MPAMI-602

Lojok|&jkxksa vkSj rkyksa dk v/;;u III

,e0ih0,0 laxhr & r``rh; lsesLVj

laxhr] u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx
ekufodh fo|k'kk[kk
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh
 MPAMI-602
Lojok|&jkxksa vkSj rkyksa dk v/;;u III
,e0ih0,0 laxhr & r``rh; lsesLVj
laxhr] u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx
ekufodh fo|k'kk[kk

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]

rhuikuh ckbZikl jksM] VªkUliksVZ uxj ds ihNs]
gY}kuh] ftyk uSuhrky] fiudksM&263139
Qksu ua0 % 05946&286000@01@02
QSDl ua0 % 05946&264232]
Vksy Qzh ua0 % 18001804025
bZ&esy % info@[Link]
osclkbZV % [Link]
 MPAMI-602
v/;;u eaMy
dqyifr ¼v/;{k½ izks0 ,p0 ih0 “kqDy¼la;kstd½ MkWa0 fot; d`".k¼lnL;½
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] funs'kd&ekufodh fo|k'kk[kk] iwoZ foHkkxk/;{k] laxhr foHkkx]
gY}kuh] uSuhrky mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] Mh0,l0ch0 dSEil] uSuhrky
gY}kuh] uSuhrky dqekš fo'ofo|ky;] uSuhrky

MkWa0 vk”kk [Link] d`".k¼lnL;½ MkWa0 efYydk cSuthZ¼lnL;½ f}ts'k mik/;k;¼lnL;½

foHkkxk/;{kk] laxhr foHkkx] laxhr foHkkx] lgk;d izk/;kid¼,-lh-½
,p0,u0ch0 x<+oky fo”ofo|ky;] bafnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr laxhr] u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx
Jhuxj fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;]
gY}kuh] uSuhrky

ikB~;dze la;kstu] izwQ fjfMax ,oa QkeZsfVax

iznhi dqekj f}ts'k mik/;k; txeksgu ijxkabZ
lgk;d izk/;kid] lgk;d izk/;kid¼,-lh-½] lgk;d izk/;kid¼,-lh-½]
laxhr u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx] laxhr u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx] laxhr u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx]
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;]
gY}kuh] uSuhrky gY}kuh] uSuhrky gY}kuh] uSuhrky

v”kksd pUnz VEVk izdk”k pUnz vk;kZ

lgk;d izk/;kid¼,-lh-½] lgk;d izk/;kid¼,-lh-½]
laxhr u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx] laxhr u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx]
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;]
gY}kuh] uSuhrky gY}kuh] uSuhrky

ikB~;dze laiknu
MkWa0 fot; d`".k MkWa0 pUnz”ks[kj frokjh MkWa0 js[kk lkg
iwoZ foHkkxk/;{k] laxhr foHkkx] ofj"B laxhrK] iwoZ foHkkxk/;{kk] laxhr foHkkx]
Mh0,l0ch0 dSEil] uSuhrky] gY}kuh] uSuhrky Mh0,l0ch0 dSEil] uSuhrky]
dqekš fo'ofo|ky;] uSuhrky dqekš fo'ofo|ky;] uSuhrky

f}ts'k mik/;k;
lgk;d izk/;kid¼,-lh-½&laxhr] u`R; ,oa dyk izn”kZu foHkkx]
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky

bdkbZ ys[ku
1- MkW0 iadt ekyk 'kekZ bdkbZ 1o2
2- MkWa0 js[kk “kkg bdkbZ 3
3- Jh lrh”k JhokLro bdkbZ 4
4- MkWa0 pUnz”ks[kj frokjh bdkbZ 5] bdkbZ 6
5- MkWa0 fot; d`’.k bdkbZ 7

dkihjkbV % @mRRkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;

laLdj.k % lhfer forj.k gsrq iwoZ izdk”ku izfr
izdk”ku o"kZ % tqykbZ 2021]
izdk”kd % mRRkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky&263139
bZ&esy : books@[Link]
bl lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh va”k dks mRRkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh Hkh
:i esa vFkok fefe;ksxzkQh] pdzeqnz.k }kjk ;k vU;= iqu% izLrqr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
 MPAMI-602
,e0ih0,0 laxhr & r`rh; lsesLVj
Lojok|&jkxksa vkSj rkyksa dk v/;;u III & ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
bdkbZ [k.M@bdkbZ dk uke i`"B
bdkbZ 1 tkfr xk;u] jkx xk;u ,oa jkx ds y{k.k( [Link] prq’V;h dk 01&16
foLr`r v/;;uA
bdkbZ 2 izcU/k dk foLr`r v/;;u ,oa izcU/k dh /kzqin o [;ky ls 17&30
rqyukA
bdkbZ 3 ikB~;dze ds jkxksa dk [Link] [Link]] rqyuk ,oa Loj lewg }kjk 31&42
jkx igpkuukA
bdkbZ 4 xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr( oknu esa vkyki] tksM vkyki] tksM 43&52
>kyk ,oa >kyk( fetjkc ds cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa
dk v/;;uA
bdkbZ 5 ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr] LFkkbZ o vUrjs ds rksMs 53&70
vkfn dks fyfic) djukA
bdkbZ 6 ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh xr] LFkkbZ o vUrjs ds rksMs 71&85
vkfn dks fyfic) djukA
bdkbZ 7 ikBîØe dh rkyksa dk ifjp; o rkyksa ds Bsdksa dks y;dkjh 86&99
¼nqxqu] frxqu] pkSxqu] vkM] dqvkM o fcvkM½ lfgr fyfic)
djukA
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bdkbZ 1 & tkfrxk;u] jkx xk;u ,oa jkx ds y{k.k ( [Link] prq’V;h dk foLr`r
v/;;u

1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 mn~ns”;
1-3 tkfr xk;u
1-4 jkx xk;u ,oa jkx ds y{k.k
1-5 [Link] prq’V;h
1-6 lkjka”k
1-7 “kCnkoyh
1-8 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj
1-9 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
1-10 lgk;d@ mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-11 fucU/kkRed iz”u

1-1 izLrkouk
izLrqr bdkbZ izn”kZu dyk&laxhr esa LukrdksRrj] r`rh; lsesLVj ¼,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602½
ikB~;dze dh igyh bdkbZ gSA vki izFke iz”u i= esa Hkkjrh; ,oa ik”pkR; laxhr ds Loj
lIrd] Loj LFkku o vkanksyu la[;k] vkyki o rku] /kzqin o Bqejh ds fo’k; esa tku pqds gksaxsA
vki jkek;.k o egkHkkjr dky esa laxhr dh fLFkfr rFkk “kkjaxnso }kjk laxhr jRukdj esa [Link]
laxhr ls Hkh ifjfpr gks pqds gksaxsA vki nf{k.k Hkkjrh; laxhr] “kkL=h;&laxhr vkSj yksd laxhr
dks Hkh le> pqds gksaxsA
bl bdkbZ esa tkfrxk;u] jkx xk;u ,oa jkx ds y{[Link] dks foLrkj ls crk;k x;k gSA
bl bdkbZ esa [Link] prq’V;h dk foLr`r v/;;u Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr vki izkphu xk;u esa izpfyr tkfr xk;u ds ckjs esa
tku ldsaxsA vki jkx xk;u o jkx ds y{[Link] ls Hkh ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA

1 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-2 mn~ns”;
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr vki %&
1- izkphu xk;u esa izpfyr tkfr xk;u ds fo’k; esa tku ldsaxsA
2- jkx xk;u dks tku ldsaxsA
3- jkx ds y{[Link] dks tku ldsaxsA
4- Hkjr }kjk izfrikfnr [Link] prq’V;h ds ckjs esa Hkh tku ldsaxsA

1-3 tkfr xk;u

jatu vkSj vn`’V vH;qn; dks tUe nsrs gq, fof”k’V Loj gh fo”ks’k izdkj ds lfUuos’k ls
;qDr gksus ij ^tkfr* dgs tkrs gSaA tkfr izkphu dky esa izpfyr xk;u “kSyh FkhA laxhr jRukdj
ds vuqlkj tkfr dk laxhr ds vUrxZr LFkku osn eU=ksa ds rqY; gSA ftl izdkj osneU=ksa dk
Loj] [Link] vkfn ds lEcU/k esa mYya?ku gkfu dh laHkkoukvksa ls Hkjk jgrk gS mlh izdkj tkfr;ksa
dk iz;ksx Hkh fu;r Loj] in rFkk rky ds foifjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Hkjr us tkfr dk
fu:i.k fd;k gSA Hkjr ds le; esa tks xku fØ;k;sa izpfyr gksxh] ftl izdkj ds xhrksa dk
iz;ksx ukV~; esa gksrk gksxk os lc tkfr ds vUrxZr foHkkftr fd;s x;s gSaA Hkjr ds }kjk tkfr
dh O;k[;k ugha nh x;h gSA dgus dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd Hkjr us tkfr dh ifjHkk’kk ugha nh gSA
tkfr y{k.k rFkk tkfr;ksa ds Hksnksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA erax ds }kjk vius xzUFk c`g)s”kh esa
fyf[kr opuksa ls tkfr dh ifjHkk’kk ij dkQh izdk”k iM+rk gS tks bl izdkj ls gS %&
1- JqfrxzgLojkfnlewgkTtk;Ur vrks tkr; bR;qP;rsA ¼o`0f}0 [k.M] vuq0 118½
vFkkrZ~ Jqfr vkSj xzg Lojkfn ds lewg ls tks tUe ikrh gS] mUgsa tkfr dgk gSA vFkok
2- ;LekTtk;rs jl izrhfrjkjE;rs ¼ok½ bfr tkr;% ¼ogh½
vFkkZr~ & ftlls jlizrhfr dh mRifŸk vFkok vkjEHk gks] mls tkfr dgk gSA vFkok
3- ldyL; jkxknstZUe gsrqRokTtkr; bfrA vFkkZr~ ;k fQj lc jkxksa ds tUe dk gsrq gksus
ds dkj.k tkfr dgk x;k gSA
4- vFkok ;}k tkr;k bfr tkr;%A ;Fkk [Link] czkº[Link];ks tkr;%A ¼ogh½
vFkkZr~ & tkfr dk lkekU; vFkZ fy;k] tSls fd euq’;ksa esa czkº[Link] vkfn tkfr;kW gksrh gS
mlh izdkj Loj :iksa dks “kkL=h; :i nsrs le; mUgsa tkfr laKk nsuk “kk;n mfpr
le>k gksxkA

ukU;nso tkfr dh O;k[;k bl izdkj ls dh gSs& ^^ jl Hkko izd`fr vkfn dh fo”ks’k

izfrifŸk tkfr;ksa ds }kjk gksrh gSA
vfHkuoxqIr us tkfr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS fd Loj gh tc fof”k’V cu dj
lfUuos”k xr gksdj jatdrk mRiUu djrs gSa rks tkfr dgykrs gSa vkSj gekjs vutkusiu esa bu
lfUuos”kksa }kjk eu cqf) vkSj vkRek dk mRd’kZ gksrk gSA
vc vki le> x;s gksaxs fd Hkjr us tkfr dh ifjHkk’kk rks ugha nh ysfdu tkfr ds
y{k.k rFkk tkfr ds Hksnksa dk [Link] fd;k gS ftuds vk/kkj ij vkSj ijorhZ “kkL+=dkjksa dh
O;k[;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkjr ds le; “kkL=h; xs; fo/kk dks tkfr ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA

