For questions 1 ~ 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). In the exam, you mark your answers on a separate answer sheet. 0 A affecting ——«B-oceurring impinging D relating Expedition health ‘Sprains and muscle strains are common injuries (0) people who go trekking in wilderness areas. Ankles, knees, the larger leg muscles and the back are most at (1). ‘especially it you're canying @ heavy backpack. (One way of avoiding these problems Is to walk with trekking poles which help (2) balance as well as, redistributing the shock load produced by constant walking. Back strain can be triggered by the @) .. overused. To keep such strains at bay, take a few minutes at the end of each day to (4) ain these muscles, Lie on your back and hold your knees up against your chest. Then, keeping your knees together, roll your legs of trekking and climbing, particularly when hamstrings are from side to side. ©). and strains (7) . effect of reducing swelling and bruising. treatment is concerned, you should (6) the temptation to reach straight for the drugs. Sprains the . from rest, ice compression and elevation, This combination of measures (8) 4 A chance B danger © tisk D hazard 2 A supply B maintain © conserve D defend 3A rigours B hardships © sufferings D ordeals. 4 A spread B extend © stretch D expand 5A Asfaras B As soon as G Aswell as D Aslong as 6 A resist B defy C restrain D oppose 7 A improve B recover © respond D benefit 8 A ges B makes © has D gets TEST 7 READING AND USE OF ENGLISHee For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0) Inthe exam, you write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on a separate answer sheet. Example: 0| | O| N The written word and the camera Film isn’t just about moving images and spoken language ~ the written word can also the big screen. In the first silent comedies and dramas, .. they what the characters were saying, and connected have a strong impact (0) words emblazoned on a black screen helped audiences to understand (9) ‘were seeing. Words spelled (10) the different scenes. For example, in between a scene showing our hero rushing to save his beloved and (11) ....... of her being tied to the train tracks, the word ‘Meanwhile’ (12)... . invariably appear on the screen. (88) ns the Introduction of sound made most of this wording redundant, the written word did not disappear from film, (14) . title and opening credits helped to set the scene and establish the mood of the film. Film v» with the music, the design of the written posters picked (16) ....n. On this design feature, and became just as important as the artwork in attracting the right kind of audience to the film. A simple sheet of paper was tumed (16) an emotional experience equal to the flm itself, with the lettering also playing a key role. READING AND USE OF ENGLISH TEST 7 139For questions 17 ~ 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end (of some of the lings to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an ‘example at the beginning (0). In the exam, you write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on a separate answer @ sheet a a exanete [2] [7 TL Z aan LG oe eae O 2) = iden depths oI io Archaeologists have used aerial photography for many decades to (Q) .. patterns of ancient human activity on the ground. Certain IDENTITY features of an area, such as ancient field boundaries or the outline of (17) ‘and fortifications, which can no longer be seen on the SETTLE ground, become (18) when viewed from above. The use of such APPEAR photography has (19)............ archaeologists to produce maps of how the ABLE land has been used over the centuries. But these maps have always had gaps where the land is wooded because traditional cameras can't see through trees. (20) Lidar, and it's a laser-based aerial (21) .. .. ,@ solution to this problem has now been found. t's called HAPPY system that can ‘see DETECT through’ trees, thus revealing archaeological features concealed below. Lidar bounces low-eneray laser pulses off the ground and measures how long it takes light to travel back to the instrument. Most of the pulses are from the trees, but some have reached the ground. ‘A computer selects and (22) these and produces an image of ANALYSIS the bare earth. Pioneering work with the technology led to the discovery of hundreds of previously (2) ........ ancient features which tend tobe KNOW (24) nse 0 the naked eye. VISIBLE 140 TEST 7 READING AND USE OF ENGLISHaac For questions 25 ~ 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sirnilar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0) Example: 0 Trevor persuaded his sister to enter the competition. TALKED Trevor centering the competition. The gap can be filad with the words ‘talked his sister into’, so you write: Example: 0) | TALKEDHIS SISTER INTO. In the exam, you write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on a separate answer sheet. 25 One of the footballers was too il to play that afternoon. PREVENTED One of the footballers .. . by illness that afternoon. 26 I'd prefer you not to eat in the car, if you don’t mind. WHILE Pd rathér you .. inthe car. 27 find it amazing that the young singer performs so confidently. HOw What amazes: .. the young singer performs. 