Optimisation des coûts de production
Optimisation des coûts de production
kr ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
[Link] 9
vkius bl izdkj ds foKkiu vo'; ns[ksa gksx]sa ß` 500 esa dyj Vhoh /kj ys tka,] 'ks"k vklku
fdLrksa ijß ;k ß` 50,000 nsdj viuh ilan dh dkj [kjhns]a ckdh vklku fdLrksa esßa A ,slh
;kstuk,a xzkgd dks] fo'ks"kr% vke vkneh dks] vkdf"kZr djrh gSA D;ksfa d og vkfFkZd raxh ds
dkj.k] dkj] LdwVj] fQzt] dyj Vhoh] bR;kfn tSlh eagxh oLrq,a ugha [kjhn ikrkA ,slh
;kstukvksa es]a oLrq ds [kjhn ds le;] ,d fuf'pr jkf'k nsuh gksrh gS rFkk 'ks"k ewY; dks fdLrksa
esa pqdkuk gksrk gSA ;g fdLrsa ekfld] izfr frekgh] izfr Nekgh ;k okf"kZd vFkok cspus rFkk
[kjhnus okys nksukas dh lgefr ls] vuqc/a k ds vuqlkj nh tkrh gSA
fdLr ;kstuk] ,d O;fDr dks lqfo/kkiwoZd vnk;xh }kjk eagxh oLrq,a [kjhnus ds ;ksX; cuk
nsrh gSA bl ;kstuk ds varxZr] xzkgd vkaf'kd vnk;xh ds ckn] vuqc/a k ij gLrk{kj dj oLrq
dks iz;ksx ds fy, ys tkrk gS] rFkk 'ks"k jkf'k fdLrksa esa vnk djrk gSA ,slh ;kstuk] xzkgd
dks gj] fuf'pr le; esa fu;e iwoZd cpr djus dh Hkh [Link] nsrh gSA rkafd og le; ij
fdLr dh jkf'k vnk dj ldsA
bl ikB esa ge fofHkUu izdkj dh fdLr ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa i<sx
a+ s rFkk ,slh ;kstukvksa esa fn,
x, C;kt dh nj Kkr dj ;g ns[ksx a s fd okLro esa ;g ;kstuk,a fdruh vklku gSA
mís';
bl ikB ds v/;;u ds ckn vki leFkZ gks tka,xs fd
• fdLr ;kstuk ds ykHk rFkk gkfu Li"V dj ldsAa
• tc oLrqvksa dks fdLr ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ,d nh xbZ C;kt ¼lk/kkj.k½ dh nj ij [kjhnk
tk,] rks fdLr dh jkf'k Kkr dj ldsAa
• tc izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k rFkk] fdLrksa dh la[;k nh xbZ gks rks C;kt dh nj Kkr dj
ldsaA
250 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
• tc fdLr ;kstuk esa C;kt okf"kZd] Nekgh ;k frekgh fy;k tk,] rks fdLr dh jkf'k Kkr
dj ldsAa
• fdLr ;kstuk ls lacf/kr leL;k,¡ gy dj ldsAa
[Link]
visf{kr iwoZKku
• lk/kkj.k rFkk pØo`f) C;ktA
• C;kt dh [Link] djuk tc ;g okf"kZd] izfr Nekgh] izfr frekgh vFkok ekfld la;ksftr
gksrk gSA
[Link] 251
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
'ks"k ns; jkf'k = ` 14000
∴ N% ekg ckn ns; ` 16800 dk rRdky ewY; = ` 14000
mnkgj.k 9-2- ,d est dks ` 450 udn vFkok ` 210 rqjUr Hkqxrku rFkk mlds i'pkr
` 125 dh izR;sd fdLr dh nks fdLrksa esa cspk tkrk gSA fdLr ;kstuk esa fy, x, C;kt dh
nj Kkr dhft,A
gy: est dk udn ewY; = ` 450
rqjUr Hkqxrku = ` 210
'ks"k ns; jkf'k = ` (450 – 210) = ` 240
ekuk fdLr ;kstuk esa yh xbZ C;kt dh nj r% okf"kZd gS] rks
⎛ r 2⎞
` 240, nks ekg ds ckn gks tka,xs = ` ⎜ 240 + 240 × × ⎟
⎝ 100 12 ⎠
⎛ 2r ⎞
= ` ⎜ 240 + ⎟ ...(i)
⎝ 5⎠
r 1 ⎛ 5r ⎞
= ` 125 + 125 × × = ` ⎜125 + ⎟ ...(ii)
