk tkrk gSA
;kSfxd ds jklk;fud xq.k mifLFkr gksrs gSaA æO;eku] inkFkZ dk ,d ewyHkwr HkkSfrd xq.k gS vkSj æO;eku
z [Link]] [Link] ls cus gksrs gSa tks jklk;fud caèkksa }kjk ,d vkSj [Link] æO;eku esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrk gSA
lkFk tqM+s gksrs gSaA z ukedj.k (Nomenclature)% ,d fo'ks"k :i esa ç;qÙkQ ukeksa
z [Link] vkdkj (Molecular size)% vkdkj ;k dh ,d ç.kkyh] tSls fpfdRlk vkSj 'kY; fpfdRlk] 'kjhj
gkbMªksMk;ukfed f=kT;k (RH) nks fofèk;ksa ls fuèkkZfjr dh jpuk foKku vkSj tSo jlk;u vkfn esaA ukedj.k dh ,d
tk ldrh gSA igyh fofèk Mk;usfed ykbV LdSVfjax (DLS) ekud ç.kkyh ml {ks=k ds Hkhrj laLFkkvksa ds ,d laxfBr
gS] ftls vke rkSj ij iwjs uewus esa vkSlr vkdkj dks ekius oxhZdj.k dks n'kkZrh gSA
ds fy, ,d cSp rduhd ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
z leLFkkfud (Isotopes)% ,d gh rRo ds [Link] esa
gS] ysfdu bldk mi;ksx vkdkj viotZu ØkseSVksxzkiQh ds
U;wVªkWuksa dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gS_ çR;sd rRo ds
fy, ,d lalwpd (detector) ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fofHkUu laHkkfor [Link] dks leLFkkfud dgk tkrk gSA
z [Link] lw=k (Molecular formula)% jklk;fud lw=kksa
tSls& HClO4 dks ç;ksxfl¼ lw=k tSls&[Link] lw=k vkSj z vij:i (Allotropes)% vij:i ,d inkFkZ dk ,d :i
lajpukRed lw=k esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jklk;fud gS ftlesa dsoy ,d çdkj dk [Link] gksrk gSA ;g u,
lw=k esa rRoksa ds jklk;fud çrhd ekStwn rRoksa dk çfrfufèkRo HkkSfrd [Link] ds lkFk ,d u;k [Link] foU;kl gSA ftu
djrs gSa] vkSj uhps nh xbZ la[;k,¡ vkxs okys rRoksa ds eksy inkFkks± ds vij:i gksrs gSa muesa dkcZu] vkWDlhtu] lYiQj
vuqikr dks n'kkZrs gSaA jklk;fud lw=k] tSls ty ds fy, vkSj iQkWLiQksjl 'kkfey gSaA
H2O gSA bl lw=k dk rkRi;Z gS fd ty ds ,d [Link] esa 2
gkbMªkstu vkSj 1 vkWDlhtu [Link] mifLFkr gksrs gSaA lw=k 2-4 HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud ifjorZu
H2O ty dk [Link] lw=k Hkh gSA z vius nSfud thou esa ge vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k
z [Link] T;kfefr (Molecular geometry)% [Link] esa cgqr ls cnyko gksrs gq, ns•rs gSa] gkykafd ge mu ij
T;kfefr ;k [Link] lajpuk ,d [Link] ds Hkhrj [Link] è;ku ugha nsrs gSa] tSls nwèk dk •êðk gksuk] yksgs esa tax
dh f=kfoeh; O;oLFkk gSA fdlh [Link] dh [Link] lajpuk yxuk] jcj cSaM dks f•apuk] czsM dk VksLV cuuk] ekse dk
dk vuqeku yxkus vkSj mls le>us ds fy, ;[Link] fi?kyuk vkfnA
gS D;ksafd fdlh inkFkZ ds dbZ xq.k mldh T;kfefr }kjk
z gekjs vklikl gksus okys ;s lHkh ifjorZu ;k rks HkkSfrd
fuèkkZfjr gksrs gSaA
ifjorZu gksrs gSa ;k jklk;fud ifjorZuA
z [Link] LisDVªksLdksih (Molecular spectroscopy)%
z HkkSfrd ifjorZu% HkkSfrd ifjorZu os ifjorZu gSa tks fdlh
LisDVªksLdksih] [Link] ;k [Link] }kjk [Link] ;k
ek=kkRed :i ls [Link] ;k [Link] dk vè;;u djus inkFkZ dh vkarfjd lajpuk esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd, fcuk mlds
;k HkkSfrd çfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, [Link] HkkSfrd [Link] dks cny nsrs gSaA
;k [Link] }kjk fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k ds vo'kks"k.k] z HkkSfrd ifjorZuksa esa dksbZ jklk;fud caèk u rks VwVrk gS vkSj
mRltZu ;k ç[Link] dk mi;ksx gSA inkFkZ ds lkFk fofdj.k u gh curk gSA HkkSfrd ifjorZuksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa%
dh ijLij fØ;k fofdj.k ds iqufuZnZs'ku vkSj [Link]  ekse dk fi?kyuk

;k [Link] ds ÅtkZ Lrjksa ds chp laØe.k dk dkj.k cu  ciQZ dk fi?kyuk

ldrh gSA
 ty dk teuk
z [Link] la[;k (Atomic number)% fdlh fo'ks"k rRo ds
 ty dk ok"ihdj.k
,d [Link] esa mifLFkr çksVkWuksa dh la[;k gh ml rRo dh
 ty esa phuh dk ?kqyuk
[Link] la[;k gksrh gSA ,d vO;ofLFkr [Link] fo|qr :i
ls mnklhu gksrk gS] blfy, blesa bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k bldh  ydM+h dk pVduk

[Link] la[;k ds leku gksrh gSA  dkxt dk fldqM+uk

36 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
HkkSfrd çfØ;k ,d mRØ[Link]; çfØ;k (Reversible z ,d ckj jklk;fud ifjorZu gks tkus ds ckn] bls mRØfer
Process) gS ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z jklk;fud ifjorZu% ,d jklk;fud ifjorZu dks ml z jklk;fud ifjorZuksa ds dqN mnkgj.k bl çdkj gSa&
çfØ;k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa ,d ;k  csfdax lksMk esa fljdk feykuk

,d ls vfèkd inkFkks± ds [Link] dks ,d u;k inkFkZ  nkx dks fudkyuk

cukus ds fy, iquO;ZofLFkr ;k la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA tc  vaxwj dk [Link]
dksbZ inkFkZ jklk;fud ifjorZu dh çfØ;k ls xqtjrk gS] rks
 eSXuhf'k;e rkj vkSj dkxt dk tyuk
inkFkZ ds jklk;fud [Link] esa ifjorZu gksrk gS vkSj ;g fHkUu
 dhy esa tax yxuk
jklk;fud lajpuk okys ,d vyx inkFkZ esa ifjofrZr gks
 nwèk dk •êðk gksuk
tkrk gSA ,d u, mRikn ds fuekZ.k ds dkj.k gksus okyk ÅtkZ
ifjorZu] jklk;fud ifjorZu dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d gSA  •kus dk iduk

HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud ifjorZuksa dk rqyukRed pkVZ

rqyuk dk vkèkkj HkkSfrd ifjorZu jklk;fud ifjorZu
vFkZ HkkSfrd ifjorZu ,d ,sls ifjorZu dks lanfHkZr jklk;fud ifjorZu ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlesa inkFkZ
djrk gS ftlesa [Link] dks iquO;ZofLFkr fd;k tkrk ,d u, inkFkZ esa cny tkrk gS] vkSj u;s inkFkZ dh
gS ysfdu mudh vkarfjd lajpuk leku jgrh gS jklk;fud lajpuk fHkUu gksrh gSA
çÑfr mRØ[Link]; vuqRØ[Link];
ewy inkFkZ iqu% çkIr fd;k tk ldrk iqu% çkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
lfEefyr gS inkFkZ ds HkkSfrd [Link] esa ifjorZu] tSls vkdkj] HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud [Link] vkSj inkFkZ dh lajpuk esa
vkÑfr] jax vkfnA ifjorZu
mRikn dk fuekZ.k dksbZ u;k mRikn ugha curk gS ,d u;k mRikn curk gS
ÅtkZ cgqr de ÅtkZ (;k dksbZ ÅtkZ ugha) ;k rks fØ;k ds nkSjku ÅtkZ vo'kksf"kr vkSj mRiUu gksrh gS
vo'kksf"kr gksrh gS ;k mRiUu gksrh gS

2-5 foy;u foy;u ds çdkj (Types of Solution)

1- xSlh; foy;u (Gaseous Solution)% ;fn foyk;d xSl gS]
foy;u rks nh xbZ 'krks± ds rgr dsoy xSlsa gh blesa ?kqyrh gSaA
z jlk;u foKku esa] foy;u nks ;k nks ls vfèkd inkFkks± dk xSlh; foy;u dk ,d mnkgj.k ok;q (vkWDlhtu vkSj
lkekaxh (homogeneous) feJ.k gksrk gSA ukbVªkstu esa ?kqyh vU; xSlsa) gSA
foy;u dh vU; fo'ks"krk,a gSa%
2- æo foy;u (Liquid Solution)% ;fn foyk;d ,d rjy
 foy;u esa foys; (solute) ds [Link] dks uXu vka•ksa ls
gS] rks yxHkx lHkh xSlksa] rjy inkFkks± vkSj Bksl inkFkks± dks
ugha ns•k tk ldrkA blesa ?kksyk tk ldrk gSA
 ,d foy;u çdk'k dh [Link] dks ç[Link] (scatter)
æo foy;u ds mnkgj.k bl çdkj gSa &
ugha djrk gSA
 æo esa xSl% ty esa vkWDlhtu
 foy;u fLFkj gksrk gSA
 æo esa æo% eknd is; ewy :i ls ty esa bFksukWy ds
 foy;u ls foys; dks Nkudj (filtration) vyx ugha

fd;k tk ldrk gSA foy;u gksrs gSaA

 æo esa Bksl% ty esa lqØkst_ ty esa lksfM;e DyksjkbMA
z foyk;d (Solvent)% foyk;d ,sls [Link] gksrs gSa ftuesa
vU; [Link] (ftUgsa foys; dgk tkrk gS) dks ?kksyus dh 3- Bksl foy;u (Solid solutions)% ;fn foyk;d Bksl gS] rks
{kerk gksrh gSA ,d foyk;d Bksl] æo ;k xSl gks ldrk xSl] æo vkSj Bksl dks blesa ?kksyk tk ldrk gSA
gSA foyk;d ds [Link] foys; ds [Link] dks vyx djus  Bksl esa xSl & gkbMªkstu iSysfM;e esa ?kqy tkrk gS]

dk dke djrs gSaA varr%] foys; ds [Link] iwjs foyk;d esa bldk vè;;u gkbMªkstu HkaMkj.k ds lkèku ds :i esa
forfjr gks tkrs gSaA fd;k tkrk gSA

jlk;u foKku 37
  Bksl esa æo & lksus esa ikjk ?kqyus ls veyxe curk gS_ z bu ;kSfxdksa dk xyukad vkSj DoFkukad de gksrk gS D;ksafd
iSjkfiQu ekse esa gsDlsu ?kqy tkrk gSA fo|qrla;ksth (electrovalent) ;kSfxdksa dh rqyuk esa buds
 Bksl esa Bksl & dk¡lk (bronze) tSlh feJèkkrq,¡ rk¡cs [Link] ds chp varj&[Link] cy detksj gksrs gSaA
vkSj tLrs dk foy;u gksrh gSaA z vfèkdka'k lgla;kstd caèk [Link] :iksa esa ekStwn gksrs gSa
z ruq foy;u (Dilute Solution)% jlk;u foKku esa ,d ruq vkSj ;s ;kSfxd nwljs lgla;kstd ;kSfxd ds lkFk jklk;fud
foy;u ,slk foy;u gS ftlesa vfèkd foys; ?kksyk tk çfrfØ;kvksa esa cgqr èkheh xfr ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA
ldrk gS] tc rd fd ;g lar`Ir u gks tk,] ;k ftlesa z leUo;d lgla;kstd caèk (Coordinate covalent
foy;u esa vis{kkÑr de ek=kk esa foys; ?kqfyr gksA bonding)% bl caèk esa bysDVªkWu ;qXe dsoy ,d [Link]

z lkaæ foy;u (Concentrated Solution)% lkaæ foy;u ,slk }kjk çkIr gksrk gS vkSj bl caèk esa tks [Link] bysDVªkWu nsrk gS
og nkrk (donar) dgykrk gS vkSj tks [Link] ,sls bysDVªkWu
foy;u gS ftlesa ?kqyus okyh ek=kk ds lkis{k ?kqyus okyk
;qXe dks çkIr djrk gS mls xzkgh (acceptor) dgk tkrk gSA
foys; vfèkd ek=kk esa gksrk gSA
nkrk [Link] }kjk fn, x, bysDVªkWu ;qXe dks ,dy [Link]
z lar`Ir foy;u (Saturated solution)% lar`Ir foy;u og ;qXe (singleton pair) dgk tkrk gSA bls vke rkSj ij ,d
foy;u gksrk gS ftlesa fefJr inkFkks± dks vkSj vfèkd ?kksyk rhj ds :i esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ,d ifjikVh dk ikyu
ugha tk ldrkA fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa nkrk [Link] dks èkukos'k (+ve ) (S+)
foys;rk (Solubility)% inkFkZ dh og ek=kk tks ,d lar`Ir vkSj xzkgh [Link] dks ½ukos'k (–ve) (S–) fn;k tkrk gSA
foy;u cukus ds fy, fof'k"V rki vkSj nkc dh 'krks± dh rgr z mnkgj.k ds fy,% NH3 (g) $ HCl (g) → NH4Cl(s) NH3
æo ds bdkbZ vk;ru esa ?kqfyr gksrh gSA foys;rk dks vkerkSj (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl(s)
ij foyk;d ds çfr 100 xzke esa foys; ds eksyksa ds :i esa z veksfu;e vk;u] (NH+) gkbMªkstu DyksjkbM [Link] ls
n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA gkbMªkstu vk;u (,d çksVkWu) ds LFkkukarj.k vkSj veksfu;k
[Link] ij bysDVªkWuksa ds ;qfXer ;qXe ls curk gSA
2-6 jklk;fud caèk èkukosf'kr D;ksafd dsoy gkbMªkstu ½.kkosf'kr D;ksafd dsoy
ukfHkd gh ukbVªkstu ds ikl gkbMªkstu us viuk bysDVªkWu
z czãkaM esa ekStwn inkFkZ [Link]@[Link]@vk;uksa ls cus gksrs LFkkukarfjr gqvk gS ihNs NksM+k gS
gSaA H H + –

z jklk;fud caèk ,d ikjLifjd [Link] Øe vkSj ,d fuf'pr H N H Cl H N H Cl

H H
ysfdu fof'k"V T;kferh; vkdkj dks cuk, j•us ds fy, bysDVªkWuksa dk v;qfXer
;qXe leUo;d caèk
[Link] ds ?kVd [Link] dk ckè;dkjh cy gSA
z jklk;fud caèk rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa% fo|qrla;kstd ;k fp=k 2-2
vk;fud] lgla;kstd caèk vkSj leUo; lgla;kstd caèkA
2-7 jklk;fud lewg
jklk;fud caèk ds çdkj (Types of Chemical Bonding)
z fo|qrla;ksth caèk (Electrovalent Bond)% ;s bysDVªkWuksa ds rRoksa dk O;kid oxhZdj.k èkkrq vkSj vèkkrq gSaA buesa ls çR;sd
gLrkarj.k ls curs gSa vkSj muds xyukad vkSj DoFkukad lewg dks fiQj vkxs foHkkftr vkSj oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mPp gksrs gSaA ;s ty esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSa vkSj xfyr èkkrq,¡ (METALS)
voLFkk esa ;k tyh; ?kksy esa fo|qr dk lapkyu djrs gSaA
z èkkrq vfèkdka'k rRoksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj mudh
;s caèk èkukos'k vkSj ½.kkos'k ds chp etcwr fo|qr la;ksth
jklk;fud fØ;k'khyrk lksus (tks LFkkuh; Lrj ij ik;k tkrk
vkd"kZ.k }kjk caèks gksrs gSaA
gS) ls ysdj iksVsf'k;e vkSj lksfM;e tSlh èkkrqvksa rd gksrh
z lgla;kstd caèk (Covalent Bond)% ;s bysDVªkWuksa ds
gSA èkkrq vkWDlkbM {kkjh; gksrs gSaA ,d {kkjh; vkWDlkbM ,d
vknku&çnku ls curs gSa vkSj buds xyukad vkSj DoFkukad
fuEu gksrs gSaA ;s dkcZfud foyk;dksa esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs vEy ds lkFk fØ;k djds dsoy yo.k vkSj ty cukus esa
gSa vkSj fo|qr ds dqpkyd gksrs gSaA xzsiQkbV vkSj ghjk l{ke gksrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,%
lgla;kstd ;kSfxd gSa ysfdu mudh fo'kky lajpuk ds MgO + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2O
dkj.k mudk xyukad cgqr vfèkd gksrk gSA lgla;kstd eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM lYÝ;wfjd vEy eSXuhf'k;e lYiQsV ty
caèkksa ds xq.k fuEufyf•r gSa% z {kkjh; èkkrq,¡ vkorZ [Link] esa lcls vfèkd fØ;k'khy èkkrq,¡
z ;s lkekU;r% xSl vkSj æo gksrs gSaA gSaA ;s rRo & fyfFk;e] lksfM;e] iksVsf'k;e] :fcfM;e]

38 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 lhft;e vkSj Úkafl;e & (vkorZ [Link] ds lewg 1 esa z lkekU; rkieku ij eSXuhf'k;e] ,Y;qfefu;e] ftad] ysM
fLFkr) uje èkkrq,¡ gSaA mudh e`nqrk vkSj de xyukad ds vkfn èkkrqvksa dh lrg vkWDlkbM dh iryh ijr ls
dkj.k muds èkkfRod caèk detksj gksrs gSaA <dh jgrh gSA lqj{kkRed vkWDlkbM ijr èkkrq dks vkxs
vkWDlhÑr gksus ls jksdrh gSA
z {kkjh; e`nk èkkrq,¡ lewg 2 ds rRo gSa & csfjfy;e] eSXuhf'k;e] z lHkh èkkrq,¡ ty ls vfHkfØ;k ugha djrh gSaA iksVSf'k;e
dSfY'k;e] LVªkWfU'k;e] csfj;e vkSj jsfM;eA bu rRoksa esa vkSj lksfM;e tSlh èkkrq,¡ BaMs ty ls rhoz vfHkfØ;k
dSfY'k;e vkSj eSXuhf'k;e lcls vke gSaA {kkjh; e`nk èkkrq,¡] djrh gSaA
{kkjh; èkkrqvksa ds leku fØ;k'khy ugha gksrh gSaA z eSXuhf'k;e BaMs ikuh ls çfrfØ;k ugha djrk gSA ;g xeZ
ikuh ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds eSXuhf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM
D;k vki tkurs gSa\ vkSj gkbMªkstu cukrk gSA
z 75» ls vfèkd Kkr rRoksa esa èkkrqvksa ds fof'k"V xq.k z ikjk ,dek=k ,slh èkkrq gS tks dejs ds rkieku ij rjy
voLFkk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
gksrs gSaA
z èkkrqvksa dks •hapdj irys rkjksa esa cnyus dh {kerk dks z dks;yk vkSj xaèkd tSls inkFkZ uje vkSj fn•us esa iQhds gksrs
rU;drk (ductility) dgrs gSaA lksuk lcls rU; èkkrq gSA gSaA gFkkSM+s ls ihVus ij os ikmMj ds :i esa VwV tkrs gSaA
bl çdkj] èkkrqvksa dks viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj z os èoU;kRed ugha gksrs gSa vkSj Å"ek vkSj fo|qr ds dqpkyd
fofHkUu vkdkj fn, tk ldrs gSaA gksrs gSaA bu inkFkks± dks vèkkrq dgk tkrk gSA
z os èkkrq,¡ tks fdlh dBksj lrg ls Vdjkdj èofu mRiUu z vèkkrq,¡ lkekU;r% vEyksa ls vfHkfØ;k ugha djrh gSaA
djrh gSa] èoU;kRed (sonorous) dgykrh gSaA z vèkkrq lkekU;r% fo|qr dk pkyu ugha djrs gSaA ijUrq
z os fo|qr dh vPNh lqpkyd gksrh gSaA vioknLo:i dqN vèkkrq,¡ fo|qr dk lapkyu dj ldrh
z yxHkx lHkh èkkrq,¡ vkWDlhtu ds lkFk feydj èkkrq gSaA
vkWDlkbM cukrh gSaA fofHkUu èkkrq,¡ vkWDlhtu ds lkFk
vèkkrq,¡ (NON-METALS)
fHkUu&fHkUu rjhds ls vfHkfØ;k,¡ djrh gSaA mnkgj.k%
iksVsf'k;e vkSj lksfM;e bruh rsth ls vfHkfØ;k djrs gSa z vèkkrqvksa ds [Link] dh ckáre d{kk esa lkekU;r% pkj]
fd ;fn mUgsa •qys esa j• fn;k tk, rks os vkx idM+ ikap] Ng ;k lkr bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA vU; vèkkrq [Link]
ysrs gSaA ds lkFk bysDVªkWuksa dks lk>k djds] bysDVªkWuksa ds ^caèk&;qXe*
(bonding-pairs) cukus ds fy,] vèkkrq [Link] mRÑ"V xSlksa
z vr%] mUgsa cpkus vkSj vkdfLed vkx dks jksdus ds
ds leku gks ldrs gSaA vèkkrq vkWDlkbM ;k rks vEyh; gksrs
fy,] mUgsa feêðh ds rsy esa Mqcks dj j•k tkrk gSA
gSa ;k mnklhuA
rRoksa dh vkorZ [Link]

fp=k 2-3% vkorZ [Link]

jlk;u foKku 39
z èkkrq,¡% tSlk fd igys ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] èkkrq os rRo esa rhoz çdk'k vkSj Å"ek ds lkFk tydj eSXuhf'k;e
gSa tks bysDVªkWu nsrs gSa vkSj èkukosf'kr gksrs gSaA vkorZ [Link] vkWDlkbM cukrk gSA
esa] ;s rRo ck,¡ vkSj eè; esa fLFkr vkSj lhfer gSaA blds 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
vykok tks rRo ckb± vksj vafre Nksj ij fLFkr gSa muesa
lksfM;e BaMs ikuh ds lkFk rhoz vfHkfØ;k djds lksfM;e
lcls vfèkd èkkfRod xq.k gksrs gSaA
gkbMªkWDlkbM vkSj gkbMªkstu cukrk gSA
èkkrqvksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k (Physical Properties of Metals) 2Na + H2O → 2NaOH + H2 ↑
z os Å"ek vkSj fo|qr ds vPNs lqpkyd gSa vkSj vk?kkroèkZuh;
èkkrqvksa dh xfrfofèk J`a•yk esa eSXuhf'k;e ls yksgs rd èkkrq,a]
vkSj rU; gksrs gSaA
èkkrq vkWDlkbM vkSj gkbMªkstu xSl cukus ds fy, Hkki (ysfdu
z buesa ped gksrh gSA
H2O ugha) ds lkFk çfrfØ;k djrh gSaA
z os Hkkjh vkSj èoU;kRed gksrs gSaA
Mg + H2O → MgO + H2 ↑
z ;s rRo bysDVªkWu nsdj (;k nku djds) èkukos'k çkIr djrs
gSaA 2Al + 3HO → AIO + 3H

z ,Y;qfefu;e] vk;ju] dSfY'k;e] lksfM;e] iksVSf'k;e vkSj z èkkrqvksa dh vEyksa ds lkFk fØ;k% èkkrq,a vkerkSj ij ruq
eSXuhf'k;e çeq• èkkrq,¡ gSa tks Hkw&iiZVh esa çpqj ek=kk esa ikbZ vEyksa ls gkbMªkstu dks foLFkkfir djrh gSa (rkack] pkanh vkSj
tkrh gSa (;s uke buesa ek=kk ds ?kVrs Øe esa gSa) lksuk dks NksM+dj tks ruq vEy ls gkbMªkstu dks foLFkkfir
z os dejs ds rkieku ij Bksl gksrh gSa (edZjh dks NksM+dj)A ugha djrs gSa D;ksafd os vU; èkkrqvksa dh rqyuk esa de
z budk xyukad vkSj DoFkukad mPp gksrk gS (lksfM;e vkSj gksrs gSa)A
iksVsf'k;e dks NksM+dj)A z mnkgj.k ds fy,&
z budk ?kuRo mPp gksrk gS (lksfM;e vkSj iksVsf'k;e dks eSXuhf'k;e $ lYÝ;wfjd vEy → eSXuhf'k;e lYiQsV $
NksM+dj)A gkbMªkstu
èkkrqvksa ds jklk;fud xq.k (Chemical Properties of Metals) Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2↑
èkkrq cgqr fØ;k'khy gksrs gSa vkSj bysDVªkWuksa dks vklkuh ls e SXuhf'k;e $ gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy → eSXuhf'k;e DyksjkbM
•ks nsrs gSa vkSj èkukosf'kr vk;u cukrs gSa_ blfy, èkkrqvksa dks $gkbMªkstu
fo|qr&èkukRed (electropositive) rRo dgk tkrk gSA lksfM;e
Mg + 2HCI → MgCI2 + H2↑
èkkrq] lksfM;e vk;u Na+ cukrh gS] Mg] èkukosf'kr eSXuhf'k;e
vk;u Mg2+ cukrk gS vkSj ,Y;qfefu;e] ,Y;qfefu;e vk;u ftad $ lYÝ;wfjd vEy → ftad lYiQsV $ gkbMªkstu
Al3+ cukrk gSA viuh fo|qr&èkukRed çÑfr ds dkj.k èkkrq Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
vU; rRoksa ds lkFk feydj vklkuh ls ;kSfxd cukrs gSaA èkkrqvksa z [Link]; foy;u ds lkFk èkkrqvksa dh fØ;k% fØ;k'khy
ds jklk;fud [Link] dh ppkZ uhps dh xbZ gS% èkkrq,a foy;u esa ;k mudh fi?kyh fLFkfr ls vius ls
èkkrqvksa ds lkFk vkWDlhtu dh fØ;k% tc èkkrqvksa dks gok fdlh Hkh de fØ;k'khy èkkrq ds vkWDlkbM] DyksjkbM ;k
esa tyk;k tkrk gS] rks os vkWDlhtu ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds lYiQsV dks foLFkkfir dj ldrh gSaA ;fn èkkrqA èkkrq B dks
èkkrq vkWDlkbM cukrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, & mlds foy;u ls foLFkkfir dj ns] rks ;g B ls vfèkd
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O fØ;k'khy gSA
vkWDlhtu lksfM;evkWDlkbM
èkkrq A $ B dk [Link]; foy;u → A dk [Link]; foy;u
lksfM;e vkWDlkbM ,d {kkjh; vkWDlkbM gS tks ty ds lkFk $ èkkrq B
vfHkfØ;k djds lksfM;e gkbMªksDlkbM cukrk gSA
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
2Na2O + 2H2O → 4NaOH
lksfM;evkWDlkbM lksfM;e gkbMªksvkWDlkbM èkkrqvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk J`a•yk
z eSXuhf'k;e] dejs ds rkieku ij vkWDlhtu ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k'khyrk [Link] esa lokZfèkd fØ;k'khy èkkrq dks lcls
vfHkfØ;k ugha djrk gSA xeZ djus ij eSXuhf'k;e ok;q Åij rFkk lcls de fØ;k'khy èkkrq dks lcls uhps j•kA

40 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
èkkrqvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk J`a•yk z os ruq •fut vEyksa esa ugha ?kqyrs gSaA
iksVsf'k;e vR;fèkd fØ;k'khy_ z os gkbMªkstu ds lkFk fLFkj ;kSfxd cukrs gSaA
lksfM;e z muds DyksjkbM ty esa iwjh rjg ls VwV tkrs gSaA
dSfY'k;e z vèkkrqvksa dh vkWDlhtu ds lkFk fØ;k% os vkWDlhtu ds
eSXuhf'k;e lkFk fØ;k djds vEyh; vkWDlkbM ;k mnklhu vkWDlkbM
,Y;wehfu;e cukrs gSaA
dkcZu z vèkkrqvksa dh ty ls vfHkfØ;k% os gkbMªkstu xSl mRiUu
ftad djus ds fy, ty (ok"i) ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ugha djrs gSaA
vk;ju z vèkkrqvksa dh vEy ds lkFk fØ;k% os vEy ds lkFk
vfHkfØ;k ugha djrs D;ksafd os ½.kkosf'kr bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA
fVu
z [Link]; foy;u ds lkFk vèkkrq dh fØ;k% os [Link];
ysM
foy;u ds lkFk fØ;k ugha djrs gSa ysfdu yo.k de
gkbMªkstu
fØ;k'khy vèkkrq dks foLFkkfir dj nsrs gSaA
dkWij
z Dyksjhu ds lkFk vèkkrq dh çfrfØ;k% os Dyksjhu
flYoj ds lkFk fØ;k djds lgla;kstd DyksjkbM cukrs gSa tks
xksYM xSj&bysDVªksykbV gksrs gSaA
IysfVue de fØ;k'khy z mRÑ"V xSlsa% mRÑ"V xSlsa] rRoksa dk ,d ifjokj gS tks vkorZ
vèkkrq,¡ [Link] ds nkfguh vksj ik;k tkrk gS] vR;ar vfØ;k'khy
z vèkkrq os rRo gSa tks èkkfRod xq.k çnf'kZr ugha djrs gSaA gSaA ;g bl rF; ls tqM+k gqvk çrhr gksrk gS fd muds ikl
vkorZ [Link] esa vèkkrqvksa dks yxHkx nkfguh vksj j•k x;k viuh lcls ckgjh d{kk esa bysDVªkWuksa dh fo'ks"k :i ls
gSA vkèkqfud vkorZ [Link] esa 22 vèkkrq gSa ftuesa 11 xSlsa] fLFkj O;oLFkk gSA
1 æo vkSj 10 Bksl gSaA czksehu] æo voLFkk esa jgrk gS z gSykstUl% gSykstu] ftlesa Ýyksjhu] Dyksjhu] czksehu vkSj
rFkk gkbMªkstu] ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu] Dyksjhu vkfn xSlh; vk;ksMhu (Iyl ,LVSfVu) 'kkfey gSa] fØ;k'khy vèkkrq gSaA
voLFkk esa ik, tkrs gSaA ysfdu dkcZu] lYiQj] iQkWLiQksjl] mRÑ"V xSlksa dh rqyuk esa gSykstu [Link] dh ckgjh d{kk
vk;ksMhu vkfn Bksl vèkkrq,¡ gSaA esa ,d bysDVªkWu de gksrk gS] vkSj mUgsa fØ;k'khy cukus ds
vèkkrqvksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k fy, ,d fLFkj lajpuk çkIr djus gsrq ,d bysDVªkWu çkIr
z os èkkfRod ped iSnk ugha djrsA djuk pkfg,A gSykstu èkkrqvksa vkSj gkbMªkstu ds lkFk rhozrk
ls vfHkfØ;k djds gSykbM cukrs gSaA
z os fo|qr ds dqpkyd gksrs gSaA
z os fo|qr ½.kkRed gksrs gSaA 2-8 èkkrqdeZ ds ewy fl¼kar
z os Å"ek ds dqpkyd gksrs gSaA
z èkkrq foKku] inkFkZ foKku vkSj vfHk;kaf=kdh dk ,d {ks=k
z mUgsa pknjksa vkSj rkjksa esa ugha •hapk tk ldrk gSA
gS tks èkkrqvksa ds HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud [Link] dk vè;;u
z mudk fof'k"V xq#Ro de gksrk gS
djrk gS èkkrqdeZ (Metallurgy) ,d ,slk 'kCn gS tks èkkrqvksa
z os çdk'k dk ijkorZu ugha djrs gSaA
dks muds 'kq¼re :i esa fudkyus dh çfØ;k dks lanfHkZr
z os èkkfRod èofu mRiUu ugha djrs gSaA djrk gSA
z os inkFkZ dh lHkh voLFkkvksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA z •fut] èkkrq ds ;kSfxd gksrs gSa tks feêðh] pwuk iRFkj] jsr
vèkkrqvksa ds jklk;fud xq.k vkSj pêðkuksa ds lkFk fefJr gksrs gSaA
vèkkrqvksa ds jklk;fud xq.k uhps fn, x, gSa% z de ykxr ij vkSj FkksM+s ç;kl ls •futksa ls èkkrqvksa dk
z vèkkfRod vkWDlkbM çÑfr esa vEyh; gksrs gSaA O;kolkf;d :i ls •uu fd;k tkrk gSA

jlk;u foKku 41
z i`Foh ls •fur v;Ldksa esa vkerkSj ij feêðh] jsr vkfn tSlh ,uksMkbftax (Anodising)
v'kqf¼;k¡ cM+h ek=kk esa ekStwn gksrh gSa] ftUgsa xSax (gangue) z ,uksMkbftax] ,Y;wehfu;e dh ,d eksVh vkWDlkbM ijr cukus
dgk tkrk gSA dh çfØ;k gSA gok ds laidZ esa vkus ij ,Y;qehfu;e ,d
z èkkrq ds fu"d"kZ.k ls igys v'kqf¼;ksa dks v;Ld ls gVkuk iryh vkWDlkbM ijr fodflr djrk gSA ;g ,Y;wehfu;e
iM+rk gSA vkWDlkbM ijr bls tax yxus ls cpkrh gSA
z èkkrq foKku }kjk çkIr èkkrq,a cgqr vfèkd 'kq¼ ugha gksrh
gSaA buesa v'kqf¼;k¡ gksrh gSa] ftUgsa 'kq¼ èkkrq çkIr djus ds 2-9 ;kSfxd ds fofHkUu çdkj
fy, gVk;k tkrk gSA z ;kSfxdksa dks ,sls inkFkks± ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS
z v'kq¼ èkkrqvksa ds 'kksèku ds fy, O;kid rkSj ij bLrseky ftuesa nks ;k nks ls vfèkd fofHkUu jklk;fud rRo ekStwn
dh tkus okyh fofèk bysDVªksykbfVd 'kksèku (electrolytic gksrs gSaA mudh jklk;fud lajpuk,a fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSa tks
refining) gSA jklk;fud caèkksa }kjk ,d lkFk j•s x, [Link] ds ,d
fuf'pr vuqikr dh fo'ks"krk gSA
bysDVªksykbfVd fjiQkbfuax (Electrolytic Refining)
z lgla;kstd ;kSfxd% lgla;kstd ;k [Link] ;kSfxd
dbZ èkkrq,a] tSls rkack] tLrk] fVu] fudy] pkanh] lksuk] vkfn
rc curs gSa tc rRo lgla;kstd caèku esa bysDVªkWuksa dks
bysDVªksykbfVd :i ls ifj"Ñr gksrs gSaA
lk>k djds [Link] cukrs gSaA [Link] ;kSfxd fo|qr :i ls
z bl çfØ;k esa v'kq¼ èkkrq dks ,uksM cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj mnklhu gksrs gSaA
'kq¼ èkkrq dh ,d iryh iêðh dks dSFkksM cuk;k tkrk gSA z vk;fud ;kSfxd% vk;fud ;kSfxd vk;uksa] vkosf'kr [Link]
èkkrq yo.k ds foy;u dk ç;ksx bysDVªksykbV ds :i esa ls cus ;kSfxd gksrs gSa tks rc curs gSa tc ,d [Link] (;k
fd;k tkrk gSA cgq [Link]; vk;uksa ds ekeys esa [Link] dk lewg)
z ?kqyu'khy v'kqf¼;k¡] foy;u esa pyh tkrh gSa] tcfd bysDVªkWu çkIr djrk gS ;k •ks nsrk gSA
v?kqyu'khy v'kqf¼;k¡ ,uksM ds ry ij cSB tkrh gSa vkSj
mUgsa ,uksM eM (anode mud) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,Dok jsft;k% ,Dok jsft;k 3%1 ds vuqikr esa lkaæ
la{kkj.k vkSj tax yxuk (Corrosion and Rusting) gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy vkSj lkaæ ukbfVªd vEy dk rktk rS;kj
feJ.k gSA blesa lksuk ?kqyu'khy gks ldrk gS] Hkys gh buesa ls
z la{kkj.k og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk dqN inkFkZ] èkkrq vkSj
dksbZ Hkh vEy vdsys ,slk ugha dj ldrkA ,Dok jsft;k ,d
vèkkrq] vkWDlhdj.k ds [Link]:i •jkc gks tkrs gSaA
vR;fèkd la{kkjd] èkqvkaèkkj rjy gSA ;g mu dqN vfHkdeZdksa
z la{kkj.k dk lcls [Link] :i yksgk vkSj bLikr ij tax
esa ls ,d gS ftlesa lksuk vkSj IysfVue ?kqyu'khy gSaA
yxuk gSA
z tax yxuk] vkWDlhdj.k dh ,d çfØ;k gS ftlesa yksgk
ty vkSj vkWDlhtu ds lkFk feydj tax cukrk gSA tax 2-10 feJèkkrq
yky&Hkwjs jax dh iiM+h gksrh gS tks yksgs dh lrg ij
curh gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z isafVax] rsy yxkuk] xzhflax] xSYosukbftax] Økse IysfVax] 24 dSjsV lksus dks 'kq¼ lksuk dgk tkrk gSA ;g cgqr uje
,uksMkbftax ;k feJèkkrq cukdj yksgs dks tax yxus ls jksdk gksrk gSA vr%] ;g vkHkw"k.k cukus ds fy, mi;qÙkQ ugha gksrk
tk ldrk gSA gSA bls dBksj cukus ds fy, blesa pkanh ;k rkacs dh feykoV
dh tkrh gSA
z xSYosukbts'ku (Galvanisation)] LVhy vkSj yksgs ij tLrs dh
iryh ijr p<+kdj tax yxus ls cpkus dh ,d fofèk gSA vkerkSj ij Hkkjr esa vkHkw"k.k cukus ds fy, 22 dSjsV lksus
dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd 'kq¼ lksus
z tLrk dh dksfVax ds VwV tkus ij Hkh xSYosukbt oLrq tax ds 22 Hkkxksa dks rkacs ;k pkanh ds 2 Hkkxksa ds lkFk fefJr
yxus ls lqjf{kr jgrh gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
z gkykafd ,Y;qfefu;e] Øksfe;e vkSj ftad tSlh èkkrq,a yksgs
dh rqyuk esa vfèkd vklkuh ls la{kkfjr gksrh gSa] ijUrq z feJèkkrq ,d vleku feJ.k gSA ;g nks vkSj nks ls vfèkd
muds vkWDlkbM ,d ijr cukrs gSa ftlls èkkrq ij vkxs jklk;fud rRoksa ds la;ksx ls curh gS ftuesa ls de ls
tax ugha yxrk gSaA de ,d èkkrq gksA

42 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z ,d feJèkkrq ds xq.k ml èkkrq ls vyx gksrs gSa ftlls ;s 7-5» vU; èkkrq,a (vkerkSj ij rkack) feyk gksrk gSA LVfy±x
cuh gksrh gSA bLikr ,d feJèkkrq gS tks dkcZu (0-5» ls flYoj dk mi;ksx vkHkw"k.k] pkanh ds crZu vkSj ltkoV esa
1-5») dks yksgs ds lkFk feykdj cukbZ tkrh gSA LVfy±x gksrk gSA rkacs ds lkFk feJèkkrq cukus ls bldk pkanh dk
flYoj pkanh dh feJèkkrq gS ftlesa 92-5» 'kq¼ pkanh vkSj jax cjdjkj jgrk gS vkSj blds LFkkf;Ro vkSj dBksjrk esa
Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
dqN feJèkkrqvksa] muds ;kSfxdksa vkSj mi;ksxksa dh lwph
Øe la[;k feJèkkrq ?kVd mi;ksx
1 ihry dkWij] ftad crZu cukuk vkSj ltkoVh lkeku
2 LVhy yksgk] dkcZu bekjrsa] volajpuk] midj.k] tgkt] vkWVkseksckby]
?kjsyw midj.k] gfFk;kj
3 LVsuysl LVhy LVhy] Øksfe;e] fudy] dkcZu crZu] lftZdy midj.k] fpfdRlk midj.k] eksVj
okgu vkSj ,;jksLisl
4 lksYMj lhlk] fVu nks ;k nks ls vfèkd èkkrqvksa dks xeZ djds tksM+uk
5 dkalk dkWij] fVu dkaL; ch;fjax] LikdZ Úh midj.k] ind] flDds]
ewfrZ;ka] laxhr ok|;a=k
6 MÔwjkyqfeu ,Y;wehfu;e] rkack] eSXuhf'k;e] eSaxuht foeku fuekZ.k] dqdos;j cukuk
7 teZu pkanh dkWij] ftad] fudy O;kid :i ls bldh dBksjrk] n`<+rk vkSj tax ds
çfrjksèk ds dkj.k mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Vscyos;j]
ghfVax dkWbYl] leqæh fiQfVax] uylkth fiQDLpj bR;kfnA
8 vfYudks yksgk] ,Y;wehfu;e] fudy] dksckYV LFkk;h pqEcd cukus esa ç;qÙkQ gksrk gS
9 fuØkse fudy] yksgk] Øksfe;e] eSaxuht ghfVax ,yhesaV esa mi;ksx gksrk gS
z jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ gj le; gksrh gSa & tc b±èku tyk;k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡
tkrk gS] èkkrqvksa ds v;Ldksa ds vkS|ksfxd fu"d"kZ.k esa] vkSj z la;kstu vfHkfØ;k ,d ,slh vfHkfØ;k gS ftlesa nks
dbZ çkÑfrd thou çfØ;kvksa esaA jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa
vfHkdkjd feydj ,d mRikn cukrs gSaA
esa u, inkFkks± ds mRiknu ds fy, [Link] ds chp caèkksa
dk VwVuk vkSj cuuk 'kkfey gSA z fofue; vfHkfØ;k,¡% fofue; vfHkfØ;k,¡ os gksrh gSa
z vi?kVu vfHkfØ;k,¡% vi?kVu vfHkfØ;k,¡ os gksrh gSa ftuesa èkuk;u vkSj ½.kk;u tks vfHkdkjdksa esa 'kkfey Fks]
ftuesa ,d ;kSfxd nks ;k nks ls vfèkd mRikn cukus ds mRiknksa esa vkil esa cny tkrs gSaA fofue; vfHkfØ;kvksa esa]
fy, VwVrk (;k vi?kfVr) gSA mRiknksa dks fo|qr :i ls mnklhu gksuk pkfg,A
z çfrLFkkiu çfrfØ;k,¡% çfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,¡ os gksrh gSa z jklk;fud lehdj.k% larqfyr jklk;fud [Link] dk
ftuesa ,d rRo ,d ;kSfxd ds lkFk fØ;k djds ,d u;k mi;ksx djds vfHkfØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ntZ dh
;kSfxd cukrk gSA tk ldrh gSA
z f}foLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k% os vfHkfØ;k,¡ ftuesa vfHkdkjdksa
z ek=kkRed 'kCnksa esa] lehdj.k [Link] djsxk fd vfHkdkjdksa
ds chp vk;uksa dk vknku&çnku gksrk gS] f}foLFkkiu
vfHkfØ;k,¡ dgykrh gSaA ds fn, x, æO;eku ls fdruk mRikn cusxkA tc dks;ys
z vkWDlhdj.k vkSj vip;u% vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku ,d dks gok esa tyk;k tkrk gS rks ;g jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk
vfHkdkjd vkWDlhÑr gks tkrk gS tcfd nwljk vipf;r ,d mnkgj.k gS% C + O2 → CO2
gks tkrk gSA ,slh vfHkfØ;kvksa dks vkWDlhdj.k&vip;u z ;gk¡] dks;yk (dkcZu dk ,d :i) vkWDlhtu ds lkFk
vfHkfØ;k,¡ ;k jsMkWDl vfHkfØ;k,¡ dgrs gSaA fØ;k djrk gS vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (vkSj Å"ek) dk
vkWDlhdj.k ,d [Link] curk gSA
CuO + H2 Heat Cu + H2O z vfHkfØ;k dh nj% vfHkfØ;k,a fofHkUu xfr ls gks ldrh
gSaA vfHkfØ;k dh nj eq[;r% lacafèkr vfHkdkjdksa ij fuHkZj
vip;u djrh gS & dqN çkÑfrd :i ls nwljksa dh rqyuk esa rsth

jlk;u foKku 43
 ls fØ;k djrs gSaA gkykafd] dqN dkjd fØ;kvksa dks rst gks Hkh ldrk gS vkSj ugha HkhA ysfdu æO;eku ds laj{k.k
djus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA ;s dkjd gSa& vfHkdkjdksa dh ds fu;e ds vuqlkj ¶vfHkdkjdksa vkSj mRiknksa dk dqy
Å"ek c<+kuk] vfHkdkjdksa dh lkaærk c<+kuk] mRçsjd dk æO;eku cjkcj gksuk pkfg,¸A vr% fu;e dks lR; lkfcr
mi;ksx vkfnA djus ds fy, jklk;fud lehdj.k dks larqfyr djuk
vko';d gksrk gSA
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ vkSj lehdj.k
z jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k] fofHkUu [Link] ds la;kstu dh 2-11 vdkcZfud jlk;u foKku ds ewy fl¼kar
çfØ;k gS ftlls fofHkUu mRikn curs gSa ftuds HkkSfrd vkSj
jklk;fud xq.k fHkUu gksrs gSa tSls% z vdkcZfud jlk;u og jlk;u gS tks vdkcZfud vkSj
 inkFkZ ds jax esa ifjorZu
dkcZèkkfRod ;kSfxdksa ds la'ys"k.k vkSj O;ogkj ls lacafèkr
gSA jlk;u 'kkL=k ds bl Hkkx esa vla[; dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa
 inkFkZ dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu
(dkcZu vkèkkfjr ;kSfxdksa] vkerkSj ij C-H ckaM ;qÙkQ) dks
 Å"ek ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu% ÅtkZ dk vo'kks"k.k ;k ÅtkZ
NksM+dj lHkh jklk;fud ;kSfxdksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS]
dk eqÙkQ gksuk tks dkcZfud jlk;u foKku ds fo"k; gSaA
 xSl dk fudyuk
vdkcZfud jlk;u foKku esa ç;qÙkQ [Link] 'kCn
 çdk'k vkSj èofu dk mRiUu gksuk
z vij:irk (Allotropy)% fdlh Hkh rRo ds nks ;k nks ls
z jklk;fud lehdj.k% vfHkdkjdksa vkSj mRiknksa ds vfèkd :iksa dks vij:i dgk tkrk gS_ bls dsoy ,d
jklk;fud lw=kksa dk mi;ksx djds mUgsa çrhdkRed :i ls çdkj ds [Link] okys inkFkZ ds :i esa Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
n'kkZus dks dks jklk;fud lehdj.k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk tk ldrk gSA ;g u, HkkSfrd [Link] ds lkFk ,d u;k
gSA ,d jklk;fud lehdj.k esa 'kkfey gSa% [Link] foU;kl gSA ftu inkFkks± ds vij:i gksrs gSa muesa
 vfHkdkjd dkcZu] vkWDlhtu] lYiQj vkSj iQkWLiQksjl 'kkfey gSa tcfd
 mRikn ,d ls vfèkd :iksa esa rRoksa dh mifLFkfr dks vij:irk
 vfHkdkjdksa vkSj mRiknksa dks vyx djus okyk ,d rhj (allotropy) dgk tkrk gSA
z vfHkdkjd os inkFkZ gksrs gSa tks jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa rRo vij:i
Hkkx ysrs gSaA mRikn os inkFkZ gSa tks jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ghjk] xzsiQkbV] ydM+h dk dks;yk] gîóh dk
ds nkSjku curs gSaA dkcZu
dks;yk] jÙkQ dk dks;yk vkfnA
C + O2 → CO2 liQsn ;k ihyk iQkLiQksjl] yky iQkLiQksjl] dkyk
vfHkdkjd mRikn
iQkWLiQksjl
cSaxuh vkfn
vfHkdkjdksa vkSj mRiknksa dh HkkSfrd voLFkkvksa ds çrhd vkWDlhtu vkstksu
Bkslksa ds fy, "(s)"A jksfEcd lYiQj] eksuksfDyfud lYiQj] vkÑfrjfgr
z
lYiQj
z æoksa ds fy, "(l)"A lYiQj] IykfLVd lYiQj
z xSlksa ds fy, "(g)"A z LiQqjnhfIr (Phosphorescence)% ;g inkFkZ dh og ifj?kVuk
z tyh; foy;u ds fy, "(aq)"A gS] tc dksbZ inkFkZ tSls dSfYl;e lYiQkbM vkfn dks lw;Z
ds çdk'k esa •qyk j•k tkrk gS rks çdkf'kd fofdj.k ,sls
z vfHkfØ;k esa mRiUu xSl ds fy, "(↑)"A
inkFkZ }kjk vo'kksf"kr dj fy, tkrs gSa vkSj lw;Z ds çdk'k
z vfHkfØ;k esa cuus okys vo{ksi ds fy, "(↓)"A
ds lzksr dks gVk nsus ij Hkh ;s inkFkZ fofdj.k mRlftZr
z vfHkfØ;k dh fn'kk blds }kjk bafxr dh tkrh gS "(→)"- djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,% z çfrnhfIr (Fluorescence)% ;fn dqN inkFkks± }kjk n`';
Zn (s) + dil. H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) (↑) çdk'k dks vo'kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS rks muds [Link]
(vfHkdkjd) (mRikn) bysDVªkWu mÙksftr gks tkrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh tc ;s bysDVªkWu
z ,d jklk;fud lehdj.k ,d jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dks viuh ewy voLFkk esa vkrs gSa rks fofHkUu rjax nSè;Z ds
vklku rjhds ls le>us esa lgk;d gksrk gSA jklk;fud fofHkUu fofdj.k çkIr gksrs gSa] bls çfrnhfIr dh ?kVuk dgk
lehdj.k esa vfHkdkjdksa vkSj mRiknksa dk æO;eku cjkcj tkrk gSA

44 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z çLiQqVu (Efflorescence)% NaCl. 10H2O, Na2CO3. 10 ysfdu jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ugha ysrk gSA bl inkFkZ
H2O vkfn tSls [Link] esa ty dh vfèkdrk gksrh gS vkSj dks mRçsjd (catalyst) dgk tkrk gS vkSj bl çfØ;k dks
tc bUgsa ok;q esa NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rks ;s ty fØLVy mRçsj.k dgk tkrk gSA
okf"ir gks tkrs gSa vkSj yo.k] fØLVy ikmMj esa cny tkrs z ,atkbe (Enzyme)% ;g ,d tSfod [Link] (çksVhu) gS tks
gSa] bl ?kVuk dks çLiQqVu dgk tkrk gSA
mRçsjd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj thou esa gj txg
z mèoZikru (Sublimation)% ;g ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlesa gksus okyh tfVy vfHkfØ;kvksa esa enn djrk gSA eku yhft,
dqN Bksl inkFkZ tSls csatksbd vEy] ,aFkzslhu] diwj]
vkius ekal dk ,d VqdM+k •k;kA çksVht uked ,atkbe vkSj
,aFkkfDofcukWu] veksfu;e DyksjkbM vkfn xeZ djus ij lhèks
vehuks vEy ds chp isIVkbM ckWUM dks rksM+us esa enn djsaxs
•qn dks xSlh; voLFkk esa cny ysrs gSa vkSj tc bUgsa i;kZIr
:i ls BaMk fd;k tkrk gS rks ;s iqe% ewy Bksl voLFkk
esa vk tkrs gSaA
2-12 vEy] {kkj vkSj yo.k
z leLFkkfud (Isotope)% ,d gh rRo ds [Link] esa z vEy (Acids)% vEy ,d ,slk inkFkZ gS tks ty esa ?kqyus
U;wVªkWuksa dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gS_ çR;sd rRo ij gkbMªkstu vk;u (H+) nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] blds
ds fofHkUu laHkkfor :iksa dks leLFkkfud dgk tkrk gSA tyh; foy;u esa gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy HCl (aq) bl çdkj
mnkgj.k ds fy,& gkbMªkstu ds rhu leLFkkfud gksrs gSa& fo;ksftr gksrk gS%
çksfV;e (1H1)] MÔwVsfj;e (1H2)] vkSj fVªfV;e (1H3)A z HCl (aq) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
z leHkkfjd (Isobar)% os rRo ftldh [Link] la[;k leku
z vEy] ty esa ?kqyu'khy ;kSfxd gSA ;g Lokn esa •êðk
rks gksrh gS ysfdu æO;eku la[;k fHkUu gksrh gSa mUgsa
gksrk gS vkSj uhys fyVel dks yky dj nsrk gS rFkk {kkj
leHkkfjd dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,& vkxZu (20Ar40)]
ds lkFk fØ;k djds yo.k cukrk gSA ;g ,d ;kSfxd gS
iksVsf'k;e (19K40) vkSj dSfY'k;e (20Ca40)A
ftlesa çfrLFkkiu ;ksX; gkbMªkstu [Link] gksrs gSa] ftuesa ls
z la{kkj.k (Corrosion)% tc èkkrq dh lrg ueh] ty] gok
vkfn ls çHkkfor gksrh gS rks bls èkkrqvksa dk la{kkj.k dgk ,d fgLlk ;k iwjk èkkrq ;k èkukosf'kr [Link] ds ekè;e ls
tkrk gSA çfrLFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% HCl,
HNO3, H2SO4 vkfn vEy gSa D;ksafd muesa çfrLFkkiu ;ksX;
z vk?kkroèkZuh;rk vkSj rU;drk (Malleability and
Ductility)% rU;drk fdlh rRo dk og xq.k gS ftlls oLrq gkbMªkstu [Link] gksrs gSaA
dks fcuk rksM+s] ihVs fdlh Hkh vkdkj esa <kyk tk ldrk :O
: :

: :
H+ H– H O H
gSA vk?kkroèkZuh;rk fdlh rRo dk og xq.k gS ftlls mls vEy ds xq.k
èkkxs] rkjksa esa •hapk tk ldrk gS ;k iryh pknjksa esa ihVk
tk ldrk gS z budk Lokn •êðk gksrk gSA
z HkkSfrd ifjorZu vkSj jklk;fud ifjorZu% HkkSfrd z ;s uhys fyVel vkSj feFkkby vkWjsat dks cny nsrs gSaA
ifjorZu HkkSfrd vkÑfr] vkdkj] HkkSfrd voLFkk vkfn z ;s {kkj ls fØ;k djds yo.k vkSj ty cukrs gSaA
esa gksrs gSa tcfd jklk;fud ifjorZu vkarfjd [Link] z çcy vEy tSls gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy (HCl)] ukbfVªd vEy
lajpuk esa gksrs gSaA (HNO3)] vkSj lYÝ;wfjd vEy (H2SO4) vkfn vius tyh;
z xSYosukbts'ku (Galvanization)% ;g vk;ju] dkWij vkfn foy;u esa fo|qr ds lqpkyd gksrs gSaA
èkkrqvksa dks tax yxus vkSj la{kkj.k ls cpkus ds fy, mu
vEyksa ds çdkj
ij bysDVªksfyfll dh ,d mi;qÙkQ çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls
Ý;wftax ;k fi?kys gq, tLrk dh ,d iryh ijr p<+kus dh z vkWDlh vEy% bl çdkj ds vEyksa esa gkbMªkstu vkSj
,d çfØ;k gSA vkWDlhtu nksuksa gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,% HNO3, H2SO4
z [Link] (Atomicity)% ;g fdlh Hkh rRo ;k ;kSfxd ds vkfnA
[Link] esa mifLFkr [Link] dh la[;k gSA z gkbMªk vEy% bl vEy esa dsoy gkbMªkstu ekStwn gksrk gS
z mRçsj.k (Catalysis)% ;g ,d jklk;fud inkFkZ gS tks fdlh vkSj vkWDlhtu vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% HCl,
Hkh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dh nj dks c<+krk ;k ?kVkrk gS HBr, HCN vkfnA

jlk;u foKku 45
vEyksa ds mi;ksx "HY" dk ½.kk;u gSA 'X' {kkj 'XOH' dk èkuk;u gS vkSj
z fuekZ.k esa bLrseky gksus okys LVhy dks isaV djus ls igys 'XY' mRikn esa ued gS] vr% vfHkfØ;k gksxh
vEy esa Mqcks;k tkrk gSA ruq lYÝ;wfjd ;k gkbMªksDyksfjd z HY + XOH → HOH + XY
vEy fdlh Hkh lrg ls tax dks gVk nsrk gS D;ksafd vxj z {kkj] çksVhu dks foÑr dj nsrs gSa% ;g {kkj ds laidZ
;g ugha gVk;k x;k rks ;g isaV dh gqbZ lrg ds uhps iQSy esa vkus ij gkFkksa ij fiQlyu dk ,glkl djkrk gSA çcy
tk,xkA dkjksa dh ejEer ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk {kkj tks ty esa vklkuh ls ?kqy tkrs gSa] tSls lksfM;e
tax gVkus okyk ruq iQkWLiQksfjd vEy (H3PO4) gSA ;k iksVsf'k;e] cgqr •rjukd gksrs gSa D;ksafd ekuo dk
z vEy dk mi;ksx moZjd cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA lajpukRed inkFkZ cM+h ek=kk esa çksVhu ls cuk gksrk gSA çcy
z ykbe Ldsy fjewoj esa nqcZy vEy gksrs gSaA dsVYl vkSj {kkjksa ds lkoèkkuhiwoZd mi;ksx ls Ropk dks xaHkhj uqdlku
ikbi cuus esa ç;qÙkQ gksus okys dSfY'k;e dkckZsusV dks ykbe gksus ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
Ldsy uke fn;k x;k gSA ykbeLdsy ds fuekZ.k dks iQqfjax z {kkj] yky fyVel dks uhyk dj nsrs gSa% bldk vFkZ ;g
(furring) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ykbe Ldsy dks gVkus ds fy, ugha gS fd fyVel gh ,dek=k vEy {kkj ladsrd gS] cfYd
vki uhacw ds jl (flfVªd vEy) ;k fousxj (,Fksuksbd ;g laHkor% lcls iqjkuk ladsrd gSA
vEy) dk bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA
{kkjksa ds çdkj
z •kuk idkus esa bLrseky gksus okys csfdax ikmMj esa VkVZfjd
z ,d {kkj [Link] esa ekStwn vk;[Link]; gkbMªkWDlkbM (OH–)
vEy gksrk gSA
vk;uksa dh la[;k dks {kkjh; vEyrk (baseline acidity)
z bldk mi;ksx isVªksfy;e vUos"k.k esa] fofHkUu çdkj ds
dgk tkrk gSA
foLiQksVdksa] jaxksa vkSj nokvksa ds fuekZ.k esa vkSj cM+h la[;k
z vEyrk ds vkèkkj ij] bUgsa rhu :iksa dks oxhZÑr fd;k tk
esa cSVfj;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ldrk gS% eksuks ,flfMd] Mkb,flfMd vkSj Vªkb,flfMdA
{kkj (Base) z eksuks ,flfMd {kkj og {kkj gS ftldk ,d [Link] tc [Link]
z {kkj ,d ,slk inkFkZ gS tks ty esa ?kqyus ij gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;uhdj.k çfØ;k ls xqtjrk gS rks ;g ,d gkbMªkWDlkbM
vk;u (OH–) nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;u mRiUu djrk gSA ,sls {kkjksa ds [Link] esa iksVsf'k;e
NaOH (aq)] vius tyh; foy;u esa] bl çdkj fo;ksftr gkbMªkWDlkbM vkSj lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM 'kkfey gSaA
gksrk gS% z Mkb,flfMd {kkj og {kkj gS ftldk ,d [Link] tc [Link]
NaOH (aq) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) vk;uhdj.k çfØ;k ls xqtjrk gS rks ;g nks gkbMªkWDlkbM
{kkj ds y{k.k vk;u mRiUu djrk gSA ,sls {kkjksa ds [Link] esa eSXuhf'k;e
z {kkj] ty esa ?kqyus ij gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;u (OH–) nsrs gSaA gkbMªkWDlkbM vkSj csfj;e gkbMªkWDlkbM 'kkfey gSaA
ftrus vfèkd vk;u fudyrs gSa] {kkj mruk gh çcy gksrk z Vªkb,flfMd {kkj og {kkj gS ftldk ,d [Link] tc [Link]
gSA vk;uhdj.k çfØ;k ls xqtjrk gS rks ;g rhu gkbMªkWDlkbM
z {kkj vEyksa ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrs gSaA tc vEy vkSj {kkj vk;u mRiUu djrk gSA Vªkb,flfMd csl ds lkekU; [Link]
vfHkfØ;k djrs gSa] rks os ty vkSj yo.k cukrs gSaA esa vk;ju (II) gkbMªkWDlkbM vkSj ,Y;wehfu;e gkbMªkWDlkbM
z {kkjksa Lokn esa dM+os gksrs gSa% cgqr de ,sls •k| inkFkZ 'kkfey gSaA
gSa tks {kkjh; gksrs gSaA ;g vkSj Hkh [Link] gS fd {kkjksa dks {kkjksa ds mi;ksx
p•us esa lkoèkkuh cjrh tk,A p•us ds vEy dks p•us dh ge ?kj ij liQkbZ ,tsaVksa ds :i esa vkSj ,aVkflM nokvksa ds
rqyuk esa {kkj dks p•uk vfèkd •rjukd gksrk gS D;ksafd :i esa {kkj dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ?kj ij mi;ksx gksus okys {kkj
çcy {kkjksa esa çksVhu dks foÑr djus ds dk xq.k gksrk gSA ds [Link] esa lkcqu] ykbZ 'kkfey gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] bldk
z {kkj] tyh; foy;u esa gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;u NksM+rs gSaA ç;ksx vksou Dyhuj esa fd;k tkrk gS_ eSXuhf'k;k nwèk_ vkSj
z mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k esa {kkj vEyksa dks mnklhu dj nsrs VElA çR;sd dk ih,p lkr ls vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj buesa eqÙkQ
gSa% vfHkfØ;k 'kCn dk vFkZ gS fd vEy vkSj {kkj feydj gkbMªkstu dk miHkksx djus dh {kerk gksrh gS] vkSj ;s vEy dks
ty vkSj yo.k cukrs gSaA çrhdkRed :i ls] "Y" vEy mnklhu dj ldrs gSaA