28 The price of laptop computers has gone down a lot in recent years. FALL ‘There has price of laptop computers in recent years, 29 The band's pianist finds it fairly easy to learn new songs. COMES, Learning new songs the bane’s pianist. 20 Applicants for the post need to demonstrate that they are both flexible and patient. COMBINATION Applicants for the post need to demonstrate .. patience, READING AND USE OF ENGUSH TEST 7 Is)Ub ba 2 Ss ee Es S Z ia < a ee OF ENGLISH You are going to read an article about a famous designer. For questions 31 ~ 36, choose the answer (A, B, G or D) which you think fits best according to the text. In the exam, you mark your answers on a separate answer sheet, The Egg Chair The Egg Chair, one of the most enduring symbols of the modernist movement in design, was created in a Danish garage over 60 years ago. Today, the quirky futuristic armchair is more extraordinarily populer than ever before, For decades, the unmistakable swivel-seats have brightened up fashionable interiors all over the world, starred in Hollywood blockbusters such as Men in Black, and jazzed-up countless trendy hotels, offices, bars and clubs. Genuine Egg Chairs, still made by the Danish company Fritz Hansen and priced at a hefty £5,000, sell by the ‘thousand all over the world. Cheaper reproductions, at anything from £500 to £2,000, have been snapped up by the milion. Right now, they've never been more popular and original examples from the 1950s have sold at auction in New York for up to $70,000. For all this, we must thank one man: Ame Jacobsen, a reclusive architect who rarely left his Copenhagen studio, He designed the Egg Chair as part of a commission fo create a new landmark hotel in the centre of the city in the 1950s. The SAS Royal Hotel, which was owned by the airline of the same name, was to be the largest hotel in Denmark, and the first sky-scraper in the country’s history. Compared unkindly by critics to a ‘glass cigarbox, the, rectangular steel structure remains a sort of monument to the modemist movement, and Jacobsen, who is arguably the most important Scandinavian designer of the 20th century, pioneered the modernist movement in which architects began to design both the interiors, and the actual day-to-day contents of their buildings. “At the SAS hotel, this meant he created everything from the door handlles and cutlery to the carpets and colour scheme,” says Gemma Curtin, a curator at the Design Musoum. “His philosophy was described as ‘trom spoon to city’, and the chair was part of thet. The Egg Chair has soft sides. It's realy organic, and stems from nature: it looks like a broken shell that a litle chick has just run out of. t's sophisticated and minimalist, but stil has a sense of fun. You can’t imagine a child walking past without wanting to jump in. I's just incredibly warm and relaxing” Jacobsen built the prototype of the chair in his garage in Copenhagen in 1957. After several minar adjustments, It was unveiled to the public at a local design show. When the hotel opened, Eag Chairs fled the lobby and bar area, and were found in every bedroom, Fritz Hansen, then an up-market, family-owned furniture manufacturer, was handed a contract to build replicas for fashion-conscious homeowners. In keeping with the tradition that true Classics develop gradually, the Egg Chair took a while to catch on, and initial sales were disappointing. But by the mid 1960s, buyers had grown to love its revolutionary design, The design expert Stephen Bayley includes the Egg Chair in Design: Inteligence Made Visible, his new guide to ‘modern design classics co-authored by Sir Terence Conran. He believes that “chair design ended” in the late 1950s. “This was when Charles Eames produced his Aluminium Group classics, and Ame Jacabsen his Egg,” he says. “Since then, there have been no changes in human physiology, nor the discovery of any relavant new materials, ‘and no genuine improvements in what a modem chait might be. Jacobsen’s achievement was to turn the austerity ‘of functionalism into something elegant and spare, yet luxurious as well. He thought of architecture and furniture design as two expressions of the same desire to achieve both physical and psychological comfort.” Antique Egg Chairs can now command a staggering sum. “I've watched this grow and grow since the birth of the modem design auction,” says James Zeratis, the director of 20th century design at Sotheby's in New York "There's a surging demand for all post-war Danish furniture.” The sky-high prices have led to a burgeoning market in Egg Chair thefts, which Fritz Hansen are attempting to combat by holding a database of serial numbers which all genuine Eggs have carved into the foot. “And you can always tell a fake,” says the company's spokesman, Jan Helloskov. “I look at things lke the stitching and the dimensions, and the basic shape and the fabric. We've never ‘come across an imitation purporting to be an Egg Chair that we couldn't spot at a glance.” TEST 7 READING AND USE OF ENGUSH31 Which aajective, used later in the fist paragraph, reinforces the idea that the Egg Chair was ‘quirky’ (ine 2}? A unmistakable B trendy c hefty: D sought-after What do we learn about the SAS Royal Hotel in the second paragraph? ‘A Only parts of it were designed by Arne Jacobsen, B Not everybody appreciated its design at the time, © It