100 12 ⎝ 48 ⎠
2r 5r ⎛2 5 ⎞
∴ 240 + = 125 + + 125 vFkkZr ⎜ − ⎟ r = 10
5 48 ⎝ 5 48 ⎠
2400
⇒r= = 33.8 (yxHkx)
71
252 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
fodYir%
est dk udn ewY; = ` 450
rqjUr Hkqxrku = ` 210
nks fdLrksa esa Hkqxrku = ` (125 × 2) = ` 250 [Link]
[Link] 253
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
NBs ekg dk ewy/ku = ` (3400 – 2150) = ` 1250
∴ ,d ekl dk dqy Ekwy/ku = ` (12000 + 9850 + 7700 +5550 + 3400 +
1250)
= ` 39750
[Link]
r 1 900 × 12 × 100 1440
∴ 39750 × × = 900 ⇒ r = =
100 12 39750 53
= 27.17%
blfy,] C;kt dh nj = 27.17% vfUre
uksV% mnkgj.k 2 ls 4 rd izR;sd esa ns[ksa fd vafre ekg dk ewy/ku] fdLr dh jkf'k ls de
gksrk gSA ;fn bl vafre ewy/ku es]a fn;k x;k C;kt tksM+ ns]a rks fdLr dh jkf'k izkIr gksrh
gSA
254 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
9-3 fdLr dh jkf'k Kkr djuk
vkb, vc ge mijksDr leL;k dks nqdkunkj dh n`f"V ls ns[a ksAa ,d nqdkunkj ,d oLrq fdlh
ewY; ij [kjhnrk gSA og tkurk gS fd fdLr ;kstuk ls vf/kd oLrq,a csph tk ldrh gS]a
blfy, xzkgd dks fdLr ;kstuk nsuk pkgrk gSA og ,d fuf'pr C;kt dh nj izkIr djus [Link]
ds fy,] rqjUr Hkqxrku izR;sd leku fdLr dh jkf'k rFkk fdLrksa dh la[;k fu/kkZfjr djuk
pkgrk gSA
vkb, bl izfØ;k dks dqN mnkgj.k ysdj Li"V djs%a
mnkgj.k 9-5% ,d Nr okys ia[ks ij ` 1940 udn ewY; vafdr gS] rFkk ;g ` 420 rqjUr
Hkqxrku rFkk rhu leku izfrekg fdLrksa esa miyC/k gSAa ;fn fdLr ;kstuk esa 16% okf"kZd dh
nj ls C;kt fy;k tk,] rks izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k Kkr dhft,A
gy: ia[ks dk udn ewY; = ` 1940
rqjUr Hkqxrku = ` 420
ekuk izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k = ` x
∴ fdLr ;ktuk esa fd;k x;k dqy Hkqxrku = ` [420 + 3x]
igys eghus esa xzkgd }kjk foØsrk dks ns; /ku = ` 1520
nwljs eghus esa xzkgd }kjk foØsrk dks ns; /ku = ` (1520 – x)
rhljs eghus esa xzkgd }kjk foØsrk dks ns; /ku = ` (1520 – 2x)
∴ ,d eghus ds fy, dqy ewy/ku = ` [4560 – 3x]
C;kt dh nj = 16%
16 1
∴ (3x − 1520) = (4560 − 3x ) .
100 12
30 1
∴ (5x − 14000) = (70000 − 10x )× ×
100 12
40 (5x – 14000) = 10(7000 – x)
20x – 56000 = 7000 – x
;k 21x = 63000
;k x = 3000
256 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
rhljs ekg = ` 4000
pkSFks ekg = ` 2600
ikapos ekg = ` 1200
NBs ekg = dksbZ ugha [Link]
mnkgj.k 9.9: ,d dSejk ` 2500 ds rqjra Hkqxrku rFkk rhu ekg i'pkr ` 2100 dh fdLr
ij cspk tk jgk gSA ;fn fy, x, C;kt dh nj 20% okf"kZd gS] rks dSejs dk udn ewY; Kkr
dhft,A
gy: rqjUr Hkqxrku = ` 2500
rhu ekg ckn nh xbZ fdLr dh jkf'k = ` 2100
C;kt dh nj = 20% okf"kZd
` 2100 dk rRdky ewY;
2100 ×100 2100× 1200
=` 3 =`
100 + 20 × 1260
12
= ` 2000
udn ewY; = ` (2500 + 2000) = ` 4500
fodYir%
ekuk udn ewY; = ` x.