46 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
vEy vkSj {kkj ds chp varj mifLFkr H– [Link] ds vkaf'kd çfrLFkkiu ls curk
vEy {kkj gSA mnkgj.k% NaHSO4, NaHCO3, KHCO3, NaH2PO vkfn
Lokn esa •êðs Lokn esa dM+os tSls ;kSfxd vEyh; yo.k gSaA
èkkrqvksa ds fy, la{kkjd gSa fiQlyu ;k lkcqu tSlk eglwl z HCI + Mg(OH)2 → Mg(OH)CI + H2O
gksuk z {kkjh; yo.k% ,d yo.k ftlds [Link] esa O2– ;k OH–
uhys fyVel dks yky dj yky fyVel dks uhyk dj nsrs lewg gksrk gS] mls {kkjh; yo.k dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k%
nsrs gSa gSa Mg (OH) Cl, [Mg(OH)2 tSls ;kSfxdA MgCO3], [Cu (OH)
{kkjksa ds lkFk feykus ij de vEy ds lkFk feykus ij de 2.CuCO3) vkfn {kkjh; yo.k gSaA
vEyh; gks tkrs gSa {kkjh; gks tkrs gSa NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O

yo.k (Salts) z vEyh; yo.k% ,d lkèkkj.k yo.k tks çcy vEy vkSj
z yo.k vk;fud ;kSfxd gksrs gSa tks H+ vk;u ds vykok nqcZy {kkj ds mnklhuhdj.k ds [Link]:i curk gS]
vU; èkuk;u vkSj OH– vk;u ds vykok vU; ½.kk;u vEyh; yo.k dgykrk gSa D;ksafd bldk tyh; foy;u
ls cus gksrs gSaA uhys fyVel dks yky dj nsrk gSA mnkgj.k% FeCI3, ZnCl2,
z vEy] èkkrq ds vkDlkbM ls vfHkfØ;k dj yo.k vkSj ty HgCl2, Fe2(SO4)3, HgSO4 vkfn tSls ;kSfxd vEyh; yo.k
cukrs gSaA gSaA
z yo.k vkSj ty ds mRiknu ds fy, {kkj vèkkrq vkWDlkbM 2NaOH + H2CO3 → Na2CO3 + 2H2O
ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrs gSaA z {kkjh; ued (Alkaline Salt)% lkekU; yo.k tks nqcZy
z yo.k] ,d vk;fud ;kSfxd gS tks vEy vkSj {kkj dh vEyksa rFkk çcy {kkjdksa ds mnklhuhdj.k ds [Link]:i
mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k ds [Link]:i curs gSaA ;g curs gSa- {kkjh; yo.k dgykrs gSa D;ksafd buds tyh;
èkuk;u vkSj ½.kk;u dh lacafèkr la[;k ls cus gksrs gSa foy;u yky fyVel dks uhyk dj nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k%
rkfd mRikn fo|qr :i ls mnklhu gksA os NaCl] KCl] vkSj Na2CO3, CH3COONa, Na2C2O4, Na2B4O7.10H2O vkfn
Na2SO4 tSls lkèkkj.k yo.k gks ldrs gSa ;k fiQj vEyh;
tSls ;kSfxd {kkjh; yo.k gSaA
yo.k tSls NaHCO3 vkSj NaH2PO4_ ;k f}yo.k tSls KAl
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
(SO4)2 gks ldrs gSaA
z yo.k ,d ;kSfxd gS tks èkkrq ;k èkkrq dh rjg dke djus z mnklhu yo.k% os çcy vEyksa vkSj çcy {kkjksa ds
okys jsfMdy ds ekè;e ls ,d vEy [Link] ls cnys tkus mnklhuhdj.k ls curs gSa] mnklhu yo.k dgykrs gSa D;ksafd
;ksX; gkbMªkstu [Link] ds vkaf'kd ;k [Link] çfrLFkkiu ls muds tyh; foy;u fyVel ds çfr mnklhu gksrs gSaA
curk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% mnkgj.k% NaCl, KCl, K2SO4, NaNO3, KClO3, KClO4
HCl + NaOH → NaCl (Salt) + vkfn tSls ;kSfxd mnklhu yo.k gSaA
H2O HnO3 + KOH → KNO3 (Salt) + H2O z f}yo.k (Double Salt)% f}yo.k nks [Link] dk feJ.k
[Link] ds çdkj gksrk gS tks ty esa ?kqyus ij nks çdkj ds èkkrq vk;u nsrs
gSaA mnkgj.k% iksVk'k ,ye tSls ;kSfxd [K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3.
z lkèkkj.k yo.k% ,d lkèkkj.k yo.k ,d èkkrq ;k èkkrq
24 H2O] eksgj yo.k [FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4. 6H2O]] iQsfjd
dh rjg dke djus okys rRoksa ds lewg ds ekè;e ls ,d
vEy [Link] ls çfrLFkkiu ;ksX; gkbMªkstu [Link] ds [Link] ,ye [K2SO4. Fe2 (SO4)3.24H2O] vkfn f}yo.k gSaA
çfrLFkkiu }kjk curk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k% KCl, NaCl, FeS04] z tfVy yo.k% tfVy yo.k ,d ,slk yo.k gksrk gS ftlesa
Na2SO4, FeCl2 vkfn tSls ;kSfxd lkèkkj.k yo.k gSaA Li"V ,d tfVy vk;u ;k tfVy mnklhu [Link] gksrk gS ftlesa
:i ls ,d lkèkkj.k yo.k ds [Link] esa ,d çfrLFkkfir ,d dsaæh; èkkrq vk;u gksrk gS tks dbZ mnklhu [Link] ;k
gkbMªkstu&[Link] ugha gksrk gSA ½.kkosf'kr vk;uksa ls f?kjk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k% iksVsf'k;e
z vEyh; yo.k% vEy yo.k og gksrk gS ftlds [Link] esa iQsjkslkbukbM (K4[Fe(CN)6])] iksVsf'k;e vtZsaVks lkbukbM
,d ;k vfèkd çfrLFkkiu ;ksX; gkbMªkstu [Link] gksrs gSa (K[Ag(CN)2]) VsVªk ,feuks D;wfçd lYiQsV ([Cu(NH3)4]
vkSj èkkrq ;k èkukRed ewyd ds ekè;e ls vEy [Link] esa SO4) vkfn tSls ;kSfxd tfVy yo.k gSaA

jlk;u foKku 47
 okLro esa ;g gj fdlh midj.k dk ,d vfuok;Z fgLlk gS!
nSfud thou esa ç;qÙkQ gksus okys dqN yo.k
vk;ju 94 çkÑfrd :i ls ik, tkus okys rRoksa esa ls ,d gSA
z csfdax lksMk% csfdax lksMk] ftls lksfM;e ckbdkckZsusV ;g ,d èkkfRod lkexzh gS ftlesa flYoj&xzs jax vkSj èkkfRod
;k ckbdkckZsusV vkWiQ lksMk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ped gksrh gSA bldh [Link] la[;k 26 gS vkSj bldk çrhd
,d yksdfç; csfdax lkexzh gSA ;g czsM] dsd] efiQu Fe gSA xzg ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa yksgk ik;k tkrk gSA blesa Hkw&iiZVh
vkSj dqdht tSls •k| inkFkks± dks gYdk] iQwyk gqvk esa yxHkx 5» yksgk ik;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ekuk tkrk gS fd ;g
cukoV nsrk gSA xzg ds dksj dk yxHkx 80» fgLlk gSA yksgs ds çkÑfrd :i
z okf'kax lksMk% okf'kax lksMk dk mi;ksx diM+s èkksus ds ls ik, tkus okys pkj fLFkj leLFkkfud gSa tcfd de ls de
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA eq[; :i ls blh jlk;u ds dkj.k pkj vfLFkj leLFkkfud ekStwn gSaA
gh èkksch }kjk èkks, x, diM+s brus liQsn fn•kbZ nsrs
gSaA jklk;fud :i ls èkksus dk lksMk lksfM;e dkckZsusV •fut ds y{k.k
MsdkgkbMªsV gSA z ;g çkÑfrd :i ls ekStwn gksuk pkfg,A
z Cyhfpax ikmMj% Cyhfpax]diM+s dks liQsn cukus ds z ;g vdkcZfud gksuk pkfg,A
fy, mlls jax gVkus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA blds fy, yacs z ;g Bksl gksuk pkfg,A
le; ls Cyhfpax ikmMj dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk jgk z blesa ,d O;ofLFkr vkarfjd lajpuk gksuh pkfg,] vFkkZr
gSA jklk;fud :i ls] ;g dSfY'k;e vkWDlhDyksjkbM gSA blds [Link] dks ,d fuf'pr iSVuZ esa O;ofLFkr gksuk
z IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl% ;s IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl ls cus gksrs pkfg,A
gSa] ftUgsa ihvksih Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ftIle vkSj IykLVj z bldh ,d fuf'pr jklk;fud lajpuk gksuh pkfg, tks
vkWiQ isfjl ds chp ,dek=k varj fØLVyhÑr ty dh fufnZ"V lhekvksa ds Hkhrj fHkUu Hkh gks ldrh gSA¸
de ek=kk esa gSA
v;Ld
v;Ld os •fut gSa ftuls èkkrq,¡ lqfoèkktud vkSj ykHknk;d
2-13 •fut vkSj v;Ld
:i ls fudkyh tkrh gSaA
çkÑfrd •fut (Natural materials) v;Ldksa ds çdkj
z i`Foh] •futksa vkSj v;Ldksa dk eq[; lzksr gSA vfèkdka'k eq[; :i ls pkj çdkj ds v;Ld gksrs gSa tSls vkWDlkbM_
rRo viuh fØ;k'khy ço`fÙk ds dkj.k eqÙkQ voLFkk esa ugha
dkckZsusV v;Ld_ lYiQkbM_ gSykbM v;LdA
ik, tkrs gSaA iksVSf'k;e] lksfM;e] dSfY'k;e] eSXuhf'k;e]
,Y;qfefu;e] ftad] vk;ju] ysM vkfn la;qÙkQ voLFkk esa v;Ldksa ds çdkj rRo v;Ldksa ds uke
ikbZ tkus okyh èkkrq,¡ gSaA •fut os çkÑfrd inkFkZ gSa ftuesa ,Y;qehfu;e ckWDlkbV (Al2O3.2H2O)
èkkrq,¡ vkSj muds ;kSfxd i`Foh esa ik, tkrs gSaA v;Ld os rk¡ck D;wijkbV~l (Cu2O)
vkWDlkbM~l
•fut gSa ftuls èkkrq,¡ lqfoèkktud vkSj ykHknk;d :i ls yksgk gsesVkbV (Fe2O3)
fudkyh tkrh gSaA bu v;Ldksa esa èkkrq dk vPNh ek=kk esa fVu dSLVsjkbV (SnO2)
mifLFkr gksrh gSaA Hkw&iiZVh esa èkkrqvksa dh çpqjrkA dSfY'k;e pwukiRFkj (CaCO3)
,Y;qfefu;e 8-1» dkckZsusV v;Ld tLrk dSykfeu (ZnCO3)
yksgk 5-0 » yksgk flMsjkbV (FeCO3)
dSfY'k;e 3-6» tLrk ftadCysaM (ZnS)
lksfM;e 2-8» rk¡ck dkWij Xykal (Cu2S)
lYiQkbM
iksVSf'k;e 2-6» ysM xSysuk (PbS)
eSXuhf'k;e 2-1» edZjh flUukckj (HgS)
vU; lHkh 1-5» lksfM;e jkWd lkYV (NaCl)
,Y;qehfu;e lcls çpqj ek=kk esa ik;k tkus okyk èkkrq rRo gS gSykbM v;Ld ÝyksjkbM Ýyksjlij (CaF2)
ysfdu yksgs us ekuo bfrgkl esa cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS vkSj pk¡nh gkWuZ flYoj (AgCl)

48 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
v;Ld vkSj dqN lkekU; èkkrqvksa ds fu"d"kZ.k ds rjhds
èkkrq mifLFkfr fu"d"kZ.k fofèk
1- fyfFk;e LiksMqesus LiAl(SiO3)2_ fyfiMksykbV laxfyr dk bysDVªksfyfll LiCl/KCl
2- lksfM;e jkWd lkYV (NaCl) laxfyr dk bysDVªksfyfll NaCl/CaCl2
3- eSXuhf'k;e duZsykbV (KCl MgCl2.6H2O)_ eSXuhf'k;e (MgCO3) laxfyr MgO ;k MgCl2/KCl dk bysDVªksfyfll MgO
dh dkcZu vip;u
4- dSfY'k;e ykbeLVksu (CACO3)_ MksyksekbV (MgCO3.CaCO3)_ laxfyr dk bysDVªksfyfll CaCl2/CaF2
ftIle (CaSO4)
5- dkWij D;wijkbV~l (Cu2O)_ dkWij Xykal (Cu2S) vkaf'kd :i ls lYiQkbM dh jksfLVax vkSj vip;u
1Cu2O + Cu2S + 6Cu + SO2
6- ,Y;qfefu;e ckWDlkbV (Al2O3.2H2O)_ Øk;ksykbV fi?kys gq, Øk;ksykbV esa ;k Na2AlF6 esa ?kqfyr
(Na2AlF6) Al2O3
dk bysDVªksfyfll
7- ftad ftadCysaM (ZnS)_ tsulkbV (ZnO)_ dSykekbu HktZu vkSj fiQj C ds lkFk vip;u
(ZnCO3)
8- ysM xSysuk (PbS) lYiQkbM v;Ld dk HktZu fiQj vkWDlkbM dk vip;u
9- vk;ju gsesVkbV (Fe2O3)_
eSXusVkbV (Fe2O4)_ flMsjkbZV CykLV iQuZsl esa CO vkSj dksd dh enn ls vip;u]
(FeCO3)_ vk;ju ikbjkbV (FeS2)_ fyeksukbZV CO ds lkFk jklk;fud vip;u] dSYlhus'ku ds ckn
(Fe2O3.3H2O) CO ds lkFk] HktZu vkSj blds ckn CO ds lkFk vip;u

z de ;k dksbZ èkkfRod ped ughaA z xzsiQkbV% ;g rRo dkcZu dk fØLVyh; :i gS ftlds

z bysDVªkWuksa dks vklkuh ls çkIr djrs gSaA [Link] ,d "[Link]; lajpuk esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA ;g
z Hkaxqj Bksl] vk?kkroèkZuh; o ugha çkÑfrd :i ls ekStwn gksrk gS vkSj ekud ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
dkcZu dk lcls fLFkj :i gSA cgqr vfèkd nkc vkSj rki
z iQhds] èkkfRod&pednkj ugha] gkykafd os jaxhu gks ldrs gSaA
ij ;g ghjs esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;g uje gksrk gS vkSj
z ;s vke rkSj ij xSlsa gSa tSls & gkbMªkstu] vkWDlhtu] bldk mi;ksx ysM isafly cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
Ýyksjhu] Dyksjhu] vkxZu] fØIVu] vkfn_ Bksl tSls& dkcZu] mu vuqç;ksxksa esa mi;ksxh gS tgka xhyk Lusgd] rsy ds :i
iQkLiQksjl] lYiQj] lsysfu;e] vk;ksMhu] vkfn_ vkSj esa mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, bls 'kq"d Lusgd
rjy&czksehu (dsoy) (dry lubricant) dgrs gSaA ;g fo|qr dk vPNk lqpkyd gSA
z vkWDlksdkcZu% dkcZu dk ,d vkWDlksdkcZu ;k vkWDlkbM z ghjk% ghjk] dkcZu dk ,d Bksl :i gS ftlds [Link] ,d
,d vdkcZfud ;kSfxd gS] ftlesa dsoy dkcZu vkSj fØLVy lajpuk esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa ftls ghjk ?kukdkj dgk
vkWDlhtu gksrs gSaA lcls ljy vkSj lcls vke vkWDlks tkrk gSA ghjs dk mi;ksx vi?k"kZd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS
dkcZu dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM gSa D;ksafd ;g cgqr dBksj gksrk gSA dBksj lkexzh dks dkVus]
buds IUPAC (baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u vkWiQ I;ksj ,aM ,IykbM fMªy djus ;k ihlus ds mís'; ls ghjs ds NksVs [Link] dks
dsfeLVªh) uke Øe'k% dkcZu (II) ,DlkbM vkSj dkcZu (IV) vkjh ds CysM] fMªy fcV~l vkSj xzkbafMax OghYl esa yxk;k
vkWDlkbM gSaA tkrk gSA blesa viorZukad mPp gksrk gS vkSj ;g cgqr
vfèkd pednkj gksrk gSA bu [Link] ds dkj.k ghjk nqfu;k
z dkcZu ds rhu eq[; vij:i gSa%
dk lcls ewY;oku vkSj yksdfç; jRu gSA vU; çkÑfrd
(1) xzsiQkbV lkefxz;ksa ds lacaèk esa bldh rkih; pkydrk lcls vfèkd
(2) ghjk gSA bldk mi;ksx dkap ij 'kCnksa dks vafdr djus ds fy,
(3) cdfeaLVjiQqyjhu fd;k tkrk gSA

jlk;u foKku 49
 de xfrfofèk;ksa ds dkj.k bUgsa iSjkfiQu dgk tkrk gSA lar`Ir
2-14 dkcZu vkSj mlds ;kSfxd
gkbMªksdkcZu dh J`a•yk ds lnL;ksa dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n
vèkkrqvksa ds lkekU; xq.k gSa% + 2 }kjk fn;k x;k gS_ tgk¡ n J`a•yk ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k
z mPp vk;uhdj.k ÅtkZA gSA ehFksu] bZFksu] çksisu] C;wVsu] isaVsu vkfn tSls dkcZfud
z mPp fo|qR½.kkRedrkA ;kSfxd lar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu gSa ftuesa lHkh dkcZu [Link] ,d
z rki ds dqpkyd nwljs ls ,dy lgla;kstd caèku ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
cdfeULVj iQqyjhu% z vlar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu% ,fyiQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ds os ;kSfxd
ftuesa dkcZu [Link] ds nksgjs ;k frgjs lgla;kstd caèk
;g iQqyjhu dk ,d çdkj gS ftldk lw=k C 60 gksrk gSA bldh
gksrs gSa] vlar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu dgykrs gSaA ;g Hkh nks çdkj
lajpuk ,d fiatM+s ds leku gksrh gS tksfd ,d lkWdj ckWy
tSlk fn•rk gSA ;g 20 "kVHkqt vkSj 12 iapHkqt ls cuk gksrk gS] dk gksrk gS& ,Ydhu ;k vksysfiQu_ ,flfVyhu gkbMªksdkcZu
çR;sd cgqHkqt ds çR;sd 'kh"kZ ij ,d dkcZu [Link] ds gksrk ;k ,YdkbUlA
 ,Ydhu ;k vksysfiQu% vlar`Ir ,fyiQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu
gSA bldk mi;ksx 'kjhj esa nok forj.k ç.kkyh ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA os vU; [Link] dks iQalkus ds fy, •ks•ys fiatjksa ds ds os ;kSfxd ftuesa dkcZu [Link] ds nksgjs lgla;kstd
:i esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA bl rjg os 'kjhj ds pkjksa vksj nok caèk gksrs gSa mUgsa ,fFkyhu gkbMªksdkcZu ;k vksysfiQu ;k
ds [Link] dks ys tk ldrs gSa vkSj mUgsa tgka vko';d gks ,Ydsu dgk tkrk gSA bl [Link] ds lnL;ksa ds fy,
ogka igqapk ldrs gSa vkSj •rjukd inkFkks± dks 'kjhj esa iQalkdj lkekU; lw=k CnH2n gSA dkcZfud ;kSfxd ,fFkyhu
fudky ldrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx Lusgd vkSj mRçsjd ds :i esa (C2H4) ,Ydhu dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA  ,flfVyhu gkbMªksdkcZu ;k ,YdkbUl% vlar`Ir

Bksl dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ,fyiQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ds os ;kSfxd ftuesa dkcZu

[Link] esa fVªiy lgla;kstd caèk gksrs gSa] ,flfVyhu
z Bksl (tes gq,) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dks 'kq"d ciQZ ds
;k ,Ydkbu dgykrs gSaA bl J`a•yk ds lnL;ksa ds fy,
:i esa tkuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g ciQZ dh rjg fn•rk gS
lkekU; lw=k CIIH2n_2 gSA dkcZfud ;kSfxd ,flfVyhu
vkSj ;g rjy esa cnys fcuk] Bksl ls lhèks xSl esa cny
(C2H2) ;k bZFksu bl gkbMªksdkcZu dk lcls ljy
tkrk gSA 'kq"d ciQZ i`Foh ds ok;qeaMyh; nkc 78.5°C
mnkgj.k gSA
(–109.3°F) ij mèoZikfrr gksrh gSA ;g tes gq, •k| inkFkks±
dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tgka ;kaf=kd 'khryu z ,jkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu% ;g ,d can J`a•yk okyk
miyCèk ugha gSA gkbMªksdkcZu gS ftlesa ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dh xaèk gksrh
gSA gkbMªksdkcZu ds os ;kSfxd tks gkbMªkstu vkSj dkcZu
2-15 dkcZfud jlk;u ds ewy fl¼kar ls cus gksrs gSa vkSj ftudh 'kk•k,¡ csathu tSlh gksrh gSa]
,jksesfVd gkbMªksdkcZu dgykrs gSaA bl [Link] ds lnL;ksa dk
gkbMªksdkcZu lkekU; lw=k CnH2n–2 gSA csathu tSls fofHkUu ;kSfxd gSa_
gkbMªksdkcZu] gkbMªkstu vkSj dkcZu tSls isVªksy] Mhty vkSj feêðh Vkyfou] usIFkyhu] ,UFkzslhu vkfn ,jkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ds
ds rsy vkfn ds ljy la;kstu ls çkIr dkcZfud ;kSfxd gSaA mnkgj.k gSa ftuesa csathu lcls ljy gSA dHkh&dHkh lqxfUèkr
bls vkerkSj ij nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS% ,fyiQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu dks ,jhu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
gkbMªksdkcZu_ ,jksesfVd gkbMªksdkcZuA dkcZu] gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu ds dkcZfud ;kSfxd
gkbMªksdkcZu ds çdkj z ,YdksgkWy] bZFkj] ,LVj ,fYMgkbM] dhVksUl] dkckZsfDtfyd
z ,fyiQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu% ;g ,d •qyh J`a•yk okys vEy vkfn tSls fofHkUu dk;kZRed lewgksa ds fuf'pr
gkbMªksdkcZu gS tks xaèkghu gksrk gSA bls nks lewgksa esa oxhZÑr la?kVu vkSj la;kstu ls dkcZu] gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu
fd;k x;k gS& lar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu ;k ,Ydsu ;k iSjkfiQu_ ds fofHkUu dkcZfud ;kSfxd çkIr gksrs gSa ftudk fooj.k
vlar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu uhps fn;k x;k gS%
z lar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu ;k ,Ydsu ;k iSjkfiQu% bls ,Ydsu z ,Ydksgy% ;s dkcZu] gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu ds lcls
;k iSjkfiQu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA iSjkfiQu ,d ySfVu 'kCn gS] ljy ;kSfxd gksrs gSa ftuesa ,YdsUl ds gkbMªkstu [Link]
ftldk vFkZ gS& de lfØ; vkSj lar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu dh dks &OH dk;kZRed lewg }kjk çfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS

50 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 vkSj çkIr ;kSfxd dks ,YdksgkWy dgk tkrk gSA lkFk gh dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dk lkekU; lw=k
ftl ,sYdksgkyh ;kSfxd esa dsoy ,d& OH ekStwn gksrk dkcZfud lkekU; dkcZfud lkekU; lw=k
gS mls eksuksgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWy dgrs gSa tcfd nks & OH ;kSfxd lw=k ;kSfxd
dks MkbgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWy dgrs gSaA esFkukWy (feFkkby CnH2n+2 CnH2n + 2O
,Ydsu bZFkj
,YdksgkWy)] bFksukWy (,fFky ,YdksgkWy) vkfn tSls ;kSfxd CnH2n
,Ydhu ,fYMgkbM vkSj CnH2nO
eksuksgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWy ds mnkgj.k gSa] tcfd Xykbdksy
dhVksu
MkbgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWy ds mnkgj.k gSaA bl [Link] ds lnL;ksa
,Ydkbu CnH2n–2 dkckZsfDlfyd CnH2nO2
dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n + OH gSA
vEy
z ,fYMgkbM% dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftlesa & CHO CnH2n+2 O
,YdksgkWy çkFkfed ,fyiQsV CnH2n+1 NH2
fØ;kRed lewg ekStwn gksrs gSa] mUgsa ,fYMgkbM dgk tkrk
,ekbu
gS] ftuds lnL;ksa dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n+1 CHO gksrk CnH2n + X Cx(H2O)y
,Ydkby dkckZsgkbMªsV
gSA iQkWeZyfMgkbM] ,flVkyfMgkbM] çksfi;ksuyfMgkbM vkfn
gSykbM~l
tSls ;kSfxd ,fYMgkbM ds mnkgj.k gSaA
z dhVksUl% ,sls dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftuesa > C = 0 dk;kZRed 2-16 lkcqu vkSj viektZd
lewg ekStwn gksrk gS] dhVksUl dgykrs gSaA bl ifjokj ds
lnL;ksa dk lkekU; lw=k (CnH2n + 1)2 CO gSA ,lhVksu lkcqu vkSj viektZd jklk;fud ;kSfxd ;k ;kSfxdksa ds feJ.k
;k MkbfeFkkby dhVksu] feFkkby ,fFky dhVksu] Mk;Fkkby gksrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx liQkbZ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
dhVksu vkfn tSls ;kSfxd dhVksu ds mnkgj.k gSaA ty fojksèkh lewg
mnklhuhdj.k
z dkckZsDlfyd vEy% dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftuesa –COOH (ty&fojks/h iqPN)
dk;kZRed lewg ekStwn gksrk gS] dkckZsfDtfyd vEy dgykrs Na+
gSa vkSj muds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n yEch gkbMªksdkcZu J`a•yk
+ 1COOH ;k C2nH2n + 2O2 gSA iQkWfeZd vEy] ,flfVd ty 'kks"kh lewg
vEy] çksfi;ksfud vEy] C;wfVfjd vEy vkfn tSls ;kSfxd (ty&fç; fljk)
dkckZsfDtfyd vEy ds mnkgj.k gSaA fp=k 2-4% A detergent or soap molecule
z vEy ,ugkbMªkbM~l% ftu dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa R(CO) z lkcquhdj.k% lkcqu cukus ds fy, lkcquhdj.k lcls vke
O(CO)R' dk;kZRed lewg ekStwn gksrk gS mUgsa vEy çfØ;k gSA lkcqu vkSj ty (LoPN lkcqu) ds lkFk fXyljhu
,ugkbMªkbM dgk tkrk gSA bl ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk cukus ds fy, dbZ olk vkSj rsyksa dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS
lkekU; lw=k (CnH2n + 1CO)2O gSA ,flfVd ,ugkbMªkbM] vkSj ,d rjy {kkj ds lkFk feyk;k tkrk gSA
çksfi;ksfud ,ugkbMªkbM vkfn tSls ;kSfxd vEy ,ugkbMªkbM
vifj"Ñr iQSVh vEy vkSj fXyljhu çkIr djus ds fy, olk
ds mnkgj.k gSaA
vkSj rsy dks mPp ncko okyh Hkki ls gkbMªksykbt fd;k
z ,LVj% ,sls dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftuesa R + COO + R' dk;kZRed
tkrk gSA iQSVh vEy dks vklou }kjk 'kq¼ fd;k tkrk gS
lewg ekStwn gksrk gS] ,LVj dgykrs gSaA ifjokj ds lnL;ksa
vkSj lkcqu cukus ds fy, {kkj ds lkFk mnklhu fd;k tkrk
dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n + 1COOR ;k CnH2n + 1CO2R
gSA feFkkby iQkWeZsV] ,fFky iQkWeZsV] feFkkby ,lhVsV] ,fFky gSA
,lhVsV vkfn tSls ;kSfxd ,LVj ds mnkgj.k gSaA ,fFky z lkcqu cgqr olh; vEyksa ds la;kstu ds lksfM;e yo.k ;k
,lhVsV dk mi;ksx Ñf=ke b=k] lqxafèkr jax] jatd vkfn iksVSf'k;e yo.k gS tks ty esa ?kqydj liQkbZ dke vkrs
cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA gSaA buds dqN mnkgj.k gSa%] LVh;fjd vEy vksfyd vEy
z bZFkj% ftu dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa &0& dk;kZRed lewg ekStwn vkSj ikfefVd vEy dk mi;ksx djds cuk;k x;k lksfM;e
gksrk gS] mUgsa bZFkj dgk tkrk gSA ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk LVh;jsV] lksfM;e vksfy;sV vkSj lksfM;e ikfeVsVA lkcqu esa
lkekU; lw=k (CnH2n + l)2O gSA MkbfeFkkby bZFkj] Mk;Fkkby olk vkSj rsy gksrs gSaA
bZFkj vkfn tSls ;kSfxd bZFkj ds mnkgj.k gSaA MkbbFkkby bZFkj lkcqu dh fuekZ.k çfØ;k% lkcqu cukus ds fy, vko';d
dk mi;ksx laosnughurk ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bls olk vkSj rsy ikSèkksa vkSj tkuojksa ls fudkys tkrs gSaA
dsoy bZFkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA VªkbfXyljkbM [Link] uked iQSVh vEy cukus ds fy,]

jlk;u foKku 51
 fXyljhu ds ,d [Link] ds lkFk rhu iQSVh vEy [Link] tksM+s z viektZd% liQkbZ ds mís'; ds fy, viektZd cgqr
tkrs gSaA iQSVh vEy detksj vEy gksrs gSa tks nks Hkkxksa ls cus csgrj mik; gSa D;ksafd ty dh dBksjrk mUgsa çHkkfor ugha
gksrs gSaA ,d dkckZsfDtfyd vEy lewg ftlesa ,d gkbMªkstu djrh gSA vkt viektZd ,d csgrj rjy :i dk foy;u
(H) [Link]] nks vkWDlhtu (O) [Link]] vkSj ,d dkcZu gS ftldk mi;ksx liQkbZ ds mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk
(C) [Link]] vkSj dkckZsfDtfyd vEy lewg ls tqM+h ,d gSA viektZd esa bLrseky gksus okys liQZsDVsaV isVªksdsfedy
gkbMªksdkcZu J`a•yk gksrh gSA vke rkSj ij] ;g nks gkbMªkstu lkWY;w'ku ls cus gksrs gSaA muesa ls dqN gSa% isVªksdsfedYl
vkSj vksfy;ksdsfedYl] lYiQj VªkbvkWDlkbM] lYÝ;wfjd
(H) [Link] dks ys tkus okyh dkcZu (C) [Link] dh
vEy vkSj ,fFkyhu vkWDlkbMA {kkj ds :i esa iksVsf'k;e
,d yach lhèkh J`a•yk ls cuk gksrk gSA igys lkcqu cukus
vkSj lksfM;e dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ds fy, vko';d {kkj tkuojksa ls çkIr fd;k tkrk Fkk]
z viektZd dk fuekZ.k
ysfdu vc os fpfdRldh; :i ls rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA
 vk;uhÑr lrg% isVªksfy;e ;k olk vkSj rsyksa ls fudkys
lkcqu cukus esa bLrseky gksus okys lkekU; {kkj gSa lksfM;e
x, gkbMªksdkcZu dh jklk;fud çfrfØ;k iQSVh vEy ds
gkbMªkWDlkbM (NaOH)] ftls dkfLVd lksMk Hkh dgk tkrk
leku u, vEy mRiUu djrh gSA fiQj vk;uhÑr lrg
gS_ vkSj iksVsf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM (dsvks,p)] vkSj dkfLVd
[Link] dk mRiknu djus ds fy, u, vEy esa ,d {kkj
iksVk'k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA feyk;k tkrk gSA
tc lksfM;e dk mi;ksx {kkj ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] rks  xSj&vk;uhÑr lrg% gkbMªksdkcZu dks igys ,YdksgkWy
cuus okys lkcqu Bksl vkSj dBksj gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj {kkj esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fiQj ,fFkyhu vkWDlkbM
ds :i esa iksVSf'k;e okys lkcqu vfèkd uje gksrs gSaA lkcqu ds lkFk fØ;k djkbZ tkrh gSA var esa lrg dh lYiQj
dk liQkbZ xq.k ty dh dBksjrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftlesa ;qÙkQ vEy ds lkFk ,d vU; çdkj ds xSj&vk;uhÑr
gkfudkjd •fut gksrs gSaA lrg ds fy, fØ;k djkbZ tkrh gSA
v v v

52 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 3 tho&foKku

3-1 ifjp; z ck;ksesVªh% bls ck;ksLVSfVfLVDl ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk

gSA ;g tSfod voyksduksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ls MsVk [Link]
ySekdZ vkSj Vªsfojsul us ¶tho foKku¸ 'kCn dk loZçFke ç;ksx dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, lkaf[;dh; vkSj [Link];
fd;kA ;g thfor thoksa dk vè;;u gS] tks dbZ fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa fofèk;ksa dk fodkl vkSj vuqç;ksx gSA
foHkkftr gS ftles muds vkdkfjdh] 'kjhj foKku] 'kjhj jpuk] z ,aFkksykWth% iQwyksa dk vè;;uA
O;ogkj vkSj mRifÙk dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSaA z bdksykWth% tho foKku dh og 'kk•k tks thoksa ds ijLij
z twykWth% thfor vkSj foyqIr tkuojksa dk foLr`r vè;;uA vkSj muds HkkSfrd ifjos'k ds lacaèk ls lacafèkr gSA
z ouLifr foKku% ikSèkksa vkSj muds thou dk foLr`r z tsusfVDl% vkuqoaf'kdrk dk vè;;u ;k thfor tho dh
vè;;uA fo'ks"krk,a ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa dSls LFkkukarfjr
z thok'e foKku% thok'eksa ds vkèkkj ij i`Foh ij thou gksrh gSaA çR;sd thfor tho esa vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ gksrs gS
ds bfrgkl dk vè;;uA thok'e ikSèkksa] tkuojksa] dod] tks Mh,u, [Link] ls cus gksrs gS ;s thoksa ds iqu#Riknu
ij LFkkukarfjr gksrs gSA vkuqoaf'kdrk dh ewy bdkbZ
cSDVhfj;k vkSj ,ddksf'kdh; thoksa ds vo'ks"k gS tks
¶thu¸ gSA
vyx&vyx dky •aM pêðkuksa esa lajf{kr inkFkkZs ds :i
z fiQft;ksykWth% thfor çkf.k;ksa vkSj muds vaxksa ds lkekU;
esa ik, x, gSA dk;ks± dk vè;;uA
z iqjkouLifr foKku% ikSèkksa ds thok'eksa dk vè;;uA z isMksykWth% ;g e`nk dk mlds çkÑfrd okrkoj.k esa
z ck;ksukWfeDl% vius çkÑfrd vkokl esa thoksa ds thou vè;;u gSA ;g isMkstsusfll] e`nk vkdkfjdh vkSj e`nk
ds rjhds vkSj muds ifjos'k esa muds vuqdwyu dk oxhZdj.k ls lacafèkr gSA
vè;;uA ck;ksukWfeDl ,d tho vkSj mlds i;kZoj.k ds z lsjksykWth% jÙkQ lhje dk oSKkfud ;k uSnkfud ijh{k.k]
lkFk lacaèk dk O;kid vè;;u gSA bls ¶ikfjfLFkfrdh¸ fo'ks"k :i ls jksxtudksa ;k mifLFkr inkFkks± ds fy,
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA çfrj{kk ç.kkyh dh çfrfØ;k ds lacaèk esa vè;;uA

3-2 dksf'kdk
3-2-1 dksf'kdk dh lajpuk
Golgi
apparatus Plasma
membrane
Centriole
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Lysosome
Nuclear
envelope Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulums
Nucleus Cytoplasm
fp=k 3-1% dksf'kdk dh lajpuk (tarq dksf'kdk)
z tho foKku thfor thoksa dk vè;;u gSA muds Lo:i ,oa
dksf'kdk,a vkdkj] vkÑfr vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa
vkÑfr dk foLr`r fooj.k gh lgt mudh fofoèkrk dks
esa cgqr fHkUu gksrh gSa
çLrqr djrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekbdksIykTek] lcls NksVh dksf'kdk,a]
z dksf'kdk lHkh thfor thoksa dh ewyHkwr] lajpukRed vkSj yackbZ esa dsoy 0-3 ekbØksehVj gSa tcfd cSDVhfj;k 3
dk;kZRed bdkbZ gSA ls 5 ekbØksehVj gksrs gSaA
z ,aVksuh oSu yhmosugkWd us igyh ckj dksf'kdk dks ns•k o z lcls cM+h i`Fkd ,dy dksf'kdk 'kqrqjeqxZ dk vaMk
bldk [Link] fd;kA jkWcVZ czkmu us ckn esa dsaæd dh •kst gSA iSjkehf'k;e] vehck] ;wXyhuk tSlh NksVh dksf'kdk,a
dhA ckj&ckj viuk vkdkj cnyrh gSaA
z dksf'kdkvksa dk vkdkj fo'ks"kr lw{e gksrk gSA gkykafd
viokn Lo:i ,d fof'k"V ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk O;kl esa dksf'kdk ds ?kVd
10 ls 100 ekbØksehVj (feeh) gksrh gS] tcfd vfèkdka'k z dksf'kdk,a eki ]vkdkj o dk;Z dh n`f"V ls dkiQh fHkUu
çksdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa dk O;kl 1 ls 10 ekbØksehVj gksrh gS] ysfdu bu fHkUurkvksa ds ckotwn] lHkh dksf'kdk,a
gksrk gSaA ekSfyd :i ls ,d nwljs ls yxHkx leku gksrh gSaA
z ysfdu pkj çeq• fo'ks"krk,¡ lHkh dksf'kdkvksa esa leku gksrh gSa %

Plasma Ribosomes to
Cytoplasm Nucleoid synthesize
membrane proteins

fp=k 3-2% lHkh dksf'kdkvksa dh leku fo'ks"krk,a

3-2-2 IykTek f>Yyh z çR;sd dksf'kdk esa dsaæd f>Yyh ,oa dksf'kdk f>Yyh ds
z IykTek f>Yyh dksf'kdk dh ,d iryh ckgjh ijr gksrh gS eè; ik;k tkus okyk rjy inkFkZ dksf'kdk æO; dgykrk gSA
tks ckgjh nqfu;k ds lkFk ikjLifjd fØ;k djrh gSA z dksf'kdk æO; esa fofHkUu vkWxZsusy vkSj lw{e o LFkwy [Link]
z IykTek f>Yyh yphyh gksrh gS rFkk ;g iQkWLiQksfyfiM~l
vkSj çksVhu ls cuh gksrh gSA gksrs gSa tks dksf'kdk ds dkedkt esa enn djrs gSaA
z ;g p;ukRed :i ls ikjxE; gksrh gS rFkk dksf'kdk ds z ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa esa] dksf'kdk æO; ukfHkd vkSj
vanj vkSj ckgj [Link] ds ifjogu dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA IykTek f>Yyh ds chp ds Hkkx dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
3-2-3 dksf'kdk æO; z dksf'kdk æO; dk og Hkkx ftlesa foy;u esa dkcZfud [Link]
vkSj vk;u gksrs gSa] lkbVkslksy dgykrk gSA

3-2-4 U;wfDy;kWbM vkSj U;wfDy;l

çR;sd dksf'kdk esa Mh,u, (MhvkWDlhjkbcksU;wfDyd ,flM)]
oa'kkuqxr [Link] gksrk gSA
z çksdSfj;ksV~l esa vfèkdka'k vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, ds ,d
xksykdkj [Link] esa fLFkr gksrs gSA
z ;g vkerkSj ij U;wfDy;kWbM uked {ks=k esa dksf'kdk ds
dsaæd ds ikl jgrk gSA
z ;wdSfj;ksV~l dk Mh,u, dsaæd esa fufgr gksrk gS tks ,d
nksgjh&f>Yyh lajpuk ls f?kjk gksrk gS ftls U;wfDy;j
fp=k 3-3% ikni dksf'kdk vkoj.k dgk tkrk gSA

54 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 fp=k 3-4% U;wfDy;kWbM ;k U;wfDy;l
dsUæd ds çeq• ?kVd 3-2-7 ekbVksdkWfUMª;k
z U;wfDy;ksIykTe dksf'kdk dk dsaæh; {ks=k gksrk gS ftlesa ekbVksdkWfUMª;k ckgjh f>Yyh vkSj vkarfjd f>Yyh c¼ ds lkFk
vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ gksrs gSA ,d nksgjh f>Yyh&;qÙkQ lajpuk gSA
z dsaæd ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa ds dsaæd esa ekStwn fof'k"V
z ekbVksdkWfUMª;k ok;oh; 'olu ds LFky gSaA ;s ,Vhih
lajpuk gSA eq[; :i ls] ;g jkbckslkse dks tksM+us] LFkkukarj.k
(,Msuksflu VªkbiQkWLiQsV) ds :i esa fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dk
vkj,u, ds ifjorZu vkSj lsyqyj ruko dks de djus esa
Hkkx ysrk gSA dsaæd vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ vkSj çksVhu ls cuk mRiknu djrs gSa] blfy, bls dksf'kdk dk ikoj gkml
gksrk gS] tks fof'k"V Øksekslksey {ks=kksa ds vklikl curk gSA dgk tkrk gSA
ØkseSfVu% ØkseSfVu Mh,u, vkSj çksVhu dh tfVy lajpuk
gS tks ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa ds dsaæd ds Hkhrj [Link]=k
cukrk gSA e

3-2-5 jkbckslkse Granulus

jkbckslkse jkbckslksey vkj,u, [Link] vkSj çksVhu ls cuh l?ku
[Link]; lajpuk gS tks dksf'kdkvksa esa çksVhu la'ys"k.k ds fy, fp=k 3-5% ekbVksdkWfUMª;k
txg cukrk gSA z ekbVksdkWfUMª;k (lw=[Link]) ds vkèkk=kh esa ,dy o`rkdkj
z ;wdSfj;ksfVd jkbckslkse 80S o çksdSfj;ksfVd jkbckslkse 70S Mh,u, [Link] o dqN vkj,u, jkbckslkse (70S) rFkk çksVhu
çdkj ds gksrs gSaA la'ys"k.k ds fy, vko';d ?kVd feyrs gSaA
z ;gk¡ ij S (LosMcxZ bdkbZ) volknu [Link] dks çnf'kZr
djrk gS_ ;g vçR;{k :i ls vkSj vkdkj o ?kuRo dks
O;ÙkQ djrk gSA
3-2-6 dksf'kdkax
vkWxZsfu;Yl dksf'kdk vaxd fo'ks"k lajpuk,a gSa tks dksf'kdkvksa
ds vanj fofHkUu dk;Z djrh gSaA 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ lw{e
vax gksrk gSA
z dksf'kdkax dksf'kdk dks thfor j•us ds fy, fof'k"V dk;Z
djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekbVksdkWfUMª;k ,Vhih (,Msuksflu
VªkbiQkWLiQsV) dk mRiknu djrk gS tks dksf'kdkvksa dh ÅtkZ
ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA fp=k 3-5A% dksf'kdkvksa esa ekbVksdkWfUMª;k dh ikap Hkwfedk,a

tho&foKku 55
3-2-8 var% f>fYydk ra=k 3-2-9 IykfLVM
z dbZ vaxksa dks var%f>Yyh ç.kkyh ds :i esa ,d lkFk ekuk z IykfLVM(yod) lHkh ikni dksf'kdkvksa rFkk ;wXyhuksbM~l
tkrk gS D;ksafd muds dk;Z lefUor gksrs gSaA esa ik, tkrs gSaA
z bl ra=k ds varxZr varæZO;h tkfydk] xk¡Ythdk;] ykblkslkse z blesa fof'k"V çdkj ds [Link] feyus ds dkj.k ikSèks
vkSj jlèkkuh vkrs gSaA fHkUu&fHkUu jax ds fn•kbZ iM+rs gSaA
varæZO;h tkfydk z [Link] ds çdkj ds vkèkkj ij yod dbZ rjg ds gksrs gS
z varæZO;h tkfydk dksf'kdk ds vanj f>fYy;ksa dk ,d tSls –gfjr yod][Link] yod] [Link] yodA
usVodZ gS ftlds ekè;e ls çksVhu vkSj vU; [Link] pyrs gSaA z ekbVksdkWfUMª;k dh rjg] gfjr yod nksgjh f>Yyh ;qÙkQ
varæZO;h tkfydk ds çdkj gksrs gSaA blesa NksVs o`rkdkj Mh,u, [Link] vkSj jkbckslkse Hkh
z •qjnjh varæZO;h tkfydk% bldh lrg ij jkbckslkse tqM+s gksrs gSaA
gksrs gSa rFkk ;g çksVhu la'ys"k.k esa lfØ; Hkkx ysrh gSA
3-2-10 LVse dksf'kdk
z fpduh varæZO;h tkfydk% jkbckslkse dh vuqifLFkfr esa
;g fpduh yxrh gSa vr% bls fpduh varæZO;h tkfydk z ewy dksf'kdk,a cgqdksf'kdh; tarqvksa esa vfoHksfnr ;k vkaf'kd
dgrs gSA fpduh varæZO;h tkfydk çkf.k;ksa esa fyfiM :i ls foHksfnr dksf'kdk,a gksrh gSa tks 'kjhj ds fdlh Hkh
la'ys"k.k ds çeq• LFky gksrs gSA fyfiM dh Hkkafr LVhjk;My vax dks dksf'kdk ds :i esa fodflr dj ldrh gSa rFkk
gkekZsu fpduh varæZO;h tkfydk esa gksrs gSaA vfrfjÙkQ LVse dksf'kdkvksa dk mRiknu djus ds fy, varghu
xkWYth midj.k :i ls [Link] dj ldrh gSaA
z xkWYth fiaM] ,d dksf'kdk vax gS ftls xkWYth midj.k ds
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tks çksVhu vkSj fyfiM [Link] dks
çkslsl vkSj iSdst djus esa enn djrk gSA
ykblklkse
z ykblklkse f>Yyh&iqfVdk lajpuk gksrh gS ftlesa fofHkUu
gkbMªksykbfVd ,atkbe gksrs gSaA
z ;s ,atkbe dkckZsgkbMªsV]çksVhu ]fyfiM ]U;wfDyd vEy vkfn
ds ikpu esa l{ke gSaA
fp=k 3-6% dksf'kdkvksa ds çdkj
z ;s cSDVhfj;k vkSj ok;jl tSls jksxtudksa dks Hkh u"V dj
çfrj{kk esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA 3-2-11 dksf'kdkvksa dk oxhZdj.k
z bUgsa dksf'kdk dh vkRe?kkrh FkSyh Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd tfVyrk ds vkèkkj ij] dksf'kdkvksa dks oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk
;s dksf'kdkvksa dks Lo;a u"V djus esa enn djrk gSaA
gS
jlèkkuh
;wdSfj;ksfVd vkSj çksdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk,aA
z jlèkkuh lkbVksIykTe esa ikbZ tkus okyh f>Yyh &c¼ txg
gksrh gSA z ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa esa f>Yyhe; dsaæd vkoj.k
z buesa ikuh] jl] mRlftZr inkFkZ o vU; mRikn Hkh feyrs gS ;qÙkQ O;ofLFkr dsaæd gksrk gSaA
tks dksf'kdk ds fy, mi;ksxh ugha gSaA z çksdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa esa f>Yyhe; O;ofLFkr dsaæd
z jlèkkuh ,dy f>Yyh ls vko`r gksrh gS ftls VksuksIykLV ugha gksrk gSaA
dgrs gSaA z ;wdSfj;ksV~l dks tarq dksf'kdkvksa vkSj ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa
z ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa ;g dksf'kdk dk 90 çfr'kr LFkku foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa dksf'kdk
?ksjrk gSaA f>Yyh ds ckgj ,d dksf'kdk fHkfÙk gksrh gSA

56 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 fp=k 3-7% dksf'kdk dk oxhZdj.k
fo'ks"krk çksdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk
dksf'kdk dk vkdkj lkekU;r 0-2 ls 2-0 ekbØksehVj O;kl ds eè; lkekU;r 10 ls 100 ekbØksehVj O;kl ds
eè;
vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr cSDVhfj;k vkSj vkfdZ;k i'kq vkSj ikSèks
dsaæd vuqifLFkr mifLFkr
esEczsu&layXu vax vuqifLFkr orZeku% [Link] esa varæZO;h tkfydk]
xk¡Ythdk;] ekbVksdkWfUMª;k] ykblkslkse vkSj
jlèkkuh 'kkfey gSaA
d'kkfHkdk (Flagella) nks çksVhu fcfYMax CykWDl ls feydj curk gSA dkWEIysDl% blesa dbZ lw{eufydk,a gksrh gSaA
dksf'kdk fHkfÙk vkerkSj ij ekStwn% (jklk;fud :i ls tfVy) dsoy ikni dksf'kdkvksa vkSj dod esa
(jklk;fud :i ls ljy)
LVsjkW;M ds lkFk IykTek f>Yyh ugha mifLFkr
dksf'kdk æO; lkbVksLdsysVu ;k lkbVksIykfTed LVªhfeax ugha lkbVksLdsysVu% lkbVksIykfTed LVªhfeax
jkbckslke NksVs cM+s
dksf'kdk foHkktu f}•aMu lelw=kh
[Link]=kksa dh la[;k ,d (but not true chromosome) ,d ls vfèkd
;kSu çtuu vèkZlw=khfoHkktu ugha% dsoy Mh,u, va'kksa dk vèkZlw=khfoHkktu esa 'kkfey
LFkkukarj.k (la;qXeu)
S.N. ikni dksf'kdk ç[Link] dksf'kdk
1- ç[Link] dksf'kdkvksa ls cM+h gksrh gSa lkekU;r ikni dksf'kdkvksa ls NksVh gksrh gS
2- IykTek f>Yyh ds vykok dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ekStwn gksrh gS vkSj blesa eè; dksf'kdk fHkfÙk vuqifLFkr
iVfydk] çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d vkoj.k gksrk gSa
3- IykTeksMsLekVk mifLFkr IykTeksMslesVk vuqifLFkr
4- DyksjksIykLV mifLFkr DyksjksIykLV vuqifLFkr
5- jlèkkuh cM+h vkSj LFkk;h gksrh gS jlèkkuh NksVh vkSj vLFkk;h gksrh gS
6- VksuksIykLV jlèkkuh ds pkjksa vksj mifLFkr gksrk gS VksuksIykLV vuqifLFkr
7- ikSèkksa dh xfr'khy dksf'kdkvksa dks NksM+dj lsaVªhvksYl vuqifLFkr gSa lsaVªhvksYl mifLFkr
8- dksf'kdk dh ifjfèk ds lkFk dsaæd ekStwn dksf'kdk ds eè; esa dsaæd mifLFkr
9- ykblkslkse nqyZHk gSa ykblkslkse mifLFkr gSa
10- HkaMkj.k lkexzh LVkpZ xzsu HkaMkj.k lkexzh Xykbdkstu [Link]

tho&foKku 57
lkekU; dksf'kdk çdkj esa fopyu z dqN ok;jl ifjokjksa esa ,d vfrfjÙkQ vkoj.k gksrk gS] ftls
z fo"[Link]% fo"[Link] (ok;jl) dk vFkZ fo"k ;k fo"kSyk rjyA ,uosyi dgk tkrk gS] tks vkerkSj ij vkaf'kd :i ls
;s vius fof'k"V estcku dksf'kdk ds ckgj fuf"Ø; gksrs gS la'kksfèkr estcku dksf'kdk f>Yyh ls çkIr gksrk gSA
gSaA fo"[Link] vfodYih ijthoh gSaA  ok;jy ,uosyi esa ,d f}vkoj.k@ ckbys;j fyfiM gksrk

z fofj;u% fo"[Link] vkSj fofj;u ds chp eq[; varj ;g gS gS tks ok;jl&,UdksMsM esEczsu&lacafèkr çksVhu ds •ksy
fd fo"[Link] U;wfDy;ksçksVhu d.k gS tcfd fofj;u fo"[Link] dks doj djrk gSA
dk lfØ;] laØked :i gSA  ckbys;j dk ckgjh Hkkx ok;jl&dksMsM] XykbdksflysVsM

(Vªkal) esEczsu çksVhu ls tqM+k gksrk gSA blfy,] vkoj.k

okys ok;jl vDlj XykbdksçksVhu LikbDl ;k ukWCl ds
,d fÚat dks çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
z fo"[Link]] pspd] nkn vkSj bUÝyw,atk tSlh chekfj;ksa dk
dkj.k curs gSaA
z fçvksu% ;s laØked çksVhu d.k gksrs gSa tks dbZ gkfudkjd
fp=k 3-8% ,d fof'k"V ifjx`ghr fo"[Link] jksxtud jksxksa dks iSnk djus esa l{ke gSaA fçvksu çksVhu tks
ok;jl dh lkekU; lajpuk efLr"d esa lcls vfèkd ek=kk esa ik, tkrs gSaA
,d [Link] laØked ok;jl dks fofj;u dgk tkrk gSA z okbjksbM~l laØked ,tsaV gSa tks fcuk fdlh lqj{kkRed ijr
tSls çksVhu dksV ds dsoy uXu vkj,u, ls cus gksrs gSaA
 okbjksbM~l ikSèkksa dks laØfer djrs gSa (ysfdu thou

dk dksbZ vU; :i ugha) vkSj estcku dksf'kdk ij

[Link] djrs gSaA
 okbjksbM~l thukse vkj,u, ds NksVs ,dy vkoj.k gksrs

gSa tks dsoy 250&400 vkèkkj yacs gksrs gSaA

z ykbdsu% ykbdsu 'kSoky rFkk dod ds lgthoh lgokl
vFkkZr ikjLifjd mi;ksxh lgokl gSaA
 'kSoky ?kVd dks 'ksokyka'k rFkk dod ds ?kVd dks

ekbdksok;UV (dodka'k) dgrs gS] tks Øe'k% Loiks"kh

vkSj ijiks"kh gksrs gSaA
 'kSoky dod ds fy, Hkkstu la'ysf"kr djrk gSa vkSj

dod 'kSoky ds fy, vkJ; nsrk gSa rFkk •fut ,oa

ty dk vo'kks"k.k djrk gSaA
 ykbdsu cgqr vPNs çnw"k.k ladsrd gSa & os çnwf"kr
fp=k 3-9% ok;jl lajpuk {ks=kksa esa ugha mxrs gSaA
lcls ljy fo"[Link] esa nks ewy ?kVd gksrs gSa ,Msuksok;jl% ,Msuksok;jl lkekU; ok;jl gSa tks dbZ çdkj
z U;wfDyd ,flM (flaxy& ;k Mcy&LVªSaMsM vkj,u, ;k dh chekfj;ksa tSls BaM ds y{k.k] cq•kj] xys esa •jk'k]
Mh,u,) czksadkbfVl] fueksfu;k] nLr dk dkj.k curs gSaA
z ,d çksVhu dksV] dSfIlM] tks laØe.k ds nkSjku ok;jy jsVªksok;jl% ,d çdkj dk ok;jl ftlesa vkuqoaf'kd lkexzh
thukse dks U;wDyht ls cpkus ds fy, ,d •ksy ds ds :i esa Mh,u, ds ctk; vkj,u, gksrk gSA ;g estcku
:i esa dk;Z djrk gS_ ;g fo"[Link] dks laHkkfor estcku dksf'kdkvksa ds Mh,u, dk fgLlk cuus ds fy, fjolZ
dksf'kdk ij fLFkr fof'k"V fjlsIVlZ ls tksM+rk gSA VªkalfØiVsl uked ,atkbe dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

58 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
ikWftfVo lsal vkSj usxsfVo lsal vkj,u, ok;jl D;k gS\
ikWftfVo lsal flaxy (LVªsaMsM vkj,u, ok;jl) usxsfVo&lsal flaxy (LVªsaMsM vkj,u, ok;jl)
z estcku dksf'kdk esa] ok;jl ds ikWftfVo lsal vkj,u, dks z bu fo"[Link] esa vuqokaf'kd lkexzh ds :i esa usxsfVo&lsal
lhèks ok;jy çksVhu esa :ikarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA vkj,u, gksrk gSA
z ;g estcku mRNA ds :i esa 5′ ls 3′ rd gksrk gSA z ;g estcku jkbckslkse }kjk iBuh; ugha gSA
z pwafd estcku jkbckslkse :ikarj.k ds fy, 5′ ls 3′ rd z lcls igys] udkjkRed&laosnh RNA (3′ ls 5′) ok;jl
pyrk gS] ikWftfVo lsal flaxy LVªsaMsM vkj,u, dk RNA& vkfJr RNA iksyhejst }kjk èkukRed& Hkko RNA
mi;ksx lhèks çksVhu la'ys"k.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (5′ ls 3′) esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA
z ikWftfVo lsal vkj,u, rc ,evkj,u, ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gS rFkk jkbckslkse }kjk çksVhu esa :ikarfjr gksrk gSA