was made of materials not previously used In Denmark. D Part of ithas since been tumed into a museum of architecture. According to Gemma Curtin, the Egg Chair A was inspired by aspects of the natural wor'd. B has not always been taken seriously by designers. © is more practical than many people imagine it will be. D__ reflects a philosophy no longer important in modem design. Inthe fourth paragraph, we learn that when the Egg Chair frst went on show, ‘A __ithad design faults that were later rectified. B__ it was already being mass-produced by a company. C__ itdid not immediately become a commercial success. D___itwas recognised as a design that would become highly influential. According to Stephen Bayley, the Egg Chair A has adapted well to the use of new materials. B__ remains the best design for its intended purpose, © has tended +o prevent new chair designs being anpreciated. continues to achieve only one of its creator's two main aims. ‘The writer quotes Jan Helleskov in order to show how worried the original makers are about fakes. the original makers help chair owners to avoid theft. ‘well made an original chair from the 1960s actually is. ‘easy itis for the company to identity a fake reproduction. vom> READING AND USE OF ENGLISH TEST 7 143a ND USE FADING / Ole Seles | R rt 6 You are going to read four reviews of a collection of short stories. For questions 37 - 40, choose from the critics A= D. The critics may be chosen more than once, In the exam, you mark your answers on a separate answer sheet. Critic A Nancy Belmont’s latest collection of short stories marks an interesting departure from her previous work. Already a successful fiction stylist, Belmont has a parallel career as an acclaimed food writer. These ten short stories are a hybrid of the two activities. Each is set in a different city and is framed around solving a family difficulty over a hearty meal. it sounds enticing, but combining the ingredients proves rather tricky. The various cities, are confidently evoked in brief word portraits and the farily theme is handled with the sensitivity and insight we've come to expect from Belmont. Sadly, however, the main players in each of the dinner-table dramas which Unfold are curiously lacking in empathy, making it hard for the reader to turn to each successive episode with enthusiasm. Reproducing the actual recipes is a brave move - but in realty, who would turn to a book of short stories for tips on lasagne making? Critic B The conceit that family differences can and often are resolved over a shared meal is at the heart of Nancy Belmont’s new book of short stories. Her protagonists and their human weaknesses are deftly drawn and subtly appealing, and the thread that runs through these stories of effectively sorting out problems over a lengthy dinner at home never pails. You'd think it would be hard to sustain the momentum, but Belmont manages to pull it off, Each meal takes place in a different capital and Beimont’s sparkling prose brings each location vividly to lie in a few brief sentences — often invoking iconic architectural features to make them instantly recognisable. Choosing to feature step-by-step instructions for making the dishes consumed is @ novel and highly entertaining twist ~ | can personally vouch for the apple pie on page 122. Critic C A collection of stories each based in a different city, focusing on the preparation and consumption of food, sounds like something that would keep even the most world-weary traveller entertained and attentive. The actual treatment of cosmopolitan living in Nancy Belmont’s new volume is patch, however. Although she manages to conjure up Beling so that the reader can almost smell the cloying summer heat, her characters tucking in to a family meal in Paris, could frankly be anywhere. That's not to say that the Parisian family aren't just as likable and engaging as those in the other stories — who are almost without fall amusing and sensitively drawn. Listing ingredients and providing detailed instructions for preparing the dishes themselves is an unexpected and neat device, which works wellin reinforcing Belmont's underlying message — that making and sharing food is the key to family relationships the world over. Critic D Its a rare book of short stories that has me checking the contents of kitchen cupboards, but readers of Nancy Belmont’s latest collection benef from tips on how to cook the many fine meals her protagonists argue and make peace over. Just as the recipes vary, so do the locations as she takes us on a whistle-stop tour of major cities. The urban settings are international, and so to0 is the food, to the point where this reader sometimes, found it hard to recall in which metropolis the current story was set. Food is prepared, the family gathers, food is consumed. It’s a simple formula, and one rich with potential, but it's a challenge to sustain interest over ten stories, even for a writer as skilled as Belmont, who seems more comfortable supplying deft and amusing descriptions of her diners than in pointing us to universal truths about the curative powers of sharing food, TEST 7 READING AND USE OF ENGLISHWhich critic shares A's view about the descriptions of the places featured in the stories? has a different opinion to the other three about the