Distribution Plot

Normal, Mean=0, StDev=1

0

Standard Normal Table

Area Under Standard Normal Curve
(Values in the table is the shaded area)
Z
0

Z X.X0 X.X1 X.X2 X.X3 X.X4 X.X5 X.X6 X.X7 X.X8 X.X9
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010

This standard normal table gives percentage under one-half of the normal curve at
different Z values. Thus, for Z=0.0, the value in the table is 0.5 and not 1.0.
t - Distribution

Unilateral 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005 <-One Tailed Alpha risk
Bilateral 0.200 0.100 0.050 0.020 0.010 <-Two Tailed Alpha risk
Degrees of t t t t t
0.100 0.05 0.025 0.010 0.005
freedom
D 1 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567
E 2 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248
G 3 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409
R 4 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041
E 5 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321
E 6 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074
S 7 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995
8 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554
O 9 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498
F 10 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693
11 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058
F 12 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545
R 13 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123
E 14 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768
E 15 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467
D 16 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208
O 17 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982
M 18 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784
19 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609
20 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453
21 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314
22 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188
23 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073
24 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969
25 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874
26 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787
27 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707
28 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633
29 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564
30 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500
Infinite 1.2820 1.6450 1.9600 2.3260 2.5760
 Part 01
F Distribution

F for 0.25
, 1, 2
Numerator degrees of freedom 1

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
2
1 5.83 7.50 8.20 8.58 8.82 8.98 9.10 9.19 9.26 9.32 9.41 9.49 9.58 9.63 9.67 9.71 9.76 9.80

2 2.57 3.00 3.15 3.23 3.28 3.31 3.34 3.35 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.41 3.43 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47

3 2.02 2.28 2.36 2.39 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47

4 1.81 2.00 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08

5 1.69 1.85 1.88 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.87 1.87

6 1.62 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.74 1.74

7 1.57 1.70 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.69 1.69 1.68 1.68 1.67 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.65

8 1.54 1.66 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.58

9 1.51 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.54 1.53

10 1.49 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.49

11 1.47 1.58 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.46

12 1.46 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43
2

13 1.45 1.55 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.42 1.41
Denominator degrees of freedom

14 1.44 1.53 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.39

15 1.43 1.52 1.52 1.51 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37

16 1.42 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35

17 1.42 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34

18 1.41 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33

19 1.41 1.49 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32

20 1.40 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31

21 1.40 1.48 1.48 1.46 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30

22 1.40 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29

23 1.39 1.47 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28

24 1.39 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28

25 1.39 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.27

26 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.26

27 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.26

28 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25

29 1.38 1.45 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.26 1.25

30 1.38 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.24

40 1.36 1.44 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21

60 1.35 1.42 1.41 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.17

120 1.34 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.13
 Part 02
F Distribution

F for 0.10
, 1, 2
Numerator degrees of freedom 1

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
2
1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26 62.53 62.79 63.06

2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48

3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14

4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.79 3.78

5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.12

6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74

7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49

8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32

9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.18

10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.08

11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00

12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.93
2

13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88
Denominator degrees of freedom

14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.83

15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.79

16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75

17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72

18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69

19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67

20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.64

21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62

22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60

23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59

24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57

25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56

26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.58 1.54

27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.53

28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52

29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.51

30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.50

40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.47 1.42

60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.35

120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.26
 Part 03
F Distribution

F for 0.05
, 1, 2
Numerator degrees of freedom 1

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
2
1 161 200 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 244 246 248 249 250 251 252 253

2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49

3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55

4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66

5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40

6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70

7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27

8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97

9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75

10 4.96 4.10 3.71 p 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58

11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45

12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34

13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25
2

14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18
Denominator degrees of freedom

15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11

16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06

17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01

18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97

19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93

20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90

21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87

22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84

23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81

24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79

25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77

26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75

27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73

28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71

29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70

30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68

40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58

60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47

120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35
 Part 04
F Distribution

F for 0.025
, 1, 2
Numerator degrees of freedom 1

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
2
1 648 800 864 900 922 937 948 957 963 969 977 985 993 997 1001 1006 1010 1014