2 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

tkfr;ksa ds eq[; Hksn & tkfr;ksa ds eq[; nks Hksn ekus x;s gSa & “kq)k ,oa fod`rkA dqy feyk dj
18 tkfr;k¡ ekuh x;h gSA “kq)k tkfr;ksa ds uke lkr “kq) Lojksa ds vk/kkj ij j[ks x;sA ‘kM~t ls
‘kkM~th] _`’kHk ls vk’kZHkh] xka/kkj ls xka/kkjh] e/;e ls e/;ek] iape ls iapeh] /kSor ls /kSorh rFkk
fu’kkn ls fu’kknhA buesa pkj “kq)k tkfr;ka ‘kM~t xzke dh gSa rFkk rhu “kq)k tkfr;ka e/;e xzke
dh gSA ‘kkM~th] vk’kZHkh] /kSorh rFkk fu’kknh ;s pkj tkfr;ka ‘kMtxzke dh gSa rFkk xka/kkjh] e/;ek
rFkk iapeh ;s rhu “kq)k tkfr;ka e/;e xzke dh gSA ;wa rks ‘kM~t rFkk e/;e xzke dh ewPNZukvksa
esa xzg] va”k] U;kl vkfn ds fu;e yxkus ls 14 tkfr;ka cuk;h tk ldrh gSa fdUrq Hkjr us
dsoy lkr gh “kq)k tkfr;ka dgh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd ;fn nksuksa xzkeksa dh ewy
Loj O;oLFkk ns[kh tk;s rks Lkw{e varj f=Jqfr vkSj prq%Jqfr iape dk gSA blh izdkj ls f=Jqfr
vkSj prq%Jqfr /kSor dk gSA blds vfrjfDr ;fn nksuksa xzkeksa dh ewPNZukvksa dks [Link] ij ctk;k
tk;s rks lw{ekarj ds flok; nksuksa xzke dh tkfr;ksa esa lkE; feyrk gSA Loj lIrd dh iqujko`fŸk
u gks] blhfy;s lkr “kq)k tkfr;ka gh ekuh x;h gSA
“kq)k tkfr;ksa ds y{k.k & “kq)k tkfr;ksa ds fuEu fyf[kr y{k.k gSa %&
1- “kq)k tkfr;ksa esa vkjksg&vojksg [Link] gksrk gSA
2- ftl Loj ls tkfr dk uke j[kk x;k gS] ogh Loj mldk xzg] va”k ,oa U;kl gksrk gSA
tSls ‘kkMth tkfr dk uke ‘kM~t Loj ls gS rks bl tkfr dk ‘kM~t gh xzg] va”k ,oa
U;kl gksxkA
3- “kq)k tkfr;ksa esa U;kl Loj fu;e ls eUnz esa gksuk pkfg;sA ¼eUnz vFkkZr~ ftl Loj ij
eUnz lIrd lekIr gksrk gS ;kfu e/; lk½

fod`rk tkfr;ksa ds y{k.k & tkfr ds nwljs eq[; Hksn fod`rk ds fo’k; es Hkjr us bl izdkj dgk
gS fd “kq)k tkfr;ksa ds y{[Link] esa ls U;kl dks NksM+ dj ,d] nks ;k mlds vf/kd y{[Link] esa
fodkj vkus ls fod`rk tkfr dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA dgus dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd fod`rk tkfr;ksa esa
U;kl Loj ogh jgrk gS tks “kq)k tkfr;ksa esa gksrk gS] mlesa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tkrkA bldk
Li’V vFkZ ;g gS fd fod`rk tkfr;ka nks izdkj ls curh gSa & izFke] [Link] lEcU/kh fu;e dks Hkax
djus ls ;kfu vkSM+o&’kkM+o :i cukus lsA f}rh;] ftl Loj ij ls ftl “kq)k tkfr dk
ukedj.k gqvk gS mlh Loj dks xzg] va”k] U;kl o viU;kl ekuus dk fu;e mYya?ku djus lsA

n”kfo/k tkfr y{k.k & Hkjr us tkfr ds fy;s nl y{k.k crk;s gSaA Hkjr ds vuqlkj ewPNZuk ds
LojlIrd esa fuEufyf[kr nl y{[Link] ds yxus ls gh og xkuksi;ksxh gksdj tkfr dgykrh gS %&
1- xzg
2- va”k
3- rkj
4- eUnz
5- U;kl
6- viU;kl
7- vYiRo
8- cgqRo
9- ‘kkMfor
10- vkSMqfor

3 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

xzgka”kkS rkjeUnzks p U;klks·iU;kl ,o pA

vYiRo p cgqRo p ‘kkMokSMqfors rFkkAA ¼ukV~’”kkL= 28- 36½
bu nl y{[Link] dh O;k[;k Hkjr ,oa erax ds vuqlkj bl izdkj gS %&
1- xzg & xzg Loj dks Hkjr us rhu izdkj ls ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gS&
1- lc tkfr;ksa dk tks va”k Loj gS] ogh xzg Loj dgykrk gSA
2- xk;u ds izkjEHk esa ftl Loj dk iz;ksx gksrk gS og va”k Loj fodYi ls xzg dgykrk gSA
3- tgk¡ ls tkfr dk iz;ksx izkjEHk fd;k tk;s mls xzg dgrs gSaA

2- va”k & nwljk y{k.k ^va”k* gSA va”k Loj ds fuEufyf[kr nl y{k.k Hkjr us crk;s gSa %&
1- ftl Loj ij tkfr dk jatd Lo:i fuHkZj djrk gSA
2- tks Loj jkx jl] jax] jl ds mRiknu esa eq[;r% mi;ksxh gksA
3&4- xk;u fØ;k esa ftl Loj dk laoknh dh n`f’V esa izlkj ik¡p&ik¡p Loj rd uhps o Åij
gksA
5- tks vU; Lojksa ds iz;ksx ls vko`r gksA
6- tks vU; lkFk laokn vuqokn djus okys vU; Loj Hkh cyoku gksA
7&8&9&10- xzg] U;kl] viU;kl vkSj foU;kl dk ckj&ckj mPpkj gksrs le; tks Loj
n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA
bl izdkj bu nl y{[Link] ls ;qDr Loj] va”k Loj dgykrk gSA ;g O;k[;k Hkjr ds
vuqlkj gSA
erax us va”k Loj dh O;k[;k dqN fHkUu izdkj ls dh gSA mls Hkh ns[k ysuk ;gk¡ mfpr
gksxkA erax ds vuqlkj ^va”k* ds y{k.k bl izdkj ls gSa %&
1- ftlls xhr dk vkjEHk gks ijUrq fQj Hkh tks xzg vkSj Lofjr ls fHkUu gksA
2- ftlls jkx dk Lo:i Li’V fn[kk;h iMs+A
3&4- ftlds }kjk rkj vkSj eUnz lIrd ds Loj izdV gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ ftl Loj ds vk/kkj ij
eUnz RkFkk rkj lIrd ds Loj fuf”pr fd;s tkrs gSaA
5- ftlds Loj ds vkxs 5&6 Lojksa rd vkjksg gks ldrk gSA
6- ftl Loj ds lkr Lojksa rd uhps vojksg gks ldrk gSA
7&8- tks rkj vkSj eUnz Lojksa dks iz;ksx esa ykus ds fu;e cukus okyk gksA
9- ftldk vf/kd iz;ksx gksA
10- dsUnz fcUnq ds :i esa tks fLFkr gksA
bl v/;;u ds i”pkr~ rFkk “kkL=ksa ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd
gekjs “kkL=ksa esa va”k “kCn dk rhu [Link] esa fHkUu&fHkUu vFkksZa esa iz;ksx feyrk gSA
1- izFke & laokn rFkk vuqokn y{[Link] ds izdj.k esaA
2- f}rh; & tkfr ds nl y{[Link] ds izdj.k esaA rFkk
3- r`rh; & vyadkj izdj.k esaA

laokn] vuqokn vkSj fookn ds izdj.k esa & tc fdlh Loj dks vk/kkj ekudj nwljs Loj dk
laokn] vuqokn ;k fookn lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k tk;s rks mlh Loj dks Hkjr us va”k ;k oknh Loj
dh laKk nh gSA bl vk/kkj Loj dks ekuus ds fy;s nks&nks Lojksa dh tksfM+;ka vko”;d ekuh gS
D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh vdsyk Loj laokn] vuqokn ;k fookn dk vf/kdkjh ugha gks ldrkA mnkgj.k ds
fy;s ^lk& e* dh tksMh+ esa lk dks va”k ;k vk/kkj ekuus ls Lkk oknh gksxk vkSj ^e* laoknh gksxkA

4 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

vk/kqfud laxhr”kkL= ds vuqlkj oknh Loj dh ifjHkk’kk esa Lojkarjky lEcU/kh “kkL=h;
vFkZ dh lfU/k ugha jg ik;hA D;ksafd Hkkr[[Link] th us va”k Loj dk okLrfod vFkZ u ysrs gq,
jkx ds izeq[k Loj dks oknh] mlls de izeq[k Loj dks laoknh] lgk;d Lojksa dks vuqoknh rFkk
fojks/kh Lojksa dks fooknh dgk gSA laoknh dh laxfr u jgus ls vk/kqfud dqN ,d jkxksa esa Lkaokn
lEcU/k izkIr ugha gksrkA tSls Jh jkx es dksey js vkSj iape dks oknh&laoknh crk;k gSA ,sls gh
vU; Loj tksfM+;ka vkSj Hkh dqN ,d jkxksa esa gSA jkx y{k.k esa oknh] laoknh vuqoknh ,oa fooknh
dk dFku v”kkL=h; gS] D;ksafd dqN Loj tksfM+;ksa esa laoknh gks gh ugha ldrk tSls fd mijksDr
^Jh* jkx esa crk;k x;k gSA iafMr vkasdkjukFk Bkdqj vkSj vU; vk/kqfud laxhrKksa ds vuqlkj
Hkjr ds }kjk dgs x;s nl tkfr y{[Link] dk gh jkx y{k.k esa iz;ksx mfpr vkSj xzkºp gSA

tkfr ds nl y{[Link] ds izdj.k esa & va”k] tkfr ds nl y{[Link] esa ls ,d y{k.k ekuk x;k gSA
tcfd va”k Loj tkfr ;k jkx esa dsUnzLFk ;k izk.k Lo:i jgrk gSA

earx }kjk vyadkj izdj.k esa va”k dk iz;ksx & dqN ,d vyadkjksa ds y{k.k nsrs gq, erax us
vyadkj ds izR;sd VqdMs+ ds vkjaEHk Loj dks va”k dgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s & ^rkjeUnz izlUu*
,d vyadkj gSA bldk y{k.k djrs g,q erax dgrs gaS & va”k ls prqFkZ ;k iape Loj ij tkdj
tc iqu% eUnz Loj esa ykSV vk;k tk;s rc rkjeUnz izlUu vyadkj gksrk gSA tSls ^lk* ls ^i* rd
vkjksg djds iqu% va”k Loj ^lk* ij ykSV vk;sA ,d vU; mnkgj.k esa ^fo|qr* vyadkj dk y{k.k
djrs gq, erax dgrs gSa & va”k Loj dk pkj ckj mPpkj djds mlds ckn okys nks Lojksa dk nqzr
mPpkj djus ls fo|qr vyadkj gksrk gS tSls lklklklkjsx] jsjsjsjsxe bR;kfnA
mDr nksuksa [Link] esa vyadkj ds VqdM+s ds vkjEHk Loj dks va”k Loj dgk gSA bl
izdkj ^va”k* “kCn dk rhu vFkksZa esa iz;ksx geus ns[kk mlh izdkj tkfr y{[Link] esa Hkh va”k dks rhu
izdkj ls Li’V fd;k gS&
1- va”k dks xzg fodfYir dg djds mls xzg ds :i esa tkfr dk vkjEHk LFkku ekuk gSA
2- va”k dks tkfr dk izk.k Loj ;k dsUnz ds :i esa izfrf’Br fd;k x;k gSA
3- rhljk va”k dk lEcU/k U;kl ds lkFk tksMk+ x;k gSA tSls lekfIr esa vk;k gqvk va”k gh
U;kl Loj dgykrk gSA
vc vki le> x;s gksaxs fd izkjEHk LFkku] iz/kku Loj rFkk lekfIr LFkku] rhu igyqvksa esa
va”k dh O;kidrk crkbZ x;h gSA