3-3 laxBu dk vuqØe.k z laxBu dk vax xzsM% vaxksa esa fofHkUu çdkj ds Årdksa dk
,d=khdj.k ,d vkSj Lrj cukrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% xqnkZA
ç[Link] Øfed bdkb;ksa esa O;ofLFkr dbZ bdkb;ksa ls cuk z vax ra=k [Link] dk laxBu% vax dk;Z tSls ifjlapj.k]
gksrk gS% [Link] vkWxZsusy dh bdkb;k¡ gSa] vkWxZsusy os bdkb;k¡ gSa tks 'olu] çtuu] ikpu] vkfn djus ds fy, ,d lkFk dke
dksf'kdk,¡ cukrh gSa] dksf'kdk,¡ os bdkb;k¡ gSa tks Ård cukrh gSa] djrs gSa)A
rFkk Ård bdkb;k¡ vax cukrh gSa] vkSj vax vax ra=k cukrs gSaA
z laxBu dk çksVksIykfTed xzsM% lHkh thor dk;Z ,d gh 3-4 thoksa dk oxhZdj.k
dksf'kdk dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj lhfer gSaA dksf'kdk ds Hkhrj]
vjLrw oxhZdj.k ds fy, vfèkd oSKkfud vkèkkj dk ç;kl djus
çksVksIykTe dks fo'ks"k dk;ks± dks djus esa l{ke vkWxZsusy esa
okys igys O;fÙkQ FksA
foHksfnr fd;k tkrk gSA (tSls] çksfVLV)
z mUgksaus ikSèkksa mUgksaus dks isM+ksa] >kfM+;ksa vkSj tM+h&cwfV;ksa
esa oxhZÑr djus ds fy, ljy :ikRed y{[Link] dk
mi;ksx fd;kA
z mUgksaus tkuojksa dks Hkh nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k] ftuesa
yky jÙkQ Fkk vkSj ftuds ikl ugha FkkA
z thoksa dks oxhZÑr djus dh rduhd dks oxhZdj.k ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA
ofxZdh laoxZ
fp=k 3-10% Grades of Organization z lkr eq[; ofxZdh jSad gSa% fdaxMe] iQkbye ;k la?k] oxZ]
z laxBu dk dksf'kdh; xzsM% dksf'kdh; laxBu dksf'kdkvksa x.k] dqy] oa'k] tkfrA
dk ,d=khdj.k gS tks dk;kZRed :i ls foHksfnr gSaA  fdaxMe% tarq ds ofxZdh ra=k esa fofHkUu la?kks ds lHkh

 Je dk foHkktu Li"V gS ftlls dqN dksf'kdkvksa dk çkf.k;ksa mPpre laoxZ txr esa j•k x;k gSA
lacaèk] çtuu o iks"k.k ls gSA  la?k% txr ds Hkhrj thoksa ds chp dqN çdkj dh

 ,slh dksf'kdk,a Årdksa esa laxfBr ugha gksrh gSa ysfdu HkkSfrd lekurk •kstus ds fy, la?k thfor thoksa dk
fuf'pr iSVuZ cuk ldrh gSaA Liat laxBu ds Lrj ij oxhZdj.k gSA
gksrk gSaA mnkgj.k% fdaxMe ,fuesfy;k ds rgr iQkbye vkFkzkZsiksMkA
z laxBu dk Ård xzsM% Ård ,d tho esa dksf'kdkvksa  oxZ% ,d oxZ lHkh thoksa ds tSfod oxhZdj.k esa ç;qÙkQ

dk ,d leqPp; gksrk gS ftudh lajpuk vkSj dk;Z leku ,d in gSA çR;sd oxZ dks vkns'kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
gksrs gSaA x;k gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,% ikni Ård foHkT;ksrd Ård vkSj  x.k% ;g VSDlk ifjokj ds Åij thoksa dk ,d lewg

laoguh Ård gksrs gSaA gS] tks leku y{[Link] dks lk>k djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds

tho&foKku 59
 fy, vkWMZj çkbesV~l esa ekuo vkSj vU; Lruèkkjh leku rFkk vkWDlhtu ds fcuk thfor jgrh gSaA dbZ ekbdksIykTek
pfj=k okys gksrs gSa ftuesa ;qok yksxksa dks f•ykus ds fy, tkuojksa vkSj ikSèkksa esa jksxtud gksrs gSaA
Lru xzafFk;ka gksrh gSaA çksfVLVk txr
 dqy% ;g ,d VSDlksukWfed lewg gS ftlesa ,d ;k ,d z lHkh ,dy&dksf'kdk okys ;wdSfj;ksV~l dks çksfVLVk ds
ls vfèkd thul gksrs gSa tks [Link]± ds ,d lkekU; lewg varxZr j•k x;k gSA
dks lk>k djrs gSaA z çksfVLVk ds lnL; eq[; :i ls tyh; gksrs gSaA
 oa'k% leku y{[Link] okyh lacafèkr çtkfr;ksa dk la?kfur z çksfVLV dksf'kdk ds 'kjhj esa ,d vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr
lewgA dsaæd vkSj vU; f>Yyh&c¼ vax gksrs gSaA
 çtkfr;k¡% oxhZdj.k dh ewy bdkbZA mnkgj.k ds fy,%
dod txr
gkseks lsfi;UlA
z dod cgqdksf'kdh; gksrs gSa] ,d dksf'kdk fHkfÙk o dsaæd
lkezkT; ,fuesfy;k lfgr vkWxZsusy ls cuk gksrk gS] ysfdu dksbZ DyksjksIykLV
la?k dkWMZsVk ugha gksrk gSA
oxZ eSesfy;k z buds yksdkseks'ku ds fy, dksbZ ra=k ugha gSA
x.k dkjuhoksjk z e'k:e blh la?k ls lacafèkr gSA os lSçksiQkbfVd] Mhdaikstj]
dqy iQsfyMk, ijthoh ;k dkWçksfiQyl (xkscj ij mxus okys) gSaA
oa'k isaFksjk E;wdksfeZdksfll
tkfr iknZl bls CySd iQaxl ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g
IykaVh vkSj ,uhefy;k lkezkT;ksa ds lkFk oxhZdj.k dh usØksfll iSnk djrk gS vkSj bls çHkkfor djus okys fV';w dks
nks fdaxMe ç.kkfy;ka fodflr dh xb± ftuesa Øe'k% lHkh dkyk dj nsrk gSA
ikSèks vkSj tkuoj 'kkfey FksA ;g ç.kkyh ;wdsfj;ksV~l vkSj E;wdksfeZdksfll ,d dod laØe.k gS tks iQkbye
çksdSfj;ksV~l] ,ddksf'kdh; vkSj cgqdksf'kdh; thoksa ds chp XyksesjksekbdksVk ls lacafèkr lw{ethoksa ds ,d lewg ds dkj.k
varj ugha djrh FkhA gksrk gSA
3-4-1 ik¡p txr oxhZdj.k z ;g ,d •rjukd ysfdu nqyZHk dod laØe.k gS tks
E;wdksfeZdksfll ds uke ls tkus tkus okys iQiQwanksa ds ,d
z vkj,p fOgVsdj (1969) us ikap txr oxhZdj.k dk çLrko
lewg }kjk mRiUu gksrk gSA
j•k FkkA muds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr txrksa dk uke eksusjk]
çksfVLVk] dod] IykaVh vkSj ,fueSfy;k FkkA ikni txr
eksusjk txr z IykaVh fdaxMe esa lHkh tho vkrs gSa tks ;wdSfj;ksfVd gS vkSj
z [Link] eksusjk txr ds ,dek=k lnL; gSaA ;s lw{ethoksa esa ftues DyksjksfiQy gksrs gSA ,sls thoksa dks ikni dgk¡ tkrk gSA
lokZfèkd la[;k esa gksrs gSaA z dqN ikni tSls fd dhVHk{kh ikSèks ;k ijthoh vkaf'kd :i
z dqN [Link] Loiks"kh gksrs gSa] vFkkZr os vdkcZfud lcLVªsV~l ls fo"keiks"kh gksrs gSaA
ls viuk Hkkstu Lo;a la'ysf"kr djrs gSaA z CySMjokWVZ vkSj ohul ÝykbZ VªSi dhVHk{kh ikSèkksa ds vkSj
z os çdk'k la'ys"kd Loiks"kh ;k jlk;u la'ys"kh Loiks"kh gks vejcsy (dqLdqVk) ijthoh dk mnkgj.k gSA
ldrs gSaA z ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa eq[; :i dksf'kdk fHkfÙk gksrh gS tks
z vfèkdka'k [Link] fo"keiks"kh gksrs gSa] vFkkZr os Hkkstu ds lsY;qykst dh cuh gksrh gSA
fy, vU; thoksa ;k e`r dkcZfud inkFkks± ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA tarq txr
mnkgj.k% dbZ tqxkyh djus okys tkuojksa tSls xk; vkSj HkSal ds z bl txr ds tho fo"keiks"kh ;wdSfj;ksfVd gS tks cgqdksf'kd
isV esa esFkukstsu ekStwn gksrs gSa vkSj os bu tkuojksa ds xkscj ls gSa vkSj mudh dksf'kdk esa dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ugha gksrh gSA
ehFksu (ck;ksxSl) ds mRiknu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA z ;s Hkkstu ds fy, çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls ikSèkksa ij fuHkZj
z ekbdksIykTek ,sls tho gSa ftuesa iwjh rjg ls dksf'kdk gksrs gSaA
fHkfÙk ugha gksrh gSA os Kkr lcls NksVh thfor dksf'kdk,a gSa z ;s vius Hkkstu dks vkarfjd xqfgdk esa ipkrs gSA

60 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
ikap txr
Characters eksusjk çksfVLVk iQatkbZ IykaVh ,fuesfy;k
dksf'kdk çdkj çksdSfj;ksfVd ;wdSfj;ksfVd;wdSfj;ksfVd ;wdSfj;ksfVd ;wdSfj;ksfVd
dksf'kdk fHkfÙk vdksf'kd (cgq'kdZjkbM) dqN esa mifLFkr
mifLFkr (lsY;qyksl mifLFkr (lsY;qyksl vuqifLFkr
$ ,ehuks ,flM jfgr) lfgr)
dsaæd f>Yyh vuqifLFkr mifLFkr mifLFkr mifLFkr mifLFkr
dk; lajpuk dksf'kdh; dksf'kdh; cgqdksf'kd @vn`< Ård@vax Ård@vax @vax ra=k
Ård
iks"k.k dh fofèk Loiks"kh (jlk;u&la'ys"kh Loiks"kh (çdk'k ijiks"kh (e`r iks"kh Loiks"kh (çdk'k ijiks"kh (ç[Link]
,oa çdk'k la'ys"kh) rFkk la'ys"kh) rFkk ,oa ijthoh) la'ys"kh) leHkksth] e`r iks"kh
ijiks"kh (e`r iks"kh ,oa ijiks"kh bR;kfn)
ijthoh)
ouLifr txr dk oxhZdj.k
'kSoky
z 'kSoky DyksjksfiQy ;qÙkQ] Loiks"kh rFkk eq[;r% tyh; ([Link]; vkSj leqæh nksuksa) tho gSaA
;s vU; vkoklksa% ue;qÙkQ iRFkj] feêðh vkSj ydM+h esa ik, tkrs gSaA
z muesa ls dqN dod (ykbdsu esa) rFkk çkf.k;ksa ds laxBu esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA tSls% LykFk jhNA

z 'kSoky euq"; ds fy, dbZ rjg ls mi;ksxh gSaA czk;ksiQkbV~l dks ikni txr ds tyLFkypj Hkh dgrs gS
z i`Foh ij çdk'kla'ys"k.k ds nkSjku dqy fLFkjhÑr dkcZu D;ksafd ;s ikSèks feêðh esa jg ldrs gSa ysfdu ;kSu çtuu ds
MkbvkWDlkbM dk yxHkx vkèkk Hkkx 'kSoky fLFkj djrs gSA fy, ikuh ij fuHkZj gSaA
z çdk'k la'ys"kd gksus ds dkj.k os vius vkl&ikl ds z muesa okLrfod ewy] ruk ;k ifÙk;ksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA
muds ewyle] iÙkhle vFkok rukle lajpuk gksrh gSA
okrkoj.k esa ?kqfyr vkWDlhtu ds Lrj dks c<+krs gSaA mnkgj.k
ds fy,% çksVhu ls Hkjiwj ,ddksf'kdh; 'kSoky Dyksjsyk dk z lkekU; :i ls czk;ksiQkbV~l dk vkfFkZd egRo cgqr de
gksrk gS] ysfdu dqN ekWl 'kkdkgkjh Lruèkkfj;ksa] if{k;ksa vkSj
mi;ksx varfj{k ;kf=k;ksa }kjk Hkh Hkkstu ds iwjd ds :i esa
vU; tkuojksa ds fy, Hkkstu çnku djrs gSaA
fd;k tkrk gSA
z LiQkXue dh dqN çtkfr;ka] ihV çnku djrh gSa tks yacs
czk;ksiQkbV~l le; ls b±èku ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk ty
z czk;ksiQkbV~l esa ekWl vkSj fyojoVZ 'kkfey gSa tks vkerkSj ij èkkj.k {kerk ds dkj.k ltho inkFkkZs ds ifjogu ds fy,
igkfM+;ksa esa ue Nk;knkj {ks=kksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA iSfdax lkexzh ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tho&foKku 61
z os T;knkrj LFkyh; tkuoj gSa vkSj mudk 'kjhj :•h vkSj mnkgj.k% vksfoisjl&vkWfuZFkksfjUpl (IySfVil)_ fofoijl &
J`axh Ropk] vfèkpfeZd 'kYdksa ;k vkoj.k ls <dk jgrk gSA eSØksil (daxk:)] Vsjksil (Ýykbax iQkWDl ckysuksIVsjk (Cyw
z muds ckgjh dku ugha gksrs gSaA Ogsy)] iSaFksjk Vkbfxzl (Vkbxj)] isaFksjk fy;ks ('ksj)A
z [Link] dku dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
z ßn; vkerkSj ij rhu d{kh; gksrk gS] ysfdu exjePNksa esa gky dh çxfr
pkj d{kh; gksrk gSA z rhu&Mksesu ç.kkyh 1990 esa dkyZ oksbflu }kjk 'kq: fd;k
mnkgj.k% psyksu (dNqvk)] VsLVwMks (dNqvk)] fxjfxV (o`{k x;k ,d tSfod oxhZdj.k gSA
fNidyh)A tgjhys lkai & uktk (dkscjk)] caxk:l (djSr)A z ;g dksf'kdh; thou :iksa dks vkfdZ;k] [Link] vkSj
;wdsfj;ksfVd Mksesu esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
i{kh oxZ
z ,Ol (if{k;ksa) dh fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,a ia•ksa dh mifLFkfr vkuqoaf'kdh
gSa vkSj muesa ls vfèkdka'k mM+ku jfgr if{k;ksa (tSls] z ekuo 8000&1000 bZlk iwoZ ls gh tkurk Fkk fd fHkUurk
'kqrqjeqxZ) dks NksM+dj mM+ ldrs gSaA ds [Link] esa ls ,d ;kSu çtuu esa fNik gqvk FkkA mUgksaus
z muds ikl pksap gksrh gSaA pqfuank çtuu ds fy, rFkk mu thoksa dk p;u djus ds
z vxzikn ia•ksa esa :ikarfjr gks tkrs gSaA fy, ftuesa okaNuh; fo'ks"krk,a Fkha] mu fofoèkrkvksa dk
z fiNys vaxksa esa vkerkSj ij 'kYd gksrs gSa vkSj ;s pyus] rSjus 'kks"k.k fd;k tks ikSèkksa ,oa tkuojksa dh taxyh vkcknh esa
;k isM+ dh 'kk•kvksa dks idM+us ds fy, la'kksfèkr gksrs gSaA
LokHkkfod :i ls ekStwn FkhaA
z iwaN ds vkèkkj ij rsy xzafFk dks NksM+dj Ropk xzafFk;ksa ds
fcuk 'kq"d gksrh gSA lhrfuæk
z ,aMksLdsysVu iwjh rjg ls gîóhnkj (cksuh) gksrk gS vkSj yach z lhrfuæk ,aMksFkeZ esa fuf"Ø;rk vkSj p;kip; esa fxjkoV dh
gfîó;k¡ gok dh xqgkvksa (ok;oh;) ls •ks•yh gksrh gSaA fLFkfr gS] tks 'kjhj ds de rkieku] èkheh 'okl rFkk ân;
z ân; iwjh rjg ls pkj d{kh; gksrk gSA xfr ,oa de p;kip; nj dh fo'ks"krk gSA ;g pexknM+]
z ;s fu;rrkih (gksfe;ksFkeZl) tkuoj gSa] ;kuh os 'kjhj ds Hkkyw vkSj ÑUrdksa vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
rkieku dks fLFkj cuk, j•us esa l{ke gSaA z i;kZIr Hkkstu miyCèk u gksus ij lhrfuæk ÅtkZ laj{k.k dk
mnkgj.k% dkWoZl (dkSvk)] dksyack (dcwrj)] flêðkdqyk dk;Z djrk gSA
(rksrk)] LVªwfFk;ks ('kqrqjeqxZ)
z bl ÅtkZ dh cpr dks çkIr djus ds fy,] ,d ,aMksFkfeZd
oxZ & Lruèkkjh tkuoj viuh p;kip; nj dks de dj nsrk gS vkSj bl
z os fofHkUu çdkj ds çkÑfrd vkoklksa è#oh; ciQZ dh Vksih] çdkj mlds 'kjhj dk rkieku de gks tkrk gSA
jsfxLrku] igkM+] taxy] ?kkl ds eSnku vkSj vaèksjh xqiQk,¡ z lhrfuæk dbZ fnuksa] gÝrksa ;k eghuksa rd jg ldrh gS—;g
vkfn esa ik, tkrs gSaA çtkfr;ksa] ifjos'k ds rkieku] o"kZ ds le; vkSj O;fÙkQ dh
z muesa ls dqN us vius vki dks mM+us ;k ikuh esa jgus ds 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
fy, vuqdwfyr fd;k gSA
z lhrfuæk esa ços'k djus ls igys] tkuojksa dks i;kZIr ÅtkZ
z Lruik;h thoksa dh lcls vuks•h fo'ks"krk nqXèk mRiknd
laxzfgr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS rkfd os viuh lqIr
xzafFk;ksa (Lru xzafFk;ksa) dh mifLFkfr gS] ftlls cPpksa dk
iks"k.k gksrk gSA vofèk rd] laHkor% iwjh lnhZ ds le; rd thfor jgsaA
z ckgjh dku ;k fiUuk ekStwn gksrs gSaA tcM+s esa fofHkUu çdkj z cM+h çtkfr;k¡ vfrHk{kd gks tkrh gSa] cM+h ek=kk esa Hkkstu
ds nkar ik, tkrs gSaA ân; pkj d{kh; gksrk gSA •krh gSa vkSj olk esa ÅtkZ esa ÅtkZ dk laxzg.k djrh gSaA
z vkuqoaf'kdh dk vFkZ tho foKku dh ,d 'kk•k gS tks thoksa dbZ NksVh çtkfr;ksa esa] Hkkstu dSf'kax •kus vkSj eksVk gksuk
dh vkuqoaf'kdrk vkSj fofoèkrk ls lacafèkr gSA çfrcafèkr djrk gSA

62 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 ekuo 'kjhj jpuk vkSj 'kjhj foKku z vo'kks"k.k% varxzZg.k vkSj lzkfor rjy inkFkZ] vk;u] vkSj
ikpu ds mRiknksa dk tBjka=k iFk ds yqesu dks vLrj djus
3-5 ikpu ra=k okyh midyk dksf'kdkvksa esa ços'k dks vo'kks"k.k dgk
tkrk gSA
z eyR;kx% vif'k"V inkFkZ] vikP; inkFkZ] [Link]] tBjka=k
iFk ds vLrj ls fudyus okyh dksf'kdk,a] vkSj ikpu ra=k
ds ekè;e ls viuh ;k=kk esa vo'kksf"kr ugha gksus okys ips
gq, inkFkZ 'kkSp uked çfØ;k esa 'kjhj ls xqnk ds ekè;e
ls fudy tkrs gSaA
eq•xqgk
z nks çeq• dk;Z Hkkstu dks pckuk vkSj fuxyus esa lqfoèkk
djrk gSA
z eq•xqgk esa lzkfor ykj esa bysDVªksykbV~l vkSj ,atkbe]
ykj;qÙkQ ,ekbyst vkSj ykblkstkbe gksrs gSaA
z ikpu dh jklk;fud çfØ;k ekSf•d xqgk esa dkckZsgkbMªsV
fp=k 3-13% ekuo ikpu ra=k foHkktu ,atkbe] ykj ,ekbyst dh gkbMªksykbfVd fØ;k
z ikpu ra=k Hkkstu dks ,sls :iksa esa rksM+dj leLFkkfudrk esa }kjk 'kq: dh tkrh gSA
;ksxnku nsrk gS ftls 'kjhj dh dksf'kdkvksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr z ykj esa ekStwn ykblkstkbe ,d [Link]èkh ,tsaV ds :i esa
vkSj mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ikuh] foVkfeu vkSj dk;Z djrk gS tks laØe.k dks jksdrk gSA
•futksa dks Hkh vo'kksf"kr djrk gS vkSj 'kjhj ls vif'k"V xzkl uyh
inkFkks± dks ckgj fudkyrk gSA
z xzkl uyh cyxe dks lzkfor djrh gS ,oa Hkkstu dks isV esa
z vaxksa ds nks lewg ikpu ra=k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa% tBjka=k ys tkrh gSA ;g ikpu ,atkbeksa dk mRiknu ugha djrk gS]
(thvkbZ) iFk vkSj lgk;d ikpu vaxA vkSj ;g vo'kks"k.k ugha djrk gSA
z tBjka=k iFk] ;k vkgkj uyh (,fyesaVªh 5 iks"k.k)] ,d lrr
vkek'k;
uyh gS tks eqag ls xqnk rd iQSyh gqbZ gSA
z vkek'k; Hkkstu dks 4&5 ?kaVs rd lafpr j•rk gSA
z tBjka=k iFk dh nhokj fupys vUuç.kkyh ls xqnk uyh rd
z Hkkstu isV ds vEyh; tBj jl ds lkFk mldh is'kh;
Årdksa dh ,d gh ewy] pkj&Lrfjr O;oLFkk gksrh gSA iFk
nhokj ds fgyus&Mqyus ls vPNh rjg fey tkrk gS vkSj
dh pkj ijrsa] xgjh ls lrgh rd] E;wdkslk] lcE;wdkslk] bls dkbe dgrs gSaA
eLdqyfjl vkSj lsjkslk@,MosafVfV;k gSaA
z gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ds laidZ esa vkus ij çks,atkbe
z lgk;d ikpu vaxksa esa nkar] thHk] ykj xzafFk;ka] ;Ñr] isfIlukstsu lfØ; ,atkbe isfIlu] isV dk çksfV;ksfyfVd
fiÙkk'k; vkSj vXU;k'k; 'kkfey gSaA ,atkbe] esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
ikpu ra=k esa 'kkfey çfØ;k z isfIlu çksVhu dks çksfVvkst vkSj isIVkbM~l esa cny nsrk gSA
z varxzZg.k% bl çfØ;k esa Hkkstu vkSj rjy inkFkZ dks eqag z tBj jl esa ekStwn cyxe ,oa ckbdkckZsusV vR;fèkd dsafær
esa ysuk (•kuk) 'kkfey gSA gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy }kjk 'ySf"ed midyk ds Lusgu vkSj
z lzko% çR;sd fnu] tBjka=k iFk dh nhokjksa ds Hkhrj dh lqj{kk esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
dksf'kdk,a vkSj lgk;d ikpu vax iFk ds vkarfjd LFkku
esa yxHkx 7 yhVj ikuh] vEy] ciQj vkSj ,atkbe dk lzko
djrs gSaA
z feJ.k vkSj ç.kksnu% tBjka=k iFk dh nhokjksa esa fpduh
ekalisf'k;ksa ds oSdfYid ladqpu ,oa foJke Hkkstu rFkk
lzko dks feykrs gSa vkSj mUgsa xqnk dh vksj ys tkrs gSaA
z ikpu% ;kaf=kd vkSj jklk;fud çfØ;k,¡ xzg.k fd, x,
Hkkstu dks NksVs [Link] esa rksM+ nsrh gSaA fp=k- 3-14% ekuo vkek'k;

tho&foKku 63
NksVh vkar z vXU;k'k; ds jl esa fuf"Ø; ,atkbe fVªfIlukstsu]
z fiÙk] vXU;k'k; jl vkSj vka=k jl NksVh vkar esa lzkfor gksus dkbeksfVªfIlukstsu] çksdkckZsDlhisfIVMst] ,ekbyst] ykbisl
okys lzko gSaA vkSj U;wDyht gksrs gSaA fVªfIlukstsu ,d ,atkbe] ,aVjksdkbust
z vXU;k'kf;d jl vkSj fiÙk ;Ñr&vXU;k'k; okfguh ds
}kjk lfØ; gksrk gS] tks vkarksa ds E;wdkslk }kjk lfØ;
ekè;e ls ckgj fudyrs gSaA
fVªfIlu esa lzkfor gksrk gSA
z vkarksa dh 'ySf"ed midyk esa pld dksf'kdk,a gksrh gSa tks
cyxe dk lzko djrh gSaA z vXuk'k;h ,fduj dksf'kdk,a fVªfIlu bufgfcVj uked ,d
z E;wdkslk dh cz'k lhek dksf'kdkvksa ds lzko pld dksf'kdkvksa çksVhu dk Hkh lzko djrh gSa tks vXU;k'k; ;k vXuk'k;
ds lzko ds lkFk vkarksa ds jl ;k lDdl ,aVsfjdl dk ds jl esa xyrh ls cuus okys fdlh Hkh fVªfIlu ds lkFk
fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
tqM+ tkrk gS vkSj bldh ,atkbfed xfrfofèk dks vo#¼
z bl twl esa dbZ rjg ds ,atkbe gksrs gSaA
dj nsrk gSA
z NksVh vkar ds iDok'k {ks=k esa tSo&LFkwy [Link] dk fo•aMu
gksrk gSA ;Ñr
z bl çdkj cuus okys lkèkkj.k inkFkZ NksVh vkar ds eè;ka=k
z ;Ñr 'kjhj dh lcls Hkkjh xzafFk gS] ftldk otu yxHkx
vkSj bfy;e {ks=kksa esa vo'kksf"kr gks tkrs gSaA
1-4 fdyksxzke gksrk gSA
cM+h vk¡r
z gj fnu] ;Ñr dksf'kdk,a 800&1000 feyh (yxHkx 1
z fcuk ips vkSj fcuk vo'kksf"kr inkFkZ cM+h vkar esa pys
tkrs gSaA D;wVh) fiÙk] ,d ihyk] Hkwjk] ;k tSrwu&gjk æO; lzkfor
z cM+h vkar esa dksbZ [Link] ikpu xfrfofèk ugha gksrh gSA djrk gSA
cM+h vkar ds dk;Z z eq[; fiÙk [Link] fcyh#fcu gSA
z lkekU; jÙkQ 'kdZjk Lrj dks cuk, j•us esa ;Ñr fo'ks"k
:i ls [Link] gSA
z ;Ñr 'kjkc tSls inkFkks± dks fo"keqÙkQ dj ldrk gS vkSj
fiÙk esa isfuflfyu] ,fjFkzksekbflu] vkSj lYiQksukekbM~l tSlh
nokvksa dk mRltZu dj ldrk gSA

3-6 'olu ra=k

fp=k 3-15% ;Ñr] fiÙkk'k; vkSj vXU;k'k; dh okfguh ç.kkyh
z dqN ikuh] •futksa vkSj dqN nokvksa dk vo'kks"k.k gksrk gS_
z cyxe dk lzko tks vif'k"V (vifpr) [Link] dks ,d lkFk
fpidkus esa enn djrk gS vkSj ,d vklku ekxZ ds fy,
bls fpdukbZ çnku djrk gSA
vXU;k'k;
z vXU;k'k; gj fnu 1200&1500 feyhyhVj (yxHkx 1-2&1-5
D;wVh) vXU;k'k; jl dk mRiknu djrk gS] ,d Li"V]
fp=k 3-16% ekuo 'olu ç.kkyh
jaxghu rjy ftlesa T;knkrj ikuh] dqN yo.k] lksfM;e
ckbdkckZsusV vkSj dbZ ,atkbe gksrs gSaA ;k

64 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 fp=k 3-17% 'olu ra=k

z dksf'kdkvksa }kjk mRikfnr dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds lkFk ds fy, 'olu ç.kkyh gksfe;ksLVsfll esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
okrkoj.k ls vkWDlhtu ds vknku&çnku dh çfØ;k ;g 'kjhj ds rjy inkFkks± ds ih,p dks lek;ksftr djus esa
dks 'olu dgk tkrk gS] ftls vkerkSj ij 'olu ds :i Hkh enn djrk gSA
esa tkuk tkrk gSA z tkuojksa ds fofHkUu lewgksa esa lkal ysus dh fØ;k fofèk
z ok;qeaMyh; gok] jÙkQ vkSj Ård dksf'kdkvksa ds chp xSlksa eq[; :i ls muds fuokl LFkku vkSj laxBu ds Lrj ij
& vkWDlhtu vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM & ds vknku&çnku fuHkZj djrh gSA

fp=k 3-18% ekuo esa 'olu dh fØ;k fofèk

z fupys vd'ks:dh; tSls Liat] lhysaVjsV~l] piVs Ñfe vkfn] vius iwjs 'kjhj dh lrg ij ljy çlkj }kjk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
ds lkFk vkDlhtu dk vknku&çnku djrs gSaA
z dsapq, vius ue NYyh dk mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj dhM+ksa ds ikl 'kjhj ds Hkhrj ok;qeaMyh; gok ds ifjogu ds fy, ufy;ksa
(Vªsfdvy VÔwc) dk ,d usVodZ gksrk gSA

tho&foKku 65
z vfèkdka'k tyh; vkFkzkZsiksM~l vkSj eksyLdk }kjk xyiQM+s z blesa Fkk;jkWbM mikfLFk (,Me dk lsc) gksrk gS_ ,fiXykWfVl]
(czkafp;y 'olu) uked fo'ks"k laoguh lajpukvksa dk tks Hkkstu dks Loj;a=k esa ços'k djus ls jksdrk gSA
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tcfd xSlksa ds vknku&çnku ds czksfUd;y ufydk,a
fy, LFkyh; :iksa }kjk iQsiQM+ksa (iQqÝiQqlh; 'olu) uked
z ;s ufydk vkids iQsiQM+ksa ls gok dks vanj vkSj ckgj tkus
laoguh cSx dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
nsrh gSa] rkfd vki lkal ys ldsaA czksfUd;y ufy;ksa dks
z d'ks#fd;ksa esa] eNfy;k¡ xyiQM+s dk mi;ksx djrh gSa tcfd
dHkh&dHkh 'olfu;ksa ;k ok;qekxZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
mHk;pj] ljhl`i] i{kh vkSj Lruèkkjh iQsiQM+ksa ds ekè;e ls
z czksadkbfVl vkidh 'olfu;ksa dh ufy;ksa ds vLrj dh
'olu djrs gSaA
lwtu gSA
ekuo 'olu ç.kkyh z czksfUd;y ufydk,a fiQj ls iQsiQM+ksa esa 'olfudkvksa uked
z 'olu ç.kkyh lajpukRed :i ls ukd] eqag vkSj Åijh NksVs ok;q ekxZ esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gSaA
'olu iFk ls iQsiQM+ksa dh ,fYo;ksyh rd iQSyh gqbZ gSA
ok;qdksf"Bdk
ukfldk vkSj ukfldk eq•}kj
z ok;qdksf"Bdk og txg gS tgka lkal ysus ,oa NksM+us dh
z gekjs ikl ,d tksM+h cká ukfldk fNæ gksrs gSaA çfØ;k ds nkSjku iQsiQM+s vkSj jÙkQ] vkWDlhtu rFkk dkcZu
z ;g ukfldk ekxZ ls ukfldk os'eksa dh vksj tkrk gSA MkbvkWDlkbM dk vknku&çnku djrs gSaA
z ukd gok dks xeZ djrh gS] ue djrh gS vkSj lkiQ djrh
Mk;kÚke
gS ,oa ?kzk.k rFkk [Link] esa dk;Z djrh gSA
z iQsiQM+ksa ds uhps fLFkr 'olu dh çeq• is'kh gSA
lkbul
z ;g ,d cM+h] xqacn ds vkdkj dh ekalis'kh gS tks y;c¼
z lkbul flj esa gok ls Hkjs LFkku gksrs gSaA os ekFks] ukd dh :i ls vkSj yxkrkj] T;knkrj le; vuSfPNd :i ls
gfîó;ksa] xkyksa vkSj vka•ksa ds ihNs fLFkr gksrs gSaA fldqM+rh gSA
z LoLFk lkbul esa dksbZ cSDVhfj;k ;k vU; [Link] ugha gksrs
z lk¡l ysus ij] Mk;kÚke fldqM+rk gS vkSj piVk gks tkrk gS
gSaA
vkSj Nkrh eq• c<+ tkrh gSA
z vfèkdka'k le;] cyxe ckgj fudyus esa l{ke gksrk gS vkSj
ok;q lkbul ds ekè;e ls cgus esa l{ke gksrh gSA xSlksa dk ifjogu
xzluh
z xzluh (xyk) ,d is'kh; uyh gksrh gS tks 'ys"ek f>Yyh
ls <dh gksrh gSA
z xzluh Loj;a=k {ks=k ds ekè;e ls 'okluyh esa •qyrh gSA
'okluyh
z 'okluyh ('okluyh) Loj;a=k ls eq[; 'olfu;ksa rd iQSyh
gqbZ gSA ;g mifLFkr vkSj fpduh ekalisf'k;ksa ds lh&vkdkj
ds NYys ls cuk gSA
z ;g czksfUd;y VÔwc ds :i esa tkuh tkus okyh ufy;ksa esa
foHkkftr gks tkrh gSA
Loj;a=k fp=k 3-19% ekuo esa jÙkQ ifjlapj.k dh ;kstukc¼ ;kstuk
z daB ,d dkfVZykftul ckWDl gS tks èofu mRiknu esa z ,d ckj tc 'olu xSlsa iQsiQM+ksa esa iQSy tkrh gSa] ftlds
enn djrk gS vkSj blfy, bls èofu ckWDl dgk tkrk gSA [Link]:i jÙkQ vkWDlhtu le`¼ gks tkrk gS vkSj dkcZu
z Loj;a=k esa LojiVy gksrs gSa] tks daiu djrs le; èofu MkbvkWDlkbM ckgj fudy tkrh gS] rks vkWDlhtu ;qÙkQ jÙkQ
mRiUu djrs gSaA ruk gqvk eksM+ mPp fip mRiUu djrk gS] dks mu Årdksa rd ys tkus dk vxyk pj.k gksrk gS] ftUgsa
vkSj lkekU; rkSj ij de fip mRiUu djrk gSA bldh vko';drk gksrh gSA

66 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z ân; ç.kkyh (ân; vkSj jÙkQ okfgdkvksa) dh fØ;k ds nek
ekè;e ls iwjs 'kjhj esa xSlksa dk ifjogu jÙkQçokg esa gksrk gSA z ,d fodkj ftlesa ok;qekxZ esa iqjkuh lwtu] fofHkUu çdkj
z iQsiQM+ksa ls fudyus okyk vkWDlhtu ;qÙkQ jÙkQ iQqÝiQqlh; ds mÙkstukvksa ds fy, ok;qekxZ dh vfrlaosnu'khyrk] vkSj
ulksa ds ekè;e ls okil ân; esa çokfgr gksrk gS vkSj fiQj ok;qekxZ ckèkk 'kkfey gSA o;Ldksa dh rqyuk esa cPpksa esa
ck,a fuy; ls egkèkeuh vkSj bldh 'kk•kvksa ds ekè;e ls vLFkek vfèkd vke gSA
'kjhj ds ckdh fgLlksa esa iai fd;k tkrk gSA ,FkyhVksa esa O;k;ke&çsfjr vLFkek
z tSls gh vkWDlhtu ;qÙkQ jÙkQ dsf'kdkvksa esa igqaprk gS] xSl z O;k;ke&çsfjr vLFkek 'olu iFk dh ,d fLFkfr gS tgka
dk vknku&çnku gksrk gS] vkWDlhtu dks Årdksa rd igqapk;k iQsiQM+ksa ds ok;q&lapkyu esa o`f¼ 'olfudkvksa dks ijs'kku
tkrk gS vkSj vkWDlhtu jfgr jÙkQ (dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM djrh gS ftlls ok;qekxZ dk ladqpu gksrk gSA
ls Hkjk gqvk) 'kjhj ds Årdksa dks NksM+ nsrk gS vkSj ân; z ok;q çokg dk çfrjksèk c<+ tkrk gS] vkSj ,FkyhV dks lkal
esa okil çokfgr gksrk gS tgka bls iQqÝiQqlh; èkefu;ksa ds ysus esa eqf'dy gksrh gSA
ekè;e ls iQsiQM+ksa esa iai fd;k tkrk gSA
U;weksfu;k
z ,d ckj tc dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM iQsiQM+ksa esa igqap tkrh
gS rks ;g dsf'kdkvksa ls ok;qdksf"Bdk esa iQSy tkrh gS vkSj z fueksfu;k ok;qdksf"Bdk dk ,d rhoz laØe.k ;k lwtu gSA
iQsiQM+ksa ls ckgj fudy tkrh gSA ;g e`R;q dk ,d lkekU; laØked dkj.k gSA
z vkWDlhtfur jÙkQ ds çR;sd 100 ,e,y esa] vkWDlhtu dk z tc dqN [Link] vfrlaosnu'khy O;fÙkQ;ksa ds iQsiQM+ksa esa ços'k
djrs gSa] rks os gkfudkjd fo"kkÙkQ inkFkks± dks NksM+rs gSa]
1-5» jÙkQ IykTek esa ?kqy tkrk gS vkSj 98-5» gheksXyksfcu
lwtu vkSj çfrj{kk çfrfØ;kvksa dks mÙksftr djrs gSa ftuds
ls vkWDlhgheksXyksfcu (Hb-O2) ds :i esa tqM+k gksrk gSA
gkfudkjd nq"çHkko gksrs gSaA
z çR;sd 100 ,e,y vkWDlhtu jfgr jÙkQ esa] 7» dkcZu
z fueksfu;k dk lcls lkekU; dkj.k U;weksdksdy [Link]
MkbvkWDlkbM jÙkQ IykTek esa ?kqy tkrh gS] 23» gheksXyksfcu
LVªsIVksdksdl U;weksfu;k gSA
ds lkFk dkckZfeuksgseksXyksfcu (Hb&dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM)
ds :i esa tqM+ tkrh gS] vkSj 70» ckbdkckZsusV vk;uksa
3-7 lapkj ç.kkyh
(HCO3) esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA
z vkWDlhtu vkSj iks"kd rRoksa dks forfjr djus ,oa dpjs
dksf'kdh; 'olu
dks gVkus ds fy, 'kjhj ds Årdksa esa jÙkQ okfgdkvksa ds
z dksf'kdh; 'olu ,d p;kip; ekxZ gS tks Xywdkst dks
ekè;e ls jÙkQ iai djds ân; gksfe;ksLVsfll esa ;ksxnku
fo•afMr djrk gS vkSj ,Vhih dk mRiknu djrk gSA
nsrk gSA

fp=k 3-20% ekuo ân; esa jÙkQ ifjlapj.k

tho&foKku 67
ifjlapj.k ra=k ds dk;Z z FkDdk tekus okys dkjdksa ds fcuk IykTek dks lhje dgk
z ân; lapkj ç.kkyh ds ekè;e ls jÙkQ dks iai djrk gS] tks tkrk gSA
èkefu;ksa] ulksa vkSj dsf'kdkvksa ds ,d ra=k ls cuk gksrk gSA xfBr rRo
z bldk eq[; dk;Z 'kjhj dks vko';d iks"kd rRoksa] •futksa z ,fjFkzkslkbV~l] Y;wdkslkbV~l vkSj IysVysV~l dks lkewfgd :i
vkSj gkekZsu dh vkiwfrZ djuk gSA ls xfBr rRo dgk tkrk gS vkSj os jÙkQ dk yxHkx 45
z nwljh vksj] lapkj ç.kkyh dksf'kdkvksa vkSj Årdksa ls çfr'kr cukrs gSaA
p;kip; vif'k"V vkSj fo"kkÙkQ inkFkks± dks bdêòk djus ds z ,fjFkzkslkbV~l ;k yky jÙkQ dksf'kdk,a (vkjchlh) jÙkQ esa
fy, ftEesnkj gS] ftUgsa ;k rks lkiQ fd;k tkrk gS ;k 'kjhj lHkh dksf'kdkvksa esa lcls çpqj ek=kk esa gksrh gSaA
ls fudky fn;k tkrk gSA z yky jÙkQ dksf'kdk,a vfèkdka'k Lruèkkfj;ksa esa dsaæd jfgr
lapkj ç.kkyh ds ?kVd gksrs gSa vkSj f}vory vkdkj ds gksrs gSaA muds ikl ,d
yky jax dk] yksgk ;qÙkQ tfVy çksVhu gS ftls gheksXyksfcu
ân;
dgk tkrk gS] blfy, bu dksf'kdkvksa dk jax vkSj uke gSA
z ân; ,d is'kh; vax gS tks Nkrh eq• }kj esa iQsiQM+ksa
'osr jÙkQ dksf'kdk
ds chp fLFkr gksrk gSA ;g FkksjSfld {ks=k esa fLFkr gS]
dqN&dqN ckbZa vksj] vkSj isfjdkfMZ;e ls f?kjk gqvk gSA z Y;wdkslkbV~l dks 'osr jÙkQ dksf'kdkvksa (WBC) ds :i esa
z ekuo ân; pkj d{kksa esa foHkkftr gksrk gS] nks Åijh Hkh tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd os gheksXyksfcu dh deh ds dkj.k
d{k vVfj;k (cgqopu% ,fVª;e) ds :i esa tkus tkrs jaxghu gksrh gSaA
gSa vkSj nks fupys d{k fuy; ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA z os dsUædh; gksrs gSa vkSj la[;k esa vis{kkÑr de gksrs gSaA
z 'osr jÙkQ dksf'kdkvksa dh nks eq[; Jsf.k;ka & xzSU;wykslkbV~l
?kefu;ka vkSj ,xzkuqykslkbV~lA U;wVªksfiQy] bkZsfluksfiQy vkSj cslksfiQy
z jÙkQ dks ân; ls 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa rd ys tkukA fofHkUu çdkj ds xzSU;wykslkbV~l gSa] tcfd fyEiQkslkbV~l
z iQqÝiQql èkefu;ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh èkefu;ka vkWDlhtu vkSj eksukslkbV~l ,xzkuqykslkbV~l gSaA
;qÙkQ jÙkQ ys tkrh gSaA [Link]
z [Link]] ftUgsa FkzkWEckslkbV~l Hkh dgk tkrk gS] esxkdk;kZslkbV~l
f'kjk,a
(vfLFk eTtk esa fo'ks"k dksf'kdk,a) ls mRiUu dksf'kdk ds
z 'kjhj ds vaxksa ls jÙkQ dks ân; rd ys tkukA VqdM+s gSaA
z iQqÝiQqlh; f'kjk dks NksM+dj fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls vkWDlhtu z mudh la[;k esa deh ls FkDds ds fodkj gks ldrs gSa ftlls
jfgr jÙkQ ys tkukA 'kjhj ls jÙkQ dh vR;fèkd gkfu gksxhA

4-4-1 jÙkQ jÙkQ lewg

z ,fjFkzkslkbV~l dh lrgksa esa XykbdksçksVhu vkSj XykbdksfyfiM~l
z jÙkQ ,d fo'ks"k la;ksth Ård gS ftlesa æo eSfVªDl]
ls cus ,aVhtu dk vkuqoaf'kd :i ls fuèkkZfjr oxhZdj.k
IykTek vkSj xfBr rRo gksrs gSaA
gksrk gSA
jÙkQ ds ?kVd bl çdkj gSa z ,XywVhukstsUl (a&gloo&TinoÉ&jens) dgs tkus okys ;s
IykTek ,aVhtu fof'k"V la;kstuksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA
z IykTek ,d fruds ds jax dk fpifpik æo gS tks jÙkQ z fofHkUu çfrtuksa dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr ds vkèkkj
dk yxHkx 55 çfr'kr cukrk gSA ij] jÙkQ dks fofHkUu jÙkQ lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
z 90&92 çfr'kr IykTek ikuh gS vkSj çksVhu blesa 6&8 ,chvks lewg
çfr'kr dk ;ksxnku djrs gSaA z ,chvks lewgu nks lrgh çfrtuksa (jlk;u tks çfrj{kk
z IykTek esa vYi ek=kk esa •fut tSls Na+, Ca++, Mg++, çfrfØ;k dks çsfjr dj ldrs gSa) dh mifLFkfr ;k
HCO3–, Cl– vkfn Hkh gksrs gSaA IykTek esa Xywdkst] vehuks vuqifLFkfr ij vkèkkfjr gS] tks yky jÙkQ dksf'kdk,a uker%
,flM] fyfiM vkfn Hkh ekStwn gksrs gSaA , vkSj ch ij gSaA

68 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z AB jÙkQ çdkj okys yksxksa ds jÙkQ IykTek esa ,aVh&, ;k z gkykafd] vxj vkj,p$ jÙkQ dh ,d NksVh ek=kk Hkzw.k ls
,aVh&ch ,aVhckWMh ugha gksrs gSaA IyslsaVk ds ekè;e ls vkj,p&ekrk ds jÙkQçokg esa yhd
z mUgsa dHkh&dHkh lkoZHkkSfed çkIrdrkZ dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd gksrh gS] rks eka ,aVh&vkj,p ,aVhckWMh cukuk 'kq: dj nsxhA
lS¼kafrd :i ls os pkjksa jÙkQ çdkjksa ds nkrkvksa ls jÙkQ z uotkr f'k'kq dh jÙkQyk;h chekjh dks jksdus ds fy, ,aVh&rh
çkIr dj ldrs gSaA xkek XyksC;qfyu (rhoGaM) uked ,aVh&rh ,aVhckWMh dk
z jÙkQ çdkj O okys yksxksa ds yky jÙkQ dksf'kdk,a ij u batsD'ku fn;k tk ldrk gSA efgykvksa dks çlo ls igys
vkSj çR;sd çlo ds rqjar ckn RhoGAM çkIr djuk
rksA vkSj u gh B ,aVhtu gksrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh mUgsa
pkfg,A
lkoZHkkSfed nkrk dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd lS¼kafrd :i ls os
pkjksa ABO jÙkQ çdkjksa dks jÙkQ nku dj ldrs gSaA ylhdk (Ård æo)
z Vkbi O O;fÙkQ;ksa dks jÙkQ dh vko';drk gksrh gS rks os z ylhdk ç.kkyh esa ekStwn æo dks ylhdk dgk tkrk
dsoy O çdkj ds jÙkQ çkIr dj ldrs gSaA gSA ylhdk ,d jaxghu rjy inkFkZ gS ftlesa fo'ks"k
fyEiQkslkbV~l gksrs gSa tks 'kjhj dh çfrj{kk çfrfØ;k ds
vkèkku fy, mRrjnk;h gksrs gSaA
z vkèkku iwjs jÙkQ ;k jÙkQ ?kVdksa (dsoy yky jÙkQ dksf'kdkvksa z ylhdk Hkh iks"kd rRoksa] gkekZsu vkfn ds fy, ,d [Link]
;k dsoy jÙkQ IykTek) dk LFkkukarj.k gSA okgd gSA vkarksa ds foyh esa ekStwn ySfDV;Yl esa ylhdk
z •wu dh deh dks nwj djus ds fy,] jÙkQ dh ek=kk c<+kus ds ds ekè;e ls olk vo'kksf"kr gksrh gSA
fy, (mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d xaHkhj jÙkQlzko ds ckn)] ;k
çfrj{kk esa lqèkkj djus ds fy, vDlj vkèkku fd;k tkrk gSA 3-8 mRlthZ ra=k
z ,d vlaxr jÙkQ vkèkku esa] çkIrdrkZ ds IykTek esa ,aVhckWMh
nku fd, x, yky jÙkQ dksf'kdkvksa ij ,aVhtu ls tqM+rs
gSa] tks yky jÙkQ dksf'kdkvksa ds lewgu ;k ,d=khdj.k dk
dkj.k curk gSA
z lewgu ,d ,aVhtu&,aVhckWMh çfrfØ;k gS ftlesa yky jÙkQ
dksf'kdk ,d nwljs ls ØkWl&fyad gks tkrs gSaA
vkj,p lewgu
z vkj,p ,aVhtu] jhll canjksa (blfy, vkj,p) esa ekStwn
,d ds leku] euq";ksa ds cgqer (yxHkx 80 çfr'kr) ds
yky jÙkQ dksf'kdk dh lrg ij Hkh ns•k tkrk gSA
z ,sls O;fÙkQ;ksa dks Rh èkukRed (Rh+ve) dgk tkrk gS vkSj
fp=k 3-21% ekuo mRltZu ra=k
ftuesa ;g çfrtu vuqifLFkr gksrk gS mUgsa Rh ½.kkRed
(Rh+ve) dgk tkrk gSA
z i'kq veksfu;k] ;wfj;k] ;wfjd vEy] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM]
ikuh vkSj vk;uksa tSls Na+, K+, Cl–] iQkWLiQsV] lYiQsV vkfn
z ,d Rh+ve O;fÙkQ] ;fn Rh+ve jÙkQ ds laidZ esa vkrk gS]
dks ;k rks mikip;h xfrfofèk;ksa }kjk ;k vU; ekè;eksa tSls
rks Rh ,aVhtu ds fo#¼ fof'k"V ,aVhckWMh dk fuekZ.k djsxkA vfèkd varxzZg.k }kjk lafpr djrs gSaA
z blfy,] vkèkku ls igys vkj,p lewg dk Hkh feyku fd;k z bu inkFkks± dks iwjh rjg ;k vkaf'kd :i ls gVkuk gksxkA
tkuk pkfg,A z veksfu;k ds mRltZu dh çfØ;k veksuksVsfyTe gSA dbZ
z vkj,p vlaxfr ds lkFk lcls vke leL;k] uotkr f'k'kq vfLFky eNfy;k¡] tyh; mHk;pj vkSj tyh; dhV
dh jÙkQyk;h chekjh (,pMh,u)] xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku mRiUu veksuksVsfyd çÑfr ds gksrs gSaA
gks ldrh gSA z LFkyh; vuqdwyu us ikuh ds laj{k.k ds fy, ;wfj;k vkSj
z vke rkSj ij] efgyk ds xHkZorh gksus ij ekr` vkSj Hkzw.k ds ;wfjd vEy tSls de tgjhys ukbVªkstu okys dpjs ds
jÙkQ ds chp dksbZ lhèkk laidZ ugha gksrk gSA mRiknu dh vko';drk trkbZA

tho&foKku 69
z Lruèkkjh] dbZ LFkyh; mHk;pj vkSj leqæh eNfy;k¡ eq[; z usÚkWu }kjk fufeZr ew=k varr% ew=kk'k; esa ys tk;k tkrk gS
:i ls ;wfj;k dk mRltZu djrh gSa vkSj mUgsa ;wfj;ksVsfyd tgka bls dsaæh; raf=kdk ra=k (lh,u,l) }kjk ,d LoSfPNd
tkuoj dgk tkrk gSA ladsr fn, tkus rd laxzghr fd;k tkrk gSA
z p;kip; }kjk mRikfnr veksfu;k bu tkuojksa ds ;Ñr esa z ;g ladsr ew=kk'k; ds f•apko ls 'kq: gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g
;wfj;k esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS vkSj jÙkQ esa NksM+ nh tkrh gS ew=k ls Hkj tkrk gSA tokc esa] ew=kk'k; dh nhokjksa ij f•apko
ftls xqnks± }kjk Nkudj ckgj fudky fn;k tkrk gSA ds çkIrdrkZ dsaæh; raf=kdk ra=k dks ladsr Hkstrs gSaA
z ljhl`i] i{kh] Fkyh; ?kksa?ks vkSj dhV ukbVªkstu ;qÙkQ vif'k"V z ew=k ds fudyus dh çfØ;k dks ew=k foltZu dgk tkrk gS
dks ;wfjd vE‍y ds :i esa xksyh ;k isLV ds :i esa ikuh vkSj bls iSnk djus okys raf=kdk ra=k dks ew=k foltZu çfrorZ
dh U;wure gkfu ds lkFk mRlftZr djrs gSa vkSj ;wfjdksVsfyd dgk tkrk gSA
tho dgykrs gSaA z ,d o;Ld euq"; çfrfnu vkSlru 1 ls 1-5 yhVj ew=k
z euq";ksa esa] mRltZu ç.kkyh esa ,d tksM+h xqnZs] ,d tksM+h mRlftZr djrk gSA
ew=kokfguh] ,d ew=kk'k; vkSj ,d ew=kekxZ gksrk gSA z cuus okyk ew=k gYds ihys jax dk ikuh tSlk rjy gksrk gS
z ,d o;Ld ekuo ds çR;sd xqnZs dh yackbZ 10&12 lseh] tks FkksM+k vEyh; (pH26.0) gksrk gSA
pkSM+kbZ 5&7 lseh] eksVkbZ 2&3 lseh vkSj vkSlr otu z xqnks± ds •jkc gksus ls jÙkQ esa ;wfj;k dk lap; gks ldrk
120&170 xzke gksrk gSA gS] bl fLFkfr dks ;wjsfe;k dgk tkrk gS] tks vR;fèkd
z xqnZs ds vanj] nks {ks=k gksrs gSa] ,d ckgjh çkarLFkk vkSj ,d gkfudkjd gS vkSj xqnZs dh foiQyrk dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
vkarfjd eTtkA z ,sls jksfx;ksa esa] gseksMk;fyfll uked çfØ;k }kjk ;wfj;k dks
z çR;sd xqnZs esa yxHkx nl yk• tfVy ufydkdkj lajpuk,a gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
gksrh gSa ftUgsa usÚkWu dgk tkrk gS] tks dk;kZRed bdkb;ka gSaA z xqnZs dh iFkjh% xqnZs ds Hkhrj xfBr fØLVyh; yo.k
z çR;sd usÚkWu ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa & Xykses#yl vkSj o`Ddh; (vkWDlkysV~l] vkfn) dk iRFkj ;k v?kqyu'khy æO;eku
ufydkA vkfnA

3-9 var% lzkoh ra=k

fp=k 3-22% ekuo esa var%lzkoh xzafFk;ka (a) iq#"k] (b) efgyk
z var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa esa ufydk,a ugha gksrh gSa vkSj blfy, bUgsa ufydk foghu xzafFk;ka dgk tkrk gSA buds lzko dks gkekZsu dgrs gSaA
z gkekZsu xSj&iks"kd jlk;u gksrs gSa tks var%dksf'kdh; lans'kokgd ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj Kkr ek=kk esa mRiUu gksrs gSaA
z gekjs 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fLFkr folfjr Årdksa@dksf'kdkvksa dks mRiUu djus okyh var%lzkoh xzafFk;ka vkSj gkekZsu var%lzkoh
ra=k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA

70 lkekU; foKku BPSC

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 xzafFk gkekZsu dk;Z
gkbiksFksysel ;g 'kjhj ds dk;ks± dh ,d foLr`r ;s gkekZsu ,d iksVZy lapkj ç.kkyh ds ekè;e ls ih;w"k xzafFk rd igqaprs
J`a•yk dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA gSa vkSj iwoZdky ih;w"k xzafFk ds dk;ks± dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA
blesa raf=kdk lzkoh dksf'kdkvksa ds dbZ
lewg gksrs gSa ftUgsa ukfHkd dgk tkrk
gS tks gkekZsu mRiUu djrs gSaA
ih;w"k xzafFk vkWDlhVksflu vkSj oSlksçsflu] tks okLro z 'kjhj esa æo larqyu dks fu;af=kr djukA
esa gkbiksFkSysel }kjk la'ysf"kr gksrs gSaA z o`f¼ gkekZsu ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj blds vfrfjÙkQ lzko
o`f¼ gkekZsu (th,p) ds [Link]:i vfrdk;rk gksrh gSA
Y;wfVukbftax gkekZsu (,y,p) z iq#"kksa esa] Y;wfVukbftax gkekZsu o`"k.k ls ,.Mªkstu uked gkekZsu ds
iQkWfyfdy mÙkstd gkekZsu (FSH) la'ys"k.k vkSj lzko dks mÙksftr djrk gSA
z efgykvksa esa] Y;wfVukbftax gkekZsu fMacksRltZu dks çsfjr djrk gSA
z iQkWfyfdy mÙkstd gkekZsu efgykvksa esa fMEcxzafFk dwi ds fodkl dks
mÙksftr djrk gSA
FkkbjksbM FkkbjkWfDlu z Hkw• vkSj 'kjhj ds p;kip; dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
Fkkbel Fkkbeksflu z Vh&dksf'kdk ds fodkl vkSj çfrj{kk çnku djus esa HkwfedkA
vXU;k'k; balqfyu vkSj Xywdkxu z jÙkQ 'kdZjk ds Lrj vkSj dkckZsgkbMªsV p;kip; dks fofu;fer djrk gSA
vfèko`Dd ,fiusÚhu z jÙkQpki vkSj ân; xfr dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA [Link] fLFkfr;ksa ls
fuiVus esa enn djrk gSA
o`"k.k VsLVksLVsjksu z iq#"k ;kSu fo'ks"krkvksa dk fodkl djukA v{kh; cky fodkl vkSj
ekalisf'k;ksa dh o`f¼ dks c<+kok nsukA
fMEcxzafFk ,LVªkstsu vkSj çkstsLVsjksu z efgyk çtuu pØ dks fu;af=kr vkSj fofu;fer djukA
fifu;y esykVksfuu z lksus vkSj tkxus ds pØ dks fu;af=kr djukA