2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49

3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.95

4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31

5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07

6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90

7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.41 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20

8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73

9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39

10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14

11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.06 3.00 2.94

12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96 2.91 2.85 2.79
2

13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66
Denominator degrees of freedom

14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55

15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46

16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38

17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32

18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.26

19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20

20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16

21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.18 2.11

22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.08

23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04

24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01

25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98

26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95

27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.07 2.00 1.93

28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91

29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89

30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87

40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.29 2.18 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72

60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58

120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.61 1.53 1.43
 Part 05
F Distribution

F for 0.010
, 1, 2
Numerator degrees of freedom 1

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
2
1 4052 4999 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6287 6313 6339

2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49

3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22

4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56

5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11

6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97

7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74

8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95

9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40

10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00

11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69

12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45
2

13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25
Denominator degrees of freedom

14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09

15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96

16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84

17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75

18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66

19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58

20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52

21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46

22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40

23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35

24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31

25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27

26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23

27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20

28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17

29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14

30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11

40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92

60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73

120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53
 Distribution Plot
Chi-Square, df=5

𝝌𝟐 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

2
𝜒𝛼,𝜈 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑖 − 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 ∝ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜈 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚.
2
𝑇𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜒1−𝛼,𝜈 .
∝ ∝
𝐴𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑠 1 −∝, 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 1 − 1 −∝ 𝑜𝑟 ∝ 𝝌𝟐𝟏−𝜶 𝝌𝟐𝜶


Degrees of
freedom
0.995 0.990 0.975 0.950 0.900 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879

2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597

3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838

4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860

5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750

6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548

7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278

8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955

9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589

10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188

11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 12.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757

12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300

13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819

14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319

15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801

16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267

17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718

18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156

19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582

20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997

25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928

30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672

40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766

50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490

60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952

70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215

80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321

90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299

100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
 Binomial Distribution
Probability of 'r' or fewer occurrences in 'n' trial

p (probability of occurrence on each trial)

n r 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
2 0 0.9025 0.8100 0.7225 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.4225 0.3600 0.3025 0.2500 0.2025 0.1600
1 0.9975 0.9900 0.9775 0.9600 0.9375 0.9100 0.8775 0.8400 0.7975 0.7500 0.6975 0.6400
3 0 0.8574 0.7290 0.6141 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2746 0.2160 0.1664 0.1250 0.0911 0.0640
1 0.9928 0.9720 0.9393 0.8960 0.8438 0.7840 0.7183 0.6480 0.5748 0.5000 0.4253 0.3520
2 0.9999 0.9990 0.9966 0.9920 0.9844 0.9730 0.9571 0.9360 0.9089 0.8750 0.8336 0.7840
4 0 0.8145 0.6561 0.5220 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1785 0.1296 0.0915 0.0625 0.0410 0.0256
1 0.9860 0.9477 0.8905 0.8192 0.7383 0.6517 0.5630 0.4752 0.3910 0.3125 0.2415 0.1792
2 0.9995 0.9963 0.9880 0.9728 0.9492 0.9163 0.8735 0.8208 0.7585 0.6875 0.6090 0.5248
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9984 0.9961 0.9919 0.9850 0.9744 0.9590 0.9375 0.9085 0.8704
5 0 0.7738 0.5905 0.4437 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.1160 0.0778 0.0503 0.0313 0.0185 0.0102
1 0.9774 0.9185 0.8352 0.7373 0.6328 0.5282 0.4284 0.3370 0.2562 0.1875 0.1312 0.0870
2 0.9988 0.9914 0.9734 0.9421 0.8965 0.8369 0.7648 0.6826 0.5931 0.5000 0.4069 0.3174
3 1.0000 0.9995 0.9978 0.9933 0.9844 0.9692 0.9460 0.9130 0.8688 0.8125 0.7438 0.6630
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9976 0.9947 0.9898 0.9815 0.9688 0.9497 0.9222
6 0 0.7351 0.5314 0.3771 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0754 0.0467 0.0277 0.0156 0.0083 0.0041
1 0.9672 0.8857 0.7765 0.6554 0.5339 0.4202 0.3191 0.2333 0.1636 0.1094 0.0692 0.0410
2 0.9978 0.9842 0.9527 0.9011 0.8306 0.7443 0.6471 0.5443 0.4415 0.3438 0.2553 0.1792
3 0.9999 0.9987 0.9941 0.9830 0.9624 0.9295 0.8826 0.8208 0.7447 0.6563 0.5585 0.4557
4 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9954 0.9891 0.9777 0.9590 0.9308 0.8906 0.8364 0.7667
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9982 0.9959 0.9917 0.9844 0.9723 0.9533
7 0 0.6983 0.4783 0.3206 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0490 0.0280 0.0152 0.0078 0.0037 0.0016
1 0.9556 0.8503 0.7166 0.5767 0.4449 0.3294 0.2338 0.1586 0.1024 0.0625 0.0357 0.0188
2 0.9962 0.9743 0.9262 0.8520 0.7564 0.6471 0.5323 0.4199 0.3164 0.2266 0.1529 0.0963
3 0.9998 0.9973 0.9879 0.9667 0.9294 0.8740 0.8002 0.7102 0.6083 0.5000 0.3917 0.2898
4 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9953 0.9871 0.9712 0.9444 0.9037 0.8471 0.7734 0.6836 0.5801
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9962 0.9910 0.9812 0.9643 0.9375 0.8976 0.8414
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9984 0.9963 0.9922 0.9848 0.9720
 Binomial Distribution
Probability of 'r' or fewer occurrences in 'n' trial