3&4- rkj&eUnz y{k.k & Hkjr us tkfr dk rhljk rFkk pkSFkk y{k.k rkj o eUnz crk;k gSA
ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd eUnz rkj ls eUnz ;k rkj LFkku ¼lIrd½ vfHkizrs ugha gS vfirq va”k]
U;kl o viU;kl Loj ls uhps mrjus dks eUnz rFkk Åij p<+us dks rkj dgk x;k gSA bl y{k.k
esa ;g Li’V fd;k x;k gS fd tkfr;ksa dk xk;u dsoy e/;lIrd esa gh lhfer ugha Fkk vfirq
rkj&eUnz Lojksa esa Hkh mldh O;kfIr FkhA rkj&eUnz dh O;k[;k nsrs gq, Hkjr us dgk gS fd tkfr
xku esa f=fo/kk rkj xfr vkSj f=fo/kk eUnzxfr gksrh FkhA
f=fo/kk rkj xhr & ftl tkfr esa tks va”k Loj gS ml va”k Loj ls pkj ikap ;k lkr Loj rd
Åij tkus dh e;kZnk mUgksaus cka/k nh FkhA
f=fo/kk eUnzxfr & f=fo/kk eUnzxfr ds fy, va”kijk] U;klijk rFkk viU;klijk “kCn Hkjr us
iz;qDr fd;s gSaA bldk Hkh ;g vFkZ gqvk fd tkfr esa tks va”k Loj gks] mlls uhps pkj] ik¡p ;k
lkr Loj rd gh eUnz esa tkuk pkfg;sA

5 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

5- U;kl & ftl Loj ij ¼vaaX½ xhr vFkok ok| izcU/k dh lekfIr gks] og U;kl dgykrk gSA
tkfr xk;u esa U;kl Loj vifjorZu“khy gksrk gSA Hkjr us dgk gS fd U;kl loZnk eUnz esa gksuk
pkfg,] ijUrq bl fu;e dk ikyu “kq) tkfr;ksa esa gksuk pkfg,A fod`rk tkfr;ksa esa ,slk dksbZ
fu;e ugha gSA ,d Loj dbZ tkfr;ksa esa U;kl Loj gks ldrk gS vkSj voLFkk Hksn ls ,d tkfr esa
dbZ U;kl gks ldrk gS vkSj voLFkk Hksn ls ,d tkfr esa dbZ U;kl Loj Hkh gks ldrs gSaA Qyr%
U;kl Lojksa dh la[;k 21 crk;h x;h gSA

6- viU;kl & Hkjr ds vuqlkj ftl Loj ij ^vaX* ;kfu xhr vFkok ok| ds e/; dh lekfIr
gksrh gS mldks viU;kl dk Loj dgrs gSaA budh la[;k dqy 56 gSA

7&8- vRiRo & cgqRo & fdlh Loj dk iz;ksx fdruh ek=k esa gksrk gS] ;g fn[kkus dk mik;
;s nks y{k.k vYiRo ,oa cgqRo gaSA vYiRo ya?ku vkSj vukH;kl }kjk nks izdkj ls gksrk gS rFkk
cgqRo mlds foijhr vya?ku vkSj vH;kl }kjk nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA

9- ‘kkMoRo & ftu xhr vFkok tkfr;ksa esa N% Lojksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS os tkfr;ka ‘kkMo dgh x;h
gSA

10- vkSMqfor ;k vkSMo & ftu tkfr;ksa esa ikWp Lojksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS mls tkfr dk vkSMo :i
dgk x;k gSA ,sls ;s vkSMo izdkj n”kfo/k gSA
tkfr ds bu HkjrksDr nl y{[Link] ds vfrfjDr “kkjaxnso us rhu vkSj y{k.k dgs gSa os bl
izdkj gSa %&
1- lU;kl 2- foU;kl 3- vUrekZx

tkfr ds Hksn & tSlk fd geus iwoZ esa crk;k fd Hkjr us tkfr ds nks Hksn crk;s gSa %&
1- “kq)k rFkk
2- fod`rkA

“kq) tkfr;kW lkr ekuh x;h gSaA ftuds uke lIr Lojksa ij gh j[ks x;s gSaA “kq)k tkfr;ksa
ds y{[Link] esa ls gh ,d] nks ;k mlls vf/kd y{[Link] esa fodkj mitkus ls fod`rk tkfr curh gSA
bldk Li’VkFkZ ;gh gqvk fd fod`rk tkfr;ka nks izdkj ls curh gSa & izFke] [Link] lEcU/kh fu;e
dks fod`r djus ls ;kfu vkSMo&‘kkMo izdkj cukus ls vkSj nwljk ftl Loj ij ls ftl “kq)k
tkfr dk ukedj.k gqvk gks] mlh Loj dks va”k] xzg] viU;kl ekuus ds fu;e dk mYya?ku djus
lsA dsoy U;kl Loj ds fu;e dk dHkh mYya?ku ugha gks ldrkA bl izdkj izR;sd “kq)k tkfr
ds fdrus fod`r Hksn cusaxs bldk C;ksjk fuEu gSa %&
dz0la0 fod`r Loj
tkfr dk uke dqy fod`r Hksn la[;k vkSMo’kkMokfn Hksn xzg] va”k] viU;kl ds
fu;e Hkax ls cus Hksn
1 ‘kkM~th 15 8 7
2 vk’kZHkh 23 16 7
3 xkU/kkjh 23 16 7

6 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

4 e/;ek 23 16 7
5 iapeh 23 16 7
6 /kSorh 23 16 7
7 fu’kknorh 23 16 7
dqy la[;k 153 104 49

lalxZtk fod`rk tkfr;ka & “kq)k tkfr;kas ds fod`r Hksnksa ds vfrfjDr ,dkn”k lalxZtk fod`rk
tkfr;ksa i`Fkd :i ls dgh x;h gSaA bu fod`rk tkfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkjr] erax o “kkjaxnso dk
er bl izdkj gS %&
Hkjr ds vuqlkj & “kq)k tkfr;ksa ds ijLij lg;ksx ls ,dkn”k tkfr;ka mRiUu gksrh gSA “kq)k
tkfr;ksa ds fod`r Hksnksa dks Hkjr us fod`rk tkfr;ka dgk gSA bu fod`rk tkfr;ksa ds vfrfjDr
vU; ,dkn”k lalxZtk tkfr;ksa ds fy;s Hkjr us dgk gS & laokn }kjk iqu% v”kq) dh gqbZ
tkfr;kW ,dkn”k gksrh gSaA
erax ds vuqlkj & lalxZtk tkfr;kW fuR; fod`rk gS vFkkZr~ “kq)k tkfr;kaas ds rks “kq)k ,oa fod`r
nks Hksn gksrs gSaA fdUrq ,dkn”k tkfr;ksa dh mRifŸk fod`rk tkfr;ksa ls gksus ds dkj.k mudk lnSo
fod`r :i gh jgrk gSA
“kkjaxnso ds erkuqlkj & “kq)k tkfr;ksa dh fod`r voLFkk ds lalxZ ls ,dkn”k lalxZtk tkfr;kW
curh gSaA

lalxZtk tkfr;ksa dh rkfydk bl izdkj gSa &

lalxZtk fod`rk tkfr;ka xzke fdu “kq)k tkfr;ksa ds feJ.k ls cuh gSaA
1- ‘kM~t e/;ek ‘kM~t ‘kkMth$ e/;ekA
2 ‘kMtksnhP;ok ‘kM~t ‘kkM~th $ xkU/kkjh$ /kSorh
3- ‘kM~tdSf”kdh ‘kM~t ‘kkM~th$ xkU/kkjh
4 xkU/kkjhjks nhP;ok e/;e ‘kkM~th$ xkU/kkjh$ /kSorh$ e/;ek
5- e/;ksnhP;ok e/;e xkU/kkjh $ i†oeh$ /kSorh $ e/;ek
6- jDrxkU/kkjh e/;e xkU/kkjh$ i†oeh $ uS’kknh $ e/;ek
7 vkU/kzh e/;e xkU/kkjh $ vk’kZHkh
8 uUn;Urh e/;e xkU/kkjh $ iapeh $ vk’kZHkh
9 xkU/kkj iapeh e/;e xkU/kkjh $ iapeh
10 dkekZjoh e/;e uS’kknh $ vk’kZHkh $ i†oeh
11 dSf”kdh e/;e ‘kkM~th $ xkU/kkjh $ e/;ek $ i†peh $
uS’kknhA

bl izdkj tkfr ,d izkphu xk;u “kSyh gSA bldk izpkj&izlkj Hkjr dky esa lokZf/kd
FkkA oLrqr% jkx xk;u ls igys tkfrxk;u dk izpkj FkkA budk mRifŸk LFky lkexku ekuk
x;k gSA ftl izdkj _`d~] ;tq vkSj lke esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk mlh izdkj tkfr;ksa
esa Hkh ifjorZu vlEHko gSA blh fopkj ds dkj.k tkfr;ksa dk :i v{kq..k jgkA tkfr;ksa dk eq[;
fo’k; bZ”oj HkfDr gh gksrk Fkk vkSj budh /ofu cMh+ izHkko”kkyh rFkk eueksgd gksrh FkhA

7 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-4 jkx xk;u ,oa jkx ds y{k.k