3-10 çtuu ç.kkyh

z uj vkSj eknk çtuu ç.kkyh lajpukRed vkSj 'kkjhfjd nksuksa Lrjksa ij euq";ksa ds ;kSu foHksnu dks n'kkZrh gSaA
z çtuu ç.kkyh dk çkFkfed mÙkjnkf;Ro vyx&vyx ;qXedksa vFkkZr] uj 'kqØ[Link] ,oa eknk f}rh;d ÅlkbV dk mRiknu djuk gSA
iq#"k çtuu vax
z iq#"k çtuu ç.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk 'kjhj ds ckgj fLFkr lacafèkr 'kkjhfjd lajpukvksa ds çHkqRo ls gksrh gS & vaMdks'k] fyax
vkSj o`"[Link]

fp=k 3-23% iq#"k çtuu vax

tho&foKku 71
efgyk çtuu vax
z nwljh vksj] efgyk çtuu ç.kkyh 'kjhj ds vanj fLFkr gksrh gS] vkSj blesa ;ksfu] xHkkZ'k; xzhok] xHkkZ'k;] iQSyksfi;u VÔwc
vkSj vaMk'k; dh lajpukRed lajpuk,a 'kkfey gksrh gSaA

fp=k 3-24% efgyk çtuu vax

z vaMk'k;] f}rh;d vkslkbV~l dk mRiknu djrs gSa tks fu"kspu efLr"d dh lajpuk
ds fy, xHkkZ'k; esa ços'k djsaxs] os Hkh gkekZsuy fu;a=k.k
ds vèkhu gSaA
z iq#"k VsLVksLVsjksu dh rjg çkstsLVsjksu vkSj ,LVªkstsu Hkh
gkbiksFkSysel vkSj iwoZdky ih;w"k xzafFk ds Lrj ls fu;af=kr
gksrs gSaA
;qokoLFkk
z ;kSu ifjiDork dh 'kq#vkrA
z ;g ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS tks vkerkSj ij yM+fd;ksa ds fy,
10 ls 14 lky ds chp vkSj yM+dksa ds fy, 12 vkSj
16 lky ds chp gksrh gSA ;g 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu dk dkj.k
curk gS] vkSj yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks vyx rjg ls fp=k 3-25% U;wjkWu dh lajpuk
çHkkfor djrk gSA z dksf'kdk ds 'kjhj esa fof'k"V dksf'kdk vaxd ds lkFk
ekgokjh pØ lkbVksIykTe gksrk gS vkSj fuLly xzSU;wy uked dqN nkusnkj
fiaM gksrs gSaA
z efgykvksa esa ,LVªkstsu vkSj çkstsLVsjksu esa vpkud deh ds
z MsUMªkbV ,d U;wjkWu (raf=kdk dksf'kdk) ds ç{ksi.k gSa tks
dkj.k jÙkQ] Ård æo] 'ys"ek vkSj midyk dksf'kdkvksa
vU; U;wjkWUl ls ladsr (lwpuk) çkIr djrs gSaA
dk vkofèkd fuoZgu tks vkerkSj ij 5 fnuksa rd jgrk gSA
z ,d U;wjkWu ls nwljs esa lwpuk dk LFkkukarj.k jklk;fud
z ekfld èkeZ pj.k ;k ekfld èkeZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ladsrksa vkSj fo|qr vkosxksa] ;kuh fo|qr jklk;fud ladsrksa ds
3-11 raf=kdk ra=k ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
z U;wjkWUl mÙkstuh; dksf'kdk,a gSa D;ksafd mudh f>fYy;ka
z dsoy 2 fdxzk (4-5 ikSaM) ds æO;eku ds lkFk] 'kjhj ds èkqzohÑr voLFkk esa gksrh gSaA
dqy otu dk yxHkx 3»] raf=kdk ra=k lcls NksVk vkSj
z raf=kdk f>Yyh ij fofHkUu çdkj ds vk;u pkSuy ekStwn
vHkh rd lcls tfVy 'kjhj ç.kkfy;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
gksrs gSaA ;s vk;u pkSuy fofHkUu vk;uksa ds fy, pqfuank
U;wjkWu dh lajpuk :i ls ikjxE; gSaA
z ,d U;wjkWu ,d lw{e lajpuk gS tks rhu çeq• Hkkxksa ls z ,d raf=kdk vkosx ,d U;wjkWu ls nwljs esa taD'kuksa ds ekè;e
cuh gksrh gS] uker% dksf'kdk dk;] MsUMªkbV vkSj ,DlkWuA ls çsf"kr gksrk gS ftls fluSIl dgk tkrk gSA çh&fluSfIVd

72 lkekU; foKku BPSC

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 U;wjkWu vkSj iksLV&fluSfIVd U;wjkWu dh f>fYy;ksa ls ,d fluSIl curk gS] tks fluSfIVd iQkad uked varjky ls vyx gks Hkh
ldrk gS vkSj ugha HkhA

fp=k 3-26% ekuo efLr"d dh lajpuk

z efLr"d gekjs 'kjhj dk dsaæh; lwpuk çlaLdj.k vax gS] z ân; dh ekalisf'k;ka ân; esa gksrh gSaA ân; dh ekalisf'k;ka
vkSj ^vkns'k vkSj fu;a=k.k ç.kkyh* ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA cukus ds fy, dbZ ân; dh ekalisf'k;ka dksf'kdk,a 'kk•kvksa
z ekuo efLr"d •ksiM+h }kjk vPNh rjg ls lqjf{kr gSA esa c¡Vrh gSaA
•ksiM+h ds vanj] efLr"d diky efLr"dkoj.k }kjk 'kkfey z is'kh ladqpu% is'kh; ladqpu] isf'k;ksa dk dluk] NksVk gksuk
fd;k tkrk gSA ;k yack gksuk gS tc vki dksbZ xfrfofèk djrs gSaA
gfîó;k¡
3-12 isf'k;k¡ vkSj dadky ra=k
z dadky ç.kkyh esa gfîó;ksa dk <kapk vkSj dqN mikfLFk gksrs
ek¡lisf'k;k¡ gSaA 'kjhj }kjk fn•k, x, xfr;ksa esa bl ç.kkyh dh [Link]
z is'kh eslksMeZy mRifÙk dk ,d fo'ks"k Ård gSA ,d ekuo Hkwfedk gSA
o;Ld ds 'kjhj ds otu dk yxHkx 40&50 çfr'kr z gîóh vkSj mikfLFk fof'k"V la;ksth Ård gSaA
ekalisf'k;ksa }kjk ;ksxnku fn;k tkrk gSA z dSfY'k;e [Link] ds dkj.k gîóh esa cgqr dBksj eSfVªDl
z muesa mÙkstuk] fldqM+u] foLrkj'khyrk vkSj yksp tSls fo'ks"k gksrk gSA
xq.k gksrs gSaA z mikfLFk esa pksaMªksbfVu yo.k ds dkj.k FkksM+k yphyk eSfVªDl
muds LFkku ds vkèkkj ij] rhu çdkj dh ekalisf'k;ksa dh gksrk gSA
igpku dh tkrh gS z euq";ksa esa] dadky ç.kkyh 206 gfîó;ksa vkSj dqN mikfLFk
ls cuh gksrh gSA
1- dadkyh; 2- vkar dh 3- ân; lacaèkh
z dadky dh ekalisf'k;ka 'kjhj ds dadky ?kVdksa ds lkFk 3-13 ikni 'kjhj fØ;k foKku
?kfu"B :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA lw{en'khZ esa budh vkÑfr
3-13-1 ikSèkksa esa iks"k.k dk rjhdk
èkkjhnkj fn•kbZ nsrh gS vkSj blfy, bUgsa jsf•r isf'k;k¡ dgk
og çfØ;k ftlds }kjk gjs ikSèks DyksjksfiQy dh mifLFkfr esa lw;Z
tkrk gSA
ds çdk'k dh ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx djds dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj
z vkar dh ekalisf'k;ka 'kjhj ds •ks•ys vkar ds vaxksa tSls ikuh ls viuk Hkkstu cukrs gSa] çdk'k la'ys"k.k dgykrk gSA gjs
fd vkgkj uyh] çtuu iFk vkfn dh Hkhrjh nhokjksa esa fLFkr ikSèkksa dks Hkh ÅtkZ çkIr djus ds fy, Hkkstu dh vko';drk
gksrh gSaA os fdlh Hkh rjg dh ydhj ugha fn•krh gSa vkSj gksrh gSA lHkh thfor thoksa dks fofHkUu thou çfØ;kvksa dks
fn•us esa fpduh gksrh gSaA blfy,] mUgsa fpduh ekalisf'k;ka djus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ikSèks lw;Z ds çdk'k
(fcuk jsf•r is'kh) dgk tkrk gSA dh mifLFkfr esa viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cukrs gSa vkSj blfy, os

tho&foKku 73
Loiks"kh gSaA ikSèks lw;Z ds çdk'k dh ÅtkZ dks jklk;fud ÅtkZ gjs ikSèkksa esa iks"k.k dk Loiks"kh rjhdk gksrk gSA bu thoksa dks
esa cnyrs gSaA os DyksjksfiQy dh mifLFkfr esa viuk Hkkstu cukus Loiks"kh dgk tkrk gSA Loiks"kh esa DyksjksfiQy uked gjs [Link]
ds fy, dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ikuh vkSj lw;Z ds çdk'k dk gksrs gSa tks lw;Z ds çdk'k dh ÅtkZ dks vo'kksf"kr djus esa enn
mi;ksx djrs gSaA djrs gSaA os çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k }kjk Hkkstu cukus ds
ikSèkksa esa nks çdkj ds iks"k.k ds rjhds gksrs gSaA os gSa% fy, lw;Z ds çdk'k dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA Loiks"kh }kjk mRikfnr
Hkkstu dk mi;ksx euq"; vkSj tkuojksa }kjk Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
1- Loiks"kh
2- fo"keiks"kh çdk'k la'ys"k.k
gjs ikSèks çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k }kjk viuk Hkkstu Lo;a
iks"k.k dk Loiks"kh rjhdk cukrs gSaA iQksVks dk vFkZ gS çdk'k vkSj la'ys"k.k dk vFkZ gS
iks"k.k dh Loiks"kh fofèk esa tho lw;Z ds çdk'k dh mifLFkfr fuekZ.k djuk] blfy, çdk'k la'ys"k.k dk vFkZ gS ^çdk'k }kjk
esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj ikuh tSls ljy vdkcZfud inkFkks± fuekZ.k*A ;g DyksjksfiQy dh mifLFkfr esa gksrk gS fd ikSèks dkcZu
dh lgk;rk ls viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cukrs gSaA lkFk gh bl iks"k.k MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj ikuh tSls vdkcZfud inkFkks± ls Hkkstu cukus
esa dkcZfud Hkkstu dks vdkcZfud inkFkks± ls cuk;k tkrk gSA ds fy, lw;Z ds çdk'k dh ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

fp=k 3-27% gjs ikSèks çdk'k la'ys"k.k }kjk viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cukrs gSa
z DyksjksfiQy gjs jax ds fiaMksa esa ekStwn gksrk gS ftls çdk'k la'ys"k.k ds pj.k gSa
DyksjksIykLV dgk tkrk gSA ikSèkksa dh ifÙk;k¡ muesa DyksjksfiQy 1- lw;Z ds çdk'k dh ÅtkZ DyksjksfiQy }kjk vo'kksf"kr gksrh
dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gjh gksrh gSaA gSA
z çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k esa cgqr vfèkd ek=kk esa 2- lw;Z ds çdk'k dh ÅtkZ dks jklk;fud ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr
vkWDlhtu xSl fudyrh gSA fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ikuh dks gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu esa
z 6CO2 + 6H2O + çdk'k ÅtkZ → C6H12O6 + 6O2 foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ifÙk;ksa }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k Hkkstu ljy 'kdZjk ds :i esa 3- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dks gkbMªkstu esa vipf;r fd;k tkrk
gksrk gS ftls Xywdkst dgk tkrk gSA ;g Xywdkst fiQj ikSèks gS ftlls Xywdkst tSls dkckZsgkbMªsV curs gSaA
ds vU; Hkkxksa esa Hkstk tkrk gSA vfrfjÙkQ Xywdkst ikSèks dh
çdk'k la'ys"k.k ds fy, vko';d 'krZsa
ifÙk;ksa esa LVkpZ ds :i esa tek gks tkrk gSA Xywdkst vkSj
çdk'k la'ys"k.k ds fy, vko';d 'krZsa fuEufyf•r gSa%
LVkpZ dkckZsgkbMªsV uked [Link] ls lacafèkr gSaA bl çdkj
gjs ikSèks lw;Z ds çdk'k dh ÅtkZ dks jklk;fud ÅtkZ esa 1- lw;Z dk çdk'k
cnyrs gSaA 2- DyksjksfiQy ([Link])

74 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 3- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM z ,d ikni gkekZsu u dsoy ikni ds fodkl ds bu [Link]
4- ty dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] cfYd fuf"Ø;rk ds VwVus] ifÙk;ksa ds
fxjus] iQyksa ds fodkl] iQyksa ds idus] ikSèkksa dh mez c<+us
3-13-2 ikSèkksa esa fu;a=k.k vkSj leUo;
vkfn dks Hkh c<+kok nsrk gSA
z ikSèks vius fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh o`f¼ }kjk xfr Hkh çnf'kZr djrs
gSaA ;g ikSèks ds gkekZsu gSa tks blds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA z ikSèkksa esa fu;a=k.k vkSj leUo; ds fy, mÙkjnk;h pkj çdkj
ikSèkksa ds vaxksa dh xfr xq#Rokd"kZ.k] ikuh] çdk'k] jlk;u] ds ikni gkekZsu gSa%
Li'kZ vkfn fofHkUu mÙkstukvksa ds dkj.k gksrh gSA blfy,] 1- vkWfDlUl
ikSèkksa esa fu;a=k.k vkSj leUo; dk dk;Z ikSèkksa ds gkekZsu ;k
iQkbVksgksekZsu uked jklk;fud inkFkks± }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA 2- fxCcsjsfyUl
z ikSèks vius O;ogkj dk leUo; djus ds fy, dsoy gkekZsu 3- lkbVksdkbfuu
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA os mÙkstukvksa ij cgqr èkhjs&èkhjs 4- ,fClfld ,flM (,ch,)
çfrfØ;k djrs gSa D;ksafd muds ikl dksbZ raf=kdk ra=k ugha gSA tcfd vkWfDlu] fxCcsjsfyu vkSj lkbVksfdfuu ikSèks ds fodkl
z lq"kqfIr% ikSèks ds ,d Hkkx dh fuf"Ø; voLFkk ftlesa
dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] ,fClfld ,flM ikSèks ds fodkl dks jksdrk
mikip; yxHkx can gks tkrk gS] çlqIrrk dgykrh gSA tSls
cht] dyh vkfnA gS ;k ckfèkr djrk gSA
ikni gkekZsu vkWfDlu çdk'k vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds çfr ikSèks dh çfrfØ;k dks
ikSèkksa esa fu;a=k.k vkSj leUo; ç.kkyh ikni gkekZsu }kjk dh tkrh fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;g rus vkSj bldh tM+ksa dh Nksj ij ekStwn
gSA os fdlh u fdlh :i esa ikSèks ds fodkl dks çHkkfor djrs dksf'kdkvksa }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g gkekZsu ikSèks dks çdk'k ls
gSaA ,d ikSèks dh o`f¼ dks rhu [Link] esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% nwj vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ;g ruksa ds fodkl
1- dksf'kdk foHkktu dks xfr nsrk gS vkSj tM+ksa ds fodkl dks èkhek dj nsrk gSA
2- dksf'kdk foLrkj vkWfDlu dksf'kdk o`f¼] dksf'kdk foHksnu vkSj iQyksa ds fodkl
3- dksf'kdk foHksnu dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA

(c)

fp=k 3-28% ;g vkjs• ^vkWfDlu gkekZsu* dh fØ;k }kjk ikSèks ds rus ;k çdk'k dh vksj çjksg dh xfr dh O;k[;k djrk gS
z ftcjsfyUl% vkWfDlu gkekZsu dh mifLFkfr esa dke djrk gS vkSj dksf'kdk o`f¼ vkSj dksf'kdk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z lkbVksfdfuu% ikSèkksa esa dksf'kdk foHkktu dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vkSj chtksa vkSj dfy;ksa esa fuf"Ø;rk dks rksM+rs gSaA os ifÙk;ksa dh
mez c<+us esa Hkh nsjh djrs gSa vkSj jaèkzksa ds •qyus dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z ,fClfld ,flM% ;g gkekZsu ikSèks ds fodkl dks jksdrk gSA blfy,] ,fClfld ,flM chtksa vkSj dfy;ksa esa lqIrkoLFkk dks
c<+kok nsrk gSA ;g jaèkzksa ds can gksus] ifÙk;ksa ds eqj>kus vkSj fxjus vkSj ikSèks ls iQy vkSj iQwyksa ds vyx gksus dks c<+kok nsrk gSA-

tho&foKku 75
ikni xfr fdekVªfite (jlksvuqorZu)] gkbMªksVªksfiTe (tykuqorZu) vkSj
z ikSèks ,d LFkku ij fLFkj gksrs gSa vkSj HkkSfrd :i ls ,d fFkXeksVªksfiTe (Li'kkZuqorZu)A
LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ugha tk ldrs gSaA ysfdu ikSèks vHkh iQksVksVªksfiTe (çdk'kkuqorZu)% tc ikSèks dk dksbZ Hkkx çdk'k
Hkh mÙkstukvksa ds çHkko esa gkekZsu dk mi;ksx djds xfr dh çfrfØ;k esa xfr djrk gS] rks bls iQksVksVªksfiTe dgk tkrk
fn•krs gSaA ;g xfrfofèk ,d ikSèks ds nks {ks=kksa dh vleku gSA ;fn ,d c<+rs gq, ikSèks dk ruk çdk'k dh vksj c<+rk gS ;k
o`f¼ esa ns•k tkrh gSA >qdrk gS] rks ;g ldkjkRed iQksVksVªksfiTe gS] vkSj ;fn ,d ikSèks
dh tM+ çdk'k ls nwj tkrh gS] rks bldk eryc gS fd ikSèks dh
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkWfDlu gkekZsu rus ds fodkl dks xfr
tM+sa udkjkRed iQksVksVªksfiTe çnf'kZr djrh gSaA
nsrk gSA blfy, ;fn rus ds ,d rjiQ nwljs dh rqyuk
esa vfèkd vkWfDlu gkekZsu gksrk gS] rks rus dk og fgLlk ft;ksVªksfiTe (xq:RokuqorZu)% tc ikSèks dk dksbZ Hkkx
ftlesa vfèkd gkekZsu gksrs gSa] >qd tk,xkA ;g ,d ikSèks xq#Rokd"kZ.k dh çfrfØ;k esa xfr djrk gS] rks bls ft;ksVªksfiTe
dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d ikSèks dh tM+sa uhps dh
dh xfr dks n'kkZrk gSA
fn'kk esa pyrh gSa] blfy, os ldkjkRed ft;ksVªksfiTe çnf'kZr
z ckgjh mÙkstukvksa ds dkj.k ikSèkksa dh xfr nks çdkj dh gksrh djrs gSa] vkSj ruk Åij dh fn'kk esa xfr djrk gS] blfy, ;g
gS% vuqorZu vkSj vuqdqaphA udkjkRed ft;ksVªksfiTe çnf'kZr djrk gSA
vuqorZu xfr% tc ,d ckgjh míhid dh fn'kk fodkl ds dseksVªksfiTe (jlksvuqorZu)% tc ikSèks dk ,d Hkkx jklk;fud
:i esa çfrfØ;k dh fn'kk fuèkkZfjr djrh gS] rks bls vuqorZu míhid dh çfrfØ;k esa xfr djrk gS] rks bls dseksVªksfiTe dgk
xfr dgk tkrk gSA bl çdkj] vuqorZu ,d ikSèks ds fgLls dh tkrk gSA ;gk¡ míhid jklk;fud gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d iQwy
fn'kkRed o`f¼ xfr gSA ;g míhid dh fn'kk esa ;k míhid ls esa fu"kspu ds nkSjku vaMk'k; dh vksj ijkx uyh ds fodkl dks
nwj gks ldrk gSA blfy,] ldkjkRed dheksVªksfiTe dgk tkrk gSA
;fn fdlh ikSèks dh o`f¼ míhid dh fn'kk esa gksrh gS] rks bls gkbMªksVªkWfiTe (tykuqorZu)% tc ikSèks dk dksbZ Hkkx ikuh dh
ldkjkRed vuqorZu dgk tkrk gSA çfrfØ;k esa xfr djrk gS] rks bls gkbMªksVªkWfiTe dgk tkrk gSA
;fn fdlh ikSèks dh o`f¼ foijhr fn'kk esa ;k míhid ls nwj gS] ;gk¡] míhid ty gSA ,d ikSèks dh tM+sa ikuh dh vksj c<+rh gSa]
rks bls udkjkRed dgk tkrk gSA blfy, os ldkjkRed gkbMªksVªksfiTe çnf'kZr djrh gSaA
vuqorZu xfr ds çdkj fFkXeksVªksfiTe (Li'kkZuqorZu)% tc ikSèks dk dksbZ Hkkx fdlh
i;kZoj.k esa ik¡p míhiu gksrs gSaA os çdk'k] xq#Rokd"kZ.k] jlk;u] oLrq ds Li'kZ dh çfrfØ;k esa fn'kkRed xfr fn•krk gS] rks
ty vkSj Li'kZ gSaA ;s míhid ik¡p çdkj ds vuqorZu dks n'kkZrh gSaA bls fFkXeksVªksfiTe dgk tkrk gS mnkgj.k ds fy,] ikSèks dh çrku
os gSa iQksVksVªksfiTe (çdk'kkuqorZu)] ft;ksVªksfiTe (xq:RokuqorZu)] fdlh Hkh leFkZu dh vksj p<+rh gS ftls os Li'kZ djrs gSaA

fp=k 3-29% çdk'k ds fy, ,d ikSèks dh çfrfØ;k fn•kus ds fy, (iQksVksVªksfiTe)

76 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
çdk'k ds çfr ikSèkksa dh çfrfØ;k% çdk'kkuqorZu% ls c<+us esa lgk;rk djrk gSA bl çdkj ruk nkfguh vksj
ikSèks dk ruk ,oa ifÙk;k¡] lw;Z ds çdk'k dh fn'kk esa o`f¼ djrs eqM+ tkrk gSA
gSaA blfy,] tc ikSèks dks fdlh ,sls •qys LFkku ij mxk;k tkrk z vkWfDlu gkekZsu] ikSèks dh tM+ksa ij foijhr çHkko Mkyrk gSA
gS] tgk¡ lw;Z dk çdk'k Åij dh vksj ls vk jgk gks] rks ikSèks dk ;gh dkj.k gS fd] tc lw;Z dk çdk'k tM+ksa ds nkfguh vksj
ruk Åij dh fn'kk esa lhèkh o`f¼ djrk gSA fdUrq] ;fn fdlh iM+rk gS] rks vkWfDlu gkekZsu ck;ha vksj ,df=kr gks tkrk gS
ikSèks dks ,sls LFkku ij j•k tk,] tgka lw;Z dk çdk'k ,d gh rFkk ml rjiQ ls mudh o`f¼ dks ckfèkr djrk gSA blfy,
fn'kk ls vk jgk gks] rks ikSèks dk ruk mlh fn'kk esa >qd tkrk tM+sa ckb± vksj ls eqM+ tkrh gSaA
gSA ogha nwljh vksj] ikSèks dh tM+sa lw;Z ds çdk'k dh fn'kk ls xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds çfr ikSèkksa dh çfrfØ;k% xq#RokuqorZu
nwj >qd tkrh gSaA ikSèks dh tM+sa i`Foh dh vksj o`f¼ djrh gSa] tks fd ldkjkRed
z ,slk vkWfDlu gkekZsu dh vfHkfØ;k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA xq#RokuqorZu n'kkZrk gSa ,oa ruk xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds f•apko ls nwj
Åij dh vksj o`f¼ djrk gS] tks fd udkjkRed xq#RokuqorZu
z tc lw;Z dk çdk'k Åij dh vksj ls vk jgk gksrk gS] rks dks n'kkZrk gSA bls ,d ç;ksx }kjk çnf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
rus ds 'kh"kZ ij mifLFkr vkWfDlu gkekZsu] rus ds ry ij z xeys esa yxs ,d ikSèks dks lkekU; voLFkk esa j•saA ge
leku :i ls iQSy tkrk gS] ftlls og lhèks Åij dh vksj ns•rs gSa fd] tM+sa uhps dh vksj o`f¼ dj jgh gksrh gSa rFkk
o`f¼ djrk gSA ruk Åij dh vksj o`f¼ dj jgk gksrk gSA
z tc lw;Z dk çdk'k dsoy nkfguh vksj ls iM+rk gS] rks z vc xeys esa yxs ikSèks dks >qdk,a vkSj lrg ij {kSfrt
vkWfDlu gkekZsu vis{kkÑr Nk;k esa cus jgus dks çkFkfedrk :i ls j•saA
nsrk gS ,oa ckb± vksj ,df=kr gks tkrk gSA z dqN fnuksa ds ckn ge ns•rs gSa fd xeys esa yxs ikSèks
z pwafd rus ds ckb± vksj vfèkd vkWfDlu gkekZsu gksrk gS] dh tM+sa i`Foh dh vksj c<+us yxrh gSa vkSj ikSèks dk ruk
blfy, ;g ck,a Hkkx dks nk,a Hkkx dh rqyuk esa rhozrk xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds f•apko ls Åij dh vksj >qd tkrk gSA

fp=k 3-30% ;g vkjs• xq#Rokd"kZ.k ;k xq#RokuqorZu ds çfr ikSèks dh çfrfØ;k dks n'kkZrk gSA
jlk;uksa ds çfr ikSèkksa dh çfrfØ;k% jlk;ukuqorZu

z 'kdZjk;qÙkQ inkFkZ chtkaM dh vksj ijkxufydk dh o`f¼ ds

fy,] ,d míhid ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,slk blfy,
gksrk gS] D;ksafd iq"i ds vaMi esa ifjiDo ofrZdkxz] vaMk'k;
dh vksj ofrZdk esa ,d jklk;fud inkFkZ dk lzko djrk gSA
;g 'kdZjk;qÙkQ inkFkZ] ijkx d.k ds fy, ,d míhid ds
:i esa dk;Z djrk gS] tks fd ,d ijkx ufydk dks fupyh
fn'kk esa ,d vaMi dh ofrZdk esa fodflr djds çfrfØ;k fp=k 3-31% ;g vkjs• ofrZdkxz ;k jlk;ukuqorZu }kjk lzkfor
djrk gS rFkk fu"kspu gsrq iq"i ds chtkaM rd igqaprk gSA jlk;uksa ds çfr ikSèks ds ijkxd.k dh çfrfØ;k dks n'kkZrk gSA

tho&foKku 77
ty ds çfr ikSèkksa dh çfrfØ;k% tykuqorZu

fp=k 3-32% ty ;k tykuqorZu ds çfr ikSèks dh çfrfØ;k fn•kus ds fy, ,d ç;ksx

z tM+sa lnSo ty dh fn'kk esa o`f¼ djrh gSa] fiQj pkgs mUgsa fdlh oLrq ds Li'kZ ij ikSèks dh fn'kkRed çfrfØ;k%
fdukjs dh vksj o`f¼ djuk gks vFkok xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds Li'kkZuqorZu
fo#¼Avkb, nks dkap ds ik=k ysa vkSj muesa nks&frgkbZ Hkkx z dqN ikSèks ,sls gksrs gSa] tks Lo;a lhèks •M+s ugha gks ldrs
,oa mUgsa fdlh lgkjs dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu ikSèkksa dks
dks feêðh ls Hkj nsaA nksuksa ik=k esa ge ,d NksVk lk ikSèkk
p<+kbZ okys ikSèks dgk tkrk gS vkSj buesa çrku uked vax
yxkrs gSaA nwljs ik=k esa ge feêðh ds vanj] ,d NksVk feêðh gksrs gSaA çrku] p<+kbZ okys ikSèkksa ds ruksa vkSj ifÙk;ksa ij
dk crZu j•rs gSaA igys ik=k dh feêðh dks çfrfnu lhaprs ,d irys èkkxs tSlh o`f¼ gksrh gSA çrku] vU; oLrqvksa ds
gSa rFkk nwljs ik=k esa] feêðh ds vanj j•s feêðh ds crZu esa Li'kZ ds çfr laosnu'khy gksrs gSaA tc çrku vU; oLrqvksa
ty Mkyrs gSaA ds laidZ esa vkrs gSa] rks ;g ml oLrq dh vksj >qd tkrs
gSa rFkk ml oLrq ds pkjksa vksj ?kqekonkj :i esa fyiV tkrs
z blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd] ikSèks dh tM+sa ty dh vksj gSaA p<+kbZ okys ikSèks dh bl ?kqekonkj xfr dks] Li'kkZuqorZu
o`f¼ djrh gSaA dgk tkrk gSA

fp=k- 3-33% ;g vkjs• ,d oLrq ds Li'kZ ds fy, ,d ikSèks ds fgLls ds ^çrkuksa*

dh çfrfØ;k dks n'kkZrk gS] ;gk¡ ,d ckal dh NM+h gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,& djsyk] ykSdh] vaxwj vkfn dh csy esa xq:RokuqorhZ gksrh gSa rFkk ;gh dkj.k gS fd] ;fn mUgsa mYVk
ruk çrku gksrk gS rFkk eVj] Xyksjh fyyh vkfn esa iÙkh yxk;k tk, gS rks Hkh os ges'kk uhps dh vksj gh tkrh jgsaxhA
çrku gksrs gSaA
lkFk gh tM+sa Hkh ty dh vksj o`f¼ djsxh] D;ksafd ;g
VªkWfid ewoesaV~l dh mi;ksfxrk
z VªkWfid ewoesaV] ikSèks dks thfor jgus esa lgk;rk djrs ldkjkRed tykuqorhZ gSA lkFk gh Vgfu;ka Åij dh vksj
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ikSèks dh tM+sa ldkjkRed :i ls o`f¼ djsaxh] D;ksafd ;g udkjkRed :i ls xq:RokuqorhZ gSA

78 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
vuqdqapu ;k vuqdqaph xfr
z tc fdlh ikSèks esa vuqfØ;k dh fn'kk] míhiu dh fn'kk ls fuèkkZfjr ugha gksrh gS] rks bls vuqdqaph xfr dgrs gSaA vuqdqaph xfr]
ikSèks ds Hkkx dh fn'kkRed xfr ugha gSA
z vuqdqaph xfr esa míhiu dh fn'kk pkgs tks Hkh gks] ikSèks ds lHkh Hkkx ,d gh fn'kk esa leku :i ls xfr djrs gSaA bl çdkj
dh xfr lkekU;r% ifÙk;ksa] iQwyksa dh ia•qfM;ksa vkfn esa ns•h tkrh gSA

fp=k 3-34% ;g vkjs• laosnu'khy ikSèkksa (feekslk iqfMdk) dh ifÙk;ksa esa ^Li'kZ* ds dkj.k
gksus okyh vuqdqaph xfr dks n'kkZrk gSA

vuqdqaph xfr ds fuEufyf•r mnkgj.k gSa% fFkXeksusLVh

z tc ge feekslk iqfMdk tSls laosnu'khy ikSèks dh ifÙk;ksa z fdlh oLrq ds Li'kZ dh çfrfØ;kLo#i ikSèks ds ,d Hkkx
dks Li'kZ djrs gSa] rks os eqM+ tkrh gSaA dh xfr dks] fFkXeksuSLVh dgk tkrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa] ikSèks ds
ml Hkkx dh xfr xSj&fn'kkRed gksrh gSA Li'kZ] fFkXeksuLVh
z çdk'k ds míhiu ds dkj.k gh] [Link] ds iq"iksa dh
ds fy, míhiu dk dk;Z djrk gSA
ia•qfM+;k¡ lqcg •qy tkrh gSa rFkk 'kke dks can gks tkrh gSaA
z ,d laosnu'khy ikSèkk feekslk iqfMdk] ftls Vp&eh&ukWV ds
z çdk'k ds míhiu ds dkj.k gh paæ iq"i dh ia•qfM+;ka lqcg uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] fFkXeksuSLVh dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
can gks tkrh gSa rFkk jkr dks vaèksjs esa •qy tkrh gSaA ;fn ge bl ikSèks dh ifÙk;ksa dk Li'kZ djrs gSa] rks os 'kh?kz
vuqdqaph xfr] o`f¼ xfr gks Hkh ldrh gS vkSj ugha HkhA gh eqM+ tkrh gSa rFkk eqj>k tkrh gSaA

fp=k 3-35% laosnu'khy ikSèkksa dh ifÙk;k¡ vius vkèkkj ij iqfYoul ls ty dh deh ds dkj.k eqM+ tkrh gSaA

tho&foKku 79
z laosnu'khy ikSèks dh çR;sd iÙkh ds vkèkkj ij] iqfYoul ckgjh lrg c<+rh gS rks ia•qfM+;ka •qyrh gSa rFkk mudh ckgjh
gksrk gSA bl iqfYoul dh dksf'kdkvksa esa ty dh vfèkdrk lrg ds c<+us ij] ia•qfM+;ka can gks tkrh gSaA
gksrh gS rFkk ty ds vkarfjd ncko ds dkj.k gh ;s n`<+
ikni gkekZsu ds dk;Z
gksrh gSa ,oa ifÙk;ksa dks lhèkk j•rh gSaA vr%] tSls gh ge
ifÙk;ksa dks Li'kZ djrs gSa] iSM&tSls mHkkj ls (iqfYouh) ls z chtksa dk vadqj.k
ty dh vpkud deh gks tkrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd] z tM+ksa] rus rFkk ifÙk;ksa dh o`f¼
iqfYouh viuh n`<+rk •ks nsrh gS vkSj eqj>k tkrh gSA z jaèkzksa dk lapyu
z tc ge laosnu'khy LFkku dks Li'kZ djrs gSa] rks fo|qr z ikSèkksa esa iq"iu
vkosx ikSèks dh dksf'kdkvksa ds ekè;e ls lapj.k djrs gSa
z iQyksa dk iduk
rFkk ikSèks ds gkekZsu ij dk;Z djrs gSaA ikni gkekZsu] iqfYoul
z vuqorZu vkSj vuqdqaph xfr
dh dksf'kdkvksa ls ty dks] iqfYoul ds nwljs vkèks Hkkx ds
varjdksf'kdh; LFkkuksa esa LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA ty dh bl 3-2-1 ikniksa esa ifjogu ra=k
gkfu ls] iqfYouh dh n`<+rk de gks tkrh gS ,oa bl çdkj tho foKku esa ifjogu dk vFkZ& fdlh tho ds 'kjhj esa
bldh ifÙk;k¡ eqj>k tkrh gSaA
vo'kksf"kr ;k fufeZr inkFkks± dks] mlds 'kjhj ds vU; lHkh Hkkxksa
iQksVksuSLVh rd igq¡pkuk gksrk gSA ikniksa esa dsoy ty rFkk •fut gh gksrs
z çdk'k dh çfrfØ;k esa lkekU; rkSj ij iQwyksa dh ia•qfM+;ksa gSa] ftUgsa blds vU; Hkkxksa igqapk, tkus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
okys ikSèks ds Hkkx dh xfr dks] iQksVksuSLVh dgrs gSaA ;g ,d vkSj pht ftls ikniksa ds vU; Hkkxksa rd igq¡pk;s tkus dh
xfr xSj&fn'kkRed gksrh gSA çdk'k] iQksVksuSLVh esa míhid vko';drk gksrh gS] og gS& ifÙk;ksa esa rS;kj fd;k x;k HkkstuA
gksrk gSA [Link] vkSj paæ iq"i] iQksVksuLVh ds mnkgj.k gSaA vr%] blds fy, ikniksa dks vius 'kjhj esa ,d ifjogu ra=k dh
çdk'k dh çfrfØ;k esa iQwyksa dh ia•qfM;ksa dk •qyuk vkSj can vko';drk gksrh gS] tks fd mudh lHkh dksf'kdkvksa dks Hkkstu]
gksuk] fodkl dh xfr gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd] tc mudh vkWDlhtu] ty vkfn dh vkiwfrZ djrk gSA

fp=k 3-36% ikniksa esa ifjogu ra=k

80 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
ikSèkksa esa ifjogu ç.kkyh dk dk;Z djus okys nks çdkj ds
laokgd Ård gSa%
1- tkbye 2- Ýyks,e
ty vkSj •futksa dk ifjogu
z ikSèkksa dks çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls Hkkstu
fufeZr djus ds fy, ty dh rFkk çksVhu fufeZr djus ds
fy, •futksa dh] vko';drk gksrh gSA bl çdkj] ,d ikSèkk
tM+ksa ds ekè;e ls] feêðh ls ty ,oa •futksa dks vo'kksf"kr
djrk gS rFkk bls rus] ifÙk;ksa] iQwyksa vkfn tSls vU; Hkkxksa
rd igq¡pkrk gSA ;g tkbye Ård ds nks çdkj ds rRoksa ds
ekè;e ls gksrk gS] ftUgsa tkbye okfgdk,¡ vkSj okfgfudk,¡
fp=k 3-37% ,d ikni esa ty vkSj •futksa
dgk tkrk gS] tks fd ty rFkk •futksa dks ikSèks dh tM+ksa
ds ifjogu dh fØ;kfofèk
ls bldh ifÙk;ksa rd ys tkrs gSaA
tkbye okfgdk,¡ z dqN [Link] 'kCn%
z tkbye okfgdk] e`r dksf'kdkvksa }kjk fufeZr ,d yach uyh z ,fiMfeZl (vfèkpeZ)% ikni dh tM+ksa esa dksf'kdkvksa dh
gksrh gS] tks ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd tqM+h gksrh gSA ;g cká ijr dks] ,fiMfeZl dgk tkrk gSA ,fiMfeZl dh eksVkbZ
,d futhZo uyh gS] tks fd ikSèkksa dh tM+ksa ls lapkfyr gksrh ,d dksf'kdk ds leku gksrh gSA
gS rFkk rus ls gksdj çR;sd iÙkh rd igq¡prh gSA dksf'kdkvksa z ,aMksMfeZl% ;g ,d ikni dh tM+ esa] laoguh Ård
dh vafre fHkfÙk;k¡ VwV tkrh gSa] ftlls ,d •qyh uyh
(tkbye vkSj Ýyks,e) ds pkjksa vksj] dksf'kdkvksa dh ,d
fufeZr gks tkrh gSA
ijr gksrh gSA ,aMksMfeZl] dkWVZsDl dh lcls Hkhrjh ijr
z tkbye okfgdkvksa esa lkbVksIykTe ;k dsUæd ugha gksrk
gS rFkk okfgdkvksa dh nhokjsa lsyqykst ;k fyfXuu ls cuh gksrh gSA
gksrh gSaA ty vkSj •futksa ds ifjogu ds vfrfjÙkQ] tkbye z :V dksVZsDl% ;g ,fiMfeZl vkSj ,aMksMfeZl ds eè; tM+
okfgdk rus dks 'kfÙkQ çnku djrh gS vkSj mls lhèkk j•rh dk ,d Hkkx gSA
gSA z :V tkbye% ;g tM+ksa esa mifLFkr tkbye Ård gksrk gSA
z bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd] fyfXuu cgqr dBksj rFkk etcwr
;g tM+ ds eè; Hkkx esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA
gksrk gSA ydM+h] fyXuhiQkbM tkbye okfgdkvksa ls cuh
gksrh gSA tkbye okfgfu;ksa dh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk esa xîôs gksrs z ,fiMfeZl] :V dkWVZsDl rFkk ,aMksMfeZl] :V gs;j vkSj :V
gSa] tgk¡ fyfXuu ,d=k ugha gksrk gSA ;k rks tkbye okfgdk,¡ tkbye ds eè; mifLFkr gksrs gSaA vr% og ty] tks e`nk
vFkok tkbye okfgdk,¡ ,oa okfgfu;k¡ nksuksa gh] iq"ih ikSèkksa ls :V gs;j }kjk vo'kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] igys ,fiMfeZl]
esa ty dk ifjogu djrh gSaA :V dkWVZsDl ,oa ,aMksMfeZl ls gksdj xqtjrk gS rFkk varr%
z okfgfudk,¡ :V tkbye rd igq¡prk gSA
z fcuk iq"i okys ikSèkksa esa okfgfudk,¡ gh ty dk lapkyu z blds vfrfjÙkQ] e`nk esa •fut mikfLFkr gksrs gSaA ikni bu
djus okys Ård gksrs gSaA okfgfudk,¡ e`r dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh
•futksa dks vdkcZfud :i ls e`nk }kjk çkIr djrs gSa] tSls
gSa] ftudh fyfXuiQkbM fHkfÙk;ka] fcuk •qys fljksa okyh
fd ukbVªsV rFkk iQkWLiQsVA e`nk ds •fut ty esa ?kqydj]
gksrh gSaA ;s yach] iryh vkSj èkqjh ds vkdkj dh dksf'kdk,¡
gksrh gSaA buesa xîôs gksrs gSa vkSj bUgha xîôksa ls gh ty] ,d tyh; ?kksy fufeZr djrs gSaA vr% tc ty dks tM+ksa ls
okfgfudk ls nwljh okfgfudk esa çokfgr gksrk gSA lHkh ikniksa ifÙk;ksa rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gS] rks ty esa ?kqys gq, •futksa
esa okfgfudk gksrh gSA dk Hkh ifjogu gksrk gSA

tho&foKku 81
 fp=k 3-38% ikniksa esa ty ,oa •fut ifjogu fØ;kfofèk
z :V gs;j (ewy jkse) e`nk ls] ?kqys gq, •futksa ls ;qÙkQ ty •k| rFkk vU; inkFkks± dk ifjogu
dks vo'kksf"kr djrs gSaA :V gs;j(ewy jkse) e`nk ds [Link]
ds eè; mifLFkr] ty dh f>Yyh ds lhèks laidZ esa gksrk
gSA •futksa ls ;qÙkQ ;g ty] :V gs;j(ewy jkse) esa tkrk
gS rFkk ijklj.k dh çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls] ,d dksf'kdk
ls nwljh dksf'kdk esa tkrk gS rFkk ,fiMfeZl(vfèkpeZ)]
:V dkWVZsDl] ,aMksMfeZl (varLRopk) vkSj :V tkbye rd
igqaprk gSA
z tM+ dh tkbye okfgdk,¡] ikSèks ds rus dh tkbye okfgfu;ksa
ls lac¼ gksrh gSaA vr% ty] tM+ dh tkbye okfgdk ls
rus dh tkbye okfgdk esa ços'k djrk gS vkSj vkxs [Link]`Ur
}kjk ikSèks dh ifÙk;ksa esa igq¡prk gSA çdk'k la'ys"k.k esa ikSèks
dsoy ,d ;k nks çfr'kr ty dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA 'ks"k
ty] ok;q esa tyok"i ds :i esa foyhu gks tkrk gSA
tkbye okfgdk }kjk ty dk vo'kks"k.k
ikSèks ds 'kh"kZ ij (ifÙk;ksa esa) nkc de gksrk gS] tcfd ikSèks ds fp=k 3-39
fupys Hkkx esa nkc vfèkd gksrk gSA ok"iksRltZu ds dkj.k gh z ikSèks dh ifÙk;ksa esa çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k }kjk rS;kj
ikSèks ds 'kh"kZ ij nkc de gksrk gS rFkk ikSèks ds 'kh"kZ ij de fd, x, Hkkstu dks rus] tM+ksa] 'kk•kvksa vkfn tSls vU;
nkc gksus ds dkj.k gh ty] tkbye okfgdk ls gksdj ikSèks dh
Hkkxksa esa igqapuk gksrk gSA blfy,] bl Hkkstu dks ,d çdkj
ifÙk;ksa esa çokfgr gksrk gSA
dh uyh] ftls Ýyks,e dgrs gSa] ds }kjk ikSèks ds vU;
ikSèkksa dh ifÙk;ksa }kjk ty ds fujarj ok"ihdj.k dks] ok"iksRltZu
Hkkxksa rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA ifÙk;ksa }kjk ikSèks ds vU; Hkkxksa
dgrs gSaA ikSèks dh ifÙk;ksa esa NksVs&NksVs fNæ gksrs gSa] ftUgsa jaèkz
dgk tkrk gSaA buds ekè;e ls gh ty] ok;q esa ok"ihÑr gks esa Hkkstu dk ifjogu] LFkkukarj.k dgykrk gSA ifÙk;ksa }kjk
tkrk gSA ;g tkbye okfgdkvksa ds 'kh"kZ ij nkc dks de djrk cuk;k x;k Hkkstu] lkèkkj.k 'kdZjk ds :i esa ik;k tkrk
gS rFkk bl çdkj ty muesa Åij dh vksj çokfgr gksrk gSA gSA Ýyks,e] ,d ikSèks ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA

82 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
Ýyks,e esa pkyuh ufydk,a gksrh gSa djrs gSA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd] ikSèkksa esa Hkh 'olu dh
z Ýyks,e] ,d yach ufydk gksrh gS] tks dbZ thfor çfØ;k gksrh gSA vr% vkWDlhtu vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dks]
dksf'kdkvksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA Ýyks,e dh thfor 'olu xSl Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
dksf'kdkvksa dks] pkyuh ufydk dgk tkrk gSA Ýyks,e esa ikSèkksa esa 'olu fuEu igyqvksa esa euq"; rFkk vU; tkuojksa ls
dksf'kdkvksa dh vafre fHkfÙk esa] pkyuh dh IysVsa gksrh fHkUu gksrk gS%
gSa] ftuesa NksVs&NksVs fNæ gksrs gSaA bUgha fNæksa ds ekè;e z 'olu ikSèkksa ds lHkh Hkkxksa tSls& ruksa] tM+ksa] ifÙk;ksa vkfn
ls Hkkstu] Ýyks,e ufydkvksa ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA pkyuh esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA euq";ksa ,oa i'kqvksa esa 'olu dsoy
ufydk esa dksf'kdk æO; gksrk gS] fdUrq dsUæd ugha gksrkA ,d Hkkx ls gksrk gSA
çR;sd pkyuh ufydk dksf'kdk esa] ,d lgpj dksf'kdk
z ikSèkksa esa] 'olu xSlksa dk ifjogu dfBukbZ ls ,d Hkkx ls
gksrh gS] ftlesa ,d dsaæd rFkk dbZ vU; dksf'kdkax gksrs
nwljs Hkkx esa gksrk gSA ogha nwljh vksj] tkuojksa vkSj euq";ksa
gSaA pkyuh ufydkvksa dh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk esa] lsywykst ik;k
esa 'olu xSlksa dk ifjogu] 'kjhj ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa gksrk gSA
tkrk gS] fdUrq fyfXuu ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
z ikSèkksa esa 'olu dh nj èkheh gksrh gS tcfd euq";ksa vkSj
z Hkkstu dks ifÙk;ksa dh eslksfiQy dksf'kdkvksa }kjk] fufeZr
i'kqvksa esa ;g nj rhoz gksrh gSA
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ogka ls ;g Ýyks,e dh pkyuh ufydkvksa
esa ços'k djrk gSA ;s Ýyks,e ufydk,a vkil esa lac¼ gksrh ikSèks folj.k fØ;k }kjk vkWDlhtu çkIr djrs gSa
gSa ,oa ,d ckj tc Hkkstu ifÙk;ksa dh Ýyks,e ufydk rd z folj.k gh ,dek=k ,slh çfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk ikSèkksa dh
igqap tkrk gS] rks bls ikSèks ds vU; lHkh Hkkxksa esa igq¡pk lHkh dksf'kdkvksa dks vko';d vkWDlhtu dh vkiwfrZ dh
fn;k tkrk gSA tkrh gSA folj.k tM+ksa] ruksa rFkk ifÙk;ksa esa gksrk gSA
z Hkkstu dk ifjogu vko';d gksrk gS] D;ksafd ikSèks ds tM+ksa esa 'olu
çR;sd Hkkx dks fuEufyf•r ds fy, Hkkstu dh vko';drk
z ikSèkksa dh tM+sa] e`nk ds [Link] ds eè; mifLFkr ok;q ds
gksrh gS%
ekè;e ls vkWDlhtu çkIr djrh gSa- :V&gs;j] tks fd tM+
z ÅtkZ dh ,fiMeZy dksf'kdkvksa dk foLrkj gS] e`nk ds lhèks laidZ
z blds Hkkxksa dk fodkl djus gsrq esa gksrk gSA vkWDlhtu] :V&gs;j esa folfjr gksrh gS rFkk
z blds thou dks cuk, j•us gsrq tM+ksa dh vU; lHkh dksf'kdkvksa rd igq¡prh gSA :V&gs;j
tM+ksa rFkk çjksgksa ds 'kh"kZ esa cuus okys gkWekZsu tSls vU; inkFkks± ds ekè;e ls gh muesa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dk folj.k gksrk
dk Hkh] Ýyks,e ufydkvksa ds }kjk ifjogu fd;k tkrk gSA gS vkSj og ikSèks dh tM+ksa }kjk mRlftZr gksrk gSA bl çdkj]
ikSèks dh tM+ksa esa 'olu :V&gs;j ds ekè;e ls] vkWDlhtu
ikniksa esa Hkkstu ds ifjogu dh fØ;kfofèk
vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds folj.k }kjk gksrk gSA
z ATP (,Mhuksflu VªkbiQkWLiQsV) ls çkIr ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx
djds ikSèks dh ifÙk;ksa esa cuk Hkkstu] Ýyks,e Ård dh
pkyuh ufydkvksa esa ços'k djrk gSA blds i'pkr~ ijklj.k
dh çfØ;k }kjk ty] pkyuh dh ufydkvksa esa ços'k djrk
gS] ftuesa 'kdZjk gksrh gSA blls Ýyks,e Ård esa nkc c<+
tkrk gSA Ýyks,e Ård esa mRiUu ;g mPp nkc] Hkkstu dks
ikSèks ds de nkc okys vU; lHkh Hkkxksa esa ys tkrk gSA bl
çdkj Ýyks,e Ård ds ekè;e ls] ikSèks ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa
Hkkstu dk ifjogu gksrk gSA
3-13-3 ikSèkksa esa 'olu rFkk mRltZu
ikSèkksa esa 'olu
'olu] Hkkstu ls ÅtkZ dks eqÙkQ djus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA euq";
rFkk vU; tkuojksa ds leku] ikSèkksa dks Hkh i;kZoj.k ls vkWDlhtu
dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj os dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dk mRltZu fp=k 3-40

tho&foKku 83
z nh?kkZofèk rd tyHkjko jgus ds dkj.k] ikSèks lekIr tkrs ruksa esa 'olu
gSaA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd] tyHkjko ds dkj.k e`nk z NksVs 'kkdh; ikSèkksa ds dksey ruksa esa jaèkz gksrs gSa vkSj cM+s
ds [Link] ds eè; ls ok;q ckgj fudy tkrh gS rFkk bl ikSèkksa vkSj o`{kksa ds dBksj ruksa esa okrjaèkz gksrs gSaA elwj]
çdkj ls ikSèkksa dh tM+ksa rd vkWDlhtu ugha igqap ikrh gSA ,d isaM dh Nky dh lrg ij lw{e mHkkj gksrs gSaA bu
,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] ikSèks vok;qoh; :i ls 'olu djrs dksf'kdkvksa dks f'kfFky j•k tkrk gS vkSj blfy,] ok;q rFkk
gSa] ftlls vYdksgy mRiUu gksrk gSa vkSj ;g mUgsa lekIr ydM+h ds rus dh thfor dksf'kdkvksa ds eè; 'olu xSlksa
dj nsrk gSaA ds xSlh; vknku&çnku dh vuqefr feyrh gSA

fp=k 3-41
z jaèkz] 'kkdh; ikSèkksa ds ruksa rFkk ok;q ds eè; 'olu xSlksa ds gks tkrk gSA ifÙk;ksa esa 'olu ds nkSjku mRiUu gksus okyh
xSlh; fofue; esa] lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaA jaèkzksa ds ekè;e dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dk mi;ksx] çdk'k la'ys"k.k esa Hkh
ls] ok;q ls çkIr vkWDlhtu rus esa çlkfjr gksrh gS rFkk
fd;k tkrk gSA vfirq] ok;q ls vfèkd dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
'olu gsrq rus dh lHkh dksf'kdkvksa rd tkrh gSA
z blh çdkj ruksa esa mRiUu dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] 'kkdh; ikSèkksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blfy,] fnu ds le; 'kq¼ xSlh;
ds jaèkzksa rFkk o`{kksa vFkok cM+s ikSèkksa ds elwj esa folfjr gksdj fofue; gksrk gS] vkWDlhtu ckgj folfjr gksrh gS vkSj
gok esa fu"dkflr gks tkrh gSA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vanj folfjr gksrh gSA
ifÙk;ksa esa 'olu
ifÙk;ksa esa 'olu jaèkzksa }kjk gksrk gS] tks ikSèks dh ifÙk;ksa esa lw{e
fNæksa ds :i esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA vkWDlhtu] jaèkzksa esa folfjr
gksdj ifÙk;ksa dh vU; dksf'kdkvksa rd igq¡p tkrh gSA 'olu
dh çfØ;k esa mRiUu dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM Hkh] jaèkzksa ds lkFk
folfjr gks tkrh gS rFkk ifÙk;ksa ls ckgj fu"dkflr gks tkrh gSA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] ifÙk;ksa esa 'olu fnu rFkk jkf=k nksuksa gh
le; gksrk gSA ysfdu çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k dsoy fnu
ds le; gh gksrh gSA bl dkj.k ls ikSèkksa dh ifÙk;ksa esa 'kq¼
xSlh; fofue; gksrk gS%
z fnu ds le; ifÙk;ksa esa vkWDlhtu mRiUu gksrh gSA bldk
dkj.k ;g gS fd] çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k fnu ds nkSjku
gksrk gSA blfy, ifÙk;k¡ bl vkWDlhtu esa ls dqN dk mi;ksx
'olu ds fy, djrh gSa ,oa bldk 'ks"k Hkkx ok;q esa folfjr fp=k 3-42