rqjUr Hkqxrku = ` 2500
nh xbZ fdLr dh jkf'k = ` 2100
∴ fn;k x;k C;kt = ` (4600 – x)
258 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
fdLr dk ewy/ku = ` (x – 2500)
3 20 x − 2500
∴ (4600 − x ) = (x − 2500 )× × =
12 100 20
20(4600 – x) = x – 2500 [Link]
;k 21x = 92000 + 2500
;k 21x = 94500
;k x = 4500
1 16 (x − 750 )
blfy,, (1530 − x ) = (3 x − 2250 )× × =
12 100 25
25(1530 – x) = x – 750
;k 26x = 38250 + 750 = 39000
39000
;k x= = 1500
26
vr% feDlh dk udn ewY; = ` 1500
[Link] 259
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
260 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
ekuk izR;sd okf"kZd fdLr dh jkf'k ` x gS] rks gj fdLr dk rRdky ewY; Kkr djuk
gSA
ekuk igyh rFkk nwljh fdLrksa ds rRdky ewY; Øe'k% P1, P2 gSAa
1 2
⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
∴ x = P1 ⎜1 + ⎟ vkSj x = P2 ⎜1 +
[Link]
⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
2
10 ⎛ 10 ⎞
blfy,, P1 = x vkSj P2 = ⎜ ⎟ x
11 ⎝ 11 ⎠
10 100
vr%, x+ x = 8400
11 121
8400 × 121
;k x= = 4840
210
bl izdkj] izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k = ` 4840.
mnkgj.k 9.12: ,d okf'kax e'khu] ftldk udn ewY; ` 15000 gS] fdLr ;kstuk ds vUrxZr
[kjhnh xbZ] ftlesa ` 2250 ds rqjra Hkqxrku ds i'pkr nks v/kZokf"kZd leku fdLrksa esa Hkqxrku
fd;k x;kA ;fn C;kt 8% okf"kZd dh nj ls izfr Nekgh la;ksftr fd;k x;k gks] rks izR;sd
fdLr dh jkf'k Kkr dhft,A
gy: okf'kax e'khu dk udn ewY; = ` 15000
rqjUr Hkqxrku = ` 2250
'ks"k ns; jkf'k = ` [15000 – 2250] = ` 12750
C;kt nj = 8% okf"kZd = 4% izfr Nekgh
ekuk izR;sd (izfr Nekgh) fdLr dh jkf'k ` x gS] rFkk
P1, P2 Øe'k% igyh vkSj nwljh jkf'k ds rRdky ewY; gS(a
1 2
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
∴ x = P1 ⎜1 + ⎟ vkSj x = P2 ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
2
25 ⎛ 25 ⎞
⇒ P1 = x vkSj P2 = ⎜ ⎟ x
26 ⎝ 26 ⎠
2
25 ⎛ 25 ⎞ 25 ⎛ 25 ⎞ 25 51
vr%, 12750 = x + ⎜ ⎟ x = x⎜1 + ⎟ = . x
26 ⎝ 26 ⎠ 26 ⎝ 26 ⎠ 26 26
[Link] 261
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
26 26
⇒ x = 12750 × × = 6760
25 51
bl izdkj] izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k = ` 6760.