vki izkphu dky esa izpfyr tkfr xk;u ds fo’k; esa rks le> x;s gksaxsA bl [k.M esa
ge jkx xk;u rFkk jkx ds y{[Link] dh ppkZ djsaxsA Hkjr dh ijEijk esa tks LFkku tkfrxk;u dks
izkIr FkkA vk/kqfud i)fr esa ogh LFkku jkxksa dks izkIr gSA
laxhr”kkL= esa jkx dk nks vFkksZa esa iz;ksx gqvk gS & ,d lkekU; vkSj nwljk fo”ks’kA
lkekU; vFkZ esa jkx jatdrk dk okpd gS vkSj fo”ks’k vFkZ esa og ,d ,sls ukne; O;fDrRo dk
?kksrd gS] tks Loj nsg vkSj Hkko nsg ls lefUor gSA jkx dk vFkZ mlh Loj lewg ls fy;k tkrk
gS ftlesa jax nsus dh “kfDr gks vkSj mldk ,d fo”ks’k O;fDrRo gksA bl fo”ks’k O;fDRo ds nks
igyw gSa & ,d Loje; vkSj nwljk Hkkoe;A ;s nksuksa vfoPNs| gS vkSj ijLijkoyEch gSaA fQj Hkh
v/;;u dh lqfo/kk ds fy;s igys Loj nsg ds vaxksa dks le>uk vko”;d gks tkrk gSA
jkx ds Loj nsg ds fo”ys’k.k ds izlax esa Hkjr ds }kjk crk, x;s tkfr ds nl y{k.k
ije mi;ksxh gaS D;ksafd jkx ^tkfr* dk gh fodflr :i gS vkSj tkfr ds gh ewy rŸoksa ij vkt
rd fVdk gqvk gSA tkfr vkSj jkx esa dksbZ fojks/k ugh gS] blfy;s HkjrksDr tkfr y{[Link] dks gh
jkx ds y{[Link] esa LFkku feykA tkfr y{[Link] dk geus foLrkj ls [Link] fd;k gSA ;gk¡ mlh ds
\vk/kkj ij jkx ds y{[Link] dh O;k[;k izLrqr gSA
1- xzg & vkt ge jkx y{[Link] esa xzg dks vkjafHkd Loj gh le>rs gSa vkSj ;gh vFkZ
“kkL=h; n`f’V ls mfpr Hkh gSA ;ksa rks xku ;k oknu&fØ;k vkjaHk djrs le; ‘kM~t dks gh xzg.k
fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd vU; Lojksa dh rkjrk n`f’V ls ‘kM~t ds vk/kkj ij gh fuf”pr dh tkrh
gSA bl n`f’V ls ‘kM~t gh lHkh jkxkas dk xzg Loj gksuk pkfg;s] fdUrq fuEukafdr nks n`f’[Link] ls
jkx dk ^xzg* Loj ‘kM~t ls fHkUu Hkh gks ldrk gS %&
d- jkx ds foLrkj esa ;kfu vkyki rku esa vkjaHk LFkku & dbZ jkx ,sls gksrs gSa] ftuesa vkyki
&rku ‘kM~t ls ugha “kq: fd;s tkrsA mnkgj.k ds fy, dY;k.k vkSj fcgkx dks ys ldrs gSaA bu
nksuksa esa vkyki o rkuksa dh fØ;k ‘kM~t ls vkjEHk u gks djds fu’kkn Loj ls gksrh gSA dY;k.k
esa ^lk&js&x* dHkh ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj fcgkx esa Hkh ^lk&x&e&i* dh vis{kk ^fu&lk&x&
e&i* gh vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA
[k- jkx ds eq[; vax dk vkjafHkd Loj & dHkh&dHkh jkx dk eq[; vax ;k idM+ ,sls Loj ls
vkjaHk gksrk gS] tks vkyki rku dk vkjafHkd Loj ugha gksrkA tSls fd jkx t;t;oUrh dk eq[;
vax ^/k+ fu+ js * gS vkSj ;g /kSor ls izkjEHk gksrk gS] fdUrq jkx ds vkyki&rku Hkh /kSor ls “kq:
gksrs gks] ,slh ckr ughaA blfy, eq[; vax ds vk/kkj ij /kSor dks bldk ^xzg* Loj eku ldrs
gSaA bl izdkj ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd vkt Hkh xzg Loj dk iz;ksx jkx i)fr esa gksrk gSA

2- va”k & Hkjr ds }kjk ;g nwljk y{k.k crk;k x;k gS tks fd tkfr dk izk.k Loj gSA ;g jkx
y{k.k Hkh gSA va”k dks jkx dk izk.k Loj ;k tho Loj Hkh dgrs gSa vkSj mldh ;g laKk va”k ds
izFke y{k.k ^;fLeu~ olfr jkxLrq* ds vuqlkj lkFkZd gh gSA Hkjr ds dbZ tkfr;ksa esa ,d ls
vf/kd va”k Loj dgs gSa vkSj oSlk iz;ksx vkt Hkh dY;k.k tSls jkxksa esa vo”; laHko gksrk gSA
dY;k.k esa fdlh Hkh Loj dks dsUnzfcUnq cuk dj vkykipkjh dh tk ldrh gSA gkW] ,slk iz;ksx
lc jkxksa esa LkaHko ughaA
jkx ds eq[; vax ;k idM+ dks va”k ds ikapos y{k.k dk gh fodflr :i dg ldrs gSaA
tkfr ds va”k Loj dk ikWpok y{k.k ;g dgrk gS fd va”k Loj vU; Lojksa vFkok Loj lewgksa
}kjk ifjosf’Vr jgrk gSA jkx dk eq[; vax ;g funsZf”kr djrk gS fd va”k Loj dk ;g ifjos’Vu
eq[; :i ls fdl izdkj fd;k tk;sA mnkgj.k ds fy;s jkx t;t;oUrh dk /k+&fu&js & va”k *
8 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

Loj _`’kHk dk ifjos’Vu fn[kkrk gSA gehj jkx dk ^x & e& /k* va”k Loj /kSor dh fo”ks’k
fØ;k( rksMh+ dk lk & js & x] js & x& js& lk va”k Loj xa/kkj dh fØ;k fo”ks’k ;k ifjos’Vu
dk funsZ”kd gSA

3&4- U;kl&viU;kl & ;s laxhr esa fojke fpUgksa ds ?kksrd gSaA laxhr esa Bgjko dk cgqr
egŸ[Link] LFkku gSA dqN jkxksa dk rks vfLrRo gh Bgjko ds fu;e ij fVdk gqvk gS vFkkZr~ dgk¡
vkSj fdruk Bgjuk gS ;s fu;e gh mlds izk.k gaSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ^ns”kdkj* iape ij Bgjko
ds dkj.k Hkh jkx Hkwikyh ls fHkUu gksrk gSA

5&6- rkj&eUnz & LFkku Hksn vfHkO;fDr dk lcy lk/ku gSA ,d gh Loj LFkku Hksn ls vFkkZr~
eUnz] e/;] rkj LFkkuksa esa iz;qDr gksus ls fHkUu&fHkUu izHkko mRiUu djrk gSA blfy, jkx ds
O;fDrRo esa rkj&eUnz e;kZnk dk Hkh cgqr cMk+ LFkku gksrk gSA jkx iwfj;k vkSj jkx lksguh dh
fHkUurk cgqr va”k rd mudh rkj&eUnz e;kZnk ij gh fuHkZj gSA y;Hksn dk LFkku Hksn ds lkFk
?kfu’B lEcU/k gS D;ksafd eUnz LFkku dk foyfEcry; ds lkFk] e/;LFkku dk e/;y; ds lkFk
rFkk rkj LFkku dk nzqry; ds lkFk LokHkkfod yxko ;k >qdko jgrk gSA bl izdkj LFkku Hksn
ds dkj.k tks fo”ks’k vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA mlesa y;Hksn dk Hkh LokHkkfod ;ksx gksrk gSA

7&8- vYiRo&cgqRo & fdlh Loj dk jkx esa fdruk ;k fdl ek=k esa iz;ksx gksrk gS] ;g
fn[kkus dk mik; ;s nks y{k.k gSA vYiRo ya?ku vkSj vukH;kl }kjk rFkk cgqRo vya?ku rFkk
vH;kl }kjk gksrk gSA

9&10- ‘kkMo& vkSMo & bu y{[Link] dk jkx esa iz;qDr gksus okys Lojksa dh la[;k ds lkFk lEcU/k
gSA 5 Loj iz;qDr gksus ls vkSMo] N% Lojksa dk iz;ksx gksus ls ‘kkMo dgykrs gSa ;g vki Hkfy
Hkkafr tkurs gSaA
bu nl y{[Link] ds vfrjfDr Li”kZ Lojksa ;k [Link] dk Hkh jkx esa cgqr egRo gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; laxhr dh ;g cMh+ fo”ks’krk gS fd mlesa [kMs+ Lojksas dk iz;ksx izk;% ugha gksrkA dqN jkxksa
dk rks vfLrRo gh bu Li”kZ Lojksa ij fVdk gqvk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, jkx “kadjk dk ^ xi* x
·js js lk vkSj tSrdY;k.k ^ i /k xlka] jsi · lk* ;s VqdMs+ visf{kr Li”kZ Lojksa ds fcuk mu jkxksa
dk n”kZu dnkfi ugha djk ldrsA mlh ^ieÞxex* dk VqdMk+ Li”kZ Lojksa ds Hksn ls fHkUu&fHkUu
jkxksa dk n”kZu djkrk gSA ;Fkk&
ii
i · eÞ x e x & fcgkx
eÞ
i··xex & ijt
js
i · eÞ x e x & iwohZ

Li”kZ Lojksa ds dkj.k jkxksa dh ftl lw{e fHkUurk dk geus vYin”kZu fd;k] mlls Loj
iz;ksx dh bl fo”ks’krk dk egŸo Li’V gqvk gksxkA Loj iz;ksx dh ;g lw{erk;sa jkx ds O;fDrRo
ds Øfed fodkl dh ?kksrd gSaA bUgsa izkphu jkx y{k.k esa mfYyf[kr LFkku u gksus ij Hkh buds
egŸo ls eqag eksM+uk gekjh jkx i)fr ds fy, ?kkrd gksxkA vktdy ,slh HkzkUr /[Link] dk

9 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

izpkj fd;k x;k gS fd Li”kZ Loj rks dsoy jkx dh ltkoV ds fy;s gh mi;ksxh gS vkSj
izkjfEHkd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s mudh dksbZ vko”;drk ughaA okLro esa Li”kZ Loj dsoy ltkoV ds
fy;s ugha vfirq jkx:i ds ;Fkksfpr fuekZ.k ds fy;s Hkh ije vko”;d gSA
Åij geus ftu jkx y{[Link] dh ppkZ dh gS os jkx&O;fDr ds vax ek= gaSA blfy, os
,d”k% ;k vdsys&vdsys [Link] O;fDr dk n”kZu ugha djk ldrsA jkx ds iwjs O;fDrRo dk n”kZu rks
bu vaxksa ds leUo; }kjk gh laHko gSA ;s rks jkx dk js[kkfp= ;k <kapk ek=k fufnZ’V dj ldrs
gSaA jkx ds [Link] Loj nsg dks ;Fkksfpr <ax ls izLrqr djuk rks dykdkj ds dkS”ky ,oa lk/kuk ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g Hkh lR; gS fd jkx ds y{[Link] ds tks fu;e fu/kkZfjr gSa muds vYi ek= Hkh
Hkax gksus ls jkx :i fod`r gks tkrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj tSls fd eq[kkd`fr vafdr djrs le;
ukd] vk¡[k] HkkSag vkfn dh js[kkvksa esa tjk Hkh varj vkus ls eq[k ds :i esa lkE; ifjorZu vk
tkrk gSA
gekjh jkx i)fr fodkl dh ftl mPp Hkwfedk ij vk:<+ gS] mldk ,d mnkgj.k ;g
Hkh gS fd jkx :i dk iwjk foLrkj fd;s fcuk gh ,dk/k VqdMs+ ds iz;ksx ls gh jkx igpku esa vk
tkrk gSA vktdy oknh] laoknh] vuqoknh vkSj fooknh] bu “kCnksa dk jkx y{k.k ds fu:i.k esa
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ,slk Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd xzg] va”k vkfn izkphu y{[Link] dk vkt dksbZ
mi;ksx ugha jg x;k gSA okLro esa oknh] laoknh bR;kfn “kCnksa dk jkxy{k.k esa iz;ksx bu “kCnksa
ds ijaijk izkIr vFkZ ds vuqdwy ugha gS] D;ksafd Hkjr us rks Lojksa dk ikjLifjd lEcU/k ;k Lojksa
ds fuf”pr varjky fufnZ’V djus esa bu “kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA laokn] fookn vkSj vuqokn ;s
rhu “kCn Lojksa ds fuf”pr varjky fufnZ’V djus esa bu “kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA laokn] fookn
vkSj vuqokn ;s rhuksa “kCn Lojksa ds fuf”pr varjkyksa ds ?kksrd gSA laokn ls uo&=;ksn”k JqR;arj
dk laoknh varjky] fookn ls nks JqR;arj dk fooknh varjky vkSj ^vuqoknh* ls vU; fujis{k
varjky vfHkizsr jgs gSaA vrajky ds fy;s nks fljs vko”;d gSaA blfy, fdlh Hkh Loj tksMh+ dk
igyk fljk oknh dgk x;k vkSj nwljk fljk chp ds vUrjky ds vuqlkj laoknh] fooknh ;k
vuqoknh ekuk x;kA bl izdkj fdlh Hkh tksMh+ dk vk/kkj Hkwr Loj & oknh* gksrk gS vkSj mlds
fy, Hkjr us va”k Loj dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA ;g va”k jkx y{k.k okys va”k ls Li’Vr;k i`Fkd gSA
^va”k* “kCn ds bl nks vFkZ okys iz;ksx ds dkj.k gh laHkor% oknh dks jkx & y{k.k esa va”k dk
i;kZ;okph eku fy;k x;k gksxk vkSj oknh ds lkFk&lkFk laoknh] vuqoknh vkSj fooknh Hkh jkx
y{k.k esa LFkku ik x;s gksaxsA tks dqN Hkh gks ;g lR; gS fd e/;;qx esa xzg] va”k] U;kl] ds
LFkku ij oknh&laoknh dks jkx y{k.k esa LFkku fn;k x;k vkSj ;gh “kCnkoyh vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh
xzg.k dh x;hA
bl izdkj vkius mu vko”;d rŸoksa dks ns[kk] ftuls jkx&O;fDr dh Loj nsg vkSj Hkko
nsg curh gSA izR;sd jkx lq[kizn gksus ds vFkZ esa rks jatd gksrk gS] fdUrq lkFk gh lkFk mldk
,d viuk oSf”k’V; gksrk gS vkSj blh oSf”k’V; ds dkj.k mlesa jatu djus dh “kfDr gksrh gS
vkSj mldh viuh igpku gksrh gSA