84 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 vif'k"V inkFkks± ds fu"dklu ds fy, dksbZ fo'ks"k vax ugha
gksrk gSA
z ikSèks ds vif'k"V inkFkZ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ty ok"i rFkk
vkWDlhtu gksrs gSaA tgk¡ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj tyok"i]
'olu ds vif'k"V inkFkZ gksrs gSa] ogha vkWDlhtu çdk'k
la'ys"k.k dk vif'k"V inkFkZ gksrk gSA bu vif'k"V inkFkks±
dks ifÙk;ksa esa jaèkzksa rFkk rus esa elwj ds ekè;e ls gok esa
fu"dkflr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
z dqN vif'k"V inkFkZ ikSèks ;k isM+ dh ifÙk;ksa] Nky vkSj
iQyksa esa laxzfgr gksrs gSaA e`r ifÙk;ksa dh Nky rFkk ids gq,
iQyksa ds fxjus ij] isM+ muls eqfÙkQ çkIr dj ysrs gSaA dqN
ikSèks vius iQyksa esa dpjs dks Bksl :i esa laxzghr djrs gSa]
fp=k 3-43
ftls jSiQkbM~l dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] jrkyw ds
iQy dh lrg ij lqbZ ds vkdkj ds jSiQkbM gksrs gSaA ikSèks
z jkf=k ds le; ifÙk;ksa esa çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k ugha vius rus vkSj 'kk•kvksa ls xksan rFkk jsftu ds :i esa Hkh
gksrh gSA vr% 'olu dh çfØ;k esa vkWDlhtu] ok;q }kjk vif'k"V dks lzkfor djrs gSaA
ifÙk;ksa esa folfjr gks tkrh gS rFkk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ok;q z blfy,] ikSèkksa }kjk vius vif'k"V mRiknksa ls NqVdkjk ikus
esa folfjr gks tkrh gSA vr%] jkf=k esa ifÙk;ksa esa 'kq¼ xSlh; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fofHkUu fofèk;k¡ gSa%
fofue; gksrk gS] ftlesa vkWDlhtu vUnj folfjr gksrh gS
z jaèkzksa vkSj elwj ds ekè;e ls xSlh; vif'k"V dks ckgj
rFkk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ckgj folfjr gksrh gSA fudkyukA
ikSèkksa esa mRltZu z ifÙk;k¡ fxjkdj] Nky dks Nhydj ,oa iQyksa ds fxjkdj Bksl
z eyR;kx] 'kjhj ls vif'k"V inkFkks± dk fu"dklu gksrk gSA ,oa rjy vif'k"V dk [Link]
ikSèks Hkh vif'k"V inkFkks± dk mRiknu djrs gSa] fdUrq cgqr z xksan vkSj jsftu ds :i esa vif'k"V dks lzkfor djukA
èkheh xfr ls rFkk cgqr de ek=kk esaA muds ikl vius z vif'k"V dks muds vklikl dh e`nk esa iQsad nsaukA
3-2-2 ikSèkksa esa vySafxd çtuu

fp=k 3-44
z vySafxd çtuu ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS] ftlesa ;qXed ;k ;kSu dksf'kdkvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk] ,dy ekrk&firk ls ,d u;k
tho mRiUu gksrk gSA dbZ ,ddksf'kdh; vkSj cgqdksf'kdh; tho] vySafxd :i ls çtuu djrs gSaA bl çfØ;k esa] ewy tho ;k
rks foHkkftr gks tkrk gS vFkok ,d u;s tho dh mRifÙk ds fy,] ewy tho dk ,d Hkkx i`Fkd gks tkrk gSA
vySafxd çtuu Ng çdkj ds gksrs gSaA os gSa%
fo•aMu
fo•aMu esa] ,ddksf'kdh; tho u, tho fufeZr djus ds fy, foHkkftr gks tkrs gSaA ;g thoksa tSls& çksVkstksvk vkSj dbZ [Link]
esa çtuu dh ,d çfØ;k gSA fo•aMu nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa%

tho&foKku 85
f}•.Mu
f}•.Mu esa] ewy dksf'kdk ml fcanq ij igqapus ds ckn nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gS] tgka og iwjh rjg ls fodflr gks tkrh
gSA bl çfØ;k esa foHkktu ds ckn] tud dksf'kdk dk vfLrRo ugha jgrk vkSj nks u, thoksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
z f}•.Mu ls xqtjus okys ,ddksf'kdh; thoksa ds mnkgj.k gSa& vehck] iSjkehf'k;e] yh'keSfu;k vkfnA

fp=k 3-45% vehck f}•.Mu }kjk çtuu djrk gS

cgqfo•aMu
z cgqfo•aMu Hkh vySafxd çtuu dh ,d çfØ;k gS ftlesa tud dksf'kdk foHkkftr gksdj dbZ u, thoksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
,slk rc gksrk gS] tc ,ddksf'kdh; tho ds pkjksa vksj ,d flLV cu tkrh gSA bl flLV ds vanj vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
foHkktu gks tkrk gS] flLV VwV tkrh gS rFkk blds vanj dh dbZ larfr dksf'kdk,a eqÙkQ gks tkrh gSaA
z IykTeksfM;e] cgqfo•aMu dh çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls xqtjrk gSA

fp=k 3-46% cgqfo•aMu }kjk çtuu

eqdqyu
z vadqj 'kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gS& NksVk ikSèkkA eqdqyu dh çfØ;k esa tud tho ds 'kjhj ij ,d NksVh lk vadqj mRiUu gksrk gS
rFkk le; vkus ij og Lo;a dks i`Fkd dj ds ,d u, tho dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA gkbMªk vkSj ;hLV] eqdqyu dh çfØ;k ls
xqtjrs gSaA

fp=k 3-47% eqdqyu fofèk }kjk gkbMªk dk çtuu

86 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
[Link] fuekZ.k

fp=k 3-48% ;hLV eqdqyu fofèk }kjk çtuu djrk gS

z [Link] fuekZ.k dh fofèk] ,ddksf'kdh; rFkk cgqdksf'kdh; nksuksa çdkj ds thoksa esa gksrh gSA ;g çfØ;k ikSèkksa esa gksrh gSA [Link]
fuekZ.k esa] tud ikSèkk vius [Link] isVh esa lSdM+ksa çtuu bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu djrk gS] ftUgsa [Link] dgk tkrk gSA
tc ikSèks dh ;g [Link] isVh iQV tkrh gS] rks ;s [Link] Hkkstu ;k feêðh] gok vkSj tehu esa fc•j tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ os vadqfjr
gksdj u, ikSèks mRiUu djrs gSaA
z jkbtksIl] E;wdj vkfn tSls dod] [Link] fuekZ.k ds mnkgj.k gSaA

fp=k 3-49% ;g ,d lkekU; czsM eksYM IykaV ;k jkbtksil dod gSA ;g [Link] ds }kjk çtuu djrk gS
iqutZuu
z iqutZuu] çtuu dh ,d vySafxd fofèk gSA bl çfØ;k esa] ;fn fdlh ewy tho dk 'kjhj dV tkrk gS] rks çR;sd dVk gqvk
Hkkx vius 'kjhj ds vaxksa ls iqu% mRiUu gksdj] ,d u;k tho mRiUu dj ldrk gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd] iqutZuu ls
xqtj ldus okys tho ds 'kjhj dks tc dkVk tkrk gS] rks 'kjhj ds dVs gq, fgLls dh dksf'kdk,a rsth ls foHkkftr gksrh gSa
vkSj bu dksf'kdkvksa dk ,d xksyd cu tkrk gSaA ;s dksf'kdk,a rc vius vaxksa ,oa 'kjhj ds fgLlksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy,] vius
mfpr LFkku ij pyh tkrh gSaA

tho&foKku 87
 fp=k 3-50% iqutZuu ikSèkksa vkSj tarqvksa nksuksa esa gksrk gSA gkbMªk rFkk IySusfj;k dk iqutZuu gksrk gS
•aMu
z •aMu cgqdksf'kdh; thoksa esa gksrk gS] pkgs os ikSèks gksa vFkok tkuojA bl çfØ;k esa cgqdksf'kdh; tho ifjiDo gksus ij nks
;k vfèkd VqdM+ksa esa •afMr gks tkrs gSA çR;sd Hkkx] rc ,d u, tho esa fodflr gksrk gSA Likbjksxk;jk] tks fd ,d ikSèkk gS
rFkk leqæh ,uheksu] tks fd ,d leqæh tkuoj gS] •aMu dh çfØ;k ls xqtjrs gSaA

fp=k 3-51% Likbjksxkbjk] ,d js'ks tSlk 'kSoky ikSèkk] •aMu dh fofèk }kjk çtuu djrk gSA
dkf;d çoèkZu
z bl çdkj dk vySafxd çtuu ikSèkksa esa gh gksrk gSA dkf;d çoèkZu esa] iqjkus ikSèkksa ds dqN Hkkx tSls& ruk] tM+ vkSj ifÙk;k¡]
,d u, ikSèks dks mxkus ds fy, ç;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA iqjkus ikSèkksa esa lq"kqIr voLFkk esa mifLFkr vadqj dks] ueh rFkk xehZ tSlh
mi;qÙkQ ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çnku dh tkrh gSa] rkfd os ,d u, ikSèks ds :i esa o`f¼ dj ds fodflr gksa ldsaA
z dkf;d çoèkZu ls xqtjus okys ikSèkksa esa gjh ?kkl] czk;ksfiQye] euh IykaV] vkyw dk ikSèkk] I;kt] dsyk vkfn 'kkfey gSA

fp=k 3-52% vkyw ds dan ls vkyw ds ikSèks dk dkf;d çoèkZu

88 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 ikSèkksa dk Ñf=ke çoèkZu
z tc ekuo fufeZr fofèk;ksa dk ç;ksx djds ,d ikSèks ls dbZ
ikSèks mxk, tkrs gSa] rks bls Ñf=ke çoèkZu dgrs gSaA ikSèkksa ds
Ñf=ke çoèkZu dh rhu lkekU; fofèk;k¡ gSaA os gSa%
dye yxkuk
z ikSèks ds ,d NksVs ls fgLls] ftl ij vadqj yxk gks] dks
dkVdj ,d u;k ikSèkk mxk;k tkrk gS] tks ,d ruk ;k ,d
iÙkh gks ldrh gSA bl fgLls dks fiQj feêðh esa mxk;k tkrk
gS vkSj ty ls flafpr fd;k tkrk gSA dqN fnuksa ds ckn
vki ,d u, ikSèks dks mxrs gq, ns• ldrs gSaA
fp=k 3-53% czk;ksiQkbye dh iÙkh ds z cksxufofy;k] xqynkmnh] vaxwj vkfn tSls ikSèkksa dks dye
fdukjs ij mxus okys ikSèks yxkdj mxk;k tk ldrk gSA

fp=k 3-54% ^dye yxkus dh* fofèk }kjk ikSèkksa dk çoèkZu

ys;fjax (Lrj.k)
z ys;fjax esa] ewy ikSèks dh 'kk•kvksa dks feêðh ds vanj bl rjg ls tkus fn;k tkrk gS fd 'kk•k dk ,d fgLlk feêðh ls ckgj
vk tk,A 'kk•k dk og fgLlk tks feêðh ds vanj gksrk gS] tM+ksa dk fodkl djrk gS vkSj ckn esa ewy ikSèks ls dkVk tkrk gSA
bl rjg nch gqbZ 'kk•k ls ,d u;k ikSèkk curk gSA
z pesyh] LVªkWcsjh] jlHkjh vkfn tSls ikSèkksa ds fy, bLrseky dh tkus okyh ys;fjax fofèk dks dye dgk tkrk gSAo`ar ikSèks dk
fupyk fgLlk gS] vkSj dye ikSèks dk Åijh fgLlk gSA nksuksa ruksa esa frjNk dV cuk;k tkrk gSA

fp=k 3-55% pesyh ds ikSèks (pesyh) dk dkf;d laoèkZu o`ar uked ys;fjax(Lrj.k) fofèk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

tho&foKku 89
xzkfÝVax (dye ckaèkus dh rduhd)
z xzkfÝVax esa nks vyx&vyx ikSèkksa ds ruksa dks dkVdj bl rjg tksM+k tkrk gS fd os ,d ikSèks ds :i esa fodflr gksrs gSaA nks
dVs gq, ruksa esa ls ,d ruk tM+ksa ds lkFk gksrk gS vkSj Ldksu (dye) dgykrk gSA LVkWd (o`ar) ikSèks dk fupyk Hkkx gksrk
gS vkSj Ldksu (dye) ikSèks dk Åijh Hkkx gksrk gSA nksuksa ruksa esa frjNk dV cuk;k tkrk gSA

fp=k 3-56% ikSèkksa ;k isM+ksa ds Ñf=ke çlkj ds fy, xzkfÝVax fofèk (dye ckaèkuk)
z ,d ikSèks ds Ård nwljs ikSèks ikSèks ds Årdksa esa çfo"V djk;s gSA ikSèkksa esa uj ,oa eknk ySafxd vax Hkh gksrs gSaA ikniksa esa
tkrs gSa ftlls nksuksa ds okfgdk Ård vkil esa fey tkrs ;s ySafxd vax iq"i ds Hkhrj vkSj iQy ds vanj cht gksrs
gSaA rFkk ,d ikWfyFkhu 'khV ls <d fn;k tkrk gSA ;g rus gSaA ,sls ikSèkksa dks ,aft;ksLieZ ;k iq"i okys ikSèks dgk tkrk
dks laØe.k ,oa vU; leL;kvksa ls cpkrk gSA gS D;ksafd os ySafxd tuu fofèk }kjk çtuu djrs gSaA
z tYn gh ruk vkSj vadqj la?kVu djrs gSa ftlls ,d u;k z vfèkdka'k ikSèkksa ds iq"iksa esa uj ,oa eknk nksuksa ds çtuu
ikSèkk mxrk gSA bl u, ikni ds iQyksa esa nksuksa ikSèkksa ds vax gksrs gSaA ,d gh iQwy esa uj rFkk eknk nksuksa çtuu vax
xq.k gksrs gSaA dye fd, x, iQyksa ds mnkgj.k lsc] vkM+w] gksrs gSaA ,sls iq"i uj vkSj eknk ;qXed cukrs gSa vkSj ;g
•qckuh vkfn gSaA lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd fu"kspu gks rkfd ikniksa ds tuu ds
Ñf=ke dkf;d çoèkZu ds ykHk fy, u, cht cu ldsaA
z u, ikSèks esa ewy ikSèks dh rjg lVhd fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSaA
z xzkfÝVax }kjk mxk, x, iQyksa ds isM+ cgqr igys iQy ns
nsrs gSaA
z ikSèkksa dks vius 'kq#vkrh o"kks± esa de è;ku nsus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
z ,d gh tud ls dbZ ikSèks mxk, tk ldrs gSaA
z cht jfgr ikSèks çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
3-2-1 iq"ih ikniksa esa ySafxd tuu
z ySafxd tuu nks ekrk&firk ls muds ;qXed ;k fyax
dksf'kdkvksa dk mi;ksx djds ,d u, tho dk mRiknu gksrk fp=k 3-57% iq"i dk ,d Hkkx

90 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
ikniksa esa ySafxd tuu ds fy, çfØ;k z vaMi (Carpel)% vaMi eknk çtuu vax gS vkSj ikSèks ds dsaæ
z iq"i ds uj vax dks iqadslj dgrs gSaA ;g ikni ds uj ;qXed esa ekStwn gksrk gSA vaMi dk vkdkj ÝykLd dh rjg gksrk
cukus esa enn djrk gS vkSj [Link] esa ekStwn gksrk gSA gSA vaMi rhu Hkkxksa] dyad] 'kSyh vkSj vaMk'k; ls cuk gSA
z ,d iQwy ds eknk vax dks dkiZsy (vaMi) dgk tkrk gSA vaMi ds Åijh Hkkx dks fLVXek dgrs gSaA dyad fpifpik
;g ikSèks ds eknk ;qXed ;k vaMs dh dksf'kdkvksa dks cukus gksrk gS vkSj iqadslj ds ijkxdks"k ls ijkx çkIr djrk gSA
esa enn djrk gS vkSj chtkaMksa esa ekStwn gksrk gSA ijkxd.k ofrZdkxz ls fpid tkrs gSaA vaMi ds eè; Hkkx
z uj ;qXed eknk ;qXed dks fu"ksfpr djrs gSaA dks 'kSyh dgrs gSaA ofrZdk ,d uyh gS tks ofrZdkxz dks
z fu"ksfpr vaMs dh dksf'kdk,a chtkaMksa esa fodflr gksrh gSa vaMk'k; ls tksM+rh gSA vaMi dk fupyk Hkkx tks lwtk gqvk
vkSj cht cu tkrh gSaA gksrk gS] vaMk'k; dgykrk gSA ;gha ij chtkaM curs vkSj
z vadqfjr gksus ij ;s cht u, ikSèks cu tkrs gSaA tek gksrs gSaA vaMk'k; esa dbZ chtkaM gksrs gSa vkSj çR;sd
chtkaM esa ikSèks dk ,d eknk ;qXed gksrk gSA ikSèks dk eknk
,d iq"i ds fofHkUu Hkkx ;qXed tks chtkaM ds vanj ekStwn gksrk gS] vaMk ;k [Link]
z [Link] (Receptacle)% ;g iq"i ds rus ds Åij ,d iQwy dgykrk gSA blfy,] eknk ;qXed vaMi ds vaMk'k; esa curs
dk vkèkkj gksrk gSA ;g og fjlsIVsdy gS ftlls iq"i ds gSaA ikni ds eknk vax dks L=khdslj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lkFk
vU; lHkh Hkkx tqM+s gksrs gSaA gh vaMi dbZ iqadslj ls f?kjk gksrk gSA
z ckány (Sepals)% ;s gjs iÙks tSls Hkkx gksrs gSa tks iq"i ds
lcls ckgjh Hkkx ij ekStwn gksrs gSaA ckány dyh ds :i
esa gksus ij iq"i dh j{kk djus esa enn djrs gSaA ,d iq"i
ds lHkh ckány ,d lkFk ckányiqat dgykrs gSaA
z ia•qM+h (Petals)% ia•qfM+;k¡ ,d iq"i dh jaxhu ifÙk;k¡ gksrh
gSaA iq"i dh lHkh ifÙk;k¡ ,d lkFk nyiqat dgykrh gSaA ,d
iq"i dh ia•qfM+;ksa esa lqxaèk gksrh gS vkSj os ijkx.k ds fy,
dhM+ksa dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSaA budk dk;Z iq"i ds dsaæ esa
ekStwn çtuu vaxksa dh j{kk djuk gSA
z iqadslj (Stamen)% iqadslj ,d ikni dk uj çtuu vax fp=k 3-59% vaMi% ,d ikSèks dk eknk çtuu vaxA
gSA os ia•qfM+;ksa ds ?ksjs ds vanj ekStwn gksrs gSa rFkk iQwys
dkiZsy dks fifLVy ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS
gq, 'kh"kZ ds lkFk NksVs MaBy gksrs gSaA iqadslj nks Hkkxksa] ,Fksj
vkSj fiQykesaV ls cuk gksrk gSA iqadslj ds MaBy dks rarq z ,sls iq"i ftuesa ;k rks iqadslj ;k vaMi gksrs gSa] ,dfyaxh
dgk tkrk gS vkSj iQwys gq, 'kh"kZ dks ijkxdks'k dgk tkrk dgykrs gSaA iihrs vkSj rjcwt ds iQwy ,dfyaxh iq"iksa ds
gSA iqadslj dk ijkxdks"k [Link] dk fuekZ.k djrk gS vkSj mnkgj.k gSaA
mUgsa lafpr djrk gSA bu [Link] esa ikni ds uj ;qXed z ,sls iq"i ftuesa uj ,oa eknk nksuksa ySafxd vax gksrs gSa]
gksrs gSaA ,d iq"i esa cgqr lkjs iqadslj gksrs gSaA mHk;fyaxh dgykrs gSaA xqM+gy vkSj ljlksa ds ikSèks mHk;fyaxh
iq"iksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA
z ,d u;k cht cukus ds fy,] ijkxd.k esa ekStwn uj ;qXed
chtkaM esa ekStwn eknk ;qXed ls tqM+ tkrk gSA
z ;g çfØ;k nks [Link] esa gksrh gSA
 ijkx.k

 fu"kspu

ijkx.k
z tc ijkxdks'k ls ijkxd.k vaMi ds ofrZdkxz ij LFkkukarfjr
gksrs gSa] rks bls ijkx.k dgrs gSaA ijkx.k ds dkj.k gh uj
;qXed eknk ;qXed ds lkFk la;kstu djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
ijkx.k eèkqefD•;ksa] frrfy;ksa rFkk if{k;ksa] ok;q vkSj ty
fp=k 3-58% iqadslj% ikSèks dk uj çtuu vaxA tSls dhM+ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

tho&foKku 91
 fp=k- 3-60% ijkxu
z ijkx.k nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa] Lo&ijkx.k ,oa ij&[Link] tc ,d iQwy ds ijkxd.k mlh iQwy ds fLVXek ;k mlh ikSèks ds nwljs
iQwy ds fLVXek rd ys tk, tkrs gSa rks bls Loijkx.k dgrs gSaA vkSj tc ,d ikSèks ds iQwy ds ijkxd.k mlh rjg ds nwljs
ikSèks ds iQwy ds fLVXek rd ys tk, tkrs gSa rks bls ij&ijkx.k dgrs gSaA
z dhV ijkx.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA ,slk rc gksrk gS tc dksbZ dhV ve`r pwlus ds fy, ,d ikSèks ds iq"i ij cSBrk gS rks
ijkxd.k mlds 'kjhj ls fpid tkrs gSaA vc tc ;g dhV mM+dj mlh çdkj ds nwljs ikSèks ds iq"i ij cSBrk gS rks ijkxd.k
LFkkukarfjr gks tkrs gSa vkSj os nwljs ikSèks ds iq"i ds dyad ls fpid tkrs gSaA bl rjg dhV ij&ijkx.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
ok;q Hkh ij&ijkx.k esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
fu"kspu
z ijkx.k ds ckn] vxyk pj.k fu"kspu gSA bl pj.k esa [Link] esa mifLFkr uj ;qXed chtk.M esa mifLFkr eknk ;qXed ls
tqM+ tkrs gSaA
z tc ijkxd.k ofrZdkxz ij fxjrk gS rks ;g iQV tkrk gS vkSj ,d ijkxufydk fodflr gks tkrh gS tks ofrZdk ds ekè;e ls
vaMk'k; dh vksj pyrh gS vkSj chtkaM esa ços'k djrh gSA uj ;qXed ijkxufydk ls gksdj uhps dh vksj xfr djrk gSA ijkx
ufydk dk fljk chtkaM esa •qy tkrk gS vkSj uj ;qXed ckgj vk tkrk gSA chtkaM esa uj ;qXed eknk ;qXed ds dsaæd ls
tqM+dj fu"ksfpr vaMs dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA bl fu"ksfpr vaMs dks iqadslj dgk tkrk gSA
iQyksa vkSj chtksa dk fuekZ.k

fp=k 3-61% blds vanj ,d iq"i ds cht esa fu"kspuA iq"i ds vU; Hkkx tSls ckány
chtkaM esa] fu"ksfpr vaMk Hkzw.k cukus ds fy, dbZ ckj foHkkftr gksrk gSA chtkaM ds pkjksa vksj ,d dBksj vkoj.k fodflr gks tkrk
gS vkSj ;g èkhjs&èkhjs ,d cht ds :i esa fodflr gks tkrk gSA iq"i dk [Link]'k; fodflr gksdj iQy cu tkrk gS ftlesa iqadslj]
ofrZdkxz rFkk ofrZdk,¡ 'kq"d gksdj fxj tkrh gSaA iq"i dk LFkku iQy ys ysrk gSA cht dh j{kk iQy djrk gSA dqN iQy uje vkSj
jlhys gksrs gSa tcfd vU; iQy l[r vkSj lw•s gksrs gSaA

92 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 fp=k 3-62% ,d iQy ds vanj ikSèks dk cht gksrk gSA
cht ikSèks dh çtuu bdkbZ gSA bl cht ls u;k ikSèkk mxk;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd cht esa f'k'kq ikSèkk vkSj mlds vanj f'k'kq ikSèks
ds fy, Hkkstu gksrk gSA cht esa f'k'kq ikSèks dk og Hkkx tks c<+dj ifÙk;ksa esa cny tkrk gS] çkadqj dgykrk gS vkSj tks Hkkx tM+ksa
esa fodflr gks tkrk gS] mls ewykadqj dgrs gSaA cht dk og Hkkx tks f'k'kq ikSèks ds fy, Hkkstu dk HkaMkj.k chti=k dgykrk gSA
,d cht ds vanj f'k'kq ikSèkk lqIr voLFkk esa gksrk gSA ;g dsoy rHkh gksrk gS tc ge bls mi;qÙkQ okrkoj.k tSls ty] ok;q]
çdk'k vkfn çnku djrs gSa] ;g vadqfjr gksrk gS vkSj ,d u;k ikSèkk mxrk gSA xsgw¡ ds nkus] puk] eDdk] eVj] iQfy;k¡ vkfn cht
ds mnkgj.k gSaA

fp=k 3-63% ,d cht dk Hkkx

cht dk vadqj.k
z ,d ikSèks ls çkIr cht lw•s vkSj lqIr voLFkk esa gksrs gSaA ikuh] gok] feêðh vkfn feyus ij gh os u, ikSèks ds :i esa fodflr
gksus yxrs gSaA fdlh cht ds fodkl dh 'kq#vkr chtksa dk vadqj.k dgykrk gSA
,d cht dk vadqj.k rc 'kq: gksrk gS tc og ikuh dks vo'kksf"kr djrk gS] iQwy tkrk gS vkSj cht ds vkoj.k ds ekè;e
ls iQV tkrk gSA ikuh dh enn ls gh cht esa ,atkbe dke djrs gSaA ,atkbe laxzfgr Hkkstu dks ipkrs gSa vkSj bls ?kqyu'khy
cukrs gSaA ?kqyu'khy Hkkstu dh lgk;rk ls ewfydk vkSj çkadqj c<+rs gSaA
z igys cht dk ewykadqj fodflr gksdj tM+sa cukrk gSA ;s tM+sa feêðh ds vanj mxrh gSa vkSj feêðh ls ikuh vkSj •futksa dks
vo'kksf"kr djrh gSaA blds ckn çkadqj Åij dh vksj c<+rk gS vkSj vadqj curs gSaA bu Vgfu;ksa esa gjh ifÙk;k¡ fodflr gks tkrh
gSaA çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k ls ifÙk;k¡ Hkkstu cukuk 'kq: djrh gSa vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs ,d u;k ikSèkk fodflr gks tkrk gSA

tho&foKku 93
 fp=k 3-64% u, ikSèks iSnk djus ds fy, mi;qÙkQ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cht vadqfjr gksrs gSa
3-14 foVkfeu vkSj iks"k.k cny nsrk gSA ;s cSDVhfj;k ngh vkSj iuhj ds fuekZ.k esa
dk;Zjr gksrs gSaA
3-14-1 Hkkstu z LVkpZ vkSj lsY;wykst nksuksa ikSèkksa dh mRifÙk ds gSaA LVkpZ yach
z Hkkstu fdlh Hkh tho ds fy, iks"k.k lacaèkh lgk;rk çnku J`a•ykvksa esa tqM+s Xywdkst [Link] ls cuk gksrk gSA lsY;qykst
djus ds fy, lsou fd;k tkus okyk inkFkZ gSA Hkh Xywdkst [Link] dh ,d yach J`a•yk gSA
z ;g vkerkSj ij ikSèks ;k i'kq ewy dk gksrk gS vkSj blesa
3-14-3 olk
dkckZsgkbMªsV] olk] çksVhu] foVkfeu vkSj •fut tSls
vko';d iks"kd rRo gksrs gSaA inkFkZ dks ,d tho }kjk xzg.k z olk dkcZu] gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu ds ;kSfxd gSaA olk
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ÅtkZ çnku djus] thou dks cuk, j•us esa vkWDlhtu ls gkbMªkstu [Link] dk vuqikr de gksrk gSA
;k fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, tho dh dksf'kdk olk fXyljkWy ds ,d [Link] vkSj iQSVh ,flM ds rhu [Link]
}kjk vkRelkr fd;k tkrk gSA dh jklk;fud çfrfØ;k ls curs gSaA
Hkkstu ds vo;o z olk laxzfgr ÅtkZ dk lzksr gSaA LoLFk 'kjhj esa olk vius
?kVd] fXyljkWy vkSj iQSVh ,flM dks eqÙkQ djus ds fy,
gekjs Hkkstu ds çeq• ?kVd gSa&
VwV tkrs gSaA fXyljkWy Lo;a ;Ñr }kjk Xywdkst esa ifjofrZr
(i) dkckZsgkbMªsV (ii) olk
fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj blfy, ÅtkZ dk lzksr cu tkrk
(iii) çksVhu (iv) •fut inkFkZ (yo.k) gSA ,d LoLFk vkneh esa olk dk çfr'kr mlds 'kjhj ds
(v) U;wfDyd ,flM (vi) foVkfeu dqy otu dk 7» gksrk gSA
(vii) ty z olkvksa dks muds olh; vEyksa esa dkcZu [Link] caèkksa ds
3-14-2 dkckZsgkbMªsV vkèkkj ij nks lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS&
(A) lar`Ir olk% ,d lar`Ir olk ,d çdkj dk olk gksrk
z dkckZsgkbMªsV ,d tSo [Link] gS ftlesa dkcZu (C)] gkbMªkstu
(H) vkSj vkWDlhtu (O) [Link] gksrs gSa] vkerkSj ij 2% 1
gS ftlesa iQSVh ,flM psu lHkh ;k eq[; :i ls ,dy
ds gkbMªkstu&vkWDlhtu [Link] vuqikr ds lkFkA ckaM O;ogkj djrs gSaA euq";ksa esa jÙkQ fyfiM Lrj dks
c<+kus dh {kerk ds dkj.k lar`Ir iQSVh ,flM iks"k.k ds
z dkckZsgkbMªsV Hkkstu dk eq[; ?kVd gS vkSj 'kjhj dks rRdky
fy, [Link] gSaA 'kjhj bu iQSVh ,flM dks la'ysf"kr
ÅtkZ dk lzksr gSA
dj ldrk gSA
z 'kjhj dh dqy ÅtkZ vko';drk ds fy, yxHkx 55&75»
ÅtkZ dkckZsgkbMªsV }kjk çnku dh tkrh gSA ;g Xykbdkstu z dqN lar`Ir olk vEy%
ds :i esa ;Ñr vkSj dadky dh ekalisf'k;ksa esa tek gksrk  C;wfVfjd ,flM (eD•u esa fufgr)

gS tks vko';drk iM+us ij ÅtkZ çnku djrk gSA  ykWfjd ,flM (ukfj;y rsy] ike duZsy rsy vkSj Lru

z ySDVkst ,d çkÑfrd phuh (,d dkckZsgkbMªsV) gSA ;g nwèk ds nwèk esa fufgr)
phuh gSA ;g nwèk ds gYds ehBs Lokn ds fy, ftEesnkj  fefjfLVd ,flM (xk; ds nwèk vkSj Ms;jh mRiknksa esa

gSA ySDVkscSflyl cSDVhfj;k ySDVkst dks ySfDVd ,flM esa fufgr)

94 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
  ikfefVd ,flM (eD•u] rkM+ ds rsy vkSj ekal esa [Link] e`R;q dks jksdus ds fy, euq"; dks mUgsa vius
fufgr) vkgkj ls çkIr djuk pkfg,A
 LVh;fjd ,flM (ekal vkSj dksdksvk eD•u esa fufgr)  vko';d vehuks ,flM esa 'kkfey gSa% iQsfuy,yfuu]

(B) vlar`Ir olk% ,d vlar`Ir olk ,d olk ;k iQSVh osfyu] Fkzsvksuhu] fVªIVksiQSu] esfFkvksfuu] Y;wlhu]
,flM gksrk gS ftlesa iQSVh ,flM J`a•yk ds Hkhrj de vkblksY;wlhu] ykbflu] fgfLVMhu vkSj vkftZfuuA
ls de ,d Mcy ckWUM ;k fVªiy ckWUM gksrk gSA ,d Arginine vkSj histidine dsoy fd'kksjksa ds fy,
iQSVh ,flM J`a•yk eksuksvulSpqjsVsM gksrh gS ;fn blesa vko';d gSa ysfdu o;Ldksa ds fy, ugha D;ksafd ;s
,d Mcy ckWUM gksrk gS] vkSj ikWyhvulspqjsVsM gksrk gS o;Ldksa esa la'ysf"kr gksrs gSaA
vxj blesa ,d ls vfèkd Mcy ckWUM gksrs gSaA  xSj vko';d ,feuks vEy% xSj&vko';d vehuks

bl rjg ds iQSVh ,flM eNyh] eDdk] v•jksV] lwjteq•h ds ,flM ,sls vehuks ,flM gksrs gSa tks ekuo 'kjhj ds
cht] lks;kchu] dikl ds cht] tSrwu dk rsy vkSj lwjteq•h ds Hkhrj la'ysf"kr gksrs gSaA ;s ,sysfuu] 'krkojh] ,LikfVZd
rsy esa ik, tkrs gSaA vlar`Ir olh; vEyksa esa mPp vkgkj vkSj ,flM] flLVhu] XywVkfed ,flM] XywVkekbu] Xykbflu]
lar`Ir olh; vEyksa esa de lhje dksysLVªkWy ds Lrj ds lkFk çksykbu] lsjhu vkSj Vk;jksflu gSaA
lglac¼ fd;k x;k gSA vlar`Ir olk dk xyukad de gksrk gS  ,&dsjkfVu ,d çksVhu gS] tks lhax] uk•wu] •qj] cky]

vkSj vfèkdka'k dejs ds rkieku ij rjy gksrs gSaA Ropk vkfn dk eq[; ?kVd gSA Vk;jksflu efLr"d
z dqN vlar`Ir olk vEy% esa ,MªsukykbZu] ukWj,MªsukykbZu vkSj Mksikekbu tSls
z ikfeVksfyd ,flM (eSdkMkfe;k uV~l esa ik;k tkrk gS) U;wjksVªkalehVj ds la'ys"k.k esa enn djrk gSA
 çksVhu dh deh ds dkj.k euq";ksa esa ejkLel vkSj
z vksfyd ,flM (tSrwu dk rsy vkSj duksyk rsy esa ik;k
tkrk gS) Dokf'k;ksjdksj jksx fodflr gks tkrs gSaA
z fefjLVksfyd ,flM (Ogsy Cycj esa ik;k tkrk gS) nwèk esa ikuh dk çfr'kr yxHkx 87» gksrk gSA blds vykok
z fyuksfyd ,flM (ewaxiQyh ds rsy] fpdu olk vkSj tSrwu blesa olk] çksVhu] dkckZsgkbMªsV] dSfY'k;e] iksVSf'k;e gksrk
ds rsy esa ik;k tkrk gS) gS] blfy, bls [Link] vkgkj ekuk tkrk gS] tks lHkh mez ds
yksxksa ds fy, fo'o Lrj ij LohÑr Hkkstu gSA
z fyuksysfud ,flM (vylh ds rsy esa ik;k tkrk gS)
z vlar`Ir olk vEy 'kjhj }kjk la'ysf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk 3-14-5 foVkfeu
gS vkSj blfy, vkgkj ds fy, vko';d gSA
z gekjs vkgkj esa dqN dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dh FkksM+h ek=kk esa
z gkbMªkstuhdj.k ,d çfØ;k gS ftlesa vlar`Ir olk tSls
vko';drk gksrh gS ysfdu mudh deh ls fof'k"V jksx
fd ouLifr rsy dks lar`Ir olk dk mRiknu djus ds fy,
mRiUu gksrs gSaA bu ;kSfxdksa dks foVkfeu dgk tkrk gSA
gkbMªkstuhÑr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa vfèkd okaNuh; HkkSfrd
z ikuh ;k olk esa ?kqyu'khyrk ds vkèkkj ij foVkfeu dks nks
xq.k gksrs gSa mnkA os ,d okaNuh; rkieku (30°C ls 40°C)
lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
ij fi?kyrs gSaA
 olk esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu% ;s foVkfeuA] D, E vkSj
3-14-4 çksVhu K gSa
z çksVhu ekuo 'kjhj ds fy, vko';d iks"kd rRo gSaA os 'kjhj os ;Ñr vkSj olk (olk HkaMkj.k) Årdksa esa tek gksrs
ds Årdksa ds fuekZ.k •aMksa esa ls ,d gSa vkSj b±èku lzksr ds gSaA
:i esa Hkh dke dj ldrs gSaA b±èku ds :i esa] çksVhu çfr  ty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu% foVkfeu B lewg vkSj
xzke 4.0K dSyksjh ÅtkZ çnku djrs gSaA foVkfeu C ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy gSaA ty esa ?kqyu'khy
z vehuks ,flM çksVhu dh lajpukRed bdkb;k¡ gSaA foVkfeuksa dh vkgkj esa fu;fer :i ls vkiwfrZ dh tkuh
z 10 vko';d vehuks ,flM vkSj 10 xSj&vko';d vehuks pkfg, D;ksafd os ew=k esa vklkuh ls fudy tkrs gSa vkSj
,flM gksrs gSa tks ekuo 'kjhj esa çksVhu dks la'ysf"kr djus gekjs 'kjhj esa (foVkfeu B dks NksM+dj) laxzghr ugha
ds fy, vko';d gksrs gSaA fd, tk ldrs gSaA
 rkfRod ,sfeuks vEy% vko';d vehuks ,flM ekuo vfèkdka'k foVkfeu gekjs 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr ugha fd, tk ldrs
'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr ugha gksrs gSaA çksVhu ÅtkZ dqiks"k.k vkSj gSa] ysfdu ikSèks yxHkx lHkh foVkfeuksa dk la'ys"k.k dj ldrs gSaA

tho&foKku 95
eq[; foVkfeu ds lzksr vkSj budh deh ls gksus okys jksx
foVkfeu deh ls gksus okys jksx lzksr
foVkfeu A (jsfVukWy) jrkSaèkh] thjksiQFkkfYe;k] Ropk laØe.k dk xktj] nwèk] iuhj] eD•u] vaMk] dkWM fyoj
dsjkfVukbts'ku vkW;y
foVkfeu B1 (fFk;kfeu) csjh& csjh ] fodkl eanrk vukt] iQfy;ka] lks;kchu] nwèk] •ehj] gjh
lfCt;ka
foVkfeu B2 (jkbcksÝysfou) phyksfll] XyksflfVl] MeZsVksfll] ikpu nwèk] vaMs dk liQsn Hkkx] yhoj] fdMuh]
fodkj •ehj] ekal] gjh iÙksnkj lfCt;ka
foVkfeu B3 (fu;kflu) ,d jksx ftl esa peM+k iQV tkrk gS vaMk] ekal] eNyh] nwèk] •ehj] lfCt;k¡]
e'k:e
foVkfeu B5 (iSaVksFksfud ,flM) isjsLVsfl;k] tyu laosnuk •ehj] ekal] eNyh] vaMk nwèk] iQfy;ka
foVkfeu B6 (ikbjhMkWfDlu) jÙkQkYirk] Ropk ladV] ekaly ?kqek nwèk] •ehj] vukt] vaMk] xzke] tnhZ
foVkfeu B7 (foVkfeu&,p_ ck;ksfVu) peZ jksx] cky >M+uk ekal] xsgw¡] vaMk] lfCt;k¡] iQy
foVkfeu B9 (iQksfyd ,flM) ,uhfe;k] fodkl eanrk gjh lfCt;ka] iQfy;ka] •ehj] yhoj
foVkfeu B12 (dksckykfeu) ?kkrd jÙkQkYirk] raf=kdk ra=k esa vlkekU;rk ekal] eNyh] vaMk] ngh] [Link] dk vkar
foVkfeu C (,LdkWfcZd ,flM) LdohZ (elwM+ksa ls •wu vkuk) vkaoyk] VekVj] iQy dk lkbVªl ifjokj] gjh
iÙksnkj lfCt;ka
foVkfeu D (dSYlhiQsjkWy) fjdsV~l] vkWfLV;kseysf'k;k iuhj] eNyh] vaMk tnhZ] èkwi
foVkfeu E (VksdksiQsjksy) ck¡>iu vkSj çtuu vax vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa ouLifr rsy] xsgwa] lks;k chu
dk detksj gksuk
foVkfeu K (uSÝFkks & fDouksu) jÙkQ FkDdscuus esa le; dk c<+uk gjh iÙksnkj lfCt;ka] vkar ds [Link]

3-15 ekuo jksx gksrs gSaA bUgsa vkxs fuEufyf•r 'kh"kks± esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk
ldrk gS%
z jksx dks fdlh tho dh lkekU; lajpukRed ;k dk;kZRed
fLFkfr ls fdlh Hkh gkfudkjd fopyu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr (i) lapkjh ;k laØked jksx% ;s fofHkUu çdkj ds
fd;k tkrk gS] tks vke rkSj ij dqN ladsrksa vkSj y{[Link] ls jksxtud ok;jl] cSDVhfj;k] çksVkstksvk] dod vkSj
tqM+k gksrk gS vkSj çÑfr esa 'kkjhfjd pksV ls fHkUu gksrk gSA dhM+s ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA jksxtudksa dks vkerkSj ij ,d
3-15-1 jksxksa ds çdkj osDVj dh enn ls ys tk;k tkrk gSA
bldh çÑfr] y{k.k vkSj blds çlkj ds [Link] ds vkèkkj ij (ii) xSj&lapkjh ;k xSj&laØked ;k vi{k;h jksx% ;s
nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa% 'kjhj esa fdlh vax ;k vax ç.kkyh dh •jkch ds
1- tUetkr jksx os jksx gksrs gSa tks tUe ls gh gksrs gSaA ;s dkj.k gksrs gSaA ;g fofHkUu çdkj ds gks ldrs gSa tSls
vkuqoaf'kd vlkekU;rk ;k p;kip; lacaèkh fodkj ;k fdlh MsiQhlh,ulh jksx] dSalj jksx] ,ythZ] vkuqoaf'kd jksxA
vax dh •jkch ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA os ewy :i ls LFkk;h LFkkfud% (fdlh chekjh ;k fLFkfr dk) fo'ks"k yksxksa ;k
gksrs gSa] vke rkSj ij vklkuh ls Bhd ugha gksrs gSa vkSj fdlh fuf'pr {ks=k esa fu;fer :i ls ik;k tkrk gSA
cPpksa dks gjsfyi] DysÝV iSysV] Dyc iQqV bR;kfn fojklr
esa fey ldrs gSaA blds vykok [Link]=kksa esa vlarqyu ds egkekjh (Epidemic)% ,d fuf'pr le;kofèk esa fdlh
dkj.k] eaxksyokn dh mifLFkfr] dkfMZ;d fodkj vkfn ds fuf'pr vkcknh esa cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa esa fdlh fo'ks"k chekjh
dkj.k uhys cPps dk tUe gksrk gSA blds Hkh dqN mnkgj.k dk rsth ls iQSyukA
gSaA egkekjh% tks ,d cM+s {ks=k esa iQSy xbZ gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,]
2- mikftZr jksx os nks"k ;k fodkj gSa tks tUe ls mifLFkr ugha ,d iwjk ns'k] dbZ egk}hi] ;k nqfu;k Hkj esa] ftlls cM+h
gksrs gSa ysfdu fofHkUu [Link] vkSj dkjdksa ds dkj.k çdV la[;k esa yksx çHkkfor gq, gSaA

96 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
3-15-2 çeq• jksx
ok;jy jksx
jksx dk uke dkj.k 'kjhj ds çHkkfor vax çlkj dk rjhdk Vhdkdj.k ds çdkj
baÝyq,atk , ekbdksok;jl (vkj,u, 'olu ekxZ% 'okluyh cwan laØe.k ok;jl dks ekjuk
okbjl) ds midyk vLrj vkSj
'olu uyh (Bronchi)A
dkWeu dksYM ok;jl dh cM+h fofoèkrk] 'olu ekxZ cwan laØe.k baVªkeLD;qyj batsD'kuA
vkerkSj ij jkbuksok;jl
(vkj,u, ok;jl)
pspd oSfj;ksyk ok;jl (Mh,u, 'olu ekxZ] Ropk cwan laØe.k (Ropk esa Ropk dks •qjp dj yxk;k
okbjl) ?kko) x;k thfor ruq fo"[Link]] Ropk
ij Nkys iM+uk
NksVh ekrk oSfjlsyk& nkn Ropk ij Nkys iM+uk ok;q tfur cwansa thfodk ruq ok;jl
(Chickenpox)
[Link] dk jksx iSjkekbDlksok;jl 'olu ekxZ] jÙkQ ds cwan laØe.k thfodk ruq ok;jl
(Mumps) (vkj,u, ok;jl) ekè;e ls laØe.k] ykj
xzafFk;ka] o;Ld iq#"kksa esa
o`"k.k
•ljk iSjkekbDlksok;jl 'olu ekxZ] Ropk vkSj cwan laØe.k thfodk ruq ok;jl
(vkj,u, ok;jl) vkarksa rd iQSyukA
teZu •ljk :csyk ok;jl 'olu ekxZ] xnZu] vka•ksa cwan laØe.k thfor ruq fo"[Link]] ds fy,
(:csyk) vkSj Ropk esa fyEiQ vfèkd vko';d D;ksafd
uksM~lA yM+fd;ksa esa ;g chekjh
xHkkZoLFkk esa tfVyrkvksa dk
dkj.k curh gSA
iksfy;ksekbykbfVl iksfy;ks ok;jl (vkj,u, xzluh vkSj vkarsa] fiQj cwan laØe.k ;k ekuo thfor ruq fo"[Link] vksjy :i
(iksfy;ks) ok;jl) jÙkQ_ jh<+ dh gîóh esa ey ds ekè;e ls ls fn;k tkrk gS
dHkh&dHkh eksVj U;wjkWUl]
i{kk?kkr gks ldrk gSA
ihyk cq•kj ,d vckZsok;jl ;kuh jÙkQ okfgdkvksa vkSj osDVj& vkFkzkZsiksM~l thfodk ruq ok;jl
vkFkzkZsiksM tfur ok;jl ;Ñr dk vLrj tSls] fVd] ePNj
(vkj,u, ok;jl)
,M~l jsVªksok;jl (vkj,u, Ropk dSalj ;kSu laHkksx leySafxdksa ugha miyCèk
ok;jl) vkSj fo"keySafxdksa
bcksyk jÙkQlzkoh bcksyk ok;jl jksx euq";ksa esa ?kkrd chekjh] ;g taxyh tkuojksa ls dksbZ ykblsal çkIr bcksyk
cq•kj (bZohMh) cq•kj yksxksa esa iQSyrk gS vkSj Vhdk miyCèk ugha gS
ekuo&ls&ekuo lapj.k
ds ekè;e ls ekuo
vkcknh esa iQSyrk gSA
ftdk chekjh thdk ok;jl (ePNj yksxksa esa Msaxw] ihyk cq•kj ewy :i ls] xHkZorh dksbZ Vhdk miyCèk ugha gS
tfur jksx) tSlh gYdh chekjh dk efgykvksa esa laØe.k
dkj.k curk gSA muds f'k'kqvksa esa
vlkekU; :i ls NksVs
flj ls tqM+k gksrk gSA

tho&foKku 97
 dksjksukok;jl jksx 2019 (COVID-19)
z dksjksukohjl vkj,u, ok;jl dk ,d cM+k ifjokj gSA euq";ksa esa] ;s ok;jl 'olu iFk ds laØe.k dk dkj.k curs gSa]
ftlesa lkekU; lnhZ ls ysdj lklZ (xaHkhj rhoz 'olu flaMªkse)] MERS (fefMy bZLV jsfLijsVjh flaMªkse) ;k dSey Cyw]
vkSj COVID-19 tSlh xaHkhj chekfj;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA
z COVID-19 (dksek ok;jl jksx 2019) ,d laØked jksx gS] tks uksosy dksjksukok;jl ;k lhfo;j ,D;wV jsfLijsVjh flaMªkse
dksjksukok;jl 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ds dkj.k gksrk gS] igyh ckj fnlacj 2019 esa oqgku (phu) esa igpkuk x;k Fkk] vkSj
blds [Link]:i cM+s iSekus ij egkekjh gqbZ nqfu;k Hkj esa yk•ksa ekeyksa vkSj yk•ksa ekSrksa ds lkFkA fo'o LokLF; laxBu
(WHO) us 30 tuojh 2020 dks COVID-19 ds çdksi dks varjkZ"Vªh; fpark dk lkoZtfud LokLF; vkikrdky vkSj 11
ekpZ 2020 dks egkekjh ?kksf"kr fd;kA
z COVID-19 laØe.k ds lkekU; y{[Link] esa 'olu lacaèkh y{k.k] cq•kj] •kalh] lkal ysus esa rdyhiQ] lkal ysus esa dfBukbZ]
Fkdku vkSj xaèk vkSj Lokn dh deh 'kkfey gSaA
z tcfd vfèkdka'k ekeyksa esa dksbZ ;k gYds ls eè;e y{k.k ugha gksrs gSa] rhoz 'olu ladV flaMªkse (,vkjMh,l) esa dqN
çxfr ,d lkbVksfdu rwiQku] cgq&vaxksa dh foiQyrk] lsfIVd lnes vkSj xaHkhj jÙkQ ds FkDds ls e`R;q dh vksj vxzlj gksrh gSA
z fuokjd mik;ksa esa 'kkjhfjd ;k lkekftd nwjh] DokjaVkbu] buMksj LFkkuksa dk osafVys'ku] •kalh vkSj Nhad dks doj djuk] gkFk
èkksuk vkSj fcuk èkqys gkFkksa dks psgjs ls nwj j•uk 'kkfey gSA laØe.k ds tksf•e dks de djus ds fy, lkoZtfud LFkkuksa
ij iQsl ekLd ;k dofjax ds mi;ksx dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA
z 16 tuojh 2021 dks] Hkkjr us SARS-CoV-2 ds f•ykiQ nks Vhdksa dksfo'khYM ([Link] fLFkr lhje baLVhVÔwV vkWiQ bafM;k
}kjk fufeZr vkWDliQksMZ&,LVªktsusdk oSDlhu) vkSj dksokfDlu (Hkkjrh; ifj"kn ds lg;ksx ls Hkkjr ck;ksVsd }kjk fodflr)
fpfdRlk vuqlaèkku vkSj jk"Vªh; fo"[Link] foKku laLFkku ds lkFk viuk jk"Vªh; Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k gSA)

[Link] jksx
Vhdkdj.k ;k
jksx dk uke dkj.k çHkkfor vax iQSyus dk rjhdk
,aVhckWMh ds çdkj
fMIFkhfj;k lkbukscSDVhfj;e Åijh 'olu iFk] eq[; cwan laØe.k toxoid (VksdlkbM)
fMIFkhfj;k :i ls xyk] Hkh fo"kkÙkQ
inkFkZ ân; dks çHkkfor
djrs gSaA
;{ek (Vhch) ekbdkscSDVsfj;e eq[;r% iQsiQM+k cwanksa dk laØe.k] laØfer chlhth thfor {kh.k
VÔwcjDyksfll eosf'k;ksa ls nwèk ihukA cSDVhfj;kA ,aVhck;ksfVDl
tSls] LVªsIVksekbfluA
dkyh •kalh cksMZsVsyk iVZqfll Åijh 'olu iFk] rst cwan laØe.k cSDVhfj;k dks ekjuk
(iVZqfll) •k¡lh dks çsfjr djuk
lwtkd (Gonorrhea) usblsfj;k xksuksjgksbZ çtuu vax% eq[; :i ls ;kSu laidZ ls laØe.k ,aVhck;ksfVDl] tSls]
ew=ktuukaxh iFk ds 'ys"e isfuflfyu] LVªsIVksekbflu
f>YyhA ;fn uotkr f'k'kq
laØfer tUe duky ls
xqtjrs gSa rks mUgsa xaHkhj
us=k laØe.k gks ldrk gSA
mina'k (Syphilis) Vªsiksfuek iSfyMe çtuu vax] vk¡•sa] gfîó;k¡] ;kSu laidZ ls laØe.k ,aVhck;ksfVDlA tSls]
(Treponema pallidum) tksM+] dsaæh; raf=kdk ra=k] isfuflfyu
ân; vkSj RopkA

98 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 èkuqLraHk (Tetanus) DykWfLVªfM;e VsVkfu jÙkQ fo"k mRiUu gksrk gS ?kko laØe.k (VkWDlkbM) toxoid
tks jh<+ dh gîóh dh eksVj
raf=kdkvksa vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa
dks çHkkfor djrk gS]
ftlls ykWdtkW curk gS
vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa esa iQSy
tkrk gSA
gStk (Cholera) fofcz;ks gStk vkgkjuky% eq[; :i ls ey lanw"k.k cSDVhfj;k dks ekjuk%
NksVh vkarA (a) 
laØfer O;fÙkQ ds ey vYidkfyd lqj{kk
ls nwf"kr lkexzh ls vkSj ges'kk çHkkoh
mRiUu tyA ugha ,aVhck;ksfVDl
(b) 
nwf"kr oLrqvksa dks tSls] VsVªklkbfDyu]
laHkkyukA DyksjSeiQsfudkWyA
(c) 
jksxokgd] mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ekuo ey ls
Hkkstu rd efD•;k¡
pyrh gSaA
vka=k Toj cq•kj lkYeksusyk VkbiQh vkgkj uky] fiQj ylhdk gStk ds leku cSDVhfj;k dks ekjuk
vkSj jÙkQ] iQsiQM+s] vfLFk (TAB oSDlhu)
eTtk] Iyhgk rd iQSyukA
[Link] isfp'k f'kxsyk isfp'k vkgkj uky] eq[; :i ls gStk ds leku Vhdk miyCèk ugha
bfy;e vkSj dksyu
cSDVhfj;y lkYeksusyk ,lihihA ikpu duky eq[; :i ls dqDdqV vkSj ,aVhck;ksfVDlA tSls]
iQwM ikWbtfuax lwvjksa ls laØfer tkuojksa VsVªklkbfDyuA
(xSLVªks,aVsjkbfVl ;k ls •k| tfur ekalA blds
lkYeksusyksfll) vykok] ey lanw"k.k ds
ekè;e ls gStk ds :i esa
Ñfe ls gksus okys jksx
chekjh jksxtud ftEesnkj vkSj lapj.k dk rjhdk eq[; y{k.k
mldk fuokl LFkku
,afdyksLVksfe;kfll ,afdyksLVksek [Link]] euq"; dh ,d O;fÙkQ ls nwljs O;fÙkQ esa laØe.k] ftYn dh lwtu_ yky] xaHkhj
;k ^gqd&oeZ jksx* NksVh vkar (tstque)A iQkbysfjiQkWeZ ykokZ ey esa fudy tkrk jÙkQkYirk_ [Link] lacaèkh vYlj]
gS] euq"; ey&lanwf"kr feêðh ij uaxs iSj dCtA jksxh ihyk] lwtk gqvk psgjk]
pyus ls laØe.k idM+ ysrk gSA fupyh iydksa esa lwtuA
,Ldkfj;kfll vka=k ijthoh_ euq"; dh NksVh ,d O;fÙkQ ls nwljs O;fÙkQ esa lapj.k] iQsiQM+ksa esa ykokZ fueksfu;k dk dkj.k
vkar (tstque)A ids vaMs ey esa fudy tkrs gSa] dPph curk gSA VkbiQkbM tSls cq•kj dks
lfCt;ksa ds lkFk ,Ldsfjl ds ids tUe ns ldrk gS] çksVhu vkSj
vaMs dks fuxyus ls laØe.k çHkkfor foVkfeu , dh deh dk dkj.k
gksrk gSA curk gS ftlds [Link]:i
Øe'k% çksVhu&dSyksjh dqiks"k.k
vkSj jrkSaèkh gksrh gSA ,isafMlkbfVl]
ihfy;k gks ldrk gSA

tho&foKku 99
 ,aVjksfc;kfll ;k ,aVjksfc;l oehZdqyfjl] lhde nwf"kr Hkkstu ;k is; esa vaMs ds lsou ls xqnk ds vklikl •qtyh dh
^fiuokWeZ jksx* vkSj oehZiQkWeZ ,isafMDl ,d O;fÙkQ ls nwljs O;fÙkQ esa laØ[Link] fLFkfr] jkr esa fcLrj xhyk djuk]
oehZiQkWeZ visafMDl dh lwtuA
iQkbysfj;k oqpsjsfj;k cSuØkWÝVh ] ylhdk ePNj esa thou pØ dk fgLlk ftlesa ,fyiQsafV;kfll ;kuh iSj] vaMdks'k]
okfgdkvksa vkSj fyEiQ uksM~lA ykokZ fodflr gksrk gS vkSj euq"; fyax] ysfc;k] fDyVksfjl] czsLV]
ds fy, laØked gks tkrk gS] ePNj iQksjvkeZ tSls dqN fgLlksa dk Hkkjh
ds dkVus ls ykokZ Ropk ij tek gks btkiQkA
tkrk gS tks iapj ?kko ds ekè;e ls
ços'k djrk gS vkSj ylhdk pkSuyksa
rd igqaprk gS
dod ds dkj.k gksus okys jksx
chekjh ftEEesnkj jksxtud lapj.k dk rjhdk eq[; y{k.k
nkn (fVfu;k) ekbØksLiksje] VªkbdksiQkbVu ugk, gq, fcfYy;ksa vkSj dqÙkksa ;k Ropk vkSj •ksiM+h ij ,d ;k vfèkd
laØfer O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk laHkkyh xbZ iQiQksys okys {ks=k gksrs gSaA cPpksa esa
oLrqvksa ls lhèkk laidZA vkaf'kd vkSj vLFkk;h xatkiu dk
[Link]
,FkyhV iQwV Vªk;dkWiQk;Vu •jkc iSj LoPNrk tgka Ropk yacs laØfer {ks=kksa esa nnZukd •qtyh ;k
le; rd xeZ vkSj ue jgrh gSA tyuA Ropk esa njkjsa fn•kbZ nsrh gSa]
<hyh e`r Ropk dk æO;eku iSj dh
maxfy;ksa ds chp fpid tkrk gSA
enqjk iQwV ekSjsyk ek;lsVksek (Maurella dod Ropk esa dqN ekewyh pksV fupys Nksjksa ds ,d [Link]] nkusnkj
Mycetoma) ds ekè;e ls ços'k djrk gSA laØe.k dk fuekZ.k] çHkkfor fgLlk
cM+k gks tkrk gS vkSj dbZ xgjs ?kkoksa
dks fodflr djrk gS] O;kid gîóh
dk fouk'k viax foÑfr dk dkj.k
curk gSA
èkksch •qtyh (Dhobie dbZ vyx&vyx dod ,d laØfer O;fÙkQ }kjk fu;af=kr ,d çdkj dk nkn laØe.k vkerkSj ij
itch) oLrqvksa ds ekè;e ls lhèkk laidZA tk¡?kksa dh dej vkSj Hkhrjh lrgksa esa
fLFkr gksrk gS] yky èkCcs tks rhozrk ls
•qtyh djrs gSaA
3-4-3 vU; chekjh çlkj dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA dSalj dksf'kdk,a jÙkQçokg]
z A. dSalj% dSalj jksxksa dk ,d lewg gS ftlesa vlkekU; ylhdk okfgdkvksa ds ekè;e ls iQSy ldrh gSaA
dksf'kdk o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlesa vkØe.k djus ;k 'kjhj ds z ,d vkWUdksthu ,d thu gS ftlesa VÔwej dksf'kdkvksa esa
vU; Hkkxksa esa iQSyus dh {kerk gksrh gSA lkSE; VÔwej ds dSalj iSnk djus dh {kerk gksrh gS] os vDlj mPp Lrj ij
lkFk ;s foijhr gSa] tks iQSyrs ugha gSaA mRifjofrZr ;k O;ÙkQ gksrs gSaA vfèkdka'k lkekU; dksf'kdk,a
rsth ls dksf'kdk e`R;q (,iksIVksfll) ds Øeknsf'kr :i ls
z dSalj ds laHkkfor ladsrksa vkSj y{[Link] esa ,d xkaB] vlkekU;
xqtjsaxh] tc [Link] dk;Z cny fn, tkrs gSa vkSj •jkc
jÙkQlzko] yacs le; rd •kalh] vLi"VhÑr otu ?kVkus vkSj gks tkrs gSaA
ey R;kx esa cnyko 'kkfey gSaA
z B. gkVZ vVSd% fny ds nkSjs dk lkekU; dkj.k èkefu;ksa
z ,d esVkLVsfll 'kjhj ds nwljs {ks=k esa vius çkFkfed LFkku (,FksjksLDysjksfll) esa Iykd fcYMvi gS tks jÙkQ dks ân;
(ftl vax esa dSalj 'kq: gqvk) ls dSalj dksf'kdkvksa ds dh ekalisf'k;ksa rd igqapus ls jksdrk gSA fny dk nkSjk jÙkQ