p (probability of occurrence on each trial)

n r 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
8 0 0.6634 0.4305 0.2725 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0319 0.0168 0.0084 0.0039 0.0017 0.0007
1 0.9428 0.8131 0.6572 0.5033 0.3671 0.2553 0.1691 0.1064 0.0632 0.0352 0.0181 0.0085
2 0.9942 0.9619 0.8948 0.7969 0.6785 0.5518 0.4278 0.3154 0.2201 0.1445 0.0885 0.0498
3 0.9996 0.9950 0.9786 0.9437 0.8862 0.8059 0.7064 0.5941 0.4770 0.3633 0.2604 0.1737
4 1.0000 0.9996 0.9971 0.9896 0.9727 0.9420 0.8939 0.8263 0.7396 0.6367 0.5230 0.4059
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9958 0.9887 0.9747 0.9502 0.9115 0.8555 0.7799 0.6846
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9964 0.9915 0.9819 0.9648 0.9368 0.8936
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9983 0.9961 0.9916 0.9832
9 0 0.6302 0.3874 0.2316 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0207 0.0101 0.0046 0.0020 0.0008 0.0003
1 0.9288 0.7748 0.5995 0.4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.1211 0.0705 0.0385 0.0195 0.0091 0.0038
2 0.9916 0.9470 0.8591 0.7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.3373 0.2318 0.1495 0.0898 0.0498 0.0250
3 0.9994 0.9917 0.9661 0.9144 0.8343 0.7297 0.6089 0.4826 0.3614 0.2539 0.1658 0.0994
4 1.0000 0.9991 0.9944 0.9804 0.9511 0.9012 0.8283 0.7334 0.6214 0.5000 0.3786 0.2666
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9464 0.9006 0.8342 0.7461 0.6386 0.5174
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987 0.9957 0.9888 0.9750 0.9502 0.9102 0.8505 0.7682
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9986 0.9962 0.9909 0.9805 0.9615 0.9295
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9980 0.9954 0.9899
10 0 0.5987 0.3487 0.1969 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0135 0.0060 0.0025 0.0010 0.0003 0.0001
1 0.9139 0.7361 0.5443 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0.0860 0.0464 0.0233 0.0107 0.0045 0.0017
2 0.9885 0.9298 0.8202 0.6778 0.5256 0.3828 0.2616 0.1673 0.0996 0.0547 0.0274 0.0123
3 0.9990 0.9872 0.9500 0.8791 0.7759 0.6496 0.5138 0.3823 0.2660 0.1719 0.1020 0.0548
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9901 0.9672 0.9219 0.8497 0.7515 0.6331 0.5044 0.3770 0.2616 0.1662
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9986 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0.9051 0.8338 0.7384 0.6230 0.4956 0.3669
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0.9740 0.9452 0.8980 0.8281 0.7340 0.6177
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9952 0.9877 0.9726 0.9453 0.9004 0.8327
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9983 0.9955 0.9893 0.9767 0.9536
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9975 0.9940
 Poisson Distribution
1000xProbability of r or fewer occurrences of an event