1-5 [Link] prq’V;h

;g rks vki tkurs gh gSa fd laxhr dk vk/kkj ukn gSA laxhrksi;ksxh ukn esa jatdrk
gksuk vko”;d gSA ,sls jatd ukn tks dkuksa ls lqus tk;sa] le>s tk;sas vkSj ftudh Å¡pkbZ&
fupkbZ ds i`FkdRo dk Li’V vuqHko fd;k tk lds] ,sls uknksa dks gh Jqfr dgk gSA izkphu
vkpk;ksZa us ukn ds ,d LFkku esa 22 [Link] ukn ekus vkSj bUgsa ^Jqfr* uke ls ?kksf’kr fd;k]
ftls ijorhZ e/;dkyhu vkSj vokZphu ,oa vk/kqfud lHkh fo}kuksa us Lohdkj fd;kA blh izdkj
10 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

izkphu vkpk;ksaZ us bu ckbZl Jqfr;ksa dks 4&3&2&4&4&3&2 ds vuqikr }kjk lk] js x] e] i /k]
vkSj uh lkr Lojksa esa foHkkftr fd;k] bls Hkh e/; vkSj vokZphu fo}kuksa us ekU;rk iznku dhA
ijUrq Jqfr dk izek.k ,oa ifjHkk’kk D;k gS vFkkZr~ Jqfr D;k gS vkSj fdruh cMh+ gS] bl lEcU/k esa
erHksn mRiUu gks x;k vkSj lkFk gh izR;sd Loj dks mldh vfUre Jqfr ij LFkkfir djus ds
fl)kUr ij izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu fo}ku lger Fks] ijUrq vk/kqfud fo}ku Lo0 iafMr
fo’.kqukjk;.k Hkkr[[Link] us bl fu;e dks ugha ekukA og izR;sd Loj dks mldh izFke Jqfr ij
LFkkfir djuk mfpr le>rs FksA ysfdu Jqfr;ksa dh la[;k ,oa vUrjky esa lHkh ,d er gSaA 22
Jqfr;ksa dh flf) ds fy, izkphu vkpk;ksaZ us ftl izfØ;k dk iz;ksx fd;k mls ^[Link] prq’V;h*
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
Hkjr ds vuqlkj ;s lc Jqfr;kW laoknfl) gaSA laokn ds vk/kkj ij gh izkphuksa us bu
Jqfr;ksa dks fl) fd;k gSA bu lHkh Jqfr;ksa esa uo vkSj =;ks”k ;kfu ukS rFkk rsjg ds vUrj ls
ijLij laokn izfl) gSA Hkjr dksgy vkfn vkpk;ksaZ ds iwoZ tc ls Jqfr;ka fl) dh x;h gksxh]
rc ml dky esa ukn dh daiu la[;k dks ukius dh izfØ;k dk izpkj gks ;k u gks] mudk [Link]
ewY; ns[kdj mUgsa fl) djus ds ;Ru dh “kD;rk ;k vko”;drk izrhr gqbZ gks ;k u gqbZ gks]
fdUrq ;g furkUr lR; gS fd bu lc Jqfr;ksa dk laokn&lEcU/k dkuksa ls lqudj gh] uki dj
gh [Link] fd;k x;k gksxkA bu ckbZl Jqfr;ksa dks fl) djus ds fy, ftl laokn&izfØ;k dks
lk/ku cuk dj mldk iz;ksx fd;k x;k mls [Link] pqr’V;h ;k prq% [Link] dgrs gSaA bl
[Link] ds pkj pj.k gSaA vki bls fuEu izdkj ls le>sa %&

d- izFke pj.k & Hkjr us [Link]&prq’V;h :ih vuqla/kku nks [Link] }kjk fd;kA ,d [Link] dks
/kqzo [Link] ¼vpy [Link]½ vkSj nwljh dks py [Link] dk uke fn;kA nksuksa [Link];sa leku vkdkj]
leku ifjek.k vkSj leku ukn okyh FkhA nksuksa [Link];sa ‘kM~txzke ds Loj vkFkkZr~ ‘kM~t pkSFkh]
_`’kHk lkroha] xa/kkj uoha] e/;e rsjgoha] iape lrjgoha] /kSor chloha vkSj fu’kkn ckbloha Jqfr
ij LFkkfir FksA nksuksa [Link];sa ,d gh rkjrk ij feyh FkhA lcls igys Hkjr us py [Link] ds
iape Loj dks lrjgoha Jqfr ls dqN FkksMk+ lk uhps mrkj dj mls e/;exzke ds iape Loj esa
feyk fn;k tks fd lksygoha Jqfr ij fLFkj jgrk gSA tc py [Link] vkSj e/;e xzkfed [Link]
ds Loj ijLij fey x;s rks Hkjr uss /kqzo [Link] vkSj py&[Link] ds iape Lojksa ds vUrj dks ^izek.k
Jqfr* ?kksf’kr fd;k vkSj blds i”pkr~ “ks’k lHkh Loj ,d&,d Jqfr uhps mrkj fn;s x;sA ;g
Hkjr dh igyh [Link] FkhA bl fØ;k ls ‘kM~t Loj rhljh vFkkZr~ eUnzk Jqfr ij] _`’kHk Loj
NVh vFkkZr~ jatuh Jqfr ij] xa/kkj Loj vkBoha vFkkZr~ jkSnzh Jfr ij] e/;e Loj ckjgoha vFkkZr~
izhfr Jqfr ij] iape Loj lksygoha vFkkZr~ lanhiuh Jqfr ¼e/;exzkfed iape½ ij] /kSor Loj
mUuloha vFkkZr~ [Link] Jqfr ij vkSj fu’kkn Loj bDdhloha vFkkZr~ mxzk Jqfr ij igq¡p x;hA bl
[Link] esa Hkjr dks ,d Jqfr vFkkZr~ ^izek.k Jqfr* dk vuqHko gqvkA

[k- f}rh; [Link] & f}rh; [Link] ds fy;s Hkjr us py [Link] ds lHkh Lojksa dks ,d ckj fQj
,d&,d Jqfr uhps mrkj fn;kA bl izdkj ‘kM~t Loj nwljh vFkkZr~ dqeq}rh Jqfr ij] _`’kHk
Loj ik¡poh vFkkZr~ n;korh Jqfr ij] xka/kkj Loj lkroh vFkkZr~ jfDrdk ¼js dk LFkku½ Jqfr ij]
e/;e Loj X;kjgoha vFkkZr~ [Link] Jqfr ij] iape Loj iUnzgoha vFkkZr~ jDrk Jqfr ij] /kSor
Loj vBkjgoha vFkkZr~ enUrh Jqfr ij vkSj fu’kkn Loj chloha vFkkZr~ jE;k Jqfr ij ¼/k dk LFkku½
ij igq¡p x;sA pwafd izR;sd Loj nks&nks Jqfr uhps mrj pqdk Fkk vr% nks Jqfr;ksa okys xa/kkj vkSj
fu’kkn vius fudV iMks+lh _`’kHk vkSj /kSor Lojksa ls fey x;sA bl [Link] }kjk Hkjr dks ^x*

11 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

Loj dh nks rFkk fu* Loj dh nks vFkkZr~ pkj Jqfr;ksa dk vuqHko gqvk vkSj lkFk gh ;g Hkh vuqHko
gqvk fd nksuksa Lojksa esa ijLij 13 Jqfr;ksa dk vUrj vFkkZr~ ‘kM~t&iape Hkko fo|eku gSA

x- r`rh; [Link] & r`rh; [Link] esa Hkjr us iqu% [Link] ds lHkh Lojksa dks ,d ckj fQj ,d&
,d Jqfr uhps mrkj fn;kA blds [Link]:i ^l* igyh vFkkZr~ rhozk Jqfr ij] ^js* pkSFkh
vFkkZr~ NUnksorh ¼l dk LFkku½] x NVh vFkkZr~ jatuh Jqfr ij] e nloha vFkkZr~ oftzdk Jqfr ij]
^i* pkSngoha vFkkZr~ f{kfr Jqfr ij] ^/k* lrjgoha vFkkZr~ vykfiuh Jqfr ij vkSj ^fu* mUuhloha
vFkkZr~ [Link] Jqfr ij igq¡p x;s] ftlds QyLo:i rhu&rhu Jqfr;ksa okys js ,oa /k Loj l vkSj
^i* Lojksa ls fey x;s vkSj js&/k dk ‘kM~t&iape Hkko Hkh Li’V jgkA bl [Link] ls 3$3 ¾6
Jqfr;ksa dk vuqHko gqvkA