100 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 ds FkDdksa ;k iQVh gqbZ jÙkQ okfgdkvksa ds dkj.k Hkh gks z Vkbi 1 eèkqesg% bls ^balqfyu ij fuHkZj eèkqesg* Hkh dgk
ldrk gSA tkrk gSA bls ^fd'kksj&çkjafHkd eèkqesg* dgk tkrk Fkk]
z fny ds nkSjs ls lacafèkr tksf•e dkjdksa esa 'kkfey gSa& D;ksafd ;g vDlj cpiu esa 'kq: gksrk gSA Vkbi I eèkqesg
 èkweziku
,d vkWVksbE;wu fLFkfr gSA ;g 'kjhj }kjk ,aVhckWMh ds lkFk
vius vXU;k'k; ij geyk djus ds dkj.k gksrk gSA Vkbi 1
 mPp dksysLVªkWy
eèkqesg okys yksxksa esa] {kfrxzLr vXU;k'k; chVk dksf'kdkvksa
 eksVkik
ds uqdlku ds dkj.k i;kZIr balqfyu ugha cuk ikrk gSA bl
 O;k;ke dh deh çdkj dk eèkqesg ,d vkuqoaf'kd ço`fÙk ds dkj.k gks ldrk
 vkgkj vkSj 'kjkc dk lsou gSA ;g vXU;k'k; esa nks"[Link] ch&dksf'kdkvksa dk [Link] Hkh
 ruko gks ldrk gS tks lkekU; :i ls balqfyu dk mRiknu djrs gSaA
z ,aVhdksvkxqyaV~l vkSj ,aVhIysVysV nok,a jÙkQ ds FkDdksa z çdkj 2 eèkqesg% ;g balqfyu çfrjksèk ls 'kq: gksrk gS] ,d
ds tksf•e dks •Re ;k de djrh gSaA ,fLifju] ,d ,slh fLFkfr ftlesa dksf'kdk,a balqfyu dk Bhd ls tokc
U;wjksykWftdy :i ls lfØ; nok gS tks Tojuk'kd] nnZ ugha ns ikrh gSaA Vkbi 2 eèkqesg ds lkFk] vXU;k'k; vkerkSj
fuokjd vkSj fojksèkh HkM+dkÅ ds :i esa mi;ksx dh tkrh ij dqN balqfyu cukrk gS] ysfdu ;k rks cukbZ xbZ jkf'k
gS] bldk mi;ksx fny ds nkSjs esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA 'kjhj dh vko';drk ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gksrh gS] ;k 'kjhj
dh dksf'kdk,a bldk fojksèk djrh gSaA bl :i dks igys
z gkVZ ck;ikl ltZjh% gkVZ ckbZikl ltZjh ;k dksjksujh vkVZjh
^xSj&balqfyu fuHkZj eèkqesg* ;k ^o;Ld&çkjafHkd eèkqesg*
ckbZikl ltZjh dk mi;ksx mu {kfrxzLr èkefu;ksa dks cnyus
dgk tkrk FkkA lcls vke dkj.k vR;fèkd 'kjhj ds otu
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks ân; dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks jÙkQ
vkSj vi;kZIr O;k;ke dk la;kstu gSA
dh vkiwfrZ djrh gSaA {kfrxzLr èkefu;ksa dh ejEer ds fy,
z nqfu;k esa gj lky 14 uoacj dks fo'o eèkqesg fnol euk;k
,d ltZu jÙkQ okfgdkvksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS] tks 'kjhj
tkrk gS tks eèkqesg ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+krk gSA
ds fdlh vU; {ks=k ls fy;k tkrk gS] eq[; :i ls Lru
z eèkqesg baflfiMl% Mk;fcVht bfUlfiMl (DI) 'kjhj esa
èkeuh ;k jsfM;y èkeuhA ckbikl ltZjh esa lSiQsul ul dk
i;kZIr ,aVhMk;;wjsfVd gkekZsu (ADH) ugha gksus ds dkj.k
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr dks ty eèkqesg Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z fny dk dSFkhVsjkbts'ku ç;ksx'kkyk (dSFk ySc)% ;g
z ,Mh,p dks oSlksçsflu ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tks
,d fo'ks"k vLirky dk dejk gS tgka MkWDVj ân; jksx ds
fiVÔwVjh xzafFk (,d var%lzkoh xzafFk) }kjk lzkfor gksrk gSA
funku vkSj mipkj ds fy, U;wure buosflo ijh{k.k vkSj ;g ,d ,slk gkekZsu gS tks fdMuh dks 'kjhj esa ikuh dh
çfØ;k,a djrs gSaA lgh ek=kk cuk, j•us esa enn djrk gSA
C. eèkqesg% eèkqesg ;k eèkqesg esysVl (Mh,e) p;kip;
D. ihfy;k% ihfy;k rc gksrk gS tc jÙkQ esa fcyh#fcu ds
z
z
lacaèkh fodkjksa dk ,d lewg gS ftlesa yacs le; rd mPp fuekZ.k ds dkj.k Ropk] 'ys"ek f>Yyh vkSj vka•ksa dk liQsn
jÙkQ 'kdZjk dk Lrj gksrk gSA fgLlk ihyk fn•kbZ nsus yxrk gSA fcyh#fcu ,d yky&ihyk
z mPp jÙkQ 'kdZjk ds y{[Link] esa ckj&ckj is'kkc vkuk] vfèkd inkFkZ gS tks yky jÙkQ [Link] (vkjchlh) ds VwVus ij
I;kl yxuk vkSj vfèkd Hkw• yxuk 'kkfey gSA curk gSA fcyh#fcu ;Ñr ds ekè;e ls fiÙk esa mRlftZr
z ;fn vuqipkfjr NksM+ fn;k tk,] rks eèkqesg dbZ tfVyrk,¡ gksrk gS vkSj fiQj ey esa 'kjhj ls ckgj fudy tkrk gSA
iSnk dj ldrk gSA rhoz tfVyrkvksa esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa z ihfy;k vius vki esa ,d •rjukd fLFkfr ugha gS] cfYd
z Mk;fcfVd dhVks,flMksfll] gkbijksLeksyj gkbijXykblsfed ;g vfèkd xaHkhj fLFkfr ;k chekjh dk ladsr gks ldrk gS
voLFkk ;k e`R;qA xaHkhj nh?kZdkfyd tfVyrkvksa esa ân; tSls fd fiÙkk'k; dh iFkjh dk cuuk] yhoj dk dSalj vkfnA
jksx] LVªksd] Øksfud fdMuh jksx] iSj ds Nkys vkSj vka•ksa z ihfy;k ds vU; y{[Link] esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa%
dks uqdlku 'kkfey gSaA z Ropk esa •qtyh
z eèkqesg ;k rks vXU;k'k; }kjk i;kZIr balqfyu dk mRiknu z ew=k vkSj ey ds jax esa ifjorZu (ew=k gYdk ;k gYdk ihyk
ugha djus ;k 'kjhj dh dksf'kdkvksa }kjk mRikfnr balqfyu gks ldrk gS)
ds fy, Bhd ls çfrfØ;k ugha djus ds dkj.k gksrk gSA z Fkdku

tho&foKku 101
 jrkSaèkh foVkfeu A vaèksjs esa n`f"V dh gkfu z ftEuksLieZ esa eè;e vkdkj ds isM+ vFkok Å¡ps isM+ o
gkbiksdSfyfe;k iksVSf'k;e fny dh èkM+du >kfM+;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA
(hypokalemia) c<+uk] fdMuh •jkc z budh ewy çk; ewlyk ewy gksrh gSAblds dqN thul ewy
gksuk] detksjh
'kq"dkf{kikd foVkfeu A 'kq"drk dod ls lg;ksx dj ysrs gS ftls dod ewy dgrs gS
(Xerophthalmi) mnkgj.kµ ikbulA tcfd dqN vU; dh NksVh fo'ks"k ewy
MeZsVksfll foVkfeu A Ropk jksx ukbVªkstu fLFkj djus okys lk;ukscSDVhfj;k ls lg;ksx dj
(Dermatosis)
isysxzk foVkfeu B nLr] ekufld lqLrh] ysrh gSaA ftls çoky ewy dgrs gSaA
yky Ropk] •qtyh z iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dh dVkbZ ds ckn mudh mikip;h
okys gkFk] iSj] dksguh
xfrfofèk tkjh jgrh gSA p;kip; xfrfofèk 'olu }kjk çdV
vkSj ?kqVuk
,jhcks Ý ykfouks f ll foVkfeu B12 èkqaèkyh n`f"V] thHk dk gksrh gSA rkieku esa deh 'olu dh nj dks de djus dk
(Ariboflavinosis) nnZ ,d çHkkoh lkèku gSA
lw{e iks"kd rRoksa dh deh ls gksus okys jksx ,aft;ksLieZ
chekjh deh y{k.k
jÙkQkYirk gheksXyksfcu lkekU; detksjh vkSj
ihyk jax
[Link] (Goitre) vk;ksMhu tksM+ksa esa nnZ
csjhcsjh foVkfeu B1 detksjh] iSjksa esa lwtu
vkSj nnZ] Hkw• u yxuk]
fny dk c<+uk
LdohZ foVkfeu C lwts gq, elwM+s] ?kkoksa dk
nsj ls Hkjuk
lw•k jksx foVkfeu D uhan u vkuk] ihyk
psgjk] nLr] cPpksa esa
•ksiM+h] Jksf.k vkSj vaxksa fp=k 3-65% Parts of flower
dh foÑfr
z bUgsa iq"ih; ikSèks Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
VsfjMksiQkbVk z ijkxd.k vkSj chtkaM fo'ks"k jpuk esa fodflr gksrs gSa ftUgsa
z VsfjMksiQkbV~l dk mi;ksx ltkoV ç;kstuksa ds :i esa fd;k
iq"i dgk tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA
z ;s ltkoVh ikSèks ds :i esa Hkh mxk, tkrs gSaA z iq"i esa uj tuu vax iqadslj gksrk gSA
z fodkl dh n`"Vh ls LFky ij mxus okys igys ikSèks gS ftues z çR;sd iqadslj esa ,d iryk rarq gksrk gS ftlds 'kh"kZ ij
laogu Ård & tkbye vkSj Ýyks,e gksrs gSaA ijkxdks'k gksrk gSA
ftEuksLieZ z iq"i esa eknk tuu vax L=khdslj gksrk gSA ftlds vanj ,d
z ftEuksLieZ (ftEuksl% vuko`r]LieZ&cht) ,sls ikSèks gSa ftuesa ;k ,d ls vfèkd chtkaM gSA
chtkaM vaMk'k; fHkfÙk ls <ds ugha gksrs gSa vkSj fu"kspu ls
igys vkSj ckn esa Hkh vuko`r jgrs gSaA z ,aft;ksLieZ esa] cht iQyksa esa can gksrs gSaA vko`rchth ikSèkksa
z cht tks fu"kspu ds ckn fodflr gksrs gSa] os <ds ugha gksrs dk ,d vlkèkkj.k cM+k lewg gS tks fuokl dh ,d foLr`r
gSa] vFkkZr uXu gksrs gSaA J`a•yk esa ik, tkrs gSaA

102 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 Anther
Stigma

Style

Ovary
Megasporangium
(ovule)

Sporophyte SPOROPHYTIC GAMETOPHYTIC

(2n) (n)
GENERATION GENERATION

Microspore
Embryo (pollen grain)

Male
gametophyte
Zygote
Egg Gametes

fp=k 3-12% Life Cycle of an Angiosperm

D;k vki tkurs gSa\ z vfèkdka'k çtkfr;ka leqæh gSa] vkSj mudk vkdkj dqN
feyhehVj ls ysdj dqN ehVj rd gksrk gSA
z ouLifr çtuu ikSèkksa esa vySafxd çtuu dk ,d :i
gSA ;g ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk chtksa ds mRiknu z Liat fiQYVj iQhMj gSa% Liat esa ty ifjogu rFkk uky
ds fcuk u, tho mRiUu gksrs gSaA ;g Dyksu ds fodkl ra=k ik;k tkrk gSA ty ifjogu ;k ;g jkLrk Hkkstu tek
esa enn djrk gSA djus] 'olu rFkk vif'k"V inkFkkZs dks mRlftZr djus esa
z okuLifrd çlkj esa dsoy ekbVksfll 'kkfey gS] tks lgk;d gSaA Liat esa Årdksa dh deh gksrh gSA
ouLifr ds Mh,u, esa vkuqoaf'kd tkudkjh lqfuf'pr z 'kjhj dks Liaftu iQkbcj ls cus dadky }kjk lgkjk fn;k
djrk gSA tkrk gSA
z larfr (cPpk) ekr` ikSèks ds leku gh gksrh gS vkSj iwjs z Liat ç[Link] esa uj rFkk eknk i`Fkd ugha gksrs gSaA
o"kZ bldk vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z gkykafd] ;g mu ikSèkksa dks •Re djus esa enn ugha djrk la?k µ lhysUVªsVk (ukbMsfj;k)
gS] tks ,d ckj ok;jl ls O;ofLFkr :i ls laØfer gks z ;s tyh;] vfèkdrj leqæh LFkkoj vFkok eqÙkQ& rSjus
tkrs gSa] vkerkSj ij vius thou Hkj laØfer jgrs gSaA okys gksrs gSaA
bl çdkj] çlkj ds fy, fy;k x;k dksbZ Hkh okuLifrd z ukbMsfj;k uke bldh na'k dksf'kdk ukbMksCykLV~l ls cuk gSA
Hkkx laØfer jgrk gSA
z ukbMksCykLV~l fLFkjd] j{kk rFkk f'kdkj idM+us esa lgk;d
fofHkUu çdkj ds okuLifrd çlkj esa 'kkfey gSa% gSA
z çkÑfrd okuLifrd çoèkZu% èkkod] dan] dan] dkWeZ] z ukbMsfj;k esa Ård Lrj laxBu gksrk gSa vkSj ;s f}dks'dh
ldj] IykaVysV~l] dhfdl] ,iksfefDll gksrs gSaA
z Ñf=ke okuLifrd çlkj% dfVax] xzkfÝVax] ys;fjax] mnkgj.k% lHkh çoky fHkfÙk;k¡A fiQtsfy;k (iqrZxkyh
ldfjax] fV';w dYpj eSu&vkWiQ&okWj)] ,MfEl;k (leqæh ,uheksu)A
çkf.k;ksa dk oxhZdj.k la?k µ IySVhgSfYeUFkht
la?k µ iksfjiQsjk z la?k% IySVhgSfYeUFksl ds ç[Link] i`"Bkèkj:i ls piVs gksrs gS
z bl la?k ds lnL; lkekU;r% Liat dgykrs gSaA os vke rkSj z ;s ekuo rFkk vU; çkf.k;ksa esa var% ijthoh ds :i esa
ij [Link]; vkSj vlefefr gksrs gSaA ik, tkrs gSaA

tho&foKku 103
z piVs Ñfe f}ik'kZo lefefr] f=kdksjdh rFkk vçxqgh gksrs gSaA la?k µ eksyLdk
z fof'k"V dksf'kdk,a ftUgsa Tokyk dksf'kdk,a dgk tkrk gS] z ;g nwljk lcls cM+k ç[Link] la?k gSA
ijklj.k fu;a=k.k vkSj mRltZu esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA z eksyLd LFkyh; ;k tyh; ([Link]; ,oa [Link]; ty)
z IySusfj;k tSls dqN lnL;ksa esa mPp iqutZuu {kerk gksrh gSA
rFkk vax&ra=k Lrj ds laxBu okys gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k% Vhfu;k (iQhrk Ñfe)] iQsflvksyk ([Link] Ñfe)A
z 'kjhj pwus ds •ksy ls <dk gksrk gS vkSj ,d vyx flj]
la?k µ ,sLdsyfeUFkht ekaly iSj vkSj vkar dwcM+ ds lkFk v•afMr gksrk gSA
z la?k µ ,sLdsyfeUFkht ç[Link] vuqçLFk dkV esa xksykdkj
mnkgj.k% fiyk (,Iiy LuSy)] fiadVkMk (iyZ vks,LVsj)]
gksrs gSA
z os eqÙkQ thoh] tyh; vFkok LFkyh; rFkk ikSèkksa ,o çkf.k;ksa lsfi;k (dVyfiQ'k)A
esa ijthoh Hkh gksrs gSaA iQkbye & bfpuksMeZsVk
z budk 'kjhj laxBu vax&ra=k Lrj dk gSA
z bu tarqvksa esa pwusnkj vfLFk&iatj dk var%dadky gksrk gS
z uj vkSj eknk ,dfyaxkJ;h gksrs gSaAçk;% eknk uj ls cM+h
gksrh gSaA vkSj blfy, bldk uke bfpuksMeZsVk iM+kA
mnkgj.k% ,Ldsfjl (jkmaMokWeZ)] oqpsjsfj;k (iQkbysfj;y oeZ)] z laxBu ds vax&ç.kkyh Lrj ds lkFk lHkh leqæh gSaA
,afdyksLVksek (gqdoeZ)A z bfpuksMElZ dh lcls fof'k"V fo'ks"krk ,d ty laoguh
ç.kkyh dh mifLFkfr gS tks Hkkstu vkSj 'olu ds lapyu]
la?k µ ,susfyMk idM+us vkSj ifjogu esa enn djrh gSA
z ;s ç[Link] tyh; ([Link]; vkSj [Link]; ty) vFkok z ,d mRltZu ç.kkyh vuqifLFkr gSA
LFkyh;] Lora=k rFkk dHkh&dHkh ijthoh gksrs gSA ;s
mnkgj.k% ,LVsfj;l (rkjk eNyh)] bfpul (leqæh vfpZu)]
vax&ra=k Lrj ds laxBu dk çn'kZu djrs gSaA
dqdqekfj;k (leqæh ddM+h)A
z budh 'kjhj lrg Li"Vr •aM vFkok fo•aM esa caVk gksrk
gS blfy,] iQkbye dk uke ,susfyMk gSA la?k µ dkWMZsVk
z buds mRltZd vkSj ijklj.k fu;ked vax usÚhfM;e z dkWMZsVk la?k ls lacafèkr tarq ewy :i ls ,d uksVksdkWMZ] ,d
dgykrs gSaA i`"Bh; •ks•yh raf=kdk jTtq vkSj ;qfXer xzluh fxy fLyV~l
mnkgj.k% iQsjsfVek (dsapqvk) vkSj fg#fnusfj;k (jÙkQ pwlus dh mifLFkfr ls igpkus tkrs gSaA
okyh tksad)A Ø-e- dkWMZsVk ukWu & dkWMZsVk
1- i`"BjTtq mifLFkrA uksVksdkWMZ vuqifLFkrA
la?k µ vkFkkZsiksMk
z ;g ç[Link] txr dk lcls cM+k la?k gS ftlesa dhV Hkh 2- dsaæh; raf=kdk ra=k i`"Bh; dsaæh; raf=kdk ra=k mnj
'kkfey gSaA i`Foh ij lHkh ukfer çtkfr;ksa esa ls nks&frgkbZ gSA •ks•yk vkSj ,dA gSA Bksl vkSj nksgjkA
ls vfèkd vkFkkZsiksMk gSaA
z vkFkkZsiksMk dk 'kjhj dkbZVhuh ofgdadky ls <dk jgrk gSA 3- xyiQM+ksa }kjk fNfær xzluh fxy fLyV vuqifLFkr
cSB tkrh gSA gksrs gSaA
z 'olu vax Dykse] iqLr&Dykse] iqLr iQqIiQql vFkok
'olfudkvksa ds }kjk gksrk gSaA 4- ân; mnjh; gksrk gSA ân; i`"Bh; gS (;fn
z ifjlapj.k ra=k •qyk gksrk gSA mifLFkr gS)A

mnkgj.k% vkfFkZd :i ls [Link] dhV & ,fil (eèkqeD•h)] 5- i'p&xqnk iw¡N mifLFkr gSA i'p&xqnk iw¡N
ckWEcsDl (js'kedhV)] ySlhiQj (yk• dhV) jksxokgd & vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA
,uksfiQyht] D;wysDl vkSj ,Mht (ePNj) la?k iQkbye
z xzsxjh; dhV & fVîók (fVîóh)A z bls rhu mila?kksa esa ckaVk x;k gS% ;wjksdkWMZsVk ;k VÔwfudkVk]
z thfor thok'e & fyeqyl (jktk dsdM+k)A lsiQsyks&dkWMZsVk vkSj oVZsczsVkA

104 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
mila?k oVZsczsVk mnkgj.k% leqæh & ,DlksdsVl (mM+us okyh eNyh)]
z Hkwz.k dh vofèk ds nkSjku uksVksdkWMZ gksukA o;Ld esa uksVksdkWMZ
fgIiksdSEil (leqæh ?kksM+k)_
dks dkfVZykftul ;k cksuh oVZsczy dkWye }kjk çfrLFkkfir
ehBk ty & yfc;ks (jksgw)] dryk (dryk)A
fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj lHkh d'ks#dh jTtqdh gksrs gSa
ysfdu lHkh jTtqdh d'ks#dh ugha gksrs gSaA la?k & mHk;pj
la?k & lkbDyksLVksesVk z mHk;pj tyh; vkSj LFkyh; vkoklksa esa jg ldrs gSaA
z lkbDyksLVksesVk oxZ ds lHkh thfor lnL; dqN eNfy;ksa z muesa ls vfèkdka'k ds nks tksM+s vax gksrs gSaA
ij ,DVksiSjklkbV gksrs gSaA z 'kjhj flj vkSj èkM+ esa foHkkftr gksrk gSA
z lkbDyksLVkse esa tcM+s ds fcuk pwlus okyk vkSj xksykdkj z vka•ksa dh iydsa gksrh gSaA
eqag gksrk gSA z 'olu xyiQM+ksa] iQsiQM+ksa vkSj Ropk ds ekè;e ls gksrk gSA
z budk 'kjhj 'kYdksa vkSj ;qfXer ia•ksa ls jfgr gksrk gSA z ân; rhu d{kh; (nks vfyan vkSj ,d fuy;) gksrk gSA
z diky vkSj d'ks#dk LraHk dkfVZykftul gksrs gSaA z ;s BaMs •wu okys tkuoj gSaA
mnkgj.k% isVªksekbtksu (ySEçs) vkSj feDlkbu (gSxfiQ'k)A
z ;s lqO;ofLFkr 'kjhj okys leqæh tkuoj gSa
z vkSj dkfVZykftul ,aMksLdsysVu gSA
z uksVksdkWMZ thou Hkj cuk jgrk gSA
z Ropk l[r gksrh gS] ftlesa lw{e IysdkWbM 'kYd gksrs gSaA
z ân; nks d{kksa okyk (,d vfyan vkSj ,d fuy;) gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k% Ldksfy;ksMkWu (MkWx fiQ'k)] fçfLVl (lkW fiQ'k)A

oxZ & vksfLVpfFkl mnkgj.k% cqiQks (VkWM)] [Link] (esa<d)] gk;yk (Vªh ÚkWx)
z blesa cksuh ,aMksLdsysVu ds lkFk leqæh vkSj rkts ikuh dh
nksuksa eNfy;ka 'kkfey gSaA la?k ljhl`i
z ân; nks d{kh; (,d vfyan vkSj ,d fuy;) gksrk gSA z oxZ dk uke muds jsaxus ;k jsaxus dh xfr dks lanfHkZr djrk
z ;s BaMs •wu okys tkuoj gSaA gS (ySfVu] jsisjs ;k jsIVe] jsaxus ;k ØkWy djus ds fy,)A
v v v

tho&foKku 105
 4 çkS|ksfxdh

4-1 tSo çkS|ksfxdh (Mh,u,) dks bl rjg ls la'kksfèkr fd;k x;k gS tks
LokHkkfod :i ls ugha gksrk gSA
z tSo çkS|ksfxdh euq";ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh mRiknksa vkSj
çfØ;kvksa dk mRiknu djus ds fy, thoksa ls thfor thoksa mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh nwljs tho ls thu ds ços'k ds
;k ,atkbeksa dk mi;ksx djus dh rduhdksa ls lacafèkr gSA ekè;e lsA
z vkèkqfud tSo çkS|ksfxdh dh mRifÙk dks l{ke djus okyh z th,e iQlyksa dks igyh ckj 1996 esa iwjh nqfu;k esa
nks eq[; rduhdsa gSa% O;kolkf;d :i ls izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA rc ls mudh
 vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh% vkuqoaf'kd lkexzh (Mh-
yksdfç;rk vkleku Nw jgh gSA
,u- ,- vkSj vkj- ,u- ,-) ds jlk;u foKku dks cnyus z edbZ] dikl vkSj lks;kchu dks dhVksa] fouk'kdkjh dhVksa
dh rduhdsa rkfd bUgsa estcku thoksa esa is'k fd;k tk vkSj tM+h&cwfV;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, vkuqoaf'kd :i
lds vkSj bl çdkj estcku tho ds iQsuksVkbi dks ls la'kksfèkr fd;k x;k gS] vkSj vc nqfu;k ds dbZ {ks=kksa esa
cnyk tk ldsA budh O;kid :i ls •srh dh tkrh gSA
 ck;ksçkslsl vfHk;kaf=kdh% tSo çkS|ksfxdh mRiknksa tSls z Hkkjr ljdkj us 2002 esa [Link];d mRiknu ds fy,
& çfrtSfod] Vhdk] ,atkbe vkfn ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ,dek=k vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr (th- ,e-) iQly ds
cM+h ek=kk esa dsoy okafNr lw{etho ;k lqdsaædh :i esa ch- Vh- dikl dks eatwjh nhA
dksf'kdk ds fodkl dks l{ke djus ds fy, jklk;fud
vfHk;kaf=kdh çfØ;kvksa esa [Link] (lw{e tSfod chVh dikl dk ekeyk
lanw"k.k&eqÙkQ) okrkoj.k dk j•j•koA z chVh vkfo"; dk mRiknu cSflyl Fkqfjaftusfll (chVh)
uked [Link] }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
z cksyxkMZ rduhd ,d lw{etho ls vkuqoaf'kd vuqØe ds
ckjs esa gS ftls cSflyl Fkqfjaftusfll (chVh) dgk tkrk gSA
z chVh vkfo"; thu dks [Link] ls Dyksfur fd;k x;k gS
vkSj ikS/ksa esa dhVuk'kdks ds fcuk dhVks ls çfrjks/ çnku
djus ds fy, O;ÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA
z Fkqfjaftusfll muds fodkl ds ,d fo'ks"k pj.k ds nkSjku
çksVhu fØLVy cukrk gSA bu fØLVy esa ,d fo"kkÙkQ
Strictly end
dhVuk'kd çksVhu gksrk gSA
z bl vkfo"; dks ØkbZ uked thu Øk;vkbZ,lh }kjk dksfMr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z muesa ls dbZ gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] thu Øk;vkbZ,lh vkSj
fp=k 4-1% tSo çkS|ksfxdh Øk;vkbZvkbZ,ch }kjk dwV ysf•r fd, x, çksVhu dikl
ckWyoeZ dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] tks Øk;vkbZch edbZ osèkd
4-1-1 Ñf"k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh vuqç;ksx dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr (th,e) •k| iQlysa Mh,e,p &11
z vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr (th,e) •k| inkFkZ mu thoksa z fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fufeZr th- ,e- ljlksa èkkjk
ls çkIr •k| inkFkZ gSa ftudh vkuqoaf'kd lkexzh ljlksa ladj 11 (Mh- ,e- ,p- 11) dk [Link];d
 foekspu yafcr gS D;ksafd th- bZ- ,- lh- us vkxzg fd;k gS gS] ftls ikjaifjd ikSèkksa ds çtuu] Ñf"k fofèk;ksa ;k tSo
fd i;[Link]; tSo lqj{kk] fo'ks"k :i ls ykHkdkjh dhV çkS|ksfxdh }kjk iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
çtkfr;ksa ij çHkkoksa dk xgu lqj{kk ewY;kadu vkadM+s igys z ;s vkuqoaf'kd :i ls ifjofrZr vkSj iks"k.k&ofèkZr iQlysa]
rS;kj fd;k tk,A ftUgsa tSfod :i ls iQksfVZiQkbM ;k ck;ksiQksfVZiQkbM dgk
z ;g ljlksa dh çtkfr;ksa czkfldk tqfUl;k dh vkuqoaf'kd :i tkrk gS] O;kolkf;d :i ls miyCèk iQksfVZiQkbM •k|
ls la'kksfèkr ladj fdLe gSA inkFkks± ls fHkUu gksrh gSa D;ksafd vfrfjÙkQ iks"kd rRo
z ijkthuh ljlksa Mh,e,p&11 dks 2002 esa xSj&jksxtud jklk;fud :i ls vkiwfrZ ds ctk; vkuqoaf'kd :i ls
feêðh ds [Link] ls vyx vkuqoaf'kd lkexzh dk mi;ksx tqM+s gksrs gSaA
djds fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA z mnkgj.k% pkoy] lse] 'kdjdan] dlkok vkSj iQfy;ka dk
z ladj cht dk mRiknu djus ds fy, cSflyl vk;ju&ck;ksiQksfVZfiQds'kuA
,ekbyksfydiQsfl,Ul ls rhu thu] ckj] ckjusl vkSj ckjLVkj
fudkys x, FksA 4-1-3 fpfdRlk esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh vuqç;ksx
z Mh,e,p 11 dk XywiQksflusV çfrjksèk ckj (fcvkykiQksl vkuqoaf'kd }kjk rS;kj balqfyu
çfrjksèk) thu }kjk O;ÙkQ ,atkbe ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
z eèkqesg ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk balqfyu igys ekjs
chVh cSaxu x, eosf'k;ksa vkSj lwvjksa ds vXU;k'k; ls fudkyk tkrk FkkA
z chVh cSaxu ,d ijkthuh cSaxu gS ftls cSxu esa cSflyl z gkyk¡fd] i'kq lzksr ls çkIr balqfyu ds dkj.k dqN jksfx;ksa
Fkqfjaftusfll feêðh ds [Link] ls Øk;1,lh thu dks is'k esa fons'kh çksVhu ls ,ythZ ;k vU; çdkj dh çfrfØ;k,¡
djds fodflr fd;k x;k gSA fodflr gqb±A
z bl cSaxu dks vkuqoaf'kd :i ls cSaxu ÚwV ,aM 'kwV cksjj z 1983 esa] ,d vesfjdh daiuh] ,yh fyyh us ekuo balqfyu
(Y;wfduksM~l vkWjcksukfyl) tSls dhM+ksa dk lkeuk djus ds dh , vkSj ch J`a•ykvksa ds vuq:i nks Mh,u, vuqØe rS;kj
fy, la'kksfèkr fd;k x;k gSA
fd, vkSj balqfyu J`a•ykvksa dk mRiknu djus ds fy, mUgsa
z egkjk"Vª gkbfczM lhM~l daiuh us chVh cSaxu (ekfgdks) bZ- dksyh ds IykfLeM esa is'k fd;kA
cuk;kA
z dM+h , vkSj ch dks vyx&vyx mRikfnr fd;k x;k
xksYMu jkbl Fkk] fudkyk x;k Fkk vkSj ekuo balqfyu cukus ds fy,
z xksYMu jkbl pkoy dk ,d u;k :i gS ftlesa chVk MkblYiQkbM caèk cukdj tksM+k x;k FkkA
dSjksVhu (çksfoVkfeu ,) gksrk gS] ftls 'kjhj vko';drkuqlkj
foVkfeu , esa ifjofrZr djrk gS vkSj vukt dks viuk
lqugjk jax nsrk gSA
z ;g vkuqoaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh }kjk laHko cuk;k x;k gS] vkSj
;g nks u, ,atkbeksa dk mRiknu djrk gS tks pkoy ds nkuksa
esa chVk dSjksVhu dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA
lekid cht çkS|ksfxdh
z [Link] chtksa dk mRiknu djus ds fy, ikSèkksa ds
vkuqoaf'kd ifjorZu dks lekid cht çkS|ksfxdh ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
z vkRegR;k ds cht muds fy, nwljk uke gSA fp=k 4-2% vkuqoaf'kd }kjk rS;kj fd, x, balqfyu
z vkuqoaf'kd mi;ksx çfrcaèk çkS|ksfxdh lekid (th;wvkjVh)
thu jksxksipkj (Fksjsih)
dk vkfèkdkfjd uke gS] tSlk fd la;qÙkQ jk"Vª vkSj oSKkfudksa
}kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA z thu jksxksipkj vkuqoaf'kd leL;kvksa ds bykt ds fy, ,d
rduhd gS ftlesa nks"[Link] thu dks LoLFk yksxksa ds lkFk
4-1-2 ck;ksiQksfVZiQkbM cnyuk 'kkfey gSA
z ;g iQly esa foVkfeu vkSj •futksa ds ?kuRo dks c<+kdj z ;g ekuo dksf'kdkvksa esa Mh,u, dks is'k djus dk ,d
•k| iQlyksa ds iks"k.k ewY; esa lqèkkj djus dh çfØ;k rjhdk gS tks Ñf=ke :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA

çkS|ksfxdh 107
z thu jksxksipkj dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk tSoksipkj.k
gS% z tSoksipkj.k feêðh] ikuh ;k ryNV ls fo"kkÙkQ inkFkks± dks
nSfgd (lksesfVd) thu Fksjsih (,lthVh) gVkus ;k fo"kgj.k djus ds fy, lw{ethoksa dk mi;ksx djus
z ;g çdkj ekuo 'kjhj dh nSfgd dksf'kdkvksa esa lcls dh çfØ;k gS tks ekuo LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd gksaxsA
vfèkd ns•k tkrk gSA z tSoksipkj.k dks ck;ksVªhVesaV] ck;ksjsDyses'ku vkSj ck;ksjsLVksjs'ku
z ;g fdlh fo'ks"k O;fÙkQ ds fy, fof'k"V gS] vkSj {kfrxzLr ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
dksf'kdkvksa dks dsoy ml O;fÙkQ esa LoLFk dksf'kdkvksa z ufn;ksa ;k leqæ esa NksM+s tkus ls igys vif'k"V ty ls
ds lkFk cny fn;k tk,xkA fof'k"V çnw"kdksa dks gVkus ds fy, lhost mipkj la;a=kksa esa
z bl çfØ;k dk mi;ksx djds ekuo 'kjhj dh nSfgd lw{ethoksa dks fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
dksf'kdkvksa esa fpfdRlh; thu is'k fd, tkrs gSa A z fyaMsu (gsDlk&DyksjkslkbDyksgsDlsu) tSoksipkj.k rduhd
z thu jksxksipkj ds bl n`f"Vdks.k dks lcls vPNk vkSj fodflr dh xbZ gSA
lcls lqjf{kr ekuk tkrk gSA
ikni mipkj
teZykbu thu Fksjsih z ikni mipkj ,d tSoksipkj.k çfØ;k gS tks feêðh vkSj
z ;g ekuo 'kjhj dh tuu js•k dksf'kdkvksa esa gksrk gSA Hkwty esa nwf"kr inkFkks± dks gVkus] LFkkukarfjr djus] fLFkj
z vke rkSj ij] bl n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx chekjh iSnk djus djus vkSj@;k u"V djus ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj ds ikSèkksa dk
okyh vkuqoaf'kd vlkekU;rkvksa dks lacksfèkr djus ds mi;ksx djrh gSA
fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks ekrk&firk ls muds cPpksa dks z oL=k vkS|ksfxd cfg%lzko ls jaxksa ds {kj.k ds fy, tSoksipkj.k
lkSai fn, tkrs gSaA mipkj çfØ;kvksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
z çfØ;k esa mu dksf'kdkvksa esa LoLFk Mh,u, Mkyus
z vè;;u ls irk pyk gS fd fodflr çfØ;k esa diM+k jaxksa
ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS tks çtuu dksf'kdkvksa] vaMs ;k
'kqØ[Link] dk mRiknu djrs gSaA vkSj cfg%L=kko mipkj dh {kerk gSA
ikni&{kj.k
4-1-2 tSo ÅtkZ esa vuqç;ksx z bl çfØ;k esa] ikSèks okLro esa ikSèks ds Årdksa ds Hkhrj nwf"kr
z ck;ksekl ls çkIr tSo b±/u [Link]; vkSj fVdkÅ ÅtkZ inkFkks± dks p;kip; vkSj u"V djrs gSaA
gS ftlesa thok'e b±/u dks cnyus dh {kerk gSA
ikni&ok"ihdj.k
z tSo çkS|ksfxdh mu fdLeksa ds p;u dks rst djus esa
enn dj ldrh gS tks tSo b±èku mRiknu ds fy, vfèkd z bl çfØ;k esa] ikSèks dkcZfud nwf"kr inkFkks± okys ikuh dks
vuqdwy gSa% ysrs gSa vkSj nwf"kr inkFkks± dks viuh ifÙk;ksa ds ekè;e ls
 tSo&æO; çfr gsDVs;j]
gok esa NksM+rs gSaA
 rsyksa (ck;ksMhty iQlyksa) dh c<+h gqbZ lkexzh ;k tSo laosnd
 [Link] 'kdZjk (bFksukWy iQlysa)] ;k z tSo laosnd ,d fo'ys"[Link] midj.k gS tks tSfod
 csgrj çlaLdj.k fo'ks"krk,a tks tSo b±èku esa muds çfrfØ;k dks HkkSfrd] jklk;fud ;k fo|qr ladsr esa
:ikarj.k dh lqfoèkk çnku djrh gSaA ifjofrZr djrk gSA
z fo|qr ÅtkZ la'ys"k.k ds lkFk vif'k"V ty mipkj çfØ;kvksa z tSo laosnd dks cgqr p;ukRed] ;k ;kSfxdksa dh ,d
dks iwjk djus ds ekè;e ls fVdkÅ tSo ÅtkZ la'ys"k.k ds foLr`r J`a•yk ds çfr laosnu'khy gksus ds fy, vfHkdfYir
fy, lw{e tSfod b±èku dksf'kdkvksa dk mi;ksx mi;ksxh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ik;k tkrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] 'kSoky&vkèkkfjr tSo laosnd dk mi;ksx
4-1-3 i;kZoj.k tSo çkS|ksfxdh djds unh ds ikuh esa tM+h&cwfV;ksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk
z i;kZoj.k tSo çkS|ksfxdh] fo'ks"k :i ls] i;kZoj.k dh dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS_ thoksa ij yxk, x, ruko
[Link]Ùkk dh lqj{kk vkSj iqu% LFkkiu ds fy, çfØ;kvksa ds dks ikSèks ds [Link] ds çdk'kh; [Link] esa ifjorZu ds :i
mi;ksx dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA esa ekik tk jgk gSA

108 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 mipkj ds fy, fpfdRlk leLFkkfud dk mRiknu djus ds
4-2 [Link] çkS|ksfxdh
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
[Link] çfrfØ;kvksa ds çdkj z mudk mi;ksx vuqlaèkku djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
,d [Link] fj,DVj fctyh dk mRiknu dSls djrk gS\
[Link] lay;u [Link] fo•aMu z fo'ks"k rRoksa ds [Link] dks foHkkftr djus ls ÅtkZ dk
mRltZu] ,d [Link] la;a=k }kjk mRikfnr vkSj fu;af=kr
z [Link] lay;u dks nks gYds ukfHkdksa dks Hkkjh ukfHkd esa fd;k tkrk gSA
la;ksftr djus ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
z [Link] ÅtkZ la;a=k esa mRiUu ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx Hkki cukus
z lay;u la;a=k mPp xfrfofèk ;k yacs vkèks thou ds lkFk
ds fy, xehZ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx ckn
jsfM;ksèkehZ dpjs dk mRiknu ugha djrs gSaA ghfy;e] ,d
esa fctyh mRiUu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vfØ; xSl] lay;u la;a=kksa esa b±èku ds :i esa mi;ksx dh
tkrh gSA la;a=kks dk lapkyu
z [Link] fo•aMu dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ÅtkZA z tc ,d U;wVªkWu ,d jsfM;ksèkehZ [Link] ds ukfHkd ls
z dbZ vR;fèkd jsfM;ksèkehZ d.k iSnk djrs gSaA Vdjkrk gS] rks ;g ml ukfHkd ds VwVus dks cM+s VqdM+ksa esa
z blesa Øfed vfHkfØ;k 'kkfey ugha gS vkSj mPp rkieku fVªxj djrk gS ftls fo•aMu VqdM+s dgk tkrk gSA
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA z bu nks VqdM+ksa ds vykok] U;wVªkWu vkerkSj ij tkjh fd, tkrs
z lay;u la;a=kksa esa] fVªfV;e vkSj MÔwVsfj;e (gkbMªkstu gSa] tks cnys esa la;a=k esa [Link] ds ukfHkd dks NksM+rs gSa]
leLFkkfud) [Link] dks fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj ;g Øfed vfHkfØ;k dks LFkkfir djrk gSA
z nks ;k nks ls vfèkd çksVkWu dks bruk djhc ykus ds fy, z Øfed vfHkfØ;k ,d Å"ek mRiUu djrh gS ftldk mi;ksx
vR;fèkd mPp ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls fd cnys esa fctyh dk mRiknu djus ds fy, Vjckbu dks
çfrfØ;k vkxs c<+ ldsA
LFkkukarfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
[Link] fo•aMu
[Link] la;a=k ds ?kVd
z fo•aMu ,d Hkkjh] vfLFkj ukfHkd dk nks gYds ukfHkdksa
esa foHkktu gS] tks ÅtkZ dh ,d vR;fèkd ek=kk mRlftZr z b±èku% ;wjsfu;e ÅtkZ dk çkFkfed lzksr gSA vkerkSj ij]
djrk gSA ;wjsfu;e vkWDlkbM (UO2) Njks± dks b±èku dh NM+sa cukus ds
z fo•aMu la;a=k vR;fèkd jsfM;ksèkehZ fo•aMu mRiknksa dk fy, VÔwc esa j•k tkrk gSA la;a=k dksj esa] NM+sa b±èku d{k
mRiknu djrs gSaA esa •M+h gksrh gSaA
z [Link] lay;u dh rqyuk esa de ÅtkZ mRlftZr djrk gSA z eand% fo•aMu ls mRlftZr U;wVªkWu dksj esa lkexzh }kjk èkhesa
z dqN jsfM;ksèkehZ [Link] dk mRiknu gksrk gSA gks tkrs gSa] ftlls vfrfjÙkQ fo•aMu gksrk gSA ikuh dk lcls
z blesa Øfed vfHkfØ;k 'kkfey gS vkSj blds fy, mPp vfèkd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] gkykafd Hkkjh ty ;k xzsiQkbV
xfr U;wVªkWu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ;wjsfu;e vkSj IywVksfu;e dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij fo•aMu
la;a=kksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z nks [Link] dks foHkkftr djus ds fy, mPp ÅtkZ dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
[Link] ÅtkZ la;a=k (fo•aMu l;a=k)
z ,d [Link] la;a=k ,d midj.k gS tks yacs le; rd
[Link] Øfed vfHkfØ;k dks 'kkfey djrk gS vkSj fu;af=kr z fu;a=k.k NM+% ;s dSMfe;e] gSiQfu;e ;k cksjkWu tSls
djrk gSA U;wVªkWu&vo'kksf"kr djus okys inkFkks± ls cus gksrs gSa] vkSj
z la;a=kksa dk mi;ksx fctyh mRiUu djus] foeku okgd vkSj çfrfØ;k dks fu;af=kr djus ;k jksdus ds fy, dksj ls tksM+s
iuMqfCc;ksa dks LFkkukarfjr djus vkSj besftax vkSj dSalj ;k gVk, tkrs gSaA

çkS|ksfxdh 109
z 'khryd% dksj ds ekè;e ls ?kweus okyk ,d rjy inkFkZ
laoèkZu ds vkèkkj ij ;wjsfu;e nks
rkfd blls Å"ek dks LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldsA gYds ty
ds la;a=kks esa ty eand çkFkfed 'khryd ds :i esa Hkh
çdkj dk gksrk gS&
dk;Z djrk gSA 1- de laofèkZr ;wjsfu;e (,ybZ;w)% ,ybZ;w dk mi;ksx
[Link] la;a=kksa (dqMudqye (1-5») vkSj tSrkiqj (5»)
4-2-1 ;wjsfu;e laoèkZu esa b±èku tSls '[Link] mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z çÑfr esa ik, tkus okys ;wjsfu;e esa cM+s iSekus ij nks 2- mPp laofèkZr ;wjsfu;e (,pbZ;w)% ,pbZ;w gfFk;kj xzsM
leLFkkfud gksrs gSa] U-235 vkSj U-238A ;wjsfu;e gS ftldk mi;ksx [Link] ijh{k.k vkSj [Link]
z [Link] la;a=kksa esa ÅtkZ dk mRiknu U-235 [Link] ds gfFk;kjksa ds lapkyu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
fo•aMu ;k foHkktu ls gksrk gS] ,d çfØ;k tks Å"ek ds
:i esa ÅtkZ mRlftZr djrh gSA z U-233 (LokHkkfod :i ls ugha ik;k tkrk gS) Å"eh;
z U-235 ;wjsfu;e dk eq[; fo•aMuh; leLFkkfud gSA çtud la;a=kks esa mRikfnr gksrk gS tgka Fkksfj;e &232 ,d
z çkÑfrd ;wjsfu;e esa U-235 leLFkkfud dk 0-7» gksrk U;wVªkWu dks vo'kksf"kr djds U-233 cukrk gS tks fo•aMuh;
gSA 'ks"k 99-3» T;knkrj U-238 leLFkkfud gS tks fo•aMu gSA
çfØ;k esa çR;{k :i ls ;ksxnku ugha nsrs gSA
4-2-2 Hkkjr dk rhu pj.k [Link] ÅtkZ dk;ZØe
z leLFkkfud i`FkDdj.k ,d leLFkkfud dks nwljksa ds lkis{k
dsafær djus (^le`¼*) djus ds fy, ,d HkkSfrd çfØ;k z gkseh HkkHkk us 1950 ds n'kd esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ds rVh;
gSA vfèkdka'k la;a=k gYds ty ds la;a=k (nks çdkj ds& {ks=kksa dh eksuktkbV jsr esa ik, tkus okys ;wjsfu;e vkSj
ihMCY;wvkj vkSj chMCY;wvkj) gSa vkSj muds b±èku esa Fkksfj;e dh vkiwfrZ dk mi;ksx djds ns'k dh nh?kZdkfyd
;wjsfu;e dks 0-7» ls 3&5» U-235 rd le`¼ djus dh ÅtkZ Lora=krk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, Hkkjr ds rhu&[Link];
vko';drk gksrh gSA [Link] ÅtkZ dk;ZØe dks rS;kj fd;kA

fp=k 4-3% mUur Hkkjh ty la;a=k (,,pMCY;wvkj)

110 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
pj.k 1& ncko ;qÙkQ Hkkjh ty la;a=k (ih,pMCY;wvkj) 4-3 varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh
z igys pj.k esa ih,pMCY;wvkj dks fctyh nsus ds fy,
çkÑfrd ;wjsfu;e dk mi;ksx djuk 'kkfey Fkk] tcfd 4-3-1 mixzgksa ds çdkj
IywVksfu;e&239 dks miksRikn ds :i esa mRikfnr fd;k z mixzgksa dks muds dk;Z }kjk oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS
x;k FkkA D;ksafd mUgsa ,d fof'k"V dke djus ds fy, varfj{k esa
z igys pj.k ds fy,] ih,pMCY;wvkj dks pquk x;k Fkk] ykWUp fd;k tkrk gSA
D;ksafd 1960 ds n'kd esa] ;wjsfu;e mi;ksx ds ekeys esa z ukS vyx&vyx çdkj ds lSVsykbV gSa vFkkZr
Hkkjr esa lcls dq'ky la;a=k fMtkbu FkkA  dE;qfuds'ku lSVsykbV

pj.k 2& rhoz çtud la;a=k (,iQchvkj)  fjeksV lsaflax lSVsykbV

z nwljs pj.k esa rhoz çtud la;a=kksa esa mi;ksx ds fy,  usfoxs'ku lSVsykbV
IywVksfu;e&239 ls b±èku dk mRiknu 'kkfey gSA  ft;kslsafVªd vkWfcZV çdkj ds mixzg & ,ybZvks] ,ebZvks]
z IywVksfu;e&239 ÅtkZ mRiUu djus ds fy, fo•aMu gSA ,pbZvks
z i;kZIr ek=kk esa IywVksfu;e&239 dk fuekZ.k gks tkus ds ckn  Xykscy iksft'kfuax flLVe (thih,l)
;wjsfu;e&233 cukus ds fy, la;a=k esa Fkksfj;e dk bLrseky
 HkwLFkSfrd mixzg (thbZvks)
fd;k tk,xkA rhljs pj.k esa bl ;wjsfu;e dh vko';drk
 xzkmaM lSVsykbV
gksrh gSA
 èkzqoh; mixzg
pj.k 3& mUur Hkkjh ty la;a=k (,,pMCY;wvkj)
 uSuks mixzg] D;wclSV vkSj LekWylSV
z pj.k&3 dk ekSfyd y{; ,d nh?kZdkfyd [Link] b±èku
pØ cukuk gSA 4-3-2 Hkkjr esa varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh
z mUur [Link] ç.kkyh esa ;wjsfu;e&233 vkSj Fkksfj;e dks Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu (bljks)
tksM+k tk,xkA z ;g Hkkjr ljdkj dh uksMy varfj{k vuqlaèkku ,tsalh gSA
z Hkkjr ds ikl cM+h ek=kk esa Fkksfj;e gS ftldk bLrseky z bl laxBu dh LFkkiuk 15 vxLr] 1969 dks gqbZ FkhA
Å"eh; çtud la;a=kksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z eq[;ky;% csaxyq#] dukZVd
z Fkksfj;e dks vafre pj.k ds fy, cpk;k x;k Fkk] D;ksafd
z ;g laxBu varfj{k foHkkx (Mh- vks- ,l-) }kjk çcafèkr gS
bldh O;kid miyCèkrk ds ckotwn] ÅtkZ mRiknu esa bldk
tks fd çR;{k :i ls çèkkuea=kh dks fjiksVZ djrk gSA
mi;ksx dfBukb;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA bldk mi;ksx rqjar ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; varfj{k laoèkZu vkSj çkfèkdj.k dsaæ
(bu&Lisl)
Hkkjr esa [Link] la;a=k
z Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; varfj{k laoèkZu vkSj çkfèkdj.k dsaæ (bu&Lisl)
z 2020 esa] Hkkjr esa mRikfnr dqy fctyh dk yxHkx 3-3
dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk varfj{k xfrfofèk;ksa dh ,d
çfr'kr [Link] ÅtkZ ls çkIr gqvk FkkA
foLr`r J`a•yk esa futh {ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djus
z 1987 esa LFkkfir Hkkjrh; [Link] ÅtkZ fuxe] Hkkjr esa
ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA
[Link] ÅtkZ la;a=kksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
z ;g fu;fer mixzgksa] jkWdsV vkSj [Link];d ç{ksi.k lsokvksa
z orZeku esa Hkkjr ds 7 la;a=kksa esa 22 [Link] la;a=k dke
ds fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkkjrh; m|ksx vkSj LVkVZvi dks
dj jgs gSaA
fofu;fer vkSj çksRlkfgr djsxkA
[Link] lay;u la;a=k z blds vius rduhdh] dkuwuh] lqj{kk fuxjkuh vkSj xfrfofèk
z [Link] lay;u la;a=k dsoy ç;ksxkRed [Link] esa gSaA laoèkZu funs'kky; gksaxsA
z [Link] fo•aMu la;a=kksa dh rqyuk esa os O;kolkf;d :i ls z ;g bljks vkSj futh i{kksa ds chp ,d laidZ ds :i esa dke
O;ogk;Z ugha gSaA djsxk] ;g vkdyu djsxk fd Hkkjr ds varfj{k lalkèkuksa
z vkbZVhbZvkj lay;u çfrfØ;kvksa esa çxfr çkIr djus ds fy, dk lokZsÙke mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj dSls
,d lrr vuqlaèkku gSA varfj{k&vkèkkfjr xfrfofèk;ksa dk foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

çkS|ksfxdh 111
 fp=k 4-4% ç{ksi.k okgu
U;w Lisl bafM;k fyfeVsM (,u,lvkbZ,y) 4- pkSFkh ih<+h% ft;ksflaØksul mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku
z ;g bljks dh [Link];d 'kk•k gS] ftldk çkFkfed y{; (ih,l,yoh)
Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa dks mPp rduhd varfj{k xfrfofèk;ksa esa z eq[; :i ls fjeksV lsaflax mixzgksa dks ç{ksi.k djus ds fy,
Hkkx ysus esa l{ke cukuk gSA mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g iwjh rjg ls Hkkjr ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa gS] tks varfj{k z ih,l,yoh fuEufyf•r {kerk rd ds isyksM çnku dj
foHkkx (Mhvks,l) dks fjiksVZ djrk gSA ldrk gS%
z ,u,lvkbZ,y bu&Lisl ds lkFk lg;ksx djsxk rkfd m|ksx  3]250 kg ls ,ybZvks (yks vFkZ vkWfcZV)

la?k bljks dh dqN ftEesnkfj;ksa dks laHkky ldsaA  1600 fdyksxzke ,l,lvks (lu flaØksul vkWfcZV)

,afVªDl  1400 fdyksxzke thVhvks (ft;ksflaØksul VªkaliQj vkWfcZV)

z ,afVªDl dh LFkkiuk 1992 esa ,d ljdkjh LokfeRo okys z ih,l,yoh }kjk lcls çfl¼ ç{ksi.k
çkbosV fyfeVsM dkWikZsjs'ku ds :i esa dh xbZ Fkh] ftldk  2008 esa paæ;ku &1 vkSj
fe'ku varfj{k mRiknksa dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj O;kolk;hdj.k  2013 esa eaxy;ku@eklZ vkWfcZVj fe'kuA
djuk] rduhdh ijke'kZ lsok,a çnku djuk vkSj bljks }kjk
z ih,l,yoh&C37 us 15 iQjojh] 2017 dks 104 mixzgksa dk
fodflr çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks LFkkukarfjr djuk FkkA
ç{ksi.k fd;k] tks vc rd ,d mM+ku esa ç{ksfir fd, x,
4-3-3 bljks }kjk ç{ksi.k okguksa ds çdkj mixzgksa dh lcls vfèkd la[;k gSA
z ç{ksi.k ;k ç{ksid okgu dk mi;ksx varfj{k ;ku dks varfj{k ft;ksflaØksul mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku (th,l,yoh)
esa ys tkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds ikl nks ifjpkyu z th,l,yoh ,d 3&pj.k ç{ksi.k ;ku gS ftlesa igys
ç{ksid gSa% è#oh; mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku (ih,l,yoh) vkSj pj.k esa Bksl b±èku] nwljs pj.k esa rjy vkSj rhljs pj.k esa
ft;ksflaØksul mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku (th,l,yoh)A Øk;kstsfud gksrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa ç{ksi.k okguksa dh 4 ihf<+;ka gSa z bls eq[; :i ls ft;ksLVs'kujh VªkaliQj vkWfcZV esa 2-5&Vu
1- igyh ih<+h% mixzg ç{ksi.k okguA oxZ ds dE;wfuds'ku-lSVykbV~l (bulsV J`a•yk) vkSj
2- nwljh ih<+h% laofèkZr mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku yxHkx 4-5 Vu ds yks&vFkZ vkWfcZV dks ç{ksfir djus ds
3- rhljh ih<+h% è#oh; mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku (ih,l,yoh) fy, fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA

112 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
th,l,yoh ,eds II gkbMªkftu) dk mi;ksx dj jgk gSA bls ¶xans la;kstu¸ ds
z ;g Hkkjr }kjk fodflr lcls cM+k ç{ksid okgu gS] tks :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
orZeku esa ifjpkyu esa gSA z nqfu;k Hkj esa vU; varfj{k dk;ZØeksa us ,d LoPN vkSj
z ;g pkSFkh ih<+h dk ç{ksid okgu pkj fyfDoM LVªSi&vkWu gfjr b±èku] rjy ehFksu ;k feêðh ds rsy ij vnykcnyh
ds lkFk ,d rhu&pj.k okgu gSA dh gSA
z Lons'kh :i ls fodflr Øk;kstsfud vij LVst (lh;w,l) z rjy ehFksu esa cnyus ds fy, Øk;kstsfud batu ds mi;ksx
th,l,yoh ,eds f}rh; dk rhljk pj.k gSA dh vko';drk gksxh] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh xSl dks rjyhÑr
z mM+ku Hkjus ds nkSjku æO;eku {kerk% 4-14 VuA jgus ds fy, csgn de rkieku ij laxzghr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
th,l,yoh ,eds III
z ;g rhljs pj.k esa Lons'kh Øk;kstsfud batu ds lkFk ,d jkWdsV esa ç.kksnd dk mi;ksx
3&pj.k Hkkjh&fyÝV jkWdsV gSA z ç.kksnd ,d jklk;fud feJ.k gS ftlesa ,d b±èku vkSj
z th,l,yoh ,eds III (bljks dk iQSV ckW;) dks 4 Vu oxZ ,d vkWDlhdkjd gksrk gS ftls jkWdsV esa tksj nsus ds fy,
ds mixzgksa dks ft;ksflaØksul VªkaliQj vkWfcZV (thVhvks) ;k tyk;k tkrk gSA
yxHkx 10 Vu ds yks vFkZ vkWfcZV (,ybZvks) esa ys tkus z ç.kksnu ds fy,] b±èku ,d inkFkZ gS tks vkWDlhdkjd ds
ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS] tks th,l,yoh ,eds f} lkFk fefJr gksus ij tyrk gSA
rh; dh {kerk ls yxHkx nksxquk gSA z vkWDlhdkjd ,d inkFkZ gS tks b±èku ds lkFk la;qÙkQ gksus ds
z lcls çfl¼ ç{ksid% Hkkjr ds nwljs paæ fe'ku paæ;ku fy, vkWDlhtu tkjh djrk gSAfeJ.k vuqikr b±èku ds fy,
&2 dks 22 tqykbZ] 2019 dks lrh'k èkou varfj{k dsaæ] vkWDlhMkbtj dk vuqikr gSA
JhgfjdksVk ls vFkZ ikfd±x vkWfcZV esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA  ç.kksnd dh fLFkfr dks rjy] Bksl ;k ladj ds :i esa

z blds vykok] Hkkjr dh igyh ekuo varfj{k mM+ku xxu;ku oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
dks 2022 esa th,l,yoh ,eds III dk mi;ksx djds z rjy ç.kksnd% b±èku vkSj vkWDlhdkjd dks rjy ç.kksnd
ç{ksfir fd;k tk,xkA jkWdsV esa vyx ls laxzghr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ikbi] okYo
vkSj VckZsiai dh ,d ç.kkyh }kjk ngu d{k esa igqapk;k tkrk
y?kq mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku (,l,l,yoh)
gS] tgka mUgsa feyk;k tkrk gS vkSj tksj dk mRiknu djus
z bljks ds foØe lkjkHkkbZ varfj{k dsaæ }kjk 300 fdyksxzke
ds fy, tyk;k tkrk gSA
dh isyksM {kerk okys NksVs mixzgksa dks lu flaØksul vkWfcZV
 Øk;kstsfud ç.kksnd csgn de rkieku ij j•h tkus
esa vkSj 500 fdyksxzke dks yks vFkZ vkWfcZV esa ç{ksfir djus
ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA okyh rjyhÑr xSlsa gSa] ftuesa lcls vke b±èku rjy
gkbMªkstu (LH2) vkSj vkWDlhdkjd rjy vkWDlhtu
z mís';% ih,l,yohdh rqyuk esa de dher vkSj mPp
(LO2 ;k LOX) gSA
ç{ksi.k nj ij NksVs mixzgksa dks O;kolkf;d :i ls ç{ksfir
 &253 C (&423 F) ds rkieku ij] gkbMªkstu rjy
djuk gSA
jgrk gS] tcfd vkWDlhtu &183 C (&297 F) ds
z ih,l,yoh vkSj th,l,yoh ds foijhr] ,l,l,yoh dks
rkieku ij rjy jgrk gSA
yacor vkSj {kSfrt nksuksa :i ls bdêòk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z Bksl ç.kksnd jkWdsV] jkWdsV fMtkbuksa esa lcls cqfu;knh
z okgu ds igys rhu [Link] esa ,d Bksl ç.kksnd dk mi;ksx
gSaA os Bksl ;kSfxdksa (b±èku vkSj vkWDlhdkjd) ds feJ.k ls
fd;k tk,xk] ftlesa pkSFkk pj.k ,d osyksflVh&fVªfeax
Hkjs LVhy vkoj.k ls cus gksrs gSa tks rsth ls tyrs gSa vkSj
ekWMÔwy gksxkA
uksty ls xeZ xSlksa dks ckgj fudkydj tksj iSnk djrs gSaA
4-3-4 jkWdsV b±èku z ladj ç.kksnd batu ,d çdkj dk batu gS tks Bksl vkSj
z Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu (bljks) vkWDlhMkbtj rjy ç.kksnd batu ds chp dgha iM+rk gSA ?kVdksa esa ls
ukbVªkstu VsVªksDlkbM ds lkFk la;qÙkQ :i ls cgqr tgjhys ,d Bksl gS] tks vke rkSj ij b±èku gS] vkSj nwljk rjy gS]
vkSj la{kkjd b±èku ;wMh,e,p (vuflesfVªdy Mh&feFkkby tks vkerkSj ij vkWDlhdkjd gSA