inclusion of ‘a cookery section in the book? shares B’s opinion of how successfully the main theme is handled? has a different opinion to C regarding the appeal of the main characters in the stories? a7 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH TEST 7oS mls 4 Bs), le rm B a 9 < 0 a 2 a (ee OF EN oe ee TEST 7 READING AND USE OF ENGL You Jing to read an extract from a wildlife magazine, Six paragraphs have been removed frm the arte. Choose from the paragraphs A ~ G the one which fits each gap (41-4), Thereis one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. In the exam, you mark your answers on a separate answer sheet. Don’t fear the beaver Cored ith reputation for destruction, the beaver is now coming to be seen as eco-rendly It took years of research and planning, but finally everyting was ready. After an absence of atleast 200 years, beavars looked set to retun to mainland Britain, one of the final frontiers nthe reintroduction across Europe. The plan was to release them into a secluded valey a forest inthe west of Scotland and see how thay got on, Popular support was strong butlast-inute lobbying from powerful local landowne's resuted in the Scottish Execute refusing permission. Once again, it seemed, these shy herivores fad fallen foul cf thar eputation fr eco-destruction, | The beavers love of hyrological engineering has in fect brought it into conflict with people aress Europe end North America for centuries, so its a small ony that experts are nw realsng that this is exactly why we need beavers in the countryside. “They are the qurissenel ecoeystem engineers,” ays ecologist James Byers at the University ‘of New Hames. "And they'll do this, work for ea” paseo! Pursued for centuries by hunters keen to ‘ransfoom toi furinto luxury waterproof hats, beavers wore probably saved from extinction ‘ony by a change of fashion in the 1840s. By tho beginning of the 20th century, tiny ppopuatons of the European beaver, Castor fiber, surved in just afew rvers in Russia, Norway, France and Gemany. Meanwhile, across the antic, the closely related North ‘American species Castor canadensis clung on ‘only Canadas remote boreal forests, | “The reintroduction of the beaver in Europe has been an outstanding success,” says Andrew Kitchener, principal curator of _mammals and birds at National Museums Scotland in Edinburgh. “immensely adaptable, they feed on a wide range of herbaceous plants and can set up home in almost any freshwater environment.” | eee In North America this is even more the case than in Europe. But ‘proactive management” is encouraging people to learn to live with them there too. One useful toot is the ‘beaver deceiver’, a perforated plastic pipe that beavers find impossible to plug up. Inserted into an inconvenient dam, beaver deceivers create permanent leaks which keep water levels at a chosen maximum. ‘Accepting beavers as neighbours is one thing, but many experts now believe we should be actively promoting their spread into their former ranges. For a start, they say, beavers bring ecological benefits by creating ponds upstream of their dams ~ instant wetlands recreating those destrayed through centuries of drainage campaigns. « Itcould be a similar storyin those places where beavers remain unwelcome, “Beavers would create habitats suitable for up to 32 species in need of urgent conservation action,” says Rob Strachan of the UK's Environment Agency. Critics ask why money should be put into bringing back one species? But when lots of ‘ther animals and plants benefit too —it makes for extremely cost-effective conservation‘A. When they choose large rivers for this, they burrow into the banks and build underwater entrances to their lodges’, which are invisible to humans. In small waterways, however, they construct dams of mud and timber to raise water levels and create ponds in which they can then recreate the same kind of safe shelter. Itis these structures that are perceived as a nuisance. B Today, both species are steadily re-colonising their original ranges, through a combination of planned releases and natural spread. Now re- established in 26 European countries, beavers are missing from only a handful including mainland Britain (there is no evidence that beavers have ever lived in ireland). © These beaver ‘ghost towns’ are another familiar feature in the ‘wetlands because beavers move along when their preferred food plants are depleted, allowing vegetation to regenerate. In the process they become agents for renewal, helping to create dynamic, biodiverse landscapes. D In the Adirondack mountains of New York, for instance, the habitats created by beavers along river banks are rich in plants found nowhere else. In Canada, ecologists have discovered that monitoring the still waters behind beaver dams is the best way to study amphibian populations the frogs and toads can barely survive anywhere else. E Beaver-built waterworks not only create habitats for wildlife, he explains, they also boost water quality and reduce the twin threats Of drought and flooding, In fact, the beaver could even be an invaluable ally in battling the effects of climate change. F Beavers are no strangers to such opposition. In this case, people feared they would damage valuable salmon stooks in local rivers. Beavers don’t eat fish - though plenty of ppeople think they do but the local «groups mistakenly imagined thelr dams would cause problems. It's an ld, misbegotten story. G Another device, essentially a sturdy wire-mesh cage, prevents beavers blocking culverts and flooding roads. Tress can be protected by wrapping them in wire mesh, or by coating tree ‘trunks with a sand-rich paint. In the future, chemical repellents containing ‘extracts from unpalatable plants may do the job. READING AND USE OF ENGLISH TEST 7You are going to read an article about four businesswomen. For questions 47 - 56, choose from the sections (A = D). The sections may be chosen more than once. In the exam, you mark your answers on a separate answer sheet. of the businesswomen ADING AND USE wo sa realises how fortunate she was to find an effective way of promoting 47 ie her products? fi a did some informal market research before starting her business? 48 xO was at first disappointed by the response to her publicity? a8) had no choice but to find a new career path? 30 folt that her previous career lacked promotion prospects? ‘5 e ‘admits to having no experience whatsoever in the field she entered? 62 - produced her own publicity material? ED : says she didn’t feel committed to a previous career? 54 got business as a result of word-of-mouth recommendations? 88 ‘waited until she felt confident enough to leave a previous position? 56 ‘TEST 7 READING AND USE OF ENGLISHNew directions Four businesswomen who risked everything to make their fortune A. Annie Westmorland: recruitment consultancy 'd worked for years in marketing, and had an MBA degree, yet never seamed to be in the running for a more sanior position, which was frustrating, One day, a work contact asked if | knew anyone suitable for @ post he was trying to fil. | put some names forward, and one of those people was reorited, That got me thinking about becoming a recruitment consultant. | did a bit of discreet networking, asking some business contacts if they'd use me if | set myself up as one. The response ‘was good, but I stil took ma a year to summon up the courage to quit my job and go fort. My first job Was to find six salespeople for a communications company. | placed an advert in a local business, paper and waited, Gradually the CV's came in, | did dozens of interviews and filed all the places. After ‘that, the work tolled in and I'm now well ahead of my projected turnover for the yeat. B Zoe Wong: clothing company | was lying on a beach trying to think of something to wear one evening that I didn’t have to ion. That ‘sparked an idea: how fantastic fall my dresses could be wrinkle-ftee and ready-to-wear. | got very ‘excited and couldn't wat to get home and start researching. | was a complete novice in the fashion ‘world, | was warking 2s a spor's-marketing and publicity consuitant but my heart wasn't init, Starting my own business seamed to be the answer to lot of problems, Using my savings, | got on a plane to ‘Thailand and spent a couple of wasks researching fabrics that looked siky and expensive, yet were almost crease-free. It was scary, but | had faith thal the dresses would sell. My lucky break came hen a friend managed to get me a cheap advert in an upmarket glossy magazine. She helped me arrange @ photo shoot with glamorous models wearing the dresses. t cost a fot, but after that the orders flooded in, You have to be a risk-taker to make a business work, but if you're successful, the rowards are huge. © Melanie Hardisty: event-planning business The idea came when I was asked to arrange a social event for members of the gym I went to. It ‘accured to me that this was a service that you could sell to companies, and something { could do without huge amounts of experience. I had no idea if it would work. My first event was a golt day with a gourmet meal in the evening, | went for a date six weeks ahead and booked everything up, but set aside part of my Ife savings to cover my costs if it was a disaster. | made up some flyers on my ‘computer, then spent a weekend in town handing them out and texting everyone | knew. initially there wasn't much interest and | thought I'd made a terrible mistake. But then the phone started ringing ‘and the event was soon fully-booked. The day was a great success and | made a profit. D Fiorella Lucchesi: web-design business | started up through necessity ~ | was made redundant from my accountancy job, and couldn't get ‘another. | thought I'd brush up on my computer skills and did a course. But | wasted my money because it wasn't up to much. Not to be discouraged, | bought lots of books and taught myself I'd always been Interested in website design and thought it wes an area where | could make some money. A friend saw some designs 6 done and mentioned my name to someone who wanted a website for his hypnotherapy business. I'd no idea what to charge, 80 | said the first number that ‘came into my head, which was £700, and he agreed. It only took me @ couple of days and he was delighted with the resus. Word spread among the alternative therapy community and | got more \work than I could cope with. lonly needed to design two websites a week to make the salary 'd bean ceaming before, In my frst month | designed four websites and in the second month | did six. READING AND USE OF ENGLISH TEST 7 149