?k- prqFkZ [Link] & prqFkZ lkj.k ds vUrxZr lHkh Lojksa dks ,d&,d Jqfr iqu% mrkjus ls ^lk*
ckbZloha ¼eUnz lIrd½ vFkkZr~ {[Link] Jqfr ¼eUnz uh Loj½ ij] js rhljh vFkkZr~ eUnk Jqfr ij ]
^x* ik¡poh vFkkZr~ n;korh Jqfr ij] ^e* uoha vFkkZr~ Øks/kk Jqfr ij ¼x Loj½] ^i* rsjgoha vFkkZr~
ektZuh Jqfr ij ¼e/; Loj½] ^/k* lksygoha vFkkZr~ lUnhiuh Jqfr ij vkSj ^fu* vBkjgoha vFkkZr~
enUrh Jqfr ij igq¡p x;sA bl prqFkZ ,oa vfUre [Link] ds QyLo:i pkj&pkj Jqfr;ksa okys
l&e&i Loj fu ¼eUnz½ & x & e Lojksa ls feysA bl [Link] ds QyLo:i Hkjr dks
4$4$4¾12 Jqfr;ksa dk vuqHko gqvk vkSj ‘kM~t&iape rFkk ‘kM~t&e/;e Hkko Li’V jgsA
bl izdkj bu pkj [Link] esa Hkjr dks izFke [Link] }kjk izek.k Jqfr vkSj mldk
ifjek.k] f}rh; [Link] esa 2$2¾ 4 Jqfr;ksa] r`rh; [Link] esa 3$3 ¾6 Jqfr;ksa rFkk pkSFkh ;kfu
prqFkZ [Link] esa 4$4$4¾12 Jqfr;ksa dk vuqHko gqvkA blds vfrfjDr ;g Hkh fl) gqvk fd
Hkkjrh; lIrd ds Loj laokfnRo ds vk/kkj ij fu;r fd;s tkrs FksA
bl [Link] prq’V;h ds lEcU/k esa Hkjr dk leFkZu djus okyksa esa laxhr jRukdj ds
jpf;rk iafMr “kkjaxnso dk uke fo”ks’k mYys[kuh; gSA mUgksaus Hkjr er dks Li’V djrs gq, nks
[Link],¡ yhA nksuksa [Link] ds leku ukn gksus ij mu ij ckbZl&ckbZl rkj ¼,d nwljs ls Øfed
NksVs½ p<k+ fn;sA nksuksa dh izFke rkjksa dks eUnzre /ofu ls feyk fn;kA blds i”pkr~ izR;sd rkj
dks ,d nwljs ls bruk Å¡pk feyk;k fd nks rkjksa ¼uknksa½ ds chp esa vkSj dksbZ vUrj u gks vFkkZr~
nksuksa iMks+lh rkjksa ds chp ukn fujarj gksaA blh izdkj ckbZl rkjsa ,d nwljs ls Å¡ph feyk nh
xbZA tc nksuks [Link],¡ rS;kj gks xbZ rks ,d [Link] /kqzo vkSj nwljh py [Link] ij izFke [Link]
vFkkZr~ vuqla/kku vkjEHk dj fn;kA izFke [Link] ls iwoZ lkrksa Lojksa dh LFkkiuk Øe”k% pkSFkh]
lkroha] uoha] rsjgoha] lrjgoha] chloha vkSj ckbZloha rkjksa ij dj nhA izFke [Link] “kq: djrs gq,
iafMr th us [Link] ij fLFkr lkr Lojksa dks ,d&,d rkj ukn uhps mrkj fn;k vFkkZr~ pkSFkh
rkj ds ckn dh rhljh rkj dk ukn vkSj lkroha rkj ds ukn dks NBh rkj ds ukn ls feyk
fn;kA blh izdkj lHkh Loj vius ls iwoZ rkjksa esa feyk fn;sA bl izfØ;k ls /ofur lkrksa Loj
/kqzo [Link] ds Lojksa ls uhph /ofu nsus yxsA nksuksa [Link] ds Lojkarjksa dks iafMr th us ,d Jqfr
ds leku dgkA nwljh [Link] esa og izfØ;k nksgjkus ij lHkh Loj nks&nks Jqfr mrj dj x&js
vkSj uh&/k Lojksa ds fey tkus ds dkj.k cusA blh izdkj rhljh [Link] esa js&lk vkSj /k&Ik fey
x;sA pkSFkh [Link] esa i&x vkSj e&x rks fey x;s ijUrq lk&fu ¼eUnz½ u fey lds D;ksafd
izFke rkj rks igys ls gh eUnzre /ofu ls feyh gqbZ Fkh vkSj pkSFkh rkj ij ^lk* Loj LFkkfir gks
pqdk FkkA rhu [Link] esa ^l* Loj izFke rkj ij rks vk x;k Fkk ijUrq pkSFkh [Link] esa og

12 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

izFke rkj ls uhps ugha vk ldkA gka] rkj lIrd dk ‘kM~t e/; uh esa vo”; fey x;kA laxhr
jRukdj esa [Link] ;g i)fr dqN vLi’V lh gSA
bl izdkj Hkjr us viuh izek.k Jqfr dk ifjek.k rks ns fn;k fd izek.k Jqfr ‘kM+t vkSj
e/;exzkfed iape Lojksa ds ikjLifjd vUrj ds leku gS ijUrq “ks’k 21 Jqfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa dqN
u dgkA ;gh 21 Jqfr;ka Hkkoh ihf<;ksa esa ppkZ dk fo’k; jgha vkSj bl leL;k dks gy djus dk
iz;Ru vusd fo}kuksa us fd;kA vkpk;Z dSyk”kpUnz nso c`gLifr us vius ^xzUFk* Hkjr dk laxhr
fl)kUr esa ^izek.k Jqfr* dk mnkgj.k ,d [Link] JqfrniZ.k }kjk fd;k gSA
vc vki le> x;s gksaxsa fd prq% [Link] izfØ;k ds leCU/k esa izkphu dky ls ysdj
vkq/kfud fo}kuksa rd lHkh Hkjr ls lger gSaA lHkh fo}kuksa us Hkjr }kjk fd;s x;s vuqla/kku dk
leFkZu fd;k vkSj vius&vius vuqHko }kjk bls Li’V fd;k gSA Hkjr dh [Link] prq’V;h dks
fuEu rkfydk esa Li’V fd;k gS %&

Jqfr Jqfr dk uke Loj

[Link]
la[;k Jqfr la[;k
1 2 3 4
22 {[Link] uh ¼eUnz½ & & & lk 22 {[Link]
1 rhozk & & lk & 1 rhozk
2 Dqeq}rh & lk & & 2 dqeq}rh
3 eUnk lk & & js 3 eUnk
4 NUnksorh ‘kM~t & & js & 4 NUnksorh
5 n;korh & js & x 5 n;korh
6 jatuh Js & x & 6 jatuh
7 jfDrdk _`’kHk & x & & 7 jfDrdk
8 jkSnzh Xk & & & 8 jkSnzh
9 Øks/kk xka/kkj & & & e 9 Øks/kk
10 oftzdk & & e & 10 oftzdk
11 [Link] & e & & [Link]
12 izhfr E & & & 12 izhfr
13 ektZuh e/;e & & & i 13 ektZuh
14 f{kfr & & i & 14 f{kfr
15 jDrk & i & & 15 jDrk
16 lanhiuh I & & /k 16 lanhiuh
17 vkykfiuh Ikape & & /k & 17 vykfiuh
18 enUrh & /k & fu 18 enUrh
19 [Link] /k & fu & 19 [Link]
20 jE;k /kSor & fu & & 20 jE;k
21 mxzk fu & & & 21 mxzk
22 {[Link] fu’kkn & & & & {[Link]

13 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

vH;kl iz”u
d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- Hkjr us tkfr ds -------------------- y{k.k crk;s gSaA
2- Hkjr us tkfr;ksa ds ---------------- Hksn crk;s gSaA
3- “kq)k tkfr;ka -------------------------- ekuh x;h gSaA
4- ‘kkM~th] vk’kZHkh] /kSorh rFkk fu’kknh ;s pkj tkfr;ka ------------- xzke dh gSaA
5- xka/kkjh] e/;ek rFkk iapeh ;s rhu “kq)k tkfr;ka ----------------- dh gSA
6- Hkjr ds }kjk crk, x, tkfr ds nl y{[Link] ds vfrfjDr “kkjaxnso us -----------------y{k.k vkSj
crk, gSaA
7- izkphu vkpk;ksaZ us ckbZl Jqfr;ksa dks -------------------------- ds vuqikr }kjk lk] js x] e] i /k] vkSj
uh lkr Lojksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA
8- Hkjr us [Link]&prq’V;h ds fy, ----------------- [Link] dk iz;ksx fd;kA
9- Hkjr uss /kqzo [Link] vkSj py&[Link] ds iape Lojksa ds vUrj dks ----------------------- crk;k FkkA
10- vkpk;Z c`gLifr us ^izek.k Jqfr* dk mnkgj.k ----------------------- [Link] }kjk fn;k gSA
[k- y?kq mRrjh; iz”u %&
1- tkfr dh ifjHkk’kk dhft,A
2- tkfr y{[Link] ds fo’k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\
3- tkfr ds Hksnksa ds fo’k; esa fy[ksaA
4- jkx xk;u ,oa jkx y{[Link] dh ppkZ dhft,A

1-6 lkjka”k
vc rd vki le> x;s gksaxs fd izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr o’kZ esa xk;u] oknu] u`R; dk
fodkl gks pqdk FkkA dkyØekuqlkj laxhr esa fofHkUu xk;u “kSfy;ksa dk lekos”k gksrk x;k rFkk
Loj ij lnSo “kks/k ,oa fpUru Hkh fd;k tkrk jgk gSA /keZ iz/kku ns”k gksus ds dkj.k xk;u
“kSfy;ksa dk vk/kkj HkfDr Hkkoiz/kku gh jgk gSA lkexku ls ;g ijEijk pyhA iqu% tkfr xk;u]
izcU/k xk;u] /kqzin xk;u rFkk fQj jkx xk;u ds varxZr [;ky xk;u vkfn xk;u “kSfy;ksa esa
nso vkjk/kuk dh izo`fŸk Li’V n`f’Vxkspj gksrh gSA Hkjr us tkfr xk;u dh foLr`r :i ls O;k[;k
djds tkfr;ksa ds Lo:i 7 “kq) rFkk 11 lalxZtk fod`rk tkfr;ksa dk y{[Link] lfgr [Link] fd;k
gSA tkfr ds nl y{[Link] dh Hkh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh gSA
ijorhZ dky esa tkfr ds nl y{k.k gh fdafpr ifjorZuksa ds lkFk jkx&y{k.k dgyk;s
vkSj e/;;qx esa jkxksa dk leqfpr fodkl gks pqdk Fkk vkSj vU; y{[Link] dk lekos”k jkx y{[Link] esa
gks pqdk FkkA tkfr y{k.k fdlh u fdlh :i esa vkt Hkh jkx y{[Link] esa O;ogkj esa gSaA jkx ds
leku Lojksa ds Åij Hkh izkphu vkpk;ksZa esa xaHkhj fpUru fd;kA laxhr esa iz;qDr gksus okyh /ofu
dks ukn RkFkk ukn dh y?kqre Jo.k dh tkus okyh /ofu dks Jqfr dh laKk iznku dhA Jqfr;ksa
dh la[;k ij Hkh fopkj fd;k x;kA fofHkUu vkpk;ksZa us Jqfr;ksa dh la[;k Hkh vyx&vyx ekuhA
fdlh us 22 fdlh us 20 rFkk fdlh 66 Jqfr;ksa dh dYiuk dhA vkpk;Z Hkjr us ,d lIrd 22
Jqfr;kaW ekuh tks fd vkt Hkh ekU; gSaA bu 22 Jqfr;ksa dh flf) ds fy, nks [Link] ij iz;ksx
fd;kA bl iz;ksx dks [Link] prq’V;h ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA laoknh ds vk/kkj ij bl
[Link] prq’V;h iz;ksx esa izFke [Link] esa izek.k Jqfr] nwljh [Link] esa 4 Jqfr] r`rh; [Link] esa 6

14 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

Jqfr rFkk prqFkZ [Link] esa 12 Jqfr;ksa dks fl) fd;kA Hkjr ds i”pkr~ vkpk;Z “kkjaxnso us Hkh
[Link] prq’V;h dk iz;ksx fd;k ysfdu mudk <ax dqN vyx FkkA mUgksaus nks leku vkdkj
okyh [Link] esa 22&22 rku cka/k dj bl iz;ksx dks fd;kA

1-7 “kCnkoyh
1- Tkkfr xk;u & xk;u dk ,d izdkj
2- “kq)k tkfr & “kq) Lojksa ij vk/kkfjr tkfr tSls ‘kkMth] vk’kZHkh] xka/kkjh]
e/;ek] iapeh] /kSorh ,oa uS’kknhA
3- lalxZtk tkfr & nks ;k nks ls vf/kd tkfr;ksa ds esy ls curh gSaA
4- eUnz&rkj & tkfr dk y{k.k
5- vYiRo & ftl Loj dk de iz;ksx fd;k tk,A ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS
ya?ku rFkk vukH;klA
6- cgqRo & ftl Loj dk vf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tk;sA ;g Hkh nks izdkj dk
gksrk gS & vya?ku rFkk vH;klA
7- [Link] & Jqfrflf) ds fy, Hkjr ds }kjk fd;k x;k iz;ksxA