𝒓
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
𝝁/𝒏𝒑
0.02 980.2 999.8
0.03 970.4 999.6
0.04 960.8 999.2
0.05 951.2 998.8
0.06 941.8 998.3
0.07 932.4 997.7
0.08 923.1 997.0
0.09 913.9 996.2 999.9
0.10 904.8 995.3 999.8
0.12 886.9 993.4 999.7
0.14 869.4 991.1 999.6
0.16 852.1 988.5 999.4
0.18 835.3 985.6 999.2
0.20 818.7 982.5 998.9
0.25 778.8 973.5 997.8 999.9
0.30 740.8 963.1 996.4 999.7
0.35 704.7 951.3 994.5 999.5
0.40 670.3 938.4 992.1 999.2
0.45 637.6 924.6 989.1 998.8 999.9
0.50 606.5 909.8 985.6 998.2 999.8
0.55 576.9 894.3 981.5 997.5 999.7
0.60 548.8 878.1 976.9 996.6 999.6
0.65 522.0 861.4 971.7 995.6 999.4
0.70 496.6 844.2 965.9 994.2 999.2
0.75 472.4 826.6 959.5 992.7 998.9 999.9
0.80 449.3 808.8 952.6 990.9 998.6 999.8
0.85 427.4 790.7 945.1 988.9 998.2 999.7
0.90 406.6 772.5 937.1 986.5 997.7 999.7
0.95 386.7 754.1 928.7 983.9 997.1 999.5
1.00 367.9 735.8 919.7 981.0 996.3 999.4
 Poisson Distribution
1000xProbability of r or fewer occurrences of an event

𝒓
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
𝝁/𝒏𝒑
1.10 332.9 699.0 900.4 974.3 994.6 999.0 999.9
1.20 301.2 662.6 879.5 966.2 992.3 998.5 999.7
1.30 272.5 626.8 857.1 956.9 989.3 997.8 999.6
1.40 246.6 591.8 833.5 946.3 985.7 996.8 999.4 999.9
1.50 223.1 557.8 808.8 934.4 981.4 995.5 999.1 999.8
1.60 201.9 524.9 783.4 921.2 976.3 994.0 998.7 999.7
1.70 182.7 493.2 757.2 906.8 970.4 992.0 998.1 999.6
1.80 165.3 462.8 730.6 891.3 963.6 989.6 997.4 999.4 999.9
1.90 149.6 433.7 703.7 874.7 955.9 986.8 996.6 999.2 999.8
2.00 135.3 406.0 676.7 857.1 947.3 983.4 995.5 998.9 999.8
2.20 110.8 354.6 622.7 819.4 927.5 975.1 992.5 998.0 999.5 999.9
2.40 90.7 308.4 569.7 778.7 904.1 964.3 988.4 996.7 999.1 999.8
2.60 74.3 267.4 518.4 736.0 877.4 951.0 982.8 994.7 998.5 999.6
2.80 60.8 231.1 469.5 691.9 847.7 934.9 975.6 991.9 997.6 999.3
3.00 49.8 199.1 423.2 647.2 815.3 916.1 966.5 988.1 996.2 998.9
3.20 40.8 171.2 379.9 602.5 780.6 894.6 955.4 983.2 994.3 998.2
3.40 33.4 146.8 339.7 558.4 744.2 870.5 942.1 976.9 991.7 997.3
3.60 27.3 125.7 302.7 515.2 706.4 844.1 926.7 969.2 988.3 996.0
3.80 22.4 107.4 268.9 473.5 667.8 815.6 909.1 959.9 984.0 994.2
4.00 18.3 91.6 238.1 433.5 628.8 785.1 889.3 948.9 978.6 991.9
4.20 15.0 78.0 210.2 395.4 589.8 753.1 867.5 936.1 972.1 988.9
4.40 12.3 66.3 185.1 359.4 551.2 719.9 843.6 921.4 964.2 985.1
4.60 10.1 56.3 162.6 325.7 513.2 685.8 818.0 904.9 954.9 980.5
4.80 8.2 47.7 142.5 294.2 476.3 651.0 790.8 886.7 944.2 974.9
5.00 6.7 40.4 124.7 265.0 440.5 616.0 762.2 866.6 931.9 968.2
5.20 5.5 34.2 108.8 238.1 406.1 580.9 732.4 844.9 918.1 960.3
5.40 4.5 28.9 94.8 213.3 373.3 546.1 701.7 821.7 902.7 951.2
5.60 3.7 24.4 82.4 190.6 342.2 511.9 670.3 797.0 885.7 940.9
5.80 3.0 20.6 71.5 170.0 312.7 478.3 638.4 771.0 867.2 929.2
6.00 2.5 17.4 62.0 151.2 285.1 445.7 606.3 744.0 847.2 916.1
 Sigma Level Vs DPMO, Cpk & Yield