[Link] mnkgj.k 9.13: ,d twlj ` 3500 udn ij miyC/k gS ijUrq fdLr ;kstuk ds vUrxZr] ,d
xzkgd ` 1500 ds rqjra Hkqxrku rFkk izfr frekgh dh 3 leku fdLrksa ij [kjhnrk gSA ;fn
Mhyj 12% okf"kd C;kt] tks izfr frekgh la;ksftr gksrk gS] ysrk gS] rks izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k
fudVre :i, rd Kkr dhft,A
gy: twlj dk udn ewY; = ` 3500
rqjra Hkqxrku = ` 1500
'ks"k ns; jkf'k = ` (3500 – 1500) = ` 2000
12
O;kt dh nj = 12% okf"kZd = = 3% izfr frekgh
4
eku izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k ` x gS rFkk P1, P2, P3 Øe'k% rhu fdLrksa ds rRdky ewY;
gS]a rks
2 3
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
x = P1 ⎜1 + ⎟ , x = P2 ⎜1 + ⎟ rFkk x = P3 ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
2 3
100 ⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
P1 = x, P2 = ⎜ ⎟ x rFkk P3 = ⎜ ⎟ x
103 ⎝ 103 ⎠ ⎝ 103 ⎠
103 (103)
2
x = 2000 × × = ` 707
100 30909
mnkgj.k 9.14: ,d Vsyhfotu lsV] ` 7110 ds rqjra Hkqxrku ds i'pkr ` 5581.50 izfr ekg
dh 2 leku fdLrksa ij cspk tkrk gSA ;fn Mhyj }kjk yh xbZ C;kt dh nj 20% okf"kZd gS
tks izfrekg la;ksftr gksrh gS] rks Vsyhfotu lsV dk udn ewY; Kkr dhft,A
gy: rqjra Hkqxrku = ` 7110
11163
izR;sd ekfld fdLr dh jkf'k = ` 5581.50 = `
2
262 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
20
C;kt dh nj = 20% okf"kZd = izfr ekg
12
ekuk P1, P2 Øe'k% igyh rFkk nwljh fdLrksa ds rRdky ewY; gSa
2
11163 ⎛ 20 ⎞ 11163 ⎛ 20 ⎞ [Link]
= P1 ⎜1 + ⎟ rFkk = P2 ⎜1 + ⎟
2 ⎝ 1200 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 1200 ⎠
11163 60 11163 60 60
P1 = × = ` 5490 rFkk P2 = × × = ` 5400
2 61 2 61 61
bl izdkj] udn ewY; = ` [7110 + 5490 + 5400] = ` 18000
mnkgj.k 9.15: ,d Mhyj ,d ekbØksoos vksou ` 5800 udn ij nsrk gSA ,d xzkgd bls
` 1800 udn rFkk 3 leku okf"kZd fdLrksa ij [kjhnrk gSA ;fn Mhyj 12% okf"kZd dh nj
ls] okf"kZd la;ksftr gksus okyk] C;kt ysrk gS] rks izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k Kkr dhft,A
gy: ekbØksoo vksou dk udn ewY; = ` 5800
rqjra Hkqxrku = ` 1800
'ks"k ns; jkf'k = ` 4000
C;kt dh nj = 12% okf"kZd ¼izfr o"kZ la;ksftr½
ekuk izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k ` x gSA rFkk P1, P2, P3 Øe'k% rhu fdLrksa ds rRdky
ewY; gSAa
2 3
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
rFkk x = P3 ⎛⎜1 +
12 ⎞
∴ x = P1 ⎜1 + ⎟, x = P2 ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
2 3
25 ⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
⇒ P1 = x, P2 = ⎜ ⎟ x rFkk P3 = ⎜ ⎟ x
28 ⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 28 ⎠
2 3
25 ⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
∴ x + ⎜ ⎟ x + ⎜ ⎟ x = 4000
28 ⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 28 ⎠
25 ⎛ 25 625 ⎞
;k x⎜1 + + ⎟ = 4000
28 ⎝ 28 784 ⎠
28 784
;k x = 4000 × × = ` 1665.40
25 2109
[Link] 263
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
mnkgj.k 9.16: ,d ¶ySV ` 1600000 udn ij miyC/k gS vFkok ` 585500 ds rqjra Hkqxrku
ds ckn izfr Nekgh dh 3 leku fdLrksa ij miyC/k gSa ;fn fy;s x, C;kt dh nj 16% okf"kZd
gS] tks fd izfr Nekgh la;ksftr gksrk gS] rks izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k Kkr dhft,A dqy fy;k
x;k C;kt Hkh Kkr dhft,A
[Link]
gy: ¶ySV dk udn ewY; = ` 1600000
rqjra Hkqxrku = ` 585500
'ks"k ns; jkf'k = ` 1014500