1-8 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj

d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- nl¼ xzg] va”k] U;kl] viU;kl] rkj] eUnz] vYiRo] cgqRo] ‘kkMfor ,oa vkSMfor ½
2- nks¼“kq)k rFkk fod`rk½
3- lkr¼‘kkM~th] vk’kZHkh] xka/kkjh] e/;ek] iapeh] /kSorh rFkk fu’kknh½
4- ‘kMtxzke
5- e/;e xzke
6- rhu ¼lU;kl] foU;kl o vUrekxZ½
7- 4&3&2&4&4&3&2
8- /kqzo [Link]] py [Link]
9- ^izek.k Jqfr*
10- JqfrniZ.k

1-9 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- Bkdqj] iafMr vksadkjukFk] izo.k Hkkjrh] [Link]
2- xxZ] y{eh ukjk;.k] fucU/k laxhr] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjlA
3- c`gLifr] vkpk;Z dSyk”k pUnznso] Hkjr dk laxhr fl)kUr] fnYyhA

1-10 lgk;d@mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh

1- Bkdqj] iafMr vksadkjukFk] laxhrkatyh & Hkkx& 1 ls 6 rdA
2- ikBd] lquUnk] fgUnqLrkuh laxhr esa jkx dh mRifŸk ,oa fodklA
3- c`gLifr] vkpk;Z dSyk”k pUnznso] ukV~;”kkL= dk vV~Vkbloka v/;k;A

15 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-11 fucU/kkRed iz”u

1- tkfrxk;u ij fucU/k fy[ksaA
2- tkfr ds n”kfo/k y{[Link] dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dhft,A
3- “kq)k rFkk fod`r tkfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fl)kUrksa ij izdk”k Mkfy,A
4- jkx dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, jkx ds y{[Link] dh ppkZ dhft,A
5- [Link] prq’V;h ij foLrkjiwoZd [Link] fy[ksaA

16 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 1

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bdkbZ 2 & izcU/k dk foLr`r v/;;u ,oa izcU/k dh /kqzin o [;ky ls rqyuk

2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 mn~ns”;
2-3 izcU/k dk foLr`r v/;;u
2-3-1 izcU/k dh O;qRifŸk ,oa vFkZ
2-3-2 izcU/k ds vax
2-3-3 izcU/k dh /kkrq
2-3-4 izcU/kksa ds Hksn
2-4 izcU/k dh /kzqin ls rqyuk
2-5 izcU/k dh [;ky ls rqyuk
2-6 lkjka”k
2-7 “kCnkoyh
2-8 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj
2-9 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
2-10 lgk;d@mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
2-11 fucU/kkRed iz”u

2-1 izLrkouk
izLrqr bdkbZ izn”kZu dyk&laxhr esa LukrdksRrj] r`rh; lsesLVj ¼,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602½
ikB~;dze dh nwljh bdkbZ gSA blls iwoZ dh bdkbZ esa tkfrxk;u] jkx xk;u ,oa jkx ds y{[Link]
ds ckjs esa tku pqds gSA vki [Link] prq’V;h dks Hkh foLrkj ls le> pqds gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa izcU/k dk foLr`r v/;;u izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA laxhr ds fu;eksa ls ca/kh
fof”k’V jpuk dks :<k+FkZ esa izcU/k dk uke e/;dky esa izkIr gqvkA izcU/k ,d xk;u fo/kk dgykbZ
ftls oLrq rFkk :id dh Hkh laKk izkIr gqbZA ijorhZ dky esa fodflr [;ky] /kzin vkfn ij
bldk izHkko FkkA bl bdkbZ esa izcU/k dh /kzqin o [;ky ls rqyukRed v/;;u Hkh izLrqr gSA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr vki izcU/k ds fo’k; esa tku ldsaxsA vki izcU/k dh
O;qRifŸk] vFkZ] vax] /kkrq] Hksn vkfn dks Hkh tku ldsaxsA vki izcU/k dh /kzqin o [;ky ls rqyuk Hkh
dj ldsaxsA

17 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

2-2 mn~ns”;
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr vki %&
1- izcU/k ds fo’k; esa tku ldsaxsA
2- izcU/k dh O;qRifŸk] vFkZ] vax] /kkrq] Hksn vkfn dks Hkh tku ldsaxsA
3- izcU/k dh /kzqin ls rqyuk dj ldsaxsA
4- izcU/k dh [;ky ls rqyuk dj ldsaxsA

2-3 izcU/k dk foLr`r v/;;u

2-3-1 izcU/k dh O;qRifŸk ,oa vFkZ & izcU/k “kCn dh O;qRifŸk iz$cU/k$r`p izR;;~ yxkus ls gqbZ
gSA iz$cU/k$ /k´~ ls izcU/k “kCn curk gSA bldk vFkZ gS izd`’V :i ls c)A laLd`r esa izcU/k dk
vFkZ lafo/kk] mik;] vk;kstu] vf/k’Bku] egkdkO; vkfn ds vFkZ esa fy;k x;k gSA laLd`r lkfgR;
ds vUrxZr ^izcU/k* lkfgfR;d d`fr ;k jpuk dks Hkh dgk x;k gSA fgUnh Hkk’kk esa izcU/k dk vFkZ
izd`’V cU/ku] dbZ ckrksa ;k oLrqvksa dh ,d xzUFk esa ;kstuk] rFkk ,d nwljs ls lEc) i|ksa esa iwjk
gksus okyk dkO; crk;k x;k gSA ,d izdkj dk NksVk ys[k tks fo|kFkhZ fy[krs gSa] izcU/k dgykrk
gSA vkpk;Z fo”oukFk izlkn us izcU/k dkO; ds rhu Hksn&egkdkO;] ,dkFkZdkO; vkSj [[Link];
fd;s gSaA bl izdkj okLro esa ;fn ns[kk tk, rks leLr lkfgR; esa ,d izcU/kkRed lek;kstu
n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA
laxhr esa izcU/k dk vFkZ nks :iksa esa xzg.k fd;k x;k gSA 1& lkekU; rFkk 2& fof”k’V A
lkekU; vFkZ esa izcU/k ls vfHkizk; ,d [Link] lajpuk gsrq fofHkUu lkaxhfrd rRoksa ds xBu ls gSA
fof”k’V vFkZ esa izd`’VkscU/k% vFkkZr~ izd’Vksa ;L; cU/k% L;kr~ l izcU/kksa fux|rs* rkRi;Z ;g gS fd
izd`’V :i ls c) fdlh lajpuk dks izcU/k dgk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ izcU/k ls vfHkizk; cafn”k fuekZ.k
dyk ds ml Hkkx ls gS] tks Li’Vrk] Øe] vax ,oa larqyu ls fu;fer gksA oSfnd lkexku]
Hkjr&dkyhu lIrxhr izdkj] /kzqok xhr] “kkM+Znso ds xzke jkx] jkx] mijkx vkfn y{[Link] ls ;qDr
xhr izdkj] vk/kqfud laxhr ds [;ky] /kqzin] /kekj] prqjax] rjkuk rFkk nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dhrZue~]
d`fr] ine~ vkfn leLr “kkL=h; laxhr ds vUrxZr vkus okys izdkj fuc) laxhr ds mnkgj.k
gSa*A izcU/k “kCn dk lkekU; lkaxhfrd vFkZ ;|fi leLr lkaxhfrd jpukvksa ls gS] rFkkfi
laxhr”kkL=ksa esa izcU/k ds fof”k’V vFkZ dks Lohdkjrs gq,] mls fuc) laxhr izdkj crk dj :<+
vFkZ esa mldk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA izcU/k dk fu:i.k erax d`r c`g)s”kh] ekulksYYkkl] laxhr
jRukdj] laxhrf”kjksef.k] laxhrjkt] laxhr nkeksnj vkfn xzUFkksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA bu lcesa izkIr
ifjHkk’kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fof”k’V /kkrqvksa vkSj vaxksa ls ;qDr lajpuk dks
izcU/k dgk tkrk gSA izcU/k dh ifjdYiuk ,d iq:’k :i esa dh x;h gS] ftldh “kkjhfjd lajpuk
dk fooj.k /kkrqvksa vkSj vaxksa ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA vax os fofHkUurRo gSa] ftuls izcU/k dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gSA izcU/k ds vax okLrfod :i esa mldh izd`fr vkSj fof”k’V y{[Link] dk fu/kkZj.k
djrs Fks] rFkk fofHkUu vFkksZa ds cks/kd ds vax izcU/k dks fof”k’V :i ls egŸ[Link] crkrs FksA izcU/k
ds Ng vax rFkk pkj /kkrq dgs x;s gSaA

18 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

2-3-2 izcU/k ds vax & izcU/k ds Ng vax&Loj] fo:n] in] rsu] ikV rFkk rky dgs x;s gSaA
lHkh vkpk;ksZa us vf/kdka”k :i esa “kkM+Znso dk gh vuqlj.k fd;k gSA izcU/k ds Ng vax vkSj mudh
fof”k’Vrk bl izdkj gS %&
1- Loj & tks ukn Lo;a “kksfHkr gksrk gS] mls Loj dgk tkrk gSA Lojksa dh /oU;kRed
vfHkO;fDr] la;qDr l] js] x] vkfn okpd Loj lewgksa dks Loj dgk tkrk gSA ‘kM~t]
_`’kHk] xU/kkj vkfn dks laf{kIr :i ls lk] js] x vkfn nsdj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izcU/k
dh Loj ;kstuk gh mls xs; :i iznku djrh gSA Loj izcU/k dk egŸ[Link] vax gSA
2- fo:n & fo:n vFkok fo:n vuqlkj iz”kalklwpd fo”ks’k in gSaA lkfgR;[Link] ds
vuqlkj x| i|e;h jktk dh Lrqfr dks ^fo:n* dgk tkrk gSA fo:n “kCn ohjrk dk
ifjpk;d gSA “k=qvksa dks mnzsd nsus okyk “kkS;Z dk vk[;ku fo:n dgykrk gSA vr% ftu
inksa esa fo”ks’[Link] ds }kjk fdlh O;fDr ;k jktk dk xku fd;k tkrk gS mUgsa fo:n dgk
tkrk gSA
3- in & vFkZ ds izdk”kd lkFkZd “kCnksa dks in dgk tkrk gSA in vFkZ dk izfriknd vkSj
Loj dk vk/kkj gksrk gSA ^in* izcU/k dks vFkZ iznku djrk gSA in Lo;a fo’k;oLrq gksrk
gSA blls ;g Li’V gqvk fd izcU/k ds vUrxZr dfork ;k lkfgR; dh jpuk esa iz;qDr
gksus okys “kCnksa dks ^in* dh laKk nh tkrh gSA Hkjr us in dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k
gS & 1- fuc) ¼lrky½ rFkk 2- vfuc) ¼vrky½A lrky ds vUrxZr pkj /kkrqvksa vkSj Ng
vaxksa ls fuc) jpuk;sa vkrh gSa vkSj vrky ds vUrxZr vkykfIr vFkok vkyki vkrs gSaA
ijUrq Hkjr ds in ds O;kid vFkZ dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA izcU/k ds vax ds :i esa [Link]
in ds vUrxZr dsoy ogh “kCn vkrs gSa] tks [Link] u gksa D;ksafd [Link] in rks
^fo:n* gksrs gSaA
4- rsu] rsUu vFkok rsud & izcU/k esa eaxylwpd “kCnksa dk iz;ksx ^rsu* dgykrk gSA rsu
eaxyokpd gSA tSls vkse] txnh”k] gfj vkfnA ^rr~* ls vfHkizk; Lrqfrewyd “kCnksa ls gSA
bl izdkj izcU/k esa eaxykFkZd “kCnksa ds iz;ksx dks mldk fof”k’V vax rsu vFkok rsud
ekuk x;k gSA
5- ikV & ok| ij ctus okys [Link] dks ^iVk{kj* dgrs gSaA ^ikV* dk oxhZdj.k mRiknd oLrq
rFkk mlls mRiUu gksus okyh /ofu ds <ax ds vk/kkj ij fuEu <axksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gS
%&
¼d½ rU=hikV & tks fdlh rU=hok| ls mRiUu gksrs gSa] tSls :[Link] ls mRiUu gksus okys
rd] ru bR;kfnA
¼[k½ lqf’kjikV & ;s oks ikVk{kj gSa tks lqf’kjok|ksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSa tSls dkS´p] dkgyk
bR;kfn ls mRiUu gksus okys Fkqy] FkqxkfnA blds vfrfjDr tks iVk{kj fdlh vFkZ ls
lEcfU/kr gSa mUgsa lkFkZdikV rFkk tks fdlh vFkZ ls ghu gksrs gSa mUgsa fujFkZd ikV dgrs
gSaA ikVk{kjksa ds vUrxZr “kq) rFkk feJ ikVksa dk Hkh mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA os ikVk{kj tks
?kuok|ksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSa “kq) ikV rFkk tks ?ku rFkk lqf’kj ok|kksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSa] os
feJ ikV dgykrs gSaA
ikVksa dk ,d vU; oxhZdj.k bl izdkj gSa %&
d- Loj ikV & oks y;kRed /ofu;k¡ tks lEHkor% LojkfJr xk;h tkrh gSaA
[k- djikV ;k rkyikV & dj ikV ls vfHkizk; gkFkksa ds gFksyh vkSj maxfy;ksa ds
lek;kstu ls mRiUu gksus okyh y;kRed /ofu;ksa dks dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa gLrikV Hkh
dgk tkrk gSA Hkxoku f”ko ds eq[k ls mRiUu ikV ukxcU/k LofLrd] vyXu] “kqf) rFkk