çkS|ksfxdh 113
Øk;kstsfud batu pqacdh; {ks=k dh lajpuk vkSj xfr'khyrk dk vè;;u fd;k
z Øk;kstsfud jkWdsV batu Øk;kstsfud b±èku ;k vkWDlhdkjd dk tk,xkA
mi;ksx djrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd b±èku ;k vkWDlhdkjd z uklk ds vuqlkj] ikdZj us lw;Z ds Åijh ok;qeaMy esa [Link]
(;k nksuksa) xSlsa gSa ftUgsa rjyhÑr fd;k x;k gS vkSj csgn vkSj pqacdh; {ks=kksa dks ekik] ftls dksjksuk ds :i esa tkuk
de rkieku ij j•k x;k gSA tkrk gSA
z Bksl vkSj i`Foh&HkaMkj.k ;ksX; rjy ç.kksnd jkWdsV [Link] dh z vkfnR; ,y&1 fe'ku% Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu
rqyuk esa] Øk;kstsfud jkWdsV pj.k vfèkd dq'ky gksrs gSa vkSj (bljks) lw;Z dk vè;;u djus ds fy, ns'k ds igys
ç.kksnd tyus ds çfr fdyksxzke vfèkd tksj iSnk djrs gSaA oSKkfud fe'ku vkfnR;&,y 1 ds fy, dej dl jgk gSA
,;j czhfnax batu  bls ,y 1 ySxzsat fcanq esa rSukr fd;k tk,xk] tks varfj{k

z bZ/u dks tykus esa ,;j czhfnax batu i;kZoj.k ls çkIr esa ,d LFkku gSA
vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx djrs gSA VckZstsV] VckZsçkWi] jSetsV  vkfnR; ,y 1 dks èkzqoh; mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku
vkSj iYl&tsV muesa ls gSaA (ih,l,yoh) ,Dl,y ij lkr isyksM ([Link]) ds
z mi;ksx dh tkus okyh vU; fof/;k¡ bldh rqyuk esa Hkkjh] lkFk ç{ksfir fd;k tk,xkA
de dq'ky vkSj de ykxr çHkkoh gSaA  ;g lw;Z dh pkSchlksa ?kaVs besftax djsxk vkSj dksjksuk]
z ,;j czhfnax batu ds çdkj çdk'k eaMy] [Link]]lkSj mRltZu] lkSj gokvksa vkSj
 jSetsV% jSetsV ,d çdkj dk ,;j&czhfnax tsV batu gS Ýys;lZ vkSj dksjksuy ekl btsD'ku dh tkap djsxkA
tks ?kweus okys laihMd ds mi;ksx ds fcuk ngu ds fy,
vkus okyh gok dks laihfM+r djrk gSA lqijlksfud xfr 4-3-7 paæek ds fy, fe'ku
ij] jSetsV lcls dq'ky gksrs gSa] ysfdu gkbijlksfud z paæek ds ekuo vUos"k.k ds fgLls ds :i esa i`Foh ds
xfr ij] os vçHkkoh gksrs gSaA çkÑfrd mixzg dk irk yxkus ds fy, dbZ varfj{k fe'ku
 LØSetsV% ,d LØSetsV batu ,d jSetsV batu ls csgrj ykWUp fd, x, gSaA
gS D;ksafd ;g lqijlksfud ngu dh vuqefr nsrs gq, z lksfo;r la?k dk ywuk 2 paæek dh lrg ij lqjf{kr :i
gkbijlksfud xfr ij py ldrk gSA ls igqapus okyk igyk varfj{k ;ku FkkA
, Mqvy eksM jSetsV (Mh,evkjvkbZ) ,d çdkj dk tsV batu z ywuk 9 fu;af=kr lkWÝV ySafMax djus okyk igyk varfj{k ;ku
gS tks eSd 4&8 jsat ij jSetsV ls LØSetsV esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk Fkk] tcfd ywuk 10 1966 esa d{kk esa ços'k djus okyk
gS] ftlls ;g lclksfud vkSj lqijlksfud ngu ç.kkyh nksuksa esa igyk fe'ku FkkA
dq'kyrk ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA z paæek ds fy, pkyd ny ds fe'ku la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk
4-3-5 varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku }kjk 1968 vkSj 1972 ds chp viksyks dk;ZØe ds fgLls
z varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku (vkbZ,l,l) ,d fuEu&i`Foh&d{kk ds :i esa fd, x, FksA viksyks 8 1968 esa d{kk esa ços'k
esa jgus ;ksX; Ñf=ke mixzg gSA djus okyk igyk pkyd ny dk fe'ku FkkA
z uklk (la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk)] jksLdksleksl (:l)] tDlk z uhy vkeZLVªkax tqykbZ 1969 esa viksyks 11 ds nkSjku paæek
(tkiku)] bZ,l, (;wjksi)] vkSj lh,l, (dukMk) ifj;kstuk ij pyus okys igys O;fÙkQ cusA
esa 'kkfey ikap varfj{k ,tsafl;ksa esa ls gSaA z vc rd 24 euq"; bl fo'kky HkwHkkx dk Hkze.k dj pqds
z LVs'ku ,d Hkkjghurk vkSj varfj{k i;kZoj.k vuqlaèkku gSa] rFkk 12 yksx bl ij py pqds gSaA
ç;ksx'kkyk ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS ] tgka •xksy tho paæek ds fy, Hkkjr ds fe'ku
foKku] •xksy foKku] ekSle foKku] HkkSfrdh vkSj vU; paæ;ku&1
{ks=kksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
z paæek ds fy, Hkkjr dk igyk fe'ku] 2008 esa ykWUp
z vkbZ,l,l ij] ok;qeaMy i`Foh ds leku gSA fd;k x;k FkkA
4-3-6 lw;Z dh •kst z paæ;ku 1 vius ç{ksi.k ds 21 fnu ckn vkSj paæek ds
z ikdZj lksyj çksc lkSj dksjksuk dh fupyh ijrksa rd igqapus pkjksa vksj 3400 pDdj yxkus vkSj MsVk lapkfjr djus ds
okyk igyk varfj{k ;ku gSA lw;Z ds dksjksuy IykTek vkSj ckn paæek dh d{kk esa igqapkA

114 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z uoacj 2008 ds var esa] paæ;ku 1 us vlkekU; :i ls eaxy xzg ij Hkkjr dk fe'ku% eaxy;ku
mPp rkieku dk vuqHko djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA z bljks us 5 uoacj] 2013 dks eklZ vkWfcZVj fe'ku ykWUp
z paæ;ku&1 ls vkf•jh ckj laidZ 28 vxLr 2009 dks fd;k] ftls vkerkSj ij eaxy;ku ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
gqvk FkkA ;g vHkh Hkh paæek ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerk gSA (bljks)A 24 flracj] 2014 dks bls eaxy xzg dh d{kk esa
paæ;ku &2 liQyrkiwoZd LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z paæek&2 dh lrg ij lkWÝV ySafMax djus ds fy, Hkkjr ok;stj fe'ku
ds nwljs fe'ku paæ;ku&2 dh foiQyrk us cgqr fujk'kk z tqM+oka varfj{k ;ku ok;stj 1 vkSj oks;ktj 2 dks uklk
iSnk dj nh FkhA }kjk 1977 dh xfeZ;ksa esa ÝyksfjMk ds dsi dSukosjy ls
z ySaMj vkSj jksoj vafre {[Link] esa •jkc gks x, vkSj vyx&vyx eghuksa esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
nq?kZVukxzLr gks x,] rFkk bl çfØ;k esa u"V gks x,A
z tSlk fd ewy :i ls fMtkbu fd;k x;k Fkk] varfj{k ;kf=k;ksa
z ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha Fkk fd iwjk fe'ku cckZn dks c`gLifr vkSj 'kfu] 'kfu ds NYyksa vkSj nks xzgksa ds cM+s
gks x;k FkkA fe'ku dk vkWfcZVj fgLlk lkekU; :i ls
paæekvksa dk djhch vè;;u djuk FkkA
dke dj jgk gSA
gky gh ds ?kVukØe z xzgksa dh mM+kuksa ds nkSjku] ok;stj 2 ,dek=k tkap gS ftlus
dHkh o#.k vkSj v#.k xzg dk vè;;u fd;k gSA ;g lw;Z
z vkVZsfel fe'ku ds lkFk] uklk paæek ij igyh efgyk
vkSj igyh v'osr O;fÙkQ dks mrkjsxk] tks igys ls dgha dh ifjØek djus okyh nqfu;k dh nwljh ekuo fufeZr
vfèkd paæ lrg dk irk yxkus ds fy, uohu rduhdksa oLrq gSA
dk mi;ksx djsxkA z ok;stj 2 ,dek=k varfj{k ;ku gS ftlus lHkh pkj xSl
z bl fe'ku ds rgr paæ;ku&3 us 14 tqykbZ] 2023 dks fo'kky xzgksa & c`gLifr] 'kfu] v#.k vkSj o#.k dk nkSjk
nksigj 2%35 cts JhgfjdksVk ds lrh'k /ou varfj{k dsaæ fd;k gS & vkSj 16 paæekvksa dks ik;k gS] lkFk gh o#.k ds
(SDSC) ls mM+ku Hkjh blesa ,d Lons'kh ySaMj ekWMÔwy] vYidkfyd xzsV MkdZ LikWV] ;wjksik ds ciQZ ds •ksy fiQ'kj
çksiY'ku ekWMÔwy vkSj ,d jksoj 'kkfey gSA vkSj çR;sd xzg ij fjax lajpukvksa tSlh ?kVuk,a Hkh feyh gSaA
z paæ;ku&3 dks ykWUp djus ds fy;s LVM3 M4 ykWUpj
dk liQyrkiwoZd mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA 4-3-9 xxu;ku fe'ku
z paæ;ku&3 dh ySafMax lkbV paæek ds nf{[Link] èkzqo ds z xxu;ku Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu (bljks) dk
lehi gSA fe'ku gSA
z xxu;ku dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj] rhu xxu;ku mM+kuksa dks d{kk
4-3-8 eaxy xzg ds fy, fe'ku
esa Hkstk tk,xkA
z lksfo;r la?k us 1960 esa eaxy xzg ij tkap dh ,d
z nks ekuo jfgr fe'ku vkSj ,d ekuo varfj{k ;ku dh
J`a•yk HksthA ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gSA
z 14 uoacj] 1971 dks eaxy ds pkjksa vksj d{kk esa ços'k z ,d efgyk lfgr rhu Hkkjrh; varfj{k ;k=kh xxu;ku
djus ij esfjuj 9 nwljs xzg dh ifjØek djus okyk igyk flLVe ekWMÔwy ij lokj gksaxs] ftls vkWfcZVy ekWMÔwy dgk
varfj{k ;ku cu x;kA pDdj yxkus okyk igyk varfj{k tkrk gSA
çksc cu x;kA z 5&7 fnuksa ds fy,] ;g 300&400 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij
z 1997 esa] uklk ds eklZ Xykscy loZs;j dks eaxy xzg ds i`Foh dh fupyh d{kk esa i`Foh dh ifjØek djsxkA
pkjksa vksj d{kk esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA çkFkfed ekufp=k.k z rhu [Link] okys Hkkjh fyÝV ykWUp okgu th,l,yoh ,e ds
fe'ku 2001 dh 'kq#vkr esa iwjk gqvk Fkk] vkSj ;g fe'ku III] ftls ,yoh,e&3 (ykWUp Oghdy ekdZ &3) ds :i
,d vkn'kZ liQyrk FkhA esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] dk mi;ksx xxu;ku ykWUp djus ds
z 1997 esa] uklk dk eklZ ikFkiQkbaMj eaxy xzg ij ,jsl fy, fd;k tk,xk D;ksafd blesa mi;qÙkQ isyksM {kerk,a gSaA
ofYyl esa mrjk] rFkk jkscksfVd vUos"k.k varfj{k ;ku lkstuZj z Øw ,Ldsi flLVe ds çn'kZu dks lR;kfir djus ds fy,
dks ys x;kA ijh{k.k okgu mM+ku vkSj xxu;ku ds igys vuØwM fe'ku
z 2001 esa] uklk ds eklZ vksfMlh vkWfcZVj dks eaxy xzg ds (th 1) lfgr xxu;ku ds [Link] fe'kuksa dh ;kstuk
pkjksa vksj d{kk esa Hkstk x;k FkkA 2023 ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gSA

çkS|ksfxdh 115
4-3-10 varfj{k eyck {ks=k vkSj Hkkjrh; HkwHkkx ds vklikl 1500 fdyksehVj esa
z varfj{k eycs esa çkÑfrd mYdkfiaM vkSj Ñf=ke (ekuo LFkku vkadM+s çnku djrh gSA
fufeZr) d{kh; eycs nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA mYdkfiaM lw;Z dh z vkbZvkj,u,l,l nks çdkj dh lsokvksa dh is'kd'k djsxk
d{kk esa gSa] tcfd vf/dka'k Ñf=ke eyck i`Foh dh d{kk LVSaMMZ iksft'kfuax lfoZlst] tks lHkh mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds fy,
esa gSA miyCèk gksaxh] vkSj çfrcafèkr lsok,a] tks dsoy vuqer
z d{kh; eycs i`Foh ds ckjs esa d{kk esa dksbZ Hkh ekuo fufeZr mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds fy, miyCèk gksaxhA
oLrq gS tks vc ,d mi;ksxh dk;Z ugha djrk gSA z dqy feykdj lkr mixzg gSaA rhu fgan egklkxj ds Åij
z bl rjg ds eycs esa xSj&dk;kZRed varfj{k ;ku] ifjR;ÙkQ HkwfLFkj gksaxs vkSj pkj ft;ksflaØksul gksaxsA
ç{ksi.k okgu pj.k] fe'ku ls lacafèkr eyck vkSj fo•aMu z ;g O;oLFkk vk'oLr djrh gS fd fdlh Hkh ,d {k.k esa]
eycs 'kkfey gSaA pkSng xzkmaM LVs'kuksa esa ls de ls de ,d çR;sd mixzg
z i`Foh dh ifjØek djus okys lkWÝVckWy ls cM+s eycs ds dh fuxjkuh dj jgk gS] ,d vPNh laHkkouk gS fd muesa
yxHkx 23]000 VqdM+s gSaA ls vfèkdka'k Hkkjr esa dgha ls Hkh fn•kbZ nsaxsA
z os 17]500 ehy çfr ?kaVs rd dh xfr ls ;k=kk djrs gSa] tks 4-3-12 varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh vkSj vkink çcaèku
mixzg ;k varfj{k ;ku dks uqdlku igqapkus ds fy, d{kh; z usfoxs'ku vkSj lwpuk ds fy, xxu l{ke esfjuj
eycs ds vis{kkÑr NksVs VqdM+s ds fy, i;kZIr gSA midj.k (tsfeuh) fMokbl (tsfeuh)A
nqHkkZX; ds mnkgj.k z tsfeuh ,d lqoká mixzg vfHkxzkgh gS tks bljks varfj{k
z 1996 esa] ,d Úkalhlh mixzg ,d Úkalhlh jkWdsV ds eycs ;ku ls tqM+k gqvk gSA D;ksafd xStsV 300 leqæh ehy rd
ls Vdjk x;k Fkk vkSj {kfrxzLr gks x;k Fkk tks ,d n'kd ladsr Hkst ldrk gS] eNqvkjs vius iQksu çnkrkvksa (;kuh
igys iQV x;k FkkA 10&12 fdeh) dh ladsr lhek ls ijs Hkh psrkouh vkSj
z 10 iQjojh] 2009 dks] ,d fuf"Ø; :lh varfj{k ;ku ,d lpsrd çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
dk;Zjr ;w-,l- bfjfM;e [Link];d varfj{k ;ku ls Vdjk z ;g mixzg vkèkkfjr lapkj dks vklku cuk nsxk] tks rwiQku]
x;k vkSj u"V gks x;kA etcwr leqæ ;k lqukeh dh fLFkfr esa fo'ks"k :i ls
z bl Vdjko us varfj{k dckM+ dh lwph esa cM+s] fuxjkuh [Link] gksxkA
djus ;ksX; eycs vkSj dbZ vkSj NksVs eycs ds 2]300 ls z Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu (bljks) vkSj Hkkjrh;
vfèkd VqdM+s tksM+ fn,A foekuiÙku çkfèkdj.k us xxu ij lg;ksx fd;kA
z phu ds 2007 ds ,aVh&lSVsykbV ijh{k.k] ftlesa ,d iqjkus z ;g Hkkjr dh igyh mixzg&vkèkkfjr Xykscy iksft'kfuax
ekSle mixzg dks u"V djus ds fy, ,d felkby dk ç.kkyh gS] tks bljks ds thlSV mixzgksa ij fuHkZj gSA
mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlus eycs dh leL;k esa cM+s] z bl rduhd dk uqdlku ;g gS fd ;g dsoy ,d rjiQk
fuxjkuh djus ;ksX; eycs vkSj dbZ vkSj NksVs eycs ds lapkj dh vuqefr nsrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd eNqvkjs dkWy
3]500 ls vfèkd VqdM+s tksM+ fn,A djus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA
varfj{k eycs ds fy, fpark dk dkj.k
z varfj{k eycs dh c<+rh ek=kk vkSj gtkjksa mixzgksa ds
4-4 j{kk
esxk&u{k=kksa ds vkxeu ds lkFk] ,slh vk'kadk,a gSa fd laxBu [Link] tkudkjh
bfjfM;e 33 vkSj dkWLekWl 2251 ds chp Vdjko ,d j{kk vuqlaèkku vkSj MhvkjMhvks j{kk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
Øfed vfHkfØ;k dks LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA fodkl laxBu dk vuqlaèkku rFkk fodkl foax gSA 1958
z bl Øfed vfHkfØ;k dks dslyj flaMªkse dgk tkrk gS] (MhvkjMhvks) esa LFkkfirA
ftlesa [Link]:i varfj{k dk eyck vU; mixzgksa dks j{kk uokpkj ;g daiuh vfèkfu;e 2013 dh èkkjk 8 ds
u"V dj nsxk vkSj blh rjg] i`Foh dh fupyh d{kk varr% laxBu rgr iathÑr ^xSj&ykHkdkjh* laxBu gSA
vuqi;ksxh gks tk,xhA blds nks laLFkkid lnL; fganqLrku
,;jksukWfVDl fyfeVsM (,p,,y) vkSj
4-3-11 vkbZvkj,u,l,l&ukfod Hkkjr bysDVªkWfuDl fyfeVsM (chbZ,y) &
z usfoxs'ku fon bafM;u dkWULVsys'ku (NavIC) mixzg ç.kkyh j{kk lkoZtfud {ks=k miØe (Mhih,l;w)
,d Lok;Ùk {ks=kh; usfoxs'ku mixzg ç.kkyh gS tks Hkkjrh; gSaA
116 lkekU; foKku BPSC
WALLAH
Hkkjr dk [Link] fl¼kar i`Foh
z Hkkjr us viuk igyk [Link] ijh{k.k 1974 esa vkSj nwljk z lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus okyh de nwjh dh cSfyfLVd
[Link] ijh{k.k 1998 esa fd;k FkkA felkby gSA
z Hkkjr us 1998 esa •qn dks [Link] gfFk;kj laiUu ns'k ?kksf"kr z igyh felkby 1983 esa vkbZth,eMhih IGMDP ds rgr
fd;k Fkk vkSj 2003 esa [Link] fl¼kar ds lkFk vkxs vk;kA fodflr dh xbZA
z Hkkjr ds [Link] fl¼kar esa fuEufyf•r çeq• fcanq 'kkfey z ;k rks rjy ;k rjy vkSj Bksl b±èku nksuksa dk mi;ksx djrk
gSa% gS vkSj ikjaifjd vkSj lkFk gh [Link] gfFk;kj ys tkus esa
 fo'oluh; U;wure [Link] l{ke gSA
 uks iQLVZ ;wt ikWfylh ;kuh Hkkjr gfFk;kj dk bLrseky
z i`Foh I& lsuk laLdj.k & 150 fdeh jsat
Hkkjrh; {ks=k esa ;k dgha Hkh Hkkjrh; lsuk ds f•ykiQ z i`Foh II& ok;q lsuk laLdj.k&350 fdeh ekjd {kerk
[Link] geys ds tokc esa gh djsxkA z i`Foh III& ukSlsuk laLdj.k & 600 fdeh ekjd {kerk
 [Link] deku çkfèkdj.k& tokch geys dsoy ukxfjd vfXu
jktuhfrd usr`Ro }kjk vfèkÑr fd, tk,axsA z ;g MhvkjMhvks }kjk fodflr ,d varjegk}hih; lrg ls
 [Link] gfFk;kjksa dk mi;ksx xSj&[Link] gfFk;kj ns'kksa ds lrg ij ekj djus okyh] [Link] l{ke cSfyfLVd felkby
f•ykiQ ugha fd;k tk,xkA gSA
 cM+s iSekus ij çfr'kksèkA z orZeku esa] vesfjdk] phu] :l] fczVsu] Úkal vkSj btjk;y
[Link] f=kdks.k dks vkbZlhch,e ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
z ,d rhu rjiQk lSU;&cy lajpuk ftlesa Hkwfe&ç{ksfir z ;g cgqr gh mPp lVhdrk ls ;qÙkQ fd;k x;k gSA
[Link] felkbysa] [Link]&felkby&l'kL=k iuMqfCc;ka vkSj z fjax ystj xk;jks vkèkkfjr buf'kZ;y usfoxs'ku flLVe
[Link] ce vkSj felkbyksa ds lkFk [Link] foeku 'kkfey (vkjvkbZ,u,l) vkSj ekbØks usfoxs'ku flLVe
gSaA (,evkbZ,u,l) gSA
vfXu_ vfXu&1_ vfXu&2_ vfXu III_ f=k'kwy
vfXu&IV_ vkbZlhch,e & vfXu&5_ z Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds fy, lrg ls gok esa ekj djus okyh
Hkwfe vkèkkfjr
,l,ych,e & lkxfjdk (ds &15)_ Øwt de nwjh dh felkby dk bLrseky rRdky yM+kdw dkjZokbZ
& czãksl lqijlksfud vkfnA ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
leqæ vkèkkfjr vfjgar [Link] dh iuMqCch z ekjd {kerk & 9 fdehA
ok;q vkèkkfjr fex &27 bZVhlh z orZeku esa lsok esa ugha gSA
4-4-1 Hkkjrh; felkby ç.kkyh ukx
z ,dhÑr funZsf'kr felkby fodkl dk;ZØe (vkbZth,eMhih) z MhvkjMhvks }kjk fodflr ,aVh&VSad xkbMsM felkby
dh dYiuk MkW ,ihts vCnqy dyke }kjk dh xbZ Fkh z ekjd {kerk & 4 fdehA
rkfd Hkkjr dks felkby çkS|ksfxdh fu;a=k.k O;oLFkk
dh çfrfØ;k es felkby çkS|ksfxdh esa vkRefuHkZjrk
çkIr djus esa l{ke cuk;k tk ldsA
z vkbZth,eMhih 1983 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ekpZ 2012
esa iwjk gqvk FkkA
z blus vius rgr 5 çdkj dh felkbysa fodflr dhaA z rhljh ih<+h dh ^iQk;j ,aM iQkWjxsV* funZsf'kr felkby tgka
iVuk% 5 felkbyksa ds uke ;kn j•us ds fy, ,d NksVh gfFk;kj ç{ksfir djus ls igys y{; dh igpku dh tkrh
gLryk?ko gSA gS vkSj ukfer fd;k tkrk gSA
ih&i`Foh ,&vfXu ,&f=k'kwy ,u&ukx ,&vkdk'k z ;g fnu vkSj jkr dh {kerkvksa ds lkFk ,d lHkh&ekSle
dh fLFkfr esa çgkj dj ldrh gSA

çkS|ksfxdh 117
z Hkwfe vkSj ok;q&vkèkkfjr eapks ls ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA z ;g irk yxkus ls cp ldrk gS D;ksafd blesa 100 ehVj
vkdk'k rd dh ÅapkbZ ij Øwt djus dh {kerk gSA
z jktsaæ uked ,d jMkj ds lkFk pkj eè;e nwjh dh lrg z bls dbZ eapks ls ç{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g
ls gok esa ekj djus okyh felkbyksa dk lewg gSA ikjaifjd vkSj [Link] gfFk;kj ys tkus esa l{ke gSA
z cgq&y{; layXu {kerkA jMkj ij vkus okyh oLrqvksa dk z lkWfyM jkWdsV eksVj cwLVj }kjk lapkfyr nks&pj.k felkby
irk yxkrk gS vkSj felkbysa nkxh tkrh gSaA gSA
z ekjd {kerk & 30 fdeh rFkk 18000 ehVj rd dh ÅapkbZA z ekjd {kerk& 1000 fdehA
z igys ls gh mi;ksx esa gSA èkuq"k
4-4-2 vU; felkbysa z bls i`Foh&III ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z leqæ ls leqæ@lrg ij de nwjh dh cSfyfLVd felkby
vL=k çgkj çy; fuHkZ; èkuq"k gSA
z ekjd {kerk& 350 fdehA
czãksl felkby fiukdk felkby #æ ,e&vkbZ
z [Link] ds lkFk&lkFk ikjaifjd gfFk;kj ys tkus esa l{ke gSA
flLVe flLVe
czãksl felkby ç.kkyh
vL=k z czãksl Hkkjrh; j{kk vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl laxBu
z vL=k ,d vkWy&osnj&fotqvy&jsat ,;j&Vw&,;j felkby (MhvkjMhvks) vkSj :l ds ,uihvks,e dk la;qÙkQ miØe
(chohvkj,,,e) gSA gSA
z ekjd {kerk & 80 fdehA z bldk uke czãiq=k (Hkkjr) vkSj eksLdok (:l) ufn;ksa ds
z isyksM {kerk% 15 fdyksA uke ij j•k x;k gSA
z Hkkjr dh igyh Lons'kh :i ls fodflr felkby gSA
z Bksl bZ/u MDVsM jSetsV dk mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj blesa
chohvkj,,,e (n`'; lhek ls ijs gok ls gok esa ekj djus
okyh felkby) rduhd gSA
z lqijlksfud xfr ls nq'eu ds foekuksa dks u"V dj ldrs gSaA
çgkj
z Bksl b±èku] lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus okyh lkefjd
cSfyfLVd felkby gSA z nks [Link] okyh (igys pj.k esa Bksl ç.kksnd batu vkSj
z ekjd {kerk & 150 fdehA nwljs esa rjy jSetsV) gok ls lrg ij ekj djus okyh
z isyksM {kerk & 200 ls 500 fdyksxzkeA felkby gSA
çy; z ekjd {kerk& yxHkx 300 fdehA
z Bksl b±èku lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus okyh lkefjd z xfr & 2-8 eSd
felkby gSA z felkby VsDuksykWth daVªksy fjthe (,eVhlhvkj) esa
z isyksM & 1 Vu vkSj bldh ekjd {kerk 350 fdeh gSA Hkkjr ds ços'k us czãksl felkby dh ekjd {kerk dks 450
fuHkZ; fdeh&600 fdeh rd c<+k fn;k gSA
z fuHkZ; Hkkjr dh igyh Lons'kh yach nwjh] lHkh ekSleksa esa z tehu] gok vkSj leqæ ls ç{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
pyus okyh] lc&lksfud Øwt felkby gSA eYVh dSisfcfyVh felkby dks lVhdrk ds lkFk ç{ksfir
z ;g yxHkx 1500 fdyksxzke ds ç{ksi.k otu ds lkFk 0-6 fd;k tk ldrk gS tks ekSle dh fLFkfr ds ckotwn fnu
ls 0-7 eSd dh xfr ls 200 fdyksxzke ls 300 fdyksxzke vkSj jkr nksuksa esa dke djrk gSA
dh ;q¼&lkexzh ys tk ldrk gSA z ¶iQk;j ,aM iQkWjxsV¸ fl¼kar ij dke djrk gSA

118 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z orZeku esa ifjpkyu :i ls rSukr lcls rst Øwt felkbyksa z Hkkjr ds ikl vc 'kq¼ lSU; vkSj lkefjd mís';ksa ds fy,
esa ls ,d gSA mixzgksa dks u"V djus dh 'kfÙkQ gksxhA
z bl felkby] de y{; iQSyko vkSj Rofjr layXurk ij
dk;Z djrh gSA
z bl felkby dks jMkj }kjk igpku ikus dh de laHkkouk
gksrh gSA
fiukdk felkby flLVe

z Hkkjrh; lsuk ds fy, j{kk vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl laxBu

(DRDO) }kjk fodflr ,d cgq&uky jkWdsV ekspd
(eYVh&cSjsy jkWdsV ykW×k~pj) gSA
z Hkkjr ds ikl mixzgksa esa gLr{ksi djus ;k lhèks geyksa esa
z Hkkjrh; {ks=kh; usfoxs'ku lSVsykbV flLVe (vkbZvkj,u,l,l)
'kkfey gksus dh {kerk gksxhA
}kjk lgkf;r usfoxs'ku ç.kkyhA
z ASAT felkbysa gok] leqæ ;k Hkwfe vkèkkfjr gks ldrh gSaA
z bldh ekjd {kerk 70 fdyksehVj ls vfèkd gSA
z [Link] felkby çfrjksèkd {kerk c<+kus esa Hkh enn dj
#æ ,e&I ldrk gSA
z ;g ns'k dh igyh Lons'kh ,aVh&jsfM,'ku felkby gS A z ekpZ 2019 esa Hkkjr us viuh ASAT felkby dk liQy
z ykWUp dh fLFkfr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij ekjd {kerk 200 ijh{k.k fd;k FkkA
fdyksehVj rd gks ldrh gSA z ,d pqfuank jk"Vªksa ds lewg esa 'kkfey gksdj ;g la?k
z ;g 500 ehVj ls 15 fdeh dh ÅapkbZ vkSj 0-6 ls 2 eSd vesfjdk] :l vkSj phu ds leku çkS|ksfxdh ds lkFk •M+k
dh xfr ls ykWUp fd;k tk ldrk gSA gks jgk gSA
z bldh enn ls 'k=kq jsMkj] lapkj LFky vkSj vU; jsfM;ks z Hkkjr us fdusfVd fdy Lisl çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA
ÚhDosalh (vkj,iQ) mRiUu y{;ksa tSls fdlh Hkh fofdj.k z ASAT felkby us i`Foh dh fuEu&d{kk (283 fdyksehVj)
mRiknd lzksr dk irk yxk ldrs gS vkSj mls y{; cuk esa ,d mixzg dks u"V dj fn;kA
ldrs gSA z MhvkjMhvks ds vuqlkj] felkby 1200 fdeh dh ÅapkbZ
ij 10 fdeh çfr lsdaM dh xfr ls pyus okys y{; dks
,aVh lSVsykbV gfFk;kj (ASAT) fe'ku 'kfÙkQ
ekj fxjkus esa l{ke gSA
z vR;fèkd 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ,aVh&lSVsykbV gfFk;kj (,lSV)
fodflr djus ds fy,A 4-4-3 ok;q j{kk ç.kkyh
z ;g MhvkjMhvks vkSj Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu Hkkjrh; cSfyfLVd felkby j{kk dk;ZØe
(bljks) dk ,d la;qÙkQ dk;ZØe gSA z Hkkjr dk BMD fodkl 1999 esa dkjfxy ;q¼ ds ckn
z ,aVh&lSVsykbV (ASAT) flLVe ,d felkby vkèkkfjr 'kq: gqvk FkkA
ç.kkyh gS tks xfr'khy mixzgksa ij geyk djrh gSA z ;g nks Lrjh; j{kk ç.kkyh gS vkSj 5]000 fdyksehVj nwj
z ASAT Hkkjr dks egRokdka{kh varfj{k&lqijikWoj la?k esa ç{ksfir dh tkus okyh fdlh Hkh felkby dks jksdus esa
igqapkrk gSA l{ke gksxhA

çkS|ksfxdh 119
 1- i`Foh ,;j fMiQsal (PAD)% bls mPp ÅpkbZ foU;kl geykoj iuMqfCc;ka
(cká ok;qeaMyh; vojks/u) ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k z vkerkSj ij fo'ks"k dk;ks± ds fy, fMtkbu fd, x, NksVs
x;k gSA lcejhu] ftuesa nq'eu ij geyk djuk ;q¼ fLFkfr;ksa esa
2- mUur ok;q j{kk (,,Mh)% ;g varokZ;qeaMyh; 'kkfey gksrk gSA
vojks/u ç.kkyh (de ÅapkbZ vojksèku ds fy,) gSA z ;g VkWjihMks vkSj vU; NksVh nwjh dh felkbyksa dk mi;ksx
djrk gSA
,aVh&cSfyfLVd felkby flLVe
z bu iuMqfCc;ksa dh ekjd {kerk lhfer gksrh gS vkSj bUgsa
,l&400 Vªk;EiQ felkby :l & ;g ,d xfr'khy]
flLVe lrg&ls&gok felkby ç.kkyh gSA dqN le; ckn ikuh ls ckgj vkus dh t:jr gksrh gSA
FkkM (THAAD) & ;w,l (US) & ,d ifjogu;ksX;] cSfyfLVd felkby iuMqfCc;ka
VfeZuy gkbZ ,YVhVÔwM Hkwfe vkèkkfjr
,fj;k fMiQsal flLVe
vk;ju Mkse ,fj;y btjkby
fMiQsal flLVe

4-4-4 iuMqfCc;ksa
[Link] Mhty geykoj cSfyfLVd felkby
lapkfyr lapkfyr iuMqfCc;ka iuMqfCc;ka
z budk vkdkj cM+k gksrk gS vkSj ;s nq'eu ds fy, vfèkd
[Link] lapkfyr fouk'kdkjh gksrh gSaA
z ukfHkdh; [Link] çfØ;k ls ÅtkZ çkIr djrk gS] blfy, z bldk mi;ksx cSfyfLVd ;k yach nwjh dh felkbyksa ds fy,
;g ty esa eghuksa rd Mwck jg ldrk gSA ykWUp IysViQkWeZ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
z nq'eu ds fy, bldk irk yxkuk eqf'dy gSA z ;s [Link] gfFk;kj ys tk ldrh gSaA
z nq'eu jk"Vªksa ds {ks=kh; tylaink ds ikl rSj ldrk gSA z ;s lcejhu ukfHkdh; çfØ;k ls lapkfyr gksrs gSaA blds
z mRÑ"V f}rh; çgkj {kerk çnku djrk gSA [Link]:i] mudh nwjh yxHkx vlhfer gksrh gS D;ksafd
vlhfer ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ dh miyCèkrk gksrh gSA
z ,l,l,u% Mwcus ;ksX; tgkt tks ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ ls lapkfyr
z ;s eghuksa rd ikuh ds uhps jg ldrh gSa vkSj gtkj ehy
gksrk gS vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls vU; mie#nksa@tgktksa dks geyk
rd dh ;k=kk dj ldrh gSaA
djus vkSj Mwckus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k tkrk gSA vkerkSj
ij] blesa yach nwjh rd ds felkby ugha gksrs gSaA 4-4-5 ukSlsuk }kjk ifj;kstuk,a
z ,l,lch,u% iuMqCch tgkt cSfyfLVd [Link] lapkfyr& ifjl;kstuk ifjl;kstuk 28 ifjl;kstuk
[Link] gfFk;kjksa ds lkFk iuMqCch ykWUp cSfyfLVd felkbyksa
dks rSukr djus dh {kerk j•rk gSA ifj;kstuk 75
z 2007 ls 2030 rd ds 30 o"khZ; lcejhu fuekZ.k ;kstuk
Mhty lapkfyr dk fgLlkAA
z fu;fer varjkyksa ij ikuh ds lrg ij vkrk gS D;ksafd z bl ifj;kstuk esa csgrj lsalj vkSj gfFk;kjksa ds lkFk Ng
Mhty dh tyus ds fy, vkWDlhtu dh vko';drk gksrh ikjaifjd iuMqfCc;ksa vkSj ,;j bafMisaMsaV çksiY'ku flLVe
gSA (,vkbZih) & dyojh] •aMsjh] djat] osyk] okfxj vkSj
z nq'eu ds fy, irk yxkuk vklku gksrk gSA okx'khj ds fuekZ.k dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA
z nq'eu jk"Vª dh {ks=kh; tylaink ds ikl rSjus dh {kerk ifj;kstuk 28
ugha gksrh gSA z blds rgr Hkkjr esa 4 ,aVh lcejhu ;q¼iksrksa dk fuekZ.k
z ml ykHk dh LokfeRo ugha gksrk gSA Lons'kh :i ls fd;k tkuk gSA

120 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z pkj dksjosV& vkbZ,u,l dkeksrkZ] vkbZ,u,l dner] z fu;a=kd% lsalj ekius okys [Link] ds vykok dqN Hkh
vkbZ,u,l fdYVu vkSj vkbZ,u,l dojÙkhA ugha gSa tks fLFkfr] osx] cy] Vksd] fudVrk] rkieku vkfn
z ;q¼iksrksa dk uke y{k}hi }hilewg ds }hiksa ds uke ij tSlh ek=kkvksa dks ekirs gSaA
j•k x;k gSA
4-5-2 vuqç;ksx
ifj;kstuk 17A z jkscksV Jfedksa] m|ksxksa vkSj ns'kksa ds fy, vR;fèkd
z blesa lkr LVhYFk fÚxsV dk fuekZ.k 'kkfey gSA iQk;nsean gSaA ;fn Bhd ls is'k fd;k tkrk gS] rks vkS|ksfxd
4-4-6 j{kk m|ksx ds vkèkqfudhdj.k dh igy jkscksV Jfedksa dks xans] mckÅ] •rjukd vkSj Hkkjh Je ls
eqÙkQ djds thou dh [Link]Ùkk dks c<+k ldrs gSaA
[Link] lk>snkjh (,lih) ekWMy
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2017&18 us jkscksfVDl dks ,d iQksdl
blesa dqN Hkkjrh; futh daifu;ksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS tks
çkFkfed :i ls oSf'od ewy midj.k fuekZrkvksa (OEMs) ds {ks=k (CykWdpsu] AI vkSj vU; Hkfo"; dh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds
lkFk tqM+dj çkS|ksfxdh LFkkukarj.k dh ryk'k djsaxh rkfd ?kjsyw lkFk) ds :i esa ekU;rk nhA
fofuekZ.k cqfu;knh lajpuk vkSj vkiwfrZ J`a•yk,¡ LFkkfir dj z ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk jgk Fkk fd esd bu bafM;k 2-0 ds
ldsaA rgr jkscksfVDl dk •kl LFkku gksxkA
iDEX 4-5-3 jkscksfVDl ds {ks=k esa gky dh liQyrk
z 2018 esa ykWUp fd;k x;kA Ñf=ke ekuo & fu;kWu
z bldk mís'; gS j{kk vkSj ,;jksLisl esa uokpkj vkSj z lSelax ds Hkfo"; ds dkj•kus LVkj ySCl us fu;kWu] ,vkbZ
çkS|ksfxdh fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djuk] m|ksxksa dks layXu lapkfyr vkHkklh çkf.k;ksa dks fodflr fd;k gS tks okLrfod
djds (ftlesa ,e,l,ebZ] LVkVZvi] O;fÙkQxr vkfo"dkjd] euq";ksa dh rjg fn•rs gSa vkSj O;ogkj djrs gSaA
vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl laLFkku vkSj f'k{kk laLFkku 'kkfey
z fu;kWu vHkh Hkh vius 'kq#vkrh fodkl pj.k esa gSa] tks
gSa) vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl dk;ks± dks fu"ikfnr djus ds fy,
eq[; :i ls ekuo tSls :i esa ,vkbZ pkSVckWV ds :i esa
foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj vU; leFkZu çnku djukA
dk;Z djrs gSaA
z bls j{kk uokpkj laxBu (DIO) }kjk foÙkiksf"kr vkSj
z 4K fMLIys es os okLrfod ekuoksa dh rjg fn•rs gSa vkSj
çcafèkr fd;k tk,xk vkSj ;g DIO dk dk;Zdkjh 'kk•k ds
mudh rjg O;ogkj djrs gSa] vkSj ,d fnu ;knsa vkSj Hkkouk,a
:i esa dk;Z djsxkA
fodflr dj ldrs gSaA
4-5 jkscksfVDl muds Ñf=ke ekuo ds ihNs nks
z jkscksfVDl jkscksVksa ds fMtkbu] fuekZ.k] lapkyu] lajpukRed eq[; çkS|ksfxfd;ka gSa
fuekZ.k] fofuekZ.k] vkSj jkscksVksa ds vuqç;ksx ds lkFk lacafèkr z lcls igys] ekfydkuk CORE R3 rduhd gS tks
gksrh gSA NEONs ds ihNs ¶okLrfodrk] okLrfod le; vkSj
z jkscksfVDl ,d rsth ls foLrkfjr gks jgk {ks=k gS tks u, çfrfØ;k¸ dks lapkfyr djrh gSA
jkscksVksa ds vè;;u] fuekZ.k vkSj fofuekZ.k dks tkjh j•rk gS z nwljh rduhd gS SPECTRA] tks CORE R3 ds lkFk
tks fofHkUu O;kogkfjd mi;ksxksa dh lsok djrs gSaA ¶cqf¼ekuh] lh•us] Hkkouk,a vkSj Le`fr ds fofHkUu
4-5-1 jkscksV ds ?kVd igyqvksa¸ ds lkFk lEiwjd gksxhA
z eSfuiqysVj% ekuo gkFk dh rjg] jkscksV esa dbZ tksM+ksa vkSj
tsukscksV~l
fyad okys eSfuiqysVj gksrs gSaA
z ,aM ,iQsDVj% ,aM ,iQsDVj ls ekuo gkFk dh gFksyh vkSj z vesfjdk esa oSKkfudksa us nqfu;k dh igyh ¶thfor e'khusa¸
maxyh dh O;oLFkk }kjk lkekU; :i ls fd, x, dk;ks± dks cukbZ gSa & NksVs jkscksV] tks •qn ls ?kqe ldrs gSa] ftudk
djus dh mEehn dh tkrh gSA fuekZ.k vÚhdu DykWM ÚkWx ds dksf'kdkvksa ls fd;k x;k
gSA
z yksdkseks'ku fMokbl% jkscksV esa gjdr çnku djus ds fy,
mi;ksx fd, tkus okys eksVlZ ÅtkZ ds lzksr ds vkèkkj ij z mUgksaus ukbthfj;k vkSj lwMku ls nf{k.k vÚhdk rd
rhu çdkj bysfDVªd] gkbMªksfyd ;k ok;oh; ds gksrs gSaA mi&lgkjk vÚhdk esa ik, tkus okys tyh; esa<d dh

çkS|ksfxdh 121
 çtkfr;ksa ds uke ij feyhehVj&okbM jkscksV tsukscksV~l dk z osc 3-0 fodsaæhdj.k] •qysiu vkSj vfèkd mi;ksxdrkZ
uke fn;k gSA mi;ksfxrk dh eq[; voè[Link] ij cuk;k x;k gSA
z mUgksaus •kstk fd ;s daI;wVj fMtkbu dh xbZ vkSj gkFk ls 4-6-2 MkdZ usV vkSj Mhi osc
bdêòk dh xbZ thoksa dks vius NksVs ik=k esa rSj ldrs gSa]
z MkdZusV ,d daI;wVj usVodZ gS ftlesa lhfer igqap gksrh
,dy dksf'kdkvksa dks •kst ldrs gSa] gtkjksa dks ,d=k dj
gS vkSj tks vfèkdka'kr% baVjusV ij vijkfèkd dkjZokbZ;ksa]
ldrs gSa] vkSj csch thuksckWV~l dks la?kfVr dj ldrs gSaA
tSls nok fcØh vkSj O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh dh fcØh ds fy,
z thuksckWV~l ¶,d y{; dh vksj py ldrs gSa] laHkor% ,d
Hkkj laHkky ldrs gSa vkSj dkVs tkus ds ckn •qn dks Bhd mi;ksx gksrk gSA
dj ldrs gSaA¸ z MkdZusV cM+s ¶Mhi osc¸ dk fgLlk gS] tks ,fUØIVsM baVjusV
z AI }kjk fMtkbu fd, x, thuksckWV~l us iwjh rjg ls ubZ lkexzh dk ,d usVodZ gS tks fu;fer •kst batu ds ekè;e
thofoKkfud Lo&çfrfyfi dh •kst dh gS & tks iqutZuu ls •kstk ugha tk ldrk gSA
fpfdRlk ds fy, mEehnokj gSA z ¶Mhi osc¸ vkSj ¶MkdZusV¸ 'kCn dHkh&dHkh ,d nwljs ds
4-5-4 Hkkjr esa jkscksfVDl lekukFkhZ :i esa mi;ksx gksrs gSaA gkykafd] ;g xyr gSA
z fe=kk] igyk Lons'kh cuk;k ekuooSKkfud jkscksV] ekuoksa ds z MkdZusV Mhi osc dk milewg gSA baVjusV •kst djrs le;
lkFk cqf¼ekuh ls laokn djus dh {kerk j•rk gSA fn•kbZ u nsus okyh lHkh vfunZsf'kr lkbVsa Mhi osc dk
z jkscksdkWi ,d iqfyl jkscksV gS ftls dkuwu çorZu vkSj fgLlk ekuh tkrh gSaA
;krk;kr fu;a=k.k esa enn djus ds fy, gSnjkckn esa rSukr z Mhi osc ls lacafèkr lHkh dk;Z voSèk ugha gSaA vfèkdka'k
fd;k x;k gSA le;] fu;fer •kst batu bu i`"Bksa dks •kstus esa vleFkZ
z xzhu lhdj lsalj ;g prqj midj.k gS tks ikSèks dh ekax dk gksrs gSaA
ewY;kadu djrk gS vkSj mls vko';d ek=kk esa moZjd vkSj
dhVuk'kd yxkus ds fy, bLrseky gksrk gSA xzhu lhdj lsalj 4-6-3 esVkolZ
ikSèks dks ;g lans'k nsus ds fy, lsalj dk mi;ksx djrk gS z laofèkZr okLrfodrk% laof¼Zr okLrfodrk ls vk'k; ,d
fd og fdrus moZjd vkSj dhVuk'kd dh vko';drk gSA çR;{k HkkSfrd okLrfod nqfu;k ds okrkoj.k ds thoar n`';
z j{kk vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl laxBu (MhvkjMhvks) }kjk ds çn'kZu ls gSA blesa fdlh Hkh pht dks csgrj cukdj
fodflr jkscksV n{k eq[; :i ls rkRdkfyd foLiQksVd fn•k;k tkrk gS] ftlls og fcydqy okLrfod yxsA
[Link] (vkbZbZMh) dk irk yxkus vkSj mUgsa cjken djus
z opZqvy fj;fyVh (ohvkj)% ;g ,d daI;wVj&mRiUu
ds fy, gSA Hkkjrh; lsuk us igyh ckj 2011 esa bldk
fleqys'ku gS ftlesa O;fÙkQ bysDVªkWfud midj.k tSls fo'ks"k
bLrseky fd;k FkkA dgk tk jgk gS fd Hkkjrh; lsuk igys
ls gh 20 n{k jkscksV dk bLrseky dj jgh gSA vka•ksa esa yxkus okys LØhu ;k laosnd&laiUu nLrkus ds lkFk
,d Ñf=ke rhu&vk;keh fo'o ds lkFk ,dlkFk baVjSDV dj
4-6 lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZlhVh) ldrk gSA mi;ksxdrkZ bl flE;qysVsM Ñf=ke fo'o esa ,d
okLrfodrk dh rjg dk vuqHko dj ldrk gSA
4-6-1 usVodZ z esVkolZ% ;g ,d lnSo lfØ; vkHkklh i;[Link] dk
z ,d usVodZ daI;wVj] loZj] esuÚse] usVodZ midj.k] usVodZ gS ftlesa dbZ O;fÙkQ ,d&nwljs vkSj fMftVy oLrqvksa
isfjiQsjy ;k vU; [Link] dk laxzg gksrk gS tks MsVk lk>k ds lkFk opZqvy çfrfufèkRo ds ekè;e ls baVjSDV dj ldrs
djus dh vuqefr nsus ds fy, dusDV fd, tkrs gSaA ,d gSaA esVkolZ ,d feDLM fj;fyVh okrkoj.k gS tks laofèkZr
usVodZ dk mnkgj.k baVjusV gS] tks nqfu;k Hkj esa yk•ksa vkSj opZqvy fj;fyVh dks feykrk gSA
yksxksa dks tksM+rk gSA
z osc oYMZ okbM osc (MCY;wMCY;wMCY;w) dks lanfHkZr djrk 4-6-4 daI;wVj dh ewy ckrsa
gS] tks baVjusV dh eq[; lwpuk iquçkZfIr ç.kkyh gSA z daI;wVj ,d midj.k gS tks MsVk dks lkFkZd tkudkjh esa
z osc 2-0 osc dk orZeku laLdj.k gS ftlds lkFk ge cny nsrk gSA
lHkh ifjfpr gSa] tcfd osc 3-0 blds vxys pj.k dk z gkMZos;j 'kCn vkids daI;wVj ds HkkSfrd ?kVdksa tSls flLVe
çfrfufèkRo djrk gS tks fodsaæhÑr] •qyk vkSj vfèkd ;wfuV] ekml vkfn dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
mi;ksfxrk dk gksxkA

122 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z lkWÝVos;j funZs'k gS tks daI;wVj dks dke djrk gSA lkWÝVos;j z igyk Lons'kh lqij daI;wVj 1991 esa lsaVj iQkWj MsoyiesaV
;k rks vkids daI;wVj dh gkMZ fMLd ij ;k DVD ROM vkWiQ ,MokaLM daI;wfVax }kjk Lons'kh :i ls fodflr fd;k
esa j•k tkrk gSA x;k Fkk ftls ije 8000 dgk tkrk FkkA
Le`fr ds çdkj z vuqç;ksx {ks=k% tyok;q ekWMsfyax] dEI;wVs'kuy thofoKku]
z daI;wVj dh eseksjh nks ewy çdkj dh gksrh gS & çkFkfed [Link] ÅtkZ fleqys'ku] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] vkink çcaèku vkfnA
eseksjh (jSe vkSj jkWe) vkSj f}rh;d eseksjh (gkMZ Mªkbo] jk"Vªh; lqijdaI;wfVax fe'ku (,u,l,e)
lhMh vkfn)A z bls 2015 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k Fkk
z jSaMe ,Dlsl eseksjh (jSe) çkFkfed oksysVkby eseksjh gS z ,u,l,e la;qÙkQ :i ls MeitY vkSj ,l ,aM Vh foHkkx
vkSj jhM&vksuyh eseksjh (jkWe) çkFkfed ukWu oksysVkby (Mh,lVh) }kjk lapkfyr gSA
eseksjh gSA
z lsaVj iQkWj MsoyiesaV vkWiQ ,MokaLM daI;wfVax (lh&MSd)]
daI;wVj eseksjh dks dSls ekik tkrk gS\ [Link] vkSj vkbZvkbZ,llh] csaxyq# }kjk dk;kZfUor fd;k x;kA
z fcV% lHkh daI;wVj ,d ckbujh la[;k ç.kkyh ij dke djrs z mís';% jk"Vªh; 'kS{[Link] vkSj vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl laLFkkuksa
gSa] vFkkZr~ os MsVk dks ,d ;k 'kwU; ds :i esa çkslsl djrs
dks 70 ls vfèkd mPp çn'kZu daI;wfVax lqfoèkkvksa ds fxzM
gSaA bl 1 ;k 0 Lrj dks LVksjst dk Lrj dgk tkrk gS vkSj
bls fcV dgk tkrk gSA ls tksM+ukA
z fdyksckbV% ,d fdyksckbV (dsch) esa 1024 ckbV~l z bUgsa us'kuy ukWyst usVodZ (,uds,u) ij ^us'kuy
gksrs gSaA lqijdaI;wfVax fxzM* ij usVodZ fd;k tk,xkA
z esxkckbV% ,d esxkckbV (,ech) esa 1024 fdyksckbV 4-6-6 DokaVe dEI;wfVax
gksrs gSaA
z DokaVe daI;wVj e'khusa gSa tks MsVk dks laxzghr djus
z xhxkckbV% ,d xhxkckbV (thch) esa 1024 esxkckbV
gksrs gSaA vkSj [Link] djus ds fy, DokaVe HkkSfrdh ds [Link] dk
mi;ksx djrh gSaA
daI;wVj ds çdkj
z lkekU; daI;wVj lapkyu djus ds fy, lkekU; fcV~l uked
z feuh vkSj esuÚse daI;wVj cgqr 'kfÙkQ'kkyh gSa] tks cSadksa tSls
cM+s laxBuksa }kjk iwjs O;kikj lapkyu dks fu;af=kr djus ds cqfu;knh bdkb;ksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA bu fcV ds nks
fy, mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA laHkkfor eku 0 ;k 1 gks ldrs gSaA
z futh daI;wVj lLrs vkSj mi;ksx esa vklku gksrs gSaA bUgsa z ,d DokaVe daI;wVj DokaVe fcV~l ;k D;wfcV dk mi;ksx
vdsys daI;wVj ds :i esa ;k usVodZ esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk djrk gS] tks ,d gh le; esa 0 vkSj 1 nksuksa gks ldrk gSA
gSA z ^D;wfcV* DokaVe daI;wVj esa (;k DokaVe fcV) [Link]
4-6-5 lqij daI;wVj dh bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSaA os [Link] Lrj ij inkFkZ ds
z ;s cM+h ç.kkfy;ka gSa tks tfVy oSKkfud vkSj vkS|ksfxd O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus okys DokaVe ;kaf=kdh ds
pqukSfr;ksa dks gy djus ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls fMtkbu ykHk mBkrs gSaA
fd, tkrs gSaA z DokaVe daI;wfVax ds lapkyu dks çkIr djus ds fy, DokaVe
z lqij daI;wVj dk çn'kZu ÝyksfVax&IokbaV vkWijs'kUl ij lsdaM HkkSfrdh ds fu;eksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(ÝyksIl) esa ekik tkrk gSA  lqijbaiksft'ku% çR;sd DokaVe fcV (DokaVe daI;wVj

z nqfu;k ds 'kh"kZ ikap lqij daI;wVj% esa tkudkjh dh ewy bdkbZ) ,d gh le; esa 1 vkSj 0
iQqxkdw fl,jk fr;kugs&2 lfeV luos nksuksa dk çfrfufèkRo dj ldrk gS] ftls lqijiksft'ku
(tkiku) (;w,l,) (phu) (;w,l,) rkbgqykbV ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
(phu)  DokaVe tqM+ko% DokaVe tqM+ko esa] [Link]=kksa esa ¸tqM+ko¸

z nqfu;k ds 'kh"kZ 500 lqij daI;wVjksa dh lwph esa Hkkjr gksrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd fdlh Hkh ,d esa gksus okyk
ds 4 lqij daI;wVj gSa] ftuesa çR;w"k vkSj fefgj Hkkjr esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu nwljs dks çHkkfor djrk gS] Hkys gh os
lcls rst lqij daI;wVj gSaA czãkaM ds foijhr Nksj ij fLFkr gksaA

çkS|ksfxdh 123
z çeq• ykHk% rst] lVhd vkSj ÅtkZ dq'kyA MsVk ds iSVuZ] lacaèk vkSj fu;eksa dks •kstus vkSj fo'ys"k.k
z SYCAMORE% ;g xwxy dk DokaVe daI;wVj gS] ftlus djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
gky gh esa DokaVe opZLo dk nkok fd;k gSA z bl MsVk dk fo'ys"k.k djds] fofHkUu ekeyksa esa ,d mi;ksxh
z DokaVe lokZsPprk% DokaVe daI;wVj dks ,d leL;k dks gy [Link]; fy;k tk ldrk gS tSls%
djus esa l{ke gksus dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks ,d lkekU;  xzkgd •pZ dh vknr] •jhnkjh O;ogkj ij utj j•ukA

daI;wVj ugha dj ldrk gSA  LekVZ ;krk;kr ç.kkyh

4-6-7 DykmM dEI;wfVax  vkWVks Mªkbfoax dkj

z ;g baVjusV (¶DykmM¸) ij daI;wVj lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ  vkHkklh O;fÙkQxr lgk;d

gS] ftlesa loZj] LVksjst] MsVkcsl] usVofd±x] lkWÝVos;j]  baVjusV vkWiQ fFkaXl vkfnA

,ukfyfVDl vkSj baVsfytsal 'kkfey gSa] rkfd rsth ls uokpkj]

4-6-10 daI;wVj ok;jl
vfèkd yphys lalkèku vkSj iSekus dh vFkZO;oLFkk,a çnku
dh tk ldsaA z daI;wVj ok;jl ,d ,slk udkjkRed dksM ;k çksxzke
gS tks daI;wVj dh pky&<ky dks cnyus ds fy, fy•k
z Hkkjr ljdkj us DykmM daI;wfVax ds ykHkksa dk mi;ksx
tkrk gS vkSj bldk mís'; ,d daI;wVj ls nwljs daI;wVj esa
vkSj mi;ksx djus ds fy, ¶thvkbZ DykmM¸ uked ,d
iQSykuk gksrk gSA
egRokdka{kh dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k gS] ftls ¶es?kjkt¸ dgk
x;k gSA z bl çfØ;k esa] ok;jl ds ikl laHkkouk gksrh gS vçR;kf'kr
z bl dk;ZØe dk y{; ljdkj esa DykmM viukus esa l{ke ;k gkfudkjd çHkko iSnk djus dh] tSls flLVe lkWÝVos;j
cukus ds fy, 'kklu lajpukvksa lfgr fofHkUu ?kVdksa dks dks u"V djds ;k MsVk dks dksjIV djds uqdlku igqapkus
ykxw djuk gSA dhA
daI;wVj ok;jl ds fofHkUu çdkj D;k gSa\
4-6-8 ,t dEI;wfVax
cwV lsDVj ok;jl% ;g çdkj dk ok;jl tc vki vius
z ,t daI;wfVax ,d çlkfjr lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh okrkZyki
daI;wVj dks LVkVZ djrs gSa] rc fu;a=k.k çkIr dj ldrk gSA
gS ftlesa DykbaV MsVk usVodZ dh ifjiQsjh esa çkslsl
bldk çlkj.k ,d laØfer USB Mªkbo dks vius daI;wVj esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
Iyx djds gks ldrk gSA
z MsVk dk fo'ys"k.k LFkkuh; Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
z osc fLØfIVax ok;jl% bl çdkj dk ok;jl osc czkmtj
DykmM dEI;wfVax ,t dEI;wfVax vkSj osc istksa ds dksM dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ;fn vki ,slh
laxzg.k LFkku ij dEI;wVs'ku laxzg.k LFkku ds ikl ,d osc ist rd igqaprs gSa] rks ok;jl vkids daI;wVj dks
ugha gksrk gSA dEI;wVs'ku gksrk gSA
laØfer dj ldrk gSA
lkekU; MsVk dks çkslsl djus le;&lacaèkh MsVk dks çkslsl
z czkmtj gkbtSdj% bl çdkj dk ok;jl dqN osc czkmtj
dh çkFkfedrk gksrh gSA djus dh çkFkfedrk gksrh gSA
dk;ks± dks ¶gkbtSd¸ djrk gS] vkSj vkidks Lopkfyr :i
ysVsalh vfèkd gksrh gSA ysVsalh de gksrh gSA
ls vutkus osclkbV ij iqufuZnZsf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
de lqjf{kr vfèkd lqjf{kr
z jsftMsaV ok;jl% ;g fdlh Hkh ok;jl ds fy, lkekU;
4-6-9 fcx MsVk vkSj MsVk ekbfuax 'kCn gS tks vius vki dks daI;wVj flLVe dh eseksjh esa
z fcx MsVk ,d cM+s iSekus ij lajfpr ;k vlajfpr MsVk dk lfEefyr djrk gSA ,d jsftMsaV ok;jl fdlh Hkh le;
ladyu djrk gSA fu"ikfnr gks ldrk gS tc ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe yksM
z fcx MsVk bruk fo'kky gksrk gS fd ikjaifjd MsVk çlaLdj.k gksrk gSA
ç.kkyh mls çkslsl djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gksrh gSA z Mk;jsDV ,D'ku ok;jl% bl çdkj dk ok;jl rc dkjZokbZ
z MsVk ekbfuax ,d çfØ;k gS ftldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS esa vkrk gS tc vki ok;jl ;qÙkQ iQkby fu"ikfnr djrs gSaA
,d cM+s lsV esa ls mi;ksxh MsVk dks fudkyus ds fy,A ;g vU;Fkk] ;g fuf"Ø; jgrk gSA