1.5 Sigma Shift Without Shift

Sigma Level Cpk
DPMO Yield DPMO Yield
1.0 0.33 691462 30.85% 317311 68.27%
1.1 0.37 655422 34.46% 271332 72.87%
1.2 0.40 617911 38.21% 230139 76.99%
1.3 0.43 579260 42.07% 193601 80.64%
1.4 0.47 539828 46.02% 161513 83.85%
1.5 0.50 500000 50.00% 133614 86.64%
1.6 0.53 460172 53.98% 109599 89.04%
1.7 0.57 420740 57.93% 89131 91.09%
1.8 0.60 382089 61.79% 71861 92.81%
1.9 0.63 344578 65.54% 57433 94.26%
2.0 0.67 308538 69.15% 45500 95.45%
2.1 0.70 274253 72.57% 35729 96.43%
2.2 0.73 241964 75.80% 27807 97.22%
2.3 0.77 211855 78.81% 21448 97.86%
2.4 0.80 184060 81.59% 16395 98.36%
2.5 0.83 158655 84.13% 12419 98.76%
2.6 0.87 135666 86.43% 9322 99.07%
2.7 0.90 115070 88.49% 6934 99.31%
2.8 0.93 96800 90.32% 5110 99.49%
2.9 0.97 80757 91.92% 3732 99.63%
3.0 1.00 66807 93.32% 2700 99.73%
3.1 1.03 54799 94.52% 1935 99.81%
3.2 1.07 44565 95.54% 1374 99.86%
3.3 1.10 35930 96.41% 967 99.90%
3.4 1.13 28717 97.13% 674 99.93%
3.5 1.17 22750 97.72% 465 99.95%
3.6 1.20 17864 98.21% 318 99.97%
3.7 1.23 13903 98.61% 216 99.98%
3.8 1.27 10724 98.93% 145 99.99%
3.9 1.30 8198 99.18% 96 99.990%
4.0 1.33 6210 99.38% 63 99.994%
4.1 1.37 4661 99.53% 41 99.996%
4.2 1.40 3467 99.65% 27 99.997%
4.3 1.43 2555 99.74% 17.1 99.998%
4.4 1.47 1866 99.81% 10.8 99.9989%
4.5 1.50 1350 99.87% 6.8 99.9993%
4.6 1.53 968 99.90% 4.2 99.9996%
4.7 1.57 687 99.93% 2.6 99.9997%
4.8 1.60 483 99.95% 1.6 99.9998%
4.9 1.63 337 99.97% 1.0 99.99990%
5.0 1.67 233 99.98% 0.6 99.99994%
5.1 1.70 159 99.98% 0.3 99.99997%
5.2 1.73 108 99.99% 0.2 99.99998%
5.3 1.77 72 99.993% 0.1 99.999988%
5.4 1.80 48 99.995% 0.07 99.999993%
5.5 1.83 32 99.997% 0.04 99.999996%
5.6 1.87 21 99.998% 0.02 99.9999979%
5.7 1.90 13 99.9987% 0.012 99.9999988%
5.8 1.93 8.5 99.9991% 0.007 99.9999993%
5.9 1.97 5.4 99.9995% 0.004 99.9999996%
6.0 2.00 3.4 99.9997% 0.002 99.9999998%
 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 … … . +𝑥𝑛
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ =
𝑁

σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑠 =
𝑛−1

σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ
2
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜎 =
𝑁

𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜎 2

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = %𝐶𝑂𝑉 = × 100
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚

𝜎
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜎𝑥ҧ = ,
𝑛
𝑠
𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠, 𝑆𝐸 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝐷 & 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑛

4
𝑁 𝑁+1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 3 𝑁−1 2
𝐾𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑏2 = ෍ −
𝑁−1 𝑁−2 𝑁−3 𝑠 𝑁−2 𝑁−3

3
𝑁 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑏1 = ෍
𝑁−1 𝑁−2 𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 = 𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑉 1 − + 1.5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 = 0.8406 + 29.37 − (2.221 × 𝑙𝑛(𝐷𝑃𝑀𝑂))

 𝑴𝑺𝑨 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂

Histogram:
𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠′ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 𝑘 = 1 + 3.3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

Boxplot:
𝑄1 = 25𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑄2 = 50𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑄3 = 75𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑄3 + 1.5 𝑥 𝐼𝑄𝑅 𝑜𝑟 (𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 – 𝑄3) 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑄1 − 1.5 𝑥 𝐼𝑄𝑅 𝑜𝑟 (𝑄1 – 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑨𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔

𝜎𝑚 𝜎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

%𝑅&𝑅 = × 100
𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑉)

𝜎𝑚 2 + 𝜎𝑝 2 = 𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 2
𝜎𝑃 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑃𝑉)

𝜎𝐺𝑅𝑅 2 = 𝜎𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 2 + 𝜎𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 2

6𝜎𝑚
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝜎𝑝
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑁𝐷𝐶 = × 1.41
𝜎𝑚

𝐵𝑖𝑎𝑠 = 𝑥Ӗ − 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝑻𝒂𝒈𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝐿 = 𝑘(𝑌 − 𝑇)2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑃𝑀𝑂

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 1 −
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 106

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑆 = % 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 − %𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 =
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠

𝑅𝑡
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑁𝑃𝑆 =
(1 − 𝑖)2

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡, 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑂𝐼 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

(𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + (4 × 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) + 𝑃𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑇 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
6
 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑁
 Tables of Constants for Control charts
for Variable Data
ref : AIAG manual for SPC

X bar and R Charts X bar and s charts

Chart for Chart for
Chart for Ranges (R) Chart for Standard Deviation (s)
Averages Averages
Divisors to Divisors to
Control Estimate Control estimate
Limits Factors for Control Limits Limits Factors for Control Limits
Factor 𝝈𝒙 Factor 𝝈𝒙
Subgroup
A2 d2 D3 D4 A3 C4 B3 B4
size (n)
2 1.880 1.128 - 3.267 2.659 0.798 - 3.267
3 1.023 1.693 - 2.574 1.954 0.886 - 2.568
4 0.729 2.059 - 2.282 1.628 0.921 - 2.266
5 0.577 2.326 - 2.114 1.427 0.940 - 2.089
6 0.483 2.534 - 2.004 1.287 0.952 0.030 1.970
7 0.419 2.704 0.076 1.924 1.182 0.959 0.118 1.882
8 0.373 2.847 0.136 1.864 1.099 0.965 0.185 1.815
9 0.337 2.970 0.184 1.816 1.032 0.969 0.239 1.761
10 0.308 3.078 0.223 1.777 0.975 0.973 0.284 1.716
15 0.223 3.472 0.347 1.653 0.789 0.982 0.428 1.572
25 0.153 3.931 0.459 1.541 0.606 0.990 0.565 1.435