C;kt nj = 16% okf"kZd = 8% v)Z okf"kZd
ekuk izR;sd fdLr dh jkf'k ` x gS rks P1, P2, P3 Øe'k% muds rRdky ewY; gSAa
⎛ 8⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 27 ⎛ ⎞ 25
vr%, x = P1 ⎜1 + 100 ⎟ ;k x = P1 ⎜ 25 ⎟ ;k P1 = x⎜ 27 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 3
⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
;k, P2 = x⎜ ⎟ rFkk P3 = x⎜ ⎟
⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠
∴ P1 + P2 + P3 = 1014500
2 3
⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
x⎜ ⎟ + x⎜ ⎟ + x⎜ ⎟ = 1014500
⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠
⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎡ 25 ⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎤
2
x⎜ ⎟ ⎢1 + + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 1014500
⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎣⎢ 27 ⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎦⎥
25 2029
x. . = 1014500
27 729
1014500 × 27 × 729
x=
25 × 2029
264 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
vkb, nksgjk,¡
• fdLr ;kstuk es]a xzkgd] 'kq: eas vkaf'kd Hkqxrku djus ds i'pkr 'ks"k /ku dks fdLrksa esa
nsus ds vuqc/a k ij gLrk{kj dj oLrq dks iz;ksx ds fy, ys tkrk gSA
• fdLr ;kstuk esa xzkgd dqN vfrfjDr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djrk gS] tksfd nsj ls nh tkus
okyh jkf'k ij C;kt gksrk gSA
• fdLr ;kstuk] xzkgd dks fu;fer le; ds vUrjkyksa esa cpr djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh
gS] ftlls fd og le; ij fdLr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku dj ldsA
• og ewY;] ftlds udn rFkk iwjk nsus ij oLrq miyC/k gS] udn ewY; dgykrk gSA
• og vkaf'kd Hkqxrku tks fdLr ;kstuk ds vUrxZr] [kjhn ds le; fd;k tkrk gS rqjUr
Hkqxrku dgykrk gSA
• og Hkqxrku tks xzkgd dks fu;fer le; esa djus gksrs gS]a fdLrsa dgykrs gSAa
[Link] 265
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
[Link] 267
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
268 [Link]
fdLRkksa esa [kjhnkjh ekWM~;wy–2
O;kolkf;d [Link]
ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
[Link]
vH;kl dk;Z&O;kolkf;d [Link] [Link]
[Link] 269
ekWM~;wy–2 [Link] ek/;fed ikB~;Øe
O;kolkf;d [Link]
4. 35 lseh dk 2 eh ls vuqikr ¼ljyre :i½ esa gS 1
(A) 35: 2 (B) 35:200
(C) 7:40 (D) 40:7
[Link] 5. ` 2000 dk 10% okf"kZd nj ls 2 o"kks± ds lk/kkj.k vkSj pØo`f) C;ktksa dk varj] tc
C;kt izfro"kZ la;ksftr gksrk gS] fuEu gS 1
(A) ` 20 (B) ` 200
(C) ` 400 (D) ` 0
6. ;fn 20 : k :: 25 : 450 gS] rks k dk eku Kkr dhft,A 2
7. ;fn 120 de gksdj 96 gksrk gS] rks izfr'kr deh Kkr dhft,A 2
8. ;fn 15 oLrqvksa dk Ø; ewY; 12 oLrqvksa ds foØ; ewY; ds cjkcj gS] rks lkSns esa ykHk
;k gkfu izfr'kr Kkr dhft,A 2
9. cV~Vk [Link] 20%, 15% vkSj 10% ds lerqY; ,d vdsyk cV~Vk Kkr dhft,A
2
10. og /kujkf'k Kkr dhft,] tks 8% okf"kZd C;kt dh nj ls 6 eghus esa ` 26010 gks tkrh
gks] tcfd C;kt frekgh la;ksftr gksrk gSA 2
11. ,d flykbZ e'khu ` 2600 udn vFkok ` 1000 ds udn Hkqxrku vkSj ` 550 dh rhu
cjkcj ekfld fdLrksa ij miyC/k gSA fdLr ;kstuk esa C;kt dh nj Kkr dhft,A 4
12. fdlh isM+ dh špkbZ esa fiNys eghus dh mldh špkbZ ds 2% ds cjkcj dh o`f) gksrh
gSA ;fn tuojh 2010 ds izkjaHk esa mldh špkbZ 1-5 eh Fkh rks vizsy 2010 ds var esa
mldh špkbZ Kkr dhft,A 6
270 [Link]