124 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
z ikWyhekWfiQZd ok;jl% ,d ikWyhekWfiQZd ok;jl gj ckj 6G çkS|ksfxdh
,d laØfer iQkby fu"ikfnr gksus ij viuk dksM cnyrk z ;g 5 th usVodZ dh rqyuk esa mPp vko`fÙk;ksa ij dke
gSA ;g ,aVhok;jl dk;ZØeksa ls cpus ds fy, ,slk djrk gSA djus esa l{ke gksxk] ftlds [Link]:i {kerk esa dkiQh
z iQkby bUiQsDVj ok;jl% ;g lkekU; ok;jl •rjukd o`f¼ gksxh vkSj ysVsalh (nsjh) de gks tk,xhA
dksM dks fu"ikfnr djrk gS ,DthD;wVscy iQkbyksa esa & z 6 th baVjusV ds y{;ksa esa ls ,d ,d ekbØkslsdaM foyacrk
;kuh flLVe ij dqN dk;Z djus ;k çpkyu djus ds fy, (,d ekbØkslsdaM dh lapkj ysVsalh) ds lkFk lapkj çnku
mi;ksx dh tkus okyh iQkbyksa esaA djuk gksxkA
z eYVhikVZsV ok;jl% bl rjg dk ok;jl dbZ rjhdksa ls z ;g ,d feyhlsdaM ls 1]000 xquk rst gS & ;kuh ySVsalh
laØfer vkSj iQSyrk gSA ;g çksxzke iQkbyksa vkSj flLVe {ks=kksa dk 1@1000 fgLlk gSA
nksuksa dks laØfer dj ldrk gSA z bldk mís'; orZeku esa vç;qÙkQ VsjkgV~tZ vko`fÙk LisDVªe
z eSØks ok;jl% eSØks ok;jl mlh eSØks Hkk"kk esa fy•s tkrs gSa dk mi;ksx djuk gSA
ftldk mi;ksx lkWÝVos;j vuqç;ksxksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z ,sls ok;jl rc iQSyrs gSa tc vki ,d laØfer nLrkost
cheiQkWfe±x esa] dbZ [Link] rRoksa dks ,d gh rkieku
•ksyrs gSa] vDlj bZesy vuqyXudksa ds ekè;e lsA ,d
vkSj pj.k ij Hkstdj] ,dy ,aVhuk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk
daI;wVj oeZ eSyos;j gS] ok;jl dh rjg] ysfdu ,d oeZ gS ftlls ,d yach] fuf'pr fn'kk esa èkkfjr LVªhe curh gSA
•qn dh ,d çfr ysrk gS vkSj bls vU; mi;ksxdrkZvksa rd blesa ygjksa dks fo'ks"k fn'kk esa etcwr djus ds fy, ygjksa
iQSykrk gSA dks la;qÙkQ :i ls etcwr cuk;k tkrk gSA
4-6-11 eksckby çkS|ksfxdh
z eksckby lapkj esa ok;jysl jsfM;ks Vªkalfe'ku dk mi;ksx
4-6-12 usV U;wVªSfyVh
djds vkokt ;k MsVk lapkfjr djuk 'kkfey gSA z usV U;wVªsfyVh dk vFkZ gS fd ljdkjksa vkSj baVjusV lsok
z eksckby ih<+h eksckby ok;jysl lapkj usVodZ dh xfr] çnkrkvksa }kjk baVjusV ij lHkh MsVk dks cjkcj :i ls
çkS|ksfxdh] MsVk {kerk] vko`fÙk] foyacrk vkfn tSls ifjorZuksa O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fdlh fo'ks"k osclkbV dks
dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA vfèkd [Link]Ùkk okyh igqap ds fy, mi;ksxdrkZvksa ls
vfèkd 'kqYd ugha fy;k tkrk gS ;k mls çkFkfedrk ugha
5G çkS|ksfxdh nh tkrh gSA
z 5 th vxyh ih<+h dh lsyqyj rduhd gS tks vYVªk&yks z Hkkjrh; nwjlapkj fu;ked çkfèkdj.k (VªkbZ) us gky gh esa
ysVsalh ds lkFk rst vkSj vfèkd fo'oluh; lapkj çnku ,d cgq&fgrèkkjd fudk; (,e,lch) ds xBu dk çLrko
djsxhA fn;k gS rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd ns'k esa
z ysVsalh ,d nsjh dk eki gSA usVodZ esa] ysVsalh usVodZ ds baVjusV lsok çnkrk usV rVLFkrk fl¼karksa dk ikyu djsa A
ekè;e ls fdlh MsVk dks mlds xarO; dh vksj igqapus esa z lHkh baVjusV lsok çnkrkvksa (vkbZ,lih) dks usVodZ U;wVªsfyVh
yxus okyk le; ekirh gSA ds rgr lHkh VªSfiQd dks leku ek=kk esa MsVk ,Dlsl vkSj
4G çkS|ksfxdh LihM çnku djuh pkfg,] vkSj fdlh lsok ;k osclkbV ds
z 4G eksckby çkS|ksfxdh 3G ds vykok vkokt vkSj vU;
VªSfiQd dks çfrcafèkr ;k fxjkofVr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lsokvksa ds lkFk fcuk rkj ds eksckby czkWMcSaM baVjusV ,Dlsl
4-7 mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ka
çnku djrh gSA
z vuqç;ksxksa esa csgrj osc ,Dlsl] baVjusV çksVksdkWy (vkbZih) 4-7-1 CykWdpsu çkS|ksfxdh
VsyhiQksuh] ohfM;ks dkWUÚsaflax] DykmM daI;wfVax] xsfeax z CykWdpsu rduhd ,d ,slh lajpuk gS tks ih;j&Vw&ih;j
lfoZlst] gkbZ&MsfiQfu'ku eksckby Vhoh vkfn 'kkfey gSaA (ih 2 ih) uksM~l ds ekè;e ls tqM+s usVodZ esa dbZ MsVkcsl
z 4 th ,yVhbZ (ykWUx VeZ boksY;w'ku) rduhd dk mi;ksx esa turk ds ysu&nsu fjdkWMZ (CykWd ds :i esa Hkh tkuk
djrk gS] tks vkokt vkSj MsVk&lapkj dks ,d lkFk vuqefr tkrk gS) dks laxzghr djrh gS] ftls J`a•yk ds :i esa
nsrk gSA tkuk tkrk gSA

çkS|ksfxdh 125
z bl HkaMkj.k dks fMftVy ystj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA z iguus ;ksX; rduhd fpfdRlk vkSj vU; {ks=kksa esa thou
z bl ystj (laxzg.k) esa gj ysunsu dks fMftVy gLrk{kj }kjk cnyus okys vuqç;ksxksa ds lkFk phtksa ds baVjusV dh ,d
vfèkÑr fd;k tkrk gS] tks ysunsu dks ç[Link] djrk gS [Link] [Link] esa fodflr gks jgh gSA
vkSj bls fdlh Hkh çdkj ds la'kksèku ls cpkrk gSA 4-7-3 fu;j&iQhYM dE;qfuds'ku (,u,iQlh)
z CykWdpsu dh çeq• fo'ks"krkvksa esa fodsaæhdj.k] lrrrk vkSj z NFC 13.56 MHz dh vkèkkj vko`fÙk dk mi;ksx djds
n`<+rk 'kkfey gSaA jsfM;ks vko`fÙk (RF) iQhYM ij vkèkkfjr ,d NksVh nwjh dh
z CykWdpsu rduhd ih;j&Vw&ih;j ysunsu ds fy, fdlh Hkh laidZ jfgr lapkj rduhd gSA
rhljs i{k ;k dsaæh; çkfèkdj.k dh vko';drk dks R;kx z MsVk LFkkukarj.k ds fy, ,u,iQlh&l{ke [Link] dks ;k rks
nsrh gSA 'kkjhfjd :i ls Li'kZ djuk pkfg, ;k ,d nwljs ds dqN
fØIVksdjsalh lsaVhehVj ds Hkhrj gksuk pkfg,A
z fØIVksdjsalh ,d fMftVy Hkqxrku ç.kkyh gS tks lapkj 4-7-4 jsfM;ks ÚhDosalh vkbMsafVfiQds'ku (RFID)
dh iqf"V djus ds fy, cSadksa ij fuHkZj ugha djrh gSA ;g z RFID çkS|ksfxdh jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djds VSx fd,
,d ih;j&Vw&ih;j ç.kkyh gS tks fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ dks dgha x, oLrq dh igpku djrh gSA
Hkh Hkqxrku Hkstus vkSj çkIr djus dh lqfoèkk çnku dj z ,d vkj,iQvkbZMh VSx esa ,d NksVk jsfM;ks VªkaliksaMj gksrk
ldrh gSA gS_ ,d jsfM;ks fjlhoj vkSj VªkalehVjA
z dbZ ns'kksa esa] fØIVksdjsalh vfu;af=kr gS vkSj ;g dkuwuh z ckjdksM ds foijhr] VSx dks jhMj dh n`f"V lhek ds Hkhrj
ekU;rk çkIr Hkqxrku ç.kkyh ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] gksus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] blfy, ;g VªSd fd,
fcVdkWbuA x, oLrq esa lekfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dsaæh; cSad fMftVy eqæk (CBDC) 4-7-5 iQkLVSx
z lhchMhlh (CBDC) ,d [Link];d eqæk dk fMftVy z iQkLVSx ,d jhyksMscy VSx gS tks Vksy ysus dh çfØ;k dks
laLdj.k gS ftls CykWdpsu&vkèkkfjr okWysV dk mi;ksx fcuk fdlh udnh ysunsu ds #dkoV ds Lopkfyr :i ls
djds vkil esa fofue; fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bls dsaæh; laikfnr djrk gSA
cSad }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dsaæh; cSad }kjk tkjh z ,d ckj lfØ; gksus ds ckn] VSx jsfM;ks ÚhDosalh
dh tkus okyh dkuwuh eqæk dk ,d fMftVy çdkj gSA vkbMsafVfiQds'ku (vkj,iQvkbZMh) rduhd dk mi;ksx
z ,d vkfèkdkfjd fMftVy eqæk eqæk ç'kklu dh ykxr dks djrk gS vkSj okgu dh foaMLØhu ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
de djsxh] tcfd baVjcSad fuiVku dh vko';drk ds fcuk z bldk bLrseky igyh ckj vçSy 2016 esa fd;k x;k Fkk]
okLrfod le; ds Hkqxrku dh vuqefr nsxhA vkSj 1 fnlacj] 2017 dks] ljdkj us lHkh u, vkWVkseksckby
vkSj Vªdksa dks cspus ls igys iQkLVSx yxkuk vfuok;Z dj
z CBDC dk ,d vU; ykHk ;g gS fd] tgka Hkkjh ek=kk esa
fn;k FkkA
udnh dks lhchMhlh }kjk cnyk tk ldrk gS] ogka dkxth
z Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ çkfèkdj.k (,u,p,vkbZ) iQkLVSx
eqæk dks Nkius] ifjogu djus vkSj laHkkyus dh ykxr dks
ds mi;ksx dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, dqy ekfld ysunsu
dkiQh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dk 5» fjVuZ nsrk gSA
z Hkkjr ljdkj ds dsaæh; cSad us ,d fMftVy eqæk tkjh
dh gSA 4-7-6 baVjusV vkWiQ fFkaXl (IoT)
z vkbZvksVh ok;jysl usVodZ ds ekè;e ls fMftVy [Link]]
4-7-2 iguus ;ksX; çkS|ksfxdh yksxksa] e'khuksa] [Link] vkSj vU; oLrqvksa dks ,d nwljs
z ;s LekVZ bysDVªkWfud fMokbl gSa ftUgsa mi;ksxdrkZ ds 'kjhj ds lkFk tksM+uk gSA
ij iguus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k% LekVZ z ;g e'khuksa vkSj yksxksa dks tqM+s jgus vkSj laokn djus dh
vkHkw"k.k] dykbZ cSaM] ?kfM+;ka vkfnA vuqefr nsrk gSA
z ;s fMokbl tkudkjh dk irk yxkrs gSa] fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa z vkbZvksVh vuqç;ksx nSfud thou] m|ksx] Ñf"k] LokLF;
vkSj lapkfjr djrs gSaA ns•Hkky] ifjogu] 'kklu vkfn ds dk;ks± lfgr dbZ gSaA

126 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
4-7-7 vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (,vkbZ)  daI;wVj fotu ds fy, iSVuZ igpku vkSj Mhi yfu±x
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (,vkbZ) daI;wVj }kjk fu;af=kr ij vkfJr gksrk gS rkfd ,d fp=k ;k ohfM;ks esa D;k
daI;wVj ;k jkscksV dh mu dk;ks± dks djus dh {kerk gS tks gS og igpku ldsA e'khu fp=kksa vkSj ohfM;ksa dks fj;y
vkerkSj ij euq";ksa }kjk fd, tkrs gSa D;ksafd mUgsa ekuo Vkbe esa çlaLdj.k] fo'ys"k.k vkSj le>us dh {kerk
cqf¼ vkSj foosd dh vko';drk gksrh gSA j•us ls muds vkl&ikl dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Hkh le>
z ,vkbZ e'khuksa esa ekuo cqf¼ ds fleqys'ku dks lanfHkZr djrk ldrh gSA
 çkÑfrd Hkk"kk çlaLdj.k (,u,yih) Hkk"k.k lfgr
gS tks euq";ksa dh rjg lkspus vkSj muds dk;ks± dh udy
djus ds fy, çksxzke fd, tkrs gSaA ekuo Hkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k] le>us vkSj mRiUu djus ds
fy, daI;wVj dh {kerk gSA
z ,vkbZ AI ,d Lo;alek;ksth vfèkxe ç.kkyh gSA ,u,yih dk vxyk pj.k çkÑfrd Hkk"kk baVjSD'ku gS] tks euq";ksa
z vuqç;ksx% vkS|ksfxd Lopkyu] varfj{k foKku] Lo&pkfyr dks dk;Z djus ds fy, lkekU;] jkstejkZ dh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx
dkjsa] LokLF; lsok {ks=k] ekSle iwokZuqeku vkfnA djds daI;wVj ds lkFk laokn djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal ds 3 çdkj 4-7-8 ykb&iQkbZ (Li-Fi)
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y uSjks baVsfytsal (,,uvkbZ) z ;g ,d f}fn'kkRed] iwjh rjg ls usVodZ ok;jysl lapkj
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y tujy baVsfytsal (,thvkbZ) rduhd gS tks jsfM;ks vko`fÙk;ksa ds ctk; n`'; çdk'k
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y lqij baVsfytsal (,,lvkbZ) dk mi;ksx djds MsVk çlkfjr djrh gSA
z jkmVj ,d vuqdwfyr ,ybZMh cYc ls cuk gksrk gSA
vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal dk dk;Z ra=k z ;g vf/d yphyk vkSj fo'oluh; ok;jysl usVodZ çnku
z ,vkbZ MsVk ds cM+s iSekus ij tksM+dj] rst vkSj iqujko`fÙk dj ldrk gS tks vf/d lqj{kk] MsVk nj vkSj ?kuRo çnku
çkslsflax vkSj cqf¼eku ,Yxksfjne ds lkFk dke djrh gS] djds ekStwnk lsyqyj vkSj okbZ&iQkbZ usVodZ dks iwjd vkSj
ftlls lkWÝVos;j MsVk esa iSVuZ ;k iQhplZ ls Lor% lh•us fodflr cukrk gSA
dh {kerk çkIr djrk gSA z ;g vR;ar rst MsVk dusD'ku çnku djrk gS] tks fo'ks"k :i
z ,vkbZ vè;;u dk ,d O;kid {ks=k gS ftlesa dbZ fl¼kar] ls uxjh; {ks=kksa esa mi;ksxh gksrk gS tgka jsfM;ks LisDVªe HkhM+
fofèk;ka vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ka 'kkfey gSa] lkFk gh lkFk Hkjh gksrh gS] lkFk gh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa tgka rkj vkWfIVd
dscYl ;k usVodZ vuqiyCèk gksrs gSaA
fuEufyf•r çeq• mi{ks=k Hkh 'kkfey gSa%
z ,d ekud ,ybZMh cYc ,d xStsV ls tqM+k gksrk gS] tks
 e'khu yfu±x fo'ys"[Link] ekWMy fuekZ.k dks Lopkfyr
baVjusV ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
djrk gSA ;g U;wjy usVodZ] lkaf[;dh] lapkyu
z baVjusV MsVk xStsV ds ekè;e ls cYc esa ços'k djrk gS vkSj
vuqlaèkku vkSj HkkSfrdh ls rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djrk çdk'k rjaxksa }kjk ys tk;k tkrk gSA
gS rkfd MsVk esa fNis gq, varnZ`f"V dks <wa<+ lds fcuk z baVjusV MsVk nsus okyh çdk'k rjaxsa nwljs Nksj ij daI;wVj ls
Li"V :i ls ;g çksxzke fd;k tk, fd dgka ns•us ds tqM+s fjlhoj ;k Mksaxy ij iM+rh gSaA
fy, vkSj D;k fu"d"kZ fudkysaA gSA
4-7-9 ckW;ksehfVªDl
 U;wjy usVodZ e'khu yfu±x dk ,d çdkj gS tks ,d

nwljs ds lacafèkr bdkb;ksa (U;wjkWUl dh rjg) ls feydj z ck;ksesfVªDl thooSKkfud eki (biological measurements)
;k 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krkvksa (physical characteristics) dks gksrh
lwpuk dks çlaLdj.k djrk gS] ckgjh buiqV dk çfrfØ;k
gSa] tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dh igpku djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk
djds çR;sd bdkbZ ds chp lwpuk çlkfjr djrk gSA ldrh gSaA
bl çfØ;k esa vfuf'pr MsVk ls lacaèk cukus vkSj vFkZ
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] fiQaxjfçaV eSfiax] psgjk igpku vkSj jsfVuk
fudkyus ds fy, MsVk ij dbZ ckj ikl dh tkuh pkfg,A
LdSu ck;ksesfVªd çkS|ksfxdh ds ,d:i gSa] ysfdu ;s dsoy
 Mhi yfu±x ds mi;ksx ls fo'kkydk; U;wjy usVoDlZ
çeq• fodYi gSaA
dk mi;ksx gksrk gS ftuesa dbZ ifjçs{; bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSa]
daI;wfVax ikoj esa lqèkkj vkSj csgrj çf'k{k.k rduhdksa fMftVy gLrk{kj ç[Link]=k (DSC)
dk ykHk mBkdj cM+s ek=kk esa MsVk esa tfVy iSVuZ lh•us z Mh,llh HkkSfrd ;k dkxt çek.k i=k ds fMftVy led{k
dk dke fd;k tkrk gSA (tks bysDVªkWfud çk:i gS) gSaA

çkS|ksfxdh 127
z çek.k i=k ,d O;fÙkQ dh igpku ds çek.k ds :i esa z opZqvy fMtkbu cukus ds fy, ,d 3 Mh ekWMfyax
dke djrs gSaA ,fIyds'ku] tSls lh,Mh (daI;wVj ,MsM fMtkbu)] ;k 3
z Mh,llh dks igpku lkfcr djus] baVjusV ij tkudkjh ;k Mh LdSuj dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lsokvksa rd igqapus ;k fMftVy :i ls dqN nLrkostksa ij z mlds ckn] 3 Mh fMftVy dkWih dks 3 Mh ekWMfyax
gLrk{kj djus ds fy, bysDVªkWfud :i ls çLrqr fd;k tk ,fIyds'ku esa yksM fd;k tkrk gS A ekWMy dks fçaV
ldrk gSA djus ds fy,] bls lSdM+ksa ;k gtkjksa {kSfrt ijrksa esa
dkVk tkrk gSA
4-7-10 3 Mh fçafVax z fiQj bl rS;kj fd, x, iQkby dks 3Mh fçaVj dks Hkstk
z 3D eqæ.k] ftls ,sfMfVo fuekZ.k (additive manufacturing) tkrk gS] tks çR;sd Lykbl dks 2Mh çk:i esa i<+rk
Hkh dgk tkrk gS] IykfLVd] jsftu] FkekZsIykfLVd] èkkrq] gS vkSj fiQj oLrq dks ijr&ijr cukrk gS] ftlesa dksbZ
iQkbcj ;k fljsfed tSlh lkexzh dks rkjksa ds }kjk çfrçksftr çR;{k ijr ugha gksrh gS vkSj ,d 3 vk;keh lajpuk
çkIr gksrh gSA
mRiknksa ds çksVksVkbi ;k dk;kZRed ekWMy cukus dh ,d
fofèk gSA 3 Mh ck;ksfçafVax
z cktkj ds foHkktu ds lkFk] 3Mh eqæ.k esa la;qÙkQ jkT; z 3Mh ck;ksfçafVax dk mís'; Fkk fd os 3Mh lajpuk,a vkRefuHkZj
vesfjdk 35» ls vfèkd [Link] fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk oSf'od ;kaf=kd xq.kèkeks± ds lkFk çnku djsa] rkfd os 'kjhj ds
usrk gSA phu ,f'k;kbZ cktkj esa yxHkx vkèkh ls vfèkd çkÑfrd Ård dh rjg fn•kbZ nsA
fgLlsnkjh dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] tcfd tkiku (30%) vkSj z ;g fofèk jksx ekWMy ds fy, ekbØks lajpukvksa ds vuqdwyu
nf{k.k dksfj;k (10%) Hkh [Link] fgLlsnkjh j•rs gSaA dh laHkkouk çnku djrh gSA
3 Mh fçafVax dh çfØ;k z oSKkfudksa us ,d 3D eqæ.k çfØ;k fodflr dh gS tks
jÙkQ okfgfu;ksa dh tfVy T;kfefr dks çfrfyfi cuk
z 3 Mh fçafVax dh çfØ;k fufeZr gksus okyh pht ds
ldrh gS] tks Hkfo"; esa çksFksfVd èkefu;ksa vkSj vax
vkHkklh ekWMy ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk 'kq: gksrh gSA
Årdksa ds fuekZ.k esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

v v v

128 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 5 fofo/

5-1 b±/u çeq• thok'e b±/u

z dks;yk% dks;yk lcls [Link] thok'eksa esa ls ,d gSA
z b±/u% ,d b±/u dksbZ Hkh lkexzh gS ftls vU; inkFkks± ds
dks;yk ,d Bksl] dkcZu ;qÙkQ inkFkZ gSA dkcZu ds vykok
lkFk çfrfØ;k djus ds fy, cuk;k tk ldrk gS rkfd ;g
blesa gkbMªkstu] lYiQj] vkWDlhtu vkSj ukbVªkstu gksrk gSA
ÅtkZ dks Å"ek ÅtkZ ds :i esa mRlftZr djs ;k dk;Z ds dks;yk vkerkSj ij Hkwjk ;k dkyk gksrk gSA dks;yk vDlj
fy, bLrseky dh tk ldsA ydM+h] dks;yk] isVªksy] Mhty LrjhÑr ryNVh tek esa ik;k tkrk gSA tc dks;ys dks gok
vkfn dqN lkekU; b±/u gSaA esa tyk;k tkrk gS] rks ;g eq[; :i ls dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
z ,d vkn'kZ b±/u og b±/u gS tks i;kZIr ek=kk esa Å"ek vkSj dk mRiknu djrk gSA
cgqr de ek=kk esa çnw"kd iSnk djrk gSA z dks;ys ds çlaLdj.k ls dqN ykHkdkjh mRikn çkIr gksrs gSa
z ,d vkn'kZ b±/u esa fuEu fo'ks"krk,¡ gS & tSls dksd] rkjdksy vkSj dks;yk xSlA
 ;g vklkuh ls miyC/ gSA dks;ys ds pkj eq[; çdkj gSa%
 ;g de eg¡xk gSA 1- ihV dks;ys esa vR;f/d ek=kk esa ueh vkSj v'kqf¼;k¡ gksrh
 ;g gok esa eè;e nj ls vklkuh ls tyrk gSA
gSaA ihV dks;yk dks;ys dk lcls fupyk Lrj gSA
 ;g cM+h ek=kk esa xehZ iSnk djrk gSA
2- fyXukbV ,d uje] Hkwjh] Toyu'khy] ryNVh pêðku gS tks
çkÑfrd :i ls laihfM+r ihV ls curh gSA
 bls vklkuh ls ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA
3- fcVqfeul dks;yk] ;k dkyk dks;yk] ,d vis{kkÑr uje
 bldk mPp dSyksjh eku gksrk gSA
dks;yk gksrk gS ftlesa fcVweu ;k vLiQkYV uked Vkj tSlk
 ;g vius ihNs dksbZ vokafNr inkFkZ ugha NksM+rk gSA
inkFkZ gksrk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij fyXukbV ij vR;f/d ncko
b±/u dk Å"eh; eku% b±/u dk Å"eh; eku b±/u ds [Link] ngu Mkyus ds [Link]:i curk gSA
}kjk mRiUu Å"ek dh ek=kk gS vkSj bls ÅtkZ dh ,d bdkbZ ds 4- ,UFkzslkbV dks;yk] ftls vDlj dBksj dks;ys ds :i esa
:i esa çfr bdkbZ æO;eku ;k inkFkZ ds vk;ru ds :i esa ekik lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS] dks;ys dh ,d dBksj] dkWEiSDV
tkrk gS (mnkgj.k ds fy, fdyksdSyksjh@fdxzk fdyks twy@fdxzk] fdLe gS ftlesa ,d lcesVSfyd ped gksrh gSA blesa
twy@eksy vkSj chVh;w@,e)A mPpre dkcZu lkexzh vkSj lcls de v'kqf¼;k¡ gSaA blesa
z b±/u dh çfrfØ;kvksa ls mRlftZr Å"eh; ÅtkZ dks lYiQj dh ek=kk de gksrh gS] tks bls ,d vPNk tyus
okyk b±/u cukrh gSA
batu@e'khu }kjk ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA
tcfd dbZ ckj Å"ek dks Lo;a xehZ] •kuk idkus] jks'kuh] z dksd% dksd ,d ,slk b±/u gS ftlesa dqN v'kqf¼;k¡ vkSj
mPp dkcZu lkexzh gksrh gSA ;g ,d Bksl] dBksj] >j>jk
vkS|ksfxd çfØ;kvksa vkfn ds fy, egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
vkSj dkyk inkFkZ gS tks vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr esa de
z thok'e b±/u% thok'e b±/u lM+s gq, ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa ls jk•] de lYiQj okys fcVqfeul dks;ys ds Hkatd vklou
cus dkcZfud inkFkks± ds ncs gq, Toyu'khy HkwxHkhZ; fu{ksiksa ls çkIr gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx bLikr ds vkS|ksfxd fuekZ.k
ds fy, ,d lkekU; 'kCn gS tks lSdM+ksa yk•ksa o"kks± esa i`Foh vkSj dbZ /krqvksa ds fu"d"kZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
dh lrg esa xehZ vkSj ncko ds laidZ esa vkus ls dPps rsy] z dksy rkj% dksy rkj ,d xk<+k] xgjk rjy inkFkZ gSA ;g
dks;yk] çkÑfrd xSl ;k Hkkjh rsyksa esa ifjofrZr gks x, gSaA dks;ys ls dksd vkSj dks;yk xSl ds mRiknu dk ,d
z thok'e b±/u ÅtkZ ds xSj&[Link]; lzksr gSaA mi&mRikn gSA
  dks;ys ds rkj dk vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx% bldk mi;ksx esa laxzghr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx ?kjksa vkSj gksVyksa
Ñf=ke jaxksa] foLiQksVd inkFkks±] IykfLVd] iQksVksxzkfiQd esa b±/u ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ,yihth xSl xa/ghu gSA
lkexzh] lM+d fuekZ.k lkexzh vkfn dh rS;kjh esa fd;k blds fjlko dk irk yxkus ds fy,] ,fFky edZsIVku dks
tkrk gSA feyk;k tkrk gSA
 dks;ys ds rkj dk fpfdRlh; mi;ksx% bls lksjk;fll vkWVkseksckby esa b±/u ds :i esa xSlksyhu vkSj Mhty dk
vkSj lscksjsbd MeZsVkbfVl ds bykt ds fy, çHkkfor mi;ksx laihfM+r çkÑfrd xSl (lh,uth) }kjk çfrLFkkfir
{ks=k ij yxk;k tk ldrk gSA fd;k tk jgk gS D;ksafd ;g cgqr de ek=kk esa gkfudkjd
z dksy xSl% dks;yk xSl ,d Toyu'khy xSlh; b±/u gS xSl dk mRiknu djrk gSA ;g fcuk /qvk¡ mRiUu fd, tyrk
ftldk fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS tc dks;ys dks gok ds vHkko gS] vr% ;g ,d LoPN b±/u gSA
esa çcyrk ls xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA dks;yk xSl ds eq[; ydM+h dks b±/u ds :i esa tykus ds uqdlku bl çdkj gSa%
?kVd gkbMªkstu] ehFksu vkSj dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM gSaA bldk ;g cgqr vf/d /qvka iSnk djrk gS] tks euq";ksa ds fy, cgqr
mi;ksx dks;yk çlaLdj.k la;a=kksa ds ikl LFkkfir fofHkUu gkfudkjd gSA tc b±/u ds :i esa mi;ksx gsrq ydM+h çkIr
m|ksxksa esa b±/u ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA djus ds fy, isM+ksa dks dkVk tkrk gS] rks isM+ksa ls çkIr gksus
z isVªksfy;e% isVªksfy;e ,d rSyh;] eksVk] Toyu'khy] okys lHkh mi;ksxh inkFkZ u"V gks tkrs gSaA
vkerkSj ij xgjs jax dk rjy gS tks fcVqesu dk ,d :i ,yihth (æohÑr isVªksfy;e xSl) ydM+h dh rqyuk esa ,d
gS ;k fofHkUu gkbMªksdkcZu dk feJ.k gS] tks çkÑfrd :i csgrj ?kjsyw b±/u gS D;ksafd bldk dSyksjh eku vf/d gksrk
ls i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps nqfu;k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa gS] blfy, ;g ydM+h ds leku æO;eku dh rqyuk esa tyus
ik;k tkrk gSA bls dkyk lksuk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa de ij cgqr vf/d Å"ek iSnk djrk gSA blds vykok] ;g fcuk
ek=kk esa lYiQj] vkWDlhtu vkSj ukbVªkstu Hkh gksrk gSA bls dksbZ vo'ks"k NksM+s iwjh rjg ls ty tkrk gS] ysfdu ydM+h
ikjaifjd rsy ;k gYds rsy ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tyus ij cgqr lkjh jk• NksM+ nsrh gSA
bls çkÑfrd xSl] xSlksyhu] usÝFkk] feêðh ds rsy] b±/u rFkk
fpdukbZ okys rsy] iSjkfiQu ekse vkSj Mkej lfgr va'kksa esa vyx z laihfMr çkÑfrd xSl (lh,uth)% lh,uth esa eq[; :i
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ls ehFksu dks mPp nkc ij laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d
,slk b±/u gS ftldk mi;ksx xSlksyhu] Mhty b±/u vkSj
isVªksdsfedy isVªksfy;e ls çkIr jklk;fud mRikn gSa tSls
,flfVyhu] csathu] bZFksu vkfn ftlls vU; jlk;u] dhVuk'kd] ,yihth ds LFkku ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA lh,uth ngu
IykfLVd] flaFksfVd iQkbcj] isaV vkSj nok,a çkIr dh tkrh gSaA Åij mfYyf•r b±/uksa dh rqyuk esa de vokaNuh; xSlksa dk
mRiknu djrk gSA rks ;g ,d i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy b±/u]
z çkÑfrd xSl% çkÑfrd xSl ,d thok'e b±/u gS] tks ;k ,d vkn'kZ b±/u gSA
dks;yk vkSj rsy tSls vU; thok'e b±/uksa dh rjg] feêðh esa
ncs ikS/ksa] tkuojksa vkSj lw{ethoksa ls cuh gS tks yk•ksa lky 5-2 chih,llh çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds fy,
igys jgrs FksA çkÑfrd xSl ehFksu] bZFksu] çksisu vkSj C;wVsu [Link] ladsr
tSls xSlh; gkbMªksdkcZu rFkk ukbVªkstu] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
[Link] fnu
vkSj gkbMªkstu lYiQkbM tSlh vU; xSlksa dk feJ.k gSA
jk"Vªh; foKku fnol 28 iQjojh
çkÑfrd xSl dk mi;ksx Å"ek] •kuk idkus vkSj fctyh ds
varjjk"Vªh; ;ksx fnol 21 twu
fy, ÅtkZ ds lzksr ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx
fo'o dSalj fnol 4 iQjojh
okguksa ds fy, b±/u ds :i esa rFkk IykfLVd vkSj vU;
fo'o eysfj;k fnol 25 vçSy
O;kolkf;d :i ls [Link] tSfod jlk;uksa ds fuekZ.k esa
fo'o ;{ek fnol 24 ekpZ
jklk;fud lkexzh ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 5 twu
z rjyhÑr isVªksfy;e xSl (,yihth)% ,yihth çkÑfrd
xSl çlaLdj.k vkSj rsy 'kks/u ds nkSjku cuk;k tkrk gSA fo'o vkgkj fnol 16 vDVwcj
çksisu vkSj C;wVsu dks çkÑfrd xSl ls vyx fd;k tkrk gS] varjjk"Vªh; vkstksu fnol 16 flracj
mPp ncko ij æohÑr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj flysaMj ;k VSadksa fo'o i'kq fnol 4 vDVwcj

130 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
fo'o dq"B jksx fnol tuojh dk vafre jfookj Hkkjr esa foKku ls lacaf/r [Link] laLFkku
fo'o ,M~l fnol 1 fnlacj laLFkku fLFkr
fo'o e/qesg fnol 14 uoacj jk"Vªh; pkoy vuqla/ku laLFkku dVd
fo'o LokLF; fnol 7 vçSy dsaæh; vkyw vuqla/ku laLFkku f'keyk
fo'o iksfy;ks fnol 24 vDVwcj dsaæh; vkS"kf/ vuqla/ku laLFkku y•uÅ
fo'o ekufld LokLF; fnol 10 vDVwcj Hkkjrh; i'kq fpfdRlk vuqla/ku laLFkku cjsyh
fo'o ty fnol 22 ekpZ dsUæh; i{kh vuqla/ku laLFkku btkruxj] ;wih
jk"Vªh; 'kdZjk laLFkku dkuiqj
Ñf"k ls lacaf/r fofHkUu Økafr;k¡
Hkkjrh; xUuk vuqla/ku laLFkku y•uÅ
gfjr Økafr vukt mRiknu
jk"Vªh; ouLifr vuqla/ku laLFkku y•uÅ
'osr Økafr nw/ vkSj Msjh mRikn
jk"Vªh; ckSf¼d fnO;kaxtu l'kfÙkQdj.k fldanjkckn
ihyh Økafr frygu laLFkku
uhyh Økafr eNyh ikyu vkSj tyh; Ñf"k jk"Vªh; n`f"V fnO;kaxtu l'kfÙkQdj.k nsgjknwu
xqykch Økafr ekal] eqxhZ ikyu] I;kt] >haxs laLFkku
dkyh Økafr isVªksfy;e jk"Vªh; yksdkseksVj fodykax laLFkku dksydkrk
jtr Økafr vaMs jk"Vªh; çfrj{kk foKku laLFkku ubZ fnYyh
yky Økafr VekVj@ekal jk"Vªh; dksf'kdk foKku dsaæ [Link]
xksy Økafr vkyw lsaVj iQkWj Mh,u, fiQaxjfçafVax ,aM gSnjkckn
Mk;XuksfLVDl
/wlj Økafr Økafr moZjd jk"Vªh; ikni thukse vuqla/ku laLFkku ubZ fnYyh
Hkwjh Økafr peM+k jk"Vªh; efLr"d vuqla/ku dsaæ ekuslj] gfj;[Link]
[Link] Økafr ckxokuh@'kgn@iQy jk"Vªh; fpfdRlk foKku vdkneh ubZ fnYyh
xksYMu iQkbcj Økafr twV lw{etho çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku paMhx<+
flYoj iQkbcj Økafr dikl thou foKku laLFkku Hkqous'oj
5-3 foKku ds {ks=k esa fcgkj dh çfl¼ gfLr;ka
No. Name Details Recognition
1- vk;ZHkêð vk;ZHkêð Hkkjrh; [Link] vkSj Hkkjrh; •xksy foKku ds 'kkL=kh; Hkkjr ljdkj us muds lEeku esa vius
;qx ds çeq• [Link]&•xksyfon FksA igys mixzg dk uke vk;ZHkêð j•kA
vk;ZHkêð us [Link] ds vkfo"dkjksa vkSj fl¼karksa esa dbZ ;ksxnku
fn,A [Link] ds {ks=k esa muds }kjk dh xbZ dqN [Link] •kstsa
bl çdkj gSa%
z LFkkuh; eku ç.kkyh vkSj 'kwU;
z f=[Link]
z [Link]
z ikbZ p dk vuqeku
z vfuf'pr lehdj.k
•xksy foKku esa vk;ZHkêð ds dqN [Link] ;ksxnkuksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
z lkSj eaMy xfr
z u{k=k dky
z xzg.k
z lw;Z dsUæh;rk

fofo/ 131
 vk;ZHkêð }kjk fyf•r dqN çfl¼ iqLrdsa%
z vk;ZHkVh;
z MS'k xhfrdk
z vk;Z fl¼kar
vk;ZHkêð dks fcgkj ds rkjsxkuk esa lw;Z eafnj esa ,d os/'kkyk
LFkkfir djus ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
2- fcans'oj ikBd fcans'oj ikBd Hkkjr fLFkr lkekftd lsok laxBu] lqyHk mUgsa 1991 esa Hkkjr ds rhljs lokZsPp
baVjus'kuy ds laLFkkid gSa] tks f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls ekuokf/dkjksa] ukxfjd iqjLdkj iÁ Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur
i;kZoj.k LoPNrk] ÅtkZ ds xSj&ikjaifjd lzksrksa] vif'k"V çca/u fd;k x;k Fkk
vkSj lkekftd lq/kjksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dke djrk gSA muds
dke dks lkekftd lq/kj esa [Link] ekuk tkrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls
LoPNrk ds {ks=k esaA
3- eksgu feJk eksgu feJk ,d fpfdRld Fks] ftUgsa foljy yh'keSfu;kfll] Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa fpfdRlk ds {ks=k
(dkyk vtkj) ij vius vè;;u vkSj ,EiQksVsfjflu ch dk mi;ksx esa muds ;ksxnku ds fy, 2014 esa pkSFks
djds blds mipkj ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS] ftls dbZ yksx ,d lokZsPp ukxfjd iqjLdkj iÁ Jh ds
[Link] ç;kl ds :i esa ekurs gSaA iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;kA
feJk dks ihus ds ikuh esa vklZsfud ij 'kks/ djus dk Js; Hkh
fn;k tkrk gSA
mUgksaus fn•k;k gS fd Hkkjr esa ijaijkxr :i ls bLrseky dh tkus
okyh czkãh (ckdksik eksfUu,jh) euksHk±'k ds mipkj esa çHkkoh gks
ldrh gSA
4- ujsaæ dqekj ujsaæ dqekj [Link]; ,d ltZu gSa] vkSj ,f'k;u baLVhVÔwV vkWiQ mUgsa 2014 esa pkSFks lokZsPp ukxfjd
[Link]; esfMdy lkbalst ds laLFkkid gSaA ikaMs dks ohfM;ks&vflLVsM iqjLdkj iÁ Jh ls lEekfur fd;k
FkksjSdksLdksfid ltZjh esa [Link] dke djus dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA x;k FkkA
5- vkuan dqekj vkuan dqekj ,d [Link] f'k{kd gSa] tks vius lqij 30 dk;ZØe mUgsa Vkbe if=kdk dh loZJs"B ,f'k;kbZ
ds fy, tkus tkrs gSa] ftls mUgksaus 2002 esa iVuk] fcgkj esa 2010 dh lwph esa ukfer fd;k x;k
'kq: fd;k Fkk] tks Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuksa dh ços'k ijh{kk FkkA 2023 esa] mUgsa lkfgR; vkSj f'k{kk
tsbZbZ&esu vkSj tsbZbZ&,MokaLM ds fy, oafpr Nk=kksa dks dksfpax ds ds {ks=k esa muds ;ksxnku ds fy, Hkkjr
fy, tkuk tkrk gSA ljdkj }kjk iÁ Jh ls lEekfur fd;k
x;k FkkA
6- gjh'k paæ oekZ gjh'k paæ oekZ ,d çk;ksfxd HkkSfrd foKkuh] ys•d vkSj Hkkjrh; 2021 esa] mUgsa HkkSfrdh esa muds
çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku dkuiqj (vkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj) ds vodk'k çkIr ;ksxnku ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
çksiQslj gSaA pkSFks lokZsPp ukxfjd iqjLdkj iÁ Jh
muds 'kks/ dk {ks=k [Link] HkkSfrdh gSA ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
mUgksaus IIT dkuiqj ds ifjlj ds ikl jgus okys vkfFkZd :i ls mUgsa fcgkj jkT; ljdkj }kjk ekSykuk
detksj cPpksa ds fy, ,d lkekftd mRFkku laxBu] f'k{kk lksiku vcqy dyke vktkn f'k{kk iqjLdkj ls
dh lg&LFkkiuk dh gSA lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA
mUgksaus O;k[;ku vkSj ç;ksxkRed çn'kZu vk;ksftr djds Hkkjrh;
Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds chp HkkSfrdh f'k{kk dks yksdfç; cukus esa
cgqr ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
2011 esa] mUgksaus bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ fiQftDl VhplZ
(IAPT) ds ,d çeq• dk;ZØe us'kuy vUosf'kdk usVodZ vkWiQ
bafM;k (NANI) dh LFkkiuk dhA

132 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
 7- jftr x<+ jftr x<+ ;wlh,y, gsujh lSeqvyh Ldwy vkWiQ bathfu;fjax ,aM mUgksaus 2013 IEEE varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu
,IykbM lkbal esa eSdsfudy vkSj ,;jksLisl bathfu;fjax ds çksiQslj esa RFID çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj vuqç;ksxksa
gSa vkSj ;wlh,y, LekVZ fxzM ,uthZ fjlpZ lsaVj (,l,ebZvkjlh)] esa loZJs"B isij (dkaL;) iqjLdkj çkIr
;wlh,y, ok;jysl baVjusV iQkWj eksckby ,aVjçkbt dalksfVZ;e fd;kA
(MCY;wvkbZ,u,ebZlh) vkSj dusDVsM ,aM vkWVksukWel bysfDVªd
OghdYl dalksfVZ;e (CAEV) ds laLFkkid funs'kd gSaA
8- of'k"B ukjk;.k of'k"B ukjk;.k flag ,d Hkkjrh; f'k{kkfon FksA mUgksaus 1960 mUgsa 2020 esa [Link] Hkkjr ds
flag vkSj 1970 ds n'kd esa fofHkUu laLFkkuksa esa [Link] i<+k;kA of'k"B pkSFks lokZsPp ukxfjd iqjLdkj iÁJh
ukjk;.k flag us vkbaLVhu ds fl¼kar dks pqukSrh nh Fkh vkSj nqfu;k ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkj esa igpku gkfly dh FkhA
dgk tkrk gS fd viksyks ds ç{ksi.k ds le; lHkh [Link] us
dke djuk can dj fn;k Fkk ysfdu of'k"B ukjk;.k us [Link]
djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA 30 ls 35 lsdsaM rd daI;wVj •jkc jgkA
ftlds ckn mUgksaus [Link]; [Link] dhA tc daI;wVj Bhd gks x;k
rks mldh [Link] vkSj daI;wVj dh [Link] fcYdqy ,d tSlh FkhA
9- rFkkxr vorkj rFkkxr vorkj rqylh ,d Hkkjrh; HkkSfrd foKkuh vkSj foy{k.k mUgsa 2001 esa O;kid lkoZtfud è;ku
rqylh ckyd gSaA mUgksaus 9 lky dh mez esa gkbZ Ldwy] 11 lky dh mez feyk] tc mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj ds foKku
esa ch,llh vkSj 12 lky dh mez esa iVuk lkbal dkWyst (iVuk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx (Mh,lVh) }
fo'ofo|ky;) ls ,e,llh fd;kA vxLr 2009 esa] mUgksaus 21 kjk teZuh esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrkvksa
o"kZ dh vk;q esa Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku] cSaxyksj ls ih,pMh dh ds lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, pquk
mikf/ çkIr dhA tqykbZ 2010 esa] mUgsa IIT eqacbZ esa vuqca/ ij x;k FkkA
lgk;d çksiQslj (u, ih,pMh Lukrdksa ds fy, ,d xSj&LFkk;h
f'k{k.k in) ds :i esa ,d in dh is'kd'k dh xbZ FkhA
foxr o"kks± ds iz'u (izkjafHkd iz'u) 3- eknk ,uksfiQyht dks eknk D;wysDl ls vyx fd;k tk
ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g cSBrh gS
68 osa chih,llh (a) lClVªsVe dh lrg ds ledks.k ij
1- dadky ds os Hkkx tks gfîó;ksa dh rjg dBksj ugha gksrs gSa (b) lClVªsVe ds lkFk ,d dks.k ij
vkSj ftUgsa eksM+k tk ldrk gS] mUgsa dgk tkrk gSA (c) v/%Lrj dh lrg ds lekukarj
(a) d'ks#d (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(b) dkiZYl (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha

(c) mikfLFk 4- 'kjhj esa jksx çfrjks/d {kerk ls tqM+h lcls [Link]
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
dksf'kdk çdkj gS
(a) yky jÙkQ dksf'kdk,a
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(b) IysVysV~l
2- ykbdsu esa] ,d DyksjksfiQy ;qÙkQ Hkkxhnkj] ,d lkFk jgrs (c) fyEiQkslkbV~l
gSaA (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(a) 'kSoky vkSj ,d dod (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(b) dqdqjeqÙkk vkSj ,d [Link] 5- ekuo 'kjhj esa ekalisf'k;ksa ds ckjs esa fuEufyf•r esa ls
(c) 'kSoky vkSj ,d ok;jl dkSu lk dFku xyr gS\
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (a) ekalisf'k;ka dsoy gîóh dks /dsy ldrh gSa
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha (b) ekalisf'k;ka tksM+s esa dke djrh gSaA

fofo/ 133
 (c) fldqM+us ij ekalisf'k;ka NksVh] l[r vkSj eksVh gks 11- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk ,d jsfM;ks/ehZ rRo }kjk
tkrh gSaA mRlftZr /ukosf'kr d.k gS\
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (a) dSFkksM fdj.k
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha (b) chVk fdj.k
6- lseh iQksdl nwjh ds ,d mÙky ysal dh lrg ij liQsn (c) vYiQk fdj.k
?kksM+s dk çfrfcEc cukus ds fy, cM+h la[;k esa dkys jax (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
dh iryh ifêð;ka cukbZ tkrh gSa] Nfo gksxh
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(a) de ped okyk ?kksM+k
(b) dkyh /kfj;ksa okyk tsczk 12- vfHkdsUæd cy mÙkjnk;h gS
(c) dkyh /kfj;ksa okyk ?kksMk (a) varfj{k esa oLrq dh Lora=k xfr ds fy,

(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (b) 'kjhj dks orZqykdkj iFk ij xfreku j•us ds
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha fy,A
7- èofu dh rh{.krk fdlds }kjk fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gS (c) oLrq dks lh/h js•k esa mM+kus ds fy,A
(a) vkokt dk osx (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(b) vkokt dk vk;ke (e) bues ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(c) vkokt dh rjax nSè;Z 13- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl ÅtkZ ifjorZu esa ?k"kZ.k cy 'kkfey gS\
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (a) xfrt ÅtkZ ls Å"ek ÅtkZ
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(b) fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ls èofu ÅtkZ
8- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk iQksVks bysfDVªd midj.k fMftVy (c) jklk;fud ÅtkZ ls Å"eh; ÅtkZ
vuqç;ksxksa ds fy, lcls mi;qÙkQ gksxk \
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(a) iQksVksMk;ksM
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(b) iQksVksoksfYVd d{k
(c) iQksVks,feVj 14- ,d cl lh/s jkLrs ij py jgh gS tc vpkud og
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d nkfguh vksj ,d rhoz eksM+ ysrh gSA cl esa cSBs ;k=kh
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha (a) nkfguh vksj >qdsaxs

9- ckWy cs;fjax dk mi;ksx fLFkj ?k"kZ.k dks buesa ls ,d esa (b) vkxs dh fn'kk esa fxjsaxs
ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS (c) ckb± vksj eqMsaxs
(a) yksVfud ?k"kZ.k (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(b) d"kZ.k&cy (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(c) lihZ ?k"kZ.k
15- ,d laxhr dk;ZØe esa vkWdZsLVªk ctkus ls igys ,d flrkj
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
oknd ruko dks lek;ksftr djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
vkSj rkj dks mi;qÙkQ :i ls NsM+rk gSA ,slk djds og
10- iQqVckWy ds •sy esa ,d xksydhij xksy dh rjiQ ekjh lek;kstu dj jgk@jgh gS
xbZ xsan dks xksy esa idM+us ds ckn vius gkFkksa dks ihNs
(a) vU; laxhr ok|;a=kksa dh vko`fÙk ds lkFk flrkj
dh vksj •haprk gSA ;g xksydhij dks l{ke cukrk gS
ds rkj dh vko`fÙk
(a) xfr esa ifjorZu dh nj de djus esa
(b) èofu dk vk;ke
(b) xsan ij ,d cM+k cy yxkus esa
(c) èofu dh rhozrk
(c) gkFkksa ij xsan }kjk yxk, x, cy dks c<+kus esaA
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha

134 lkekU; foKku BPSC

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16- æO; ds ,d :i dk dksbZ fuf'pr vkdkj ugha gksrk gS 21- vkidks rhu ijh{k.k çnku fd, x, gSaA muesa ls ,d esa
ysfdu bldk ,d fuf'pr vk;ru gksrk gSA æO; ds bl vklqr ty gksrk gS] vkSj vU; nks esa Øe'k% ,d vEyh;
:i dk ,d mnkgj.k gS ?kksy vkSj ,d {kkjh; ?kksy gksrk gSA buesa ls dkSu yky
fyVel i=k dks uhyk dj nsxk\
(a) dkcZu bLikr
(a) vklqr ty
(b) ØhIVksu
(b) vEy
(c) feVVh dk rsy
(c) {kkj
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha

17- dqN /krq vkWDlkbM vEy vkSj {kkj ds lkFk çfrfØ;k 22- ,flfVd ,flM dh xa/ leku gksrh gS
djds ued vkSj ikuh dk mRiknu djrs gSaA mUgsa mHk;/ehZ (a) fljds ds
vkWDlkbM ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mHk;/ehZ vkWDlkbM (b) VekVj ds
ds mnkgj.k gSa (c) feVVh rsy ds
(a) CuO vkSj ZnO (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(b) AlO] vkSj ZnO (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(c) AlO, vkSj CuO
23- 'kq"d HCI xSl 'kq"d fyV~el isij dk jax D;ksa ugha
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
cnyrh\
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(a) HCI xSl futZyhdkjd ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
18- dkSu lh xSl vius xzhugkml çHkko ls Xykscy okfe±x esa (b) uhyk fyVel 'kq"d HCI xSl dh mifLFkfr esa 'kq"d
;ksxnku djrh gS\
gks tkrk gSA
(a) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
(c) dksbZ H3O+ vk;u ekStwn ugha gSA fyVel dsoy
(b) ukbVªl vkWDlkbM
H3O+ vk;uksa dh mifLFkfr esa jax cnyrk gSA
(c) ehFksu
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
24- csesy Nk¡fV,
19- vEy /krq dkckZus Vs ls vfHkfØ;k djds _____ xSl mRlftZr
(a) iQy dk iduk
djrs gSa
(a) H2 (b) lhesaV dh lsfVax

(b) CO2 (c) dks;ys dk tyuk

(c) CO (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d

(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha 25- ghjk vkSj xzsiQkbV ds ckjs esa fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk
20- fdl vEy dks HOOCCOOH ds :i esa [Link] fd;k dFku lR; gS\
tkrk gS\ dkckZsfud ,flM (a) muds ikl leku fo|qr pkydrk gSA
(a) vksdlsfyd vEy (b) muds ikl ,d gh fØLVy lajpuk gSA
(b) ,lhfVd vEy (c) muds ikl dBksjrk dh leku fMxzh gSA
(c) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha

fofo/ 135
 26- ja/z fdlesa ifjorZu ds dkj.k •qyrs ;k can gksrs gSa 32- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu ihry ds ?kVd gSa\
(a) dksf'kdkvksa esa ukfHkd dh fLFkfr (a) yksgk vkSj tLrk
(b) dksf'kdkvksa dh çksVhu lajpuk (b) rk¡ck vkSj fudy
(c) dksf'kdkvksa esa ikuh dh ek=kk (c) yksgk vkSj rk¡ck
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (d) tLrk vkSj rk¡ck
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
27- DyksjksfiQy lw;Z ds çdk'k dh _____ rjax nSè;Z dks vf/d
vo'kksf"kr djrk gSA 33- pqacdRo dk iSjkeSXusfVd fl¼kar ykxw gksrk gS
(a) yky vkSj uhyk (a) ikjk (b) yksgk
(b) gjk vkSj uhyk (c) IySfVue (d) fudy
(c) gjk vkSj yky (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha 34- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdls cq>k gqvk pwuk dgk tkrk gS\
28- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk lgh esy ugha gS\ (a) CaCO2 (b) Ca(OH)2
(a) [Link]`ar% iÙkh dks rus ls tksM+rk gS (c) CaCl2 (d) CaO
(b) vk/kj ds fudV 'kk•kvksa ds lkFk eksVk] dBksj (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
ruk% o`{k vf/d
(c) detksj ruk tks lh/k •M+k ugha gks ldrk% yrk
35- ,d [Link] ds ukfHkd esa gksrs gSa
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(a) bysDVªkWuksa vkSj çksVku (b) çksVku vkSj U;wVªkWu
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(c) bysDVªkWuksa dsoy (d) bysDVªkWuksa vkSj U;wVªkWu
29- lD'ku iqy ds dkj.k ikuh isM+ksa esa cgqr ÅapkbZ rd igq¡p
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
tkrk gS
vf/d
(a) ok"ihdj.k
(b) vo'kks"k.k 36- og /krqdeZ çfØ;k ftlds }kjk /krq dks laxfyr voLFkk
(c) ok"iksRltZu
esa çkIr fd;k tkrk gS
(a) HktZu (b) fuLrkiu
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha (c) iQsu Iyou (d) çxyu
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
30- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lh DyksjksIykLV dh ,d fo'ks"krk
gS tks mUgsa Lo&çfrÑfr ds fy, ;ksX; cukrh gS\ vf/d
(a) Mh,u, vkSj vkj,u, nksuksa dh mifLFkfr 37- yksgs esa tax yxus ij mlds otu dk D;k gksrk gS\
(b) dsoy Mh,u, dh mifLFkfr (a) ?kVrk gS] fiQj c<+rk gS
(c) vkj,u, dh vuqifLFkfr (b) c<+rk gS] fiQj ?kVrk gS
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d (c) ogh jgrk gS
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(d) yEcs le; rd c<+rk gSA
67 oka chih,llh (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
31- vko/Zd ysal esa fdl çdkj ds ysal dk mi;ksx fd;k vf/d
tkrk gS\ lery&vory ysal 38- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdls liQsn /krq ds :i esa Hkh tkuk
(a) mÙky ysal tkrk gS\
(b) mÙky niZ.k (a) jksfM;e (b) IySfVue
(c) vory ysal (c) isysfM;e (d) fudy
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
vf/d vf/d

136 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH
39- mRÑ"V /krqvksa ds laca/ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj 44- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk ck;ksxSl dk eq[; ?kVd gS\
djsa% (a) çksisu (b) C;wVsu
(1) mRÑ"V /krq,¡ 'kq¼ :i esa ikbZ tkrh gSa (c) bFksu (d) ehFksu
(2) ;wjsfu;e vkSj lhlk mRÑ"V /krqvksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@vf/d ctk; ,d
mijksÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ dk mijksÙkQ
(a) dsoy 2 45- ijkx.k dks lcls vPNs :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS
(b) nksuksa 1 vkSj 2 (a) [Link] dk vadqj.k
(c) ihry Hkh vfØ; /krq gS (b) chtkaM esa ijkx uyh dk fodkl
(d) dsoy 1 (c) dhM+ksa }kjk iQwyksa dk nkSjk djuk
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls (d) [Link] a dk ijkxdks ' k ls ofrZ d kxz rd
vf/d LFkkukarj.k
40- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls

(1) 'kq¼ ikuh esa ued feykus ls ikuh dk DoFkukad c<+

vf/d
tkrk gS vkSj fgekad de gks tkrk gS 46- ikS/s vius iks"kd rRo eq[; :i ls çkIr djrs gSa
(2) tc feFkkby vYdksgy dks ikuh esa feyk;k tkrk gS] (a) ok;qeaMy (b) çdk'k

rks bldk DoFkukad de gks tkrk gSA (c) feêðh (d) DyksjksfiQy

mijksÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
vf/d
(a) dsoy 1
47- yky jÙkQ dksf'kdkvksa ds fcuk tkuoj gS
(b) dsoy 2
(a) dsapqvk (b) lk¡i
(c) nksuksa 1 vkSj 2
(c) eksj (d) esa<d
(d) ued vkSj feFkkby vYdksgy gSa ogh esa O;ogkj
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@vf/d ctk; ,d dk vf/d
41- dod ,sls ikS/s gSa ftudks deh gksrh gS 48- vafre inkFkZ ftlesa dkckZsgkbMªsV dk {kj.k gksrk gS
(a) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (b) DyksjksfiQy (a) fXyljkWy (b) 'kdZjk
(c) lw;Z dk çdk'k (d) vkWDlhtu (c) ekYVkst (d) ,feuks vEy
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
vf/d vf/d
42- iVk•s iQksM+us ds dkj.k fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu pedhyk 49- phM+] lukscj] Lçwl] nsonkj] ypZ vkSj l: çfl¼ bekjrh
yky jax cuk,xk\ ydM+h nsus okys ikS/s gSa ftuesa ls dbZ Hkkjr ds igkM+h
{ks=kksa esa O;kid :i ls ik, tkrs gSaA ;s lacaf/r gSa
(a) lksfM;e (b) lYiQj
(a) vuko`rchth (b) ,dchti=kh
(c) eSxuhf'k;e (d) LVªksaf'k;e
(c) f}chti=kh (d) ,aft;ksLieZ
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
vf/d vf/d
43- yo.k&çseh ikS/s D;k dgykrs gSa\ 50- vf/dka'k ,Utkbe gksrs gSa
(a) eslksiQkbV~l (b) XykbdksiQkbV~l (a) fyfiM (b) vEy
(c) gsyksiQkbV~l (d) e:fn~Hkn (c) {kkj (d) çksVhu
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
vf/d vf/d

fofo/ 137
51- Vhdkdj.k dk ç;kl djus okys igys oSKkfud ;k MkWDVj 56- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk lfn'k jkf'k ugha gS\
dkSu Fks\ (a) osx (b) vk?[Link] cy
(a) jkWcVZ dksp (b) ,yh esVpudkWiQ (c) foLFkkiu (d) pky
(c) ,MoMZ tsuj (d) tkslsiQ fyLVj (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls vf/d
vf/d 57- og dkSu lk fu;e gS ftlds rgr rkieku vkSj ncko
52- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa esa ls lgh lqesfyr ;qXe Kkr dhft, dh leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lHkh xSlksa ds leku vk;ru esa
leku la[;k esa [Link] gksrs gSa\
(a) risfnd&,Vh,l
(a) xzkge dk fu;e (b) ikLdy dk fu;e
(b) VsVul&chlhth
(c) voksxkæks dk fu;e (d) dkWfjvksfyl çHkko
(c) eysfj;k DyksjksDohu
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
(d) LdohZ&fFk;kfeu vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls 58- lkis{krk dk fl¼kar fdl oSKkfud us çLrqr fd;k Fkk\
vf/d (a) vkbtSd U;wVu (b) LVhiQu gkWfdax
53- okf'kax e'khu dk dk;Z fl¼kar (c) eSjh D;wjh (d) vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
(a) folj.k (b) vidsaæ.k (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
(c) Mk;fyfll (d) mRØe&ijklj.k vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls 59- ;fn i`Foh dh ?[Link] xfr c<+ tkrh gS] rks Hkweè; js•k ij
vf/d fiaM dk Hkkj
54- xfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djus okyk igyk O;fÙkQ dkSu Fkk\ (a) ?kVsxk (b) ogh jgsxk
(c) nksxquk gks tk,xk (d) c<+sxk
(a) U;wVu (b) dsiyj
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha @mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
(c) VkWyseh (d) xSyhfy;ks
vf/d
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
vf/d 60- ,d pkyd ds lkFk rkieku esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k] blds
lkFk laHkkfor fHkUurk gksrh gSA bl ?kVuk ds :i esa tkuk
55- çdk'k dh xfr fdlls xqtjrs le; U;wure gksxh tkrk gS
(a) fuokZr (b) ok;q (a) twy çHkko (b) lhcsd çHkko
(c) dk¡p (d) ikuh (c) isfYV;j çHkko (d) FkkWelu çHkko
(e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls (e) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha@mijksÙkQ esa ls ,d ls
vf/d vf/d
v v v

138 lkekU; foKku BPSC

WALLAH