19 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

leLofyr gSaA buls dqy iSarhl ikVksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftldk lEcU/k eq[;r% vou)
ok|ksa ls mRiUu gksus okyh /ofu;ksa ls gSaA dkykUrj esa vou) ikV gh izfl) gq,A bl
izdkj ikV xhr izcU/kksa ds vR;Ur [Link] vax gksrs gSa tcfd u`Ur izcU/kksa dk rks ;s
vfHkUu vax gksrs gSaA

6- rky & laxhr fØ;k esa yxus okys le; ds eki dks rky dgk tkrk gSA rky laxhr dh
laxfr esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA rky ,d fuf”pr ek=kvksa dh la[;k ls fufeZr gksrh gSA
rky leLr izcU/kksa esa fo|eku jgrk gSA Loj ds leku rky dks Hkh izcU/k dk vfHkUu vax
dgk x;k gSA
bl izdkj vki le> x;s gksaxs fd izcU/k ds N% vax Loj] fo:n] in] rsu] ikV vkSj rky FksA
izcU/k ds Loj uked vax dks lHkh xzUFkdkjksa }kjk egŸ[Link] LFkku fn;k x;k gSA Loj lkaxhfrd
lajpuk ds xs;kRed :i dk vk/kkj gSA fo:n izcU/k dk lkfgfR;d i{k gS] tks fd izcU/k esa [Link]
uk;d dh [Link] lwpd “kCnksa dk iz;ksx n”kkZrk gSA in izcU/k ds ekrq i{k dk lwpd gSA in
vkSj fo:n vkil esa cgqr lehirk ls tqMs+ gq, gaSA ikV ok|k{kjksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okyh laKk
gSA rsud izcU/k esa iz;qDr gksus okys eaxykpZd inksa dks dgk tkrk gSA rky le; dh ekid gS
vkSj leLr izcU/kksa esa fo|eku jgrh gSA

izcU/k dh tkfr & izcU/kksa esa iz;qDr vaxksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij tkfr dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
izcU/kksa dh esfnuh] vkufUnuh] nhiuh] Hkkouh rFkk rkjkoyh ;s dqy ik¡p tkfr;k¡ Fkh ftuesa Øe”k%
N% vaxksa ls ysdj nks vaxksa rd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA vFkkZr~ esfnuh esa N%] vkufUnuh esa ik¡p]
nhiuh esa pkj] Hkkouh esa rhu rFkk rkjkoyh esa nks vaxksa dk gksuk vko”;d FkkA

2-3-3 izcU/k dh /kkrq & /kkrq “kCn dh lajpuk ^/kk* /kkrq esa ^rqu~* izR;; yxkus ls gqbZ gS] ftldk
vFkZ ,d Hkkx vFkok ?kVd gksrk gSA “kkL=dkjksa }kjk /kkrq “kCn dk iz;ksx dbZ vFkksZa esa fd;k x;k
gS rFkk fdlh Hkh lajpuk ds xs; i{k dks /kkrq dgk tkrk gSA [Link] vkfn ok|ksa ij izgkj djus
mRiUu /ofu;ksa dks Hkh /kkrq dgk tkrk gSA
oLrqr% in rFkk rky ds leUo; ls /kkrq dh mRifŸk gksrh gSA izcU/k ds vo;o dks /kkrq dgk
x;k gSA izcU/k dh eq[; pkj /kkrq,a gksrh gS & 1- mn~xzkg] 2- esykid] 3- /kqzo rFkk 4- vkHkksxA
1- mn~xzkg & izcU/k dk izFke /kkrq mn~xzkg dgykrk gSA mn~xzkg dk vFkZ izkjEHk ;k “kq:vkr
gksrk gSA izcU/k dk mn~xzkg ftl Hkkx ls fd;k tkrk gS mls mn~xzkg dgk tkrk gSA
2- esykid & ^esykid* dk vFkZ gS esy djokus okykA esykid izcU/k dk ,d izklafxd y{k.k gS]
ftldk iz;kstu izcU/k ds izFke Hkkx ^mn~xzkg* rFkk r`rh; Hkkx /kqzo dks tksM+uk gksrk gSA ;g og
Hkkx gksrk gS tks mn~xzkg vkSj /kqzo dks feykrk gSA ;g izcU/k dk f}rh; /kkrq gksrk gS ftlesa izcU/k
[Link]% fodflr gksrk gSA blh dh laKk esykid Hkh gSA
3- /kqzo & izcU/k esa ftl /kkrq dk ckj&ckj iz;ksx fd;k tk;s mls ^/kqzo* dgrs gSaA ckj&ckj iz;qDr
gksus ds dkj.k vkSj bldk yksi u gksus ds dkj.k gh bls ^/kqzo* laKk izkIr gqbZA
4- vkHkksx & vkHkksx dk “kkfCnd vFkZ gS [Link] izcU/k dk vfUre Hkkx ;k mls [Link] djus
okyk vfUre /kkrq gksus ds dkj.k bl /kkrq dh laKk ^vkHkksx* gSA izcU/k dk ;g /kkrq dfo uke ;k
uk;d ds uke ls ;qDr gksrk gSA

20 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

2-3-3 izcU/kksa ds Hksn %&

/kkrqvksa ds vk/kkj ij izcU/k ds Hksn & /kkrqvksa ds vk/kkj ij izcU/k ds rhu Hksn ik;s tkrs gSa &
prq/kkZrq] f=/kkrq ,oa f}/kkrqA prq/kkZrq izcU/kksa esa pkjksa /kkrqvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA f=/kkrq
izcU/kksa esa esykid ugha gksrk FkkA f}/kkrq izcU/kksa esa mn~xzkg rFkk /kzqo uked /kkrq vfuok;Z FksA
izcU/kksa dh jpuk esa de ls de nks /kkrqvksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z FkkA
“kkL=xzUFkksa esa izcU/k Hksnksa dk mYys[k eq[;r% nks izdkj ls fd;k x;k gS & 1- y{[Link] ds
vk/kkj ij rFkk 2- iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ijA buesa ls izR;sd ds rhu oxZ gSa %&
d- 1& fu;qZDr 2& vfu;qZDr rFkk 3& mHk;kRed izcU/k
[k- 1& lwM 2& vkfy 3& [Link] izcU/k

d- 1- fu;qZDr & ftu izcU/k jpukvksa esa fof”k’Vr% rky] NUn] jkx] [Link]] jl] Hkk’kk vkfn ds
fu;e fuf”pr Fks rFkk mu fu;eksa esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] mUgsa fu;qZDr vFkok fuc)
izcU/k dgk tkrk FkkA

2- vfu;qZDr & ftu izcU/kksa esa rky] NUn] x.k] [Link]] vyadkj] jl] Hkk’kk vkfn dk LosPNk ls
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk mudks vfu;qZDr izcU/k dgk tkrk FkkA

3- mHk;kRed izcU/k & ftl xhr esa dgha vax vkSj dgha NUn gks] os mHk;kRed izcU/k dgykrs FksA

tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k gS fd iz;ksx fd vk/kkj ij izcU/kksa ds rhu Hksn FksA izcU/kksa dk
lokZf/kd egŸ[Link] oxhZdj.k “kq)] vkfy rFkk [Link] oxZ dk Fkk D;ksafd bUgha ds vUrxZr gesa
vuds izcU/kksa dk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA bu Hksnksa ds vUrxZr dkSu&dkSu ls izcU/k izpfyr Fks rFkk
mudh D;k fof”k’Vrk Fkh bldh ;gk¡ ppkZ djsaxsA

1- lwM izcU/k & lwM dks lw< Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lwM ls vfHkizk; fo”kq) ls gSA lwM izcU/kksa dk
,d fuf”pr laxfBr :i gksrk Fkk ftldk xku ,d fuf”pr Øe esa fd;k tkrk FkkA laxhr
jRukdj esa lwM dss nks Hksn & “kq) lwM rFkk lkyxlwM [Link] fd;s x;s gSaA “kq) lwM ds vkB mi
Hksn izkIr gSa & 1- ,yk 2-+ dj.k 3- <sVh 4- orZuh] 5- >ksEcM+] 6 yEHk] 7- jkl rFkk 8- ,drkyhA
“kq) lwM izcU/kksa ds bu miHksnksa dh jpuk fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij dh x;h izrhr gksrh gSA
1- x.k] [Link] ek=k vkfn ds fo”ks’k iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ijA
2- izcU/kksa esa iz;qDr vaxksa ds fo”ks’k lek;kstu ds vk/kkj ijA
3- vyadkj fo”ks’k ds iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ijA
4- NUnksa dh fo”ks’k lek;kstu ds vk/kkj ijA
5- Hkk’kk fo”ks’k ds iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ijA
6- izcU/kksa ds eUnz ;k rkj LFkkudksa esa xk;s tkus ds vk/kkj ijA
7- izcU/k esa iz;qDr /kkrqvksa esa ls mn~xzkg /kqzokfn dks fo”ks’k izdkj ls xk;s tkus ds vk/kkj ijA
8- xed ds iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ijA
bu fo”ks’krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij vkB lwM izcU/kksa ds vokUrj miHksn Hkh curs gSaA

lkyx lwM izcU/k & lwM izcU/kksa dk f}rh; Hksn lkyxlwM izcU/k FkkA lkyx “kCn ls vfHkizk;
Nk;kyx ls gSA laxhr f”kjksef.k esa Nk;kyx izcU/kksa ds fo’k; esa Li’V :i ls ;g mYys[k fd;k

21 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

x;k gS fd tc fdlh oLrq dh Nk;k fHkUu jkx] rky] xzg] y;] /kkrq o ekrq dh lajpuk ,oa fHkUu
vyadkjksa ls ;qDr izcU/kksa esa jatdrk vkSj ek/kq;Z ds fy;s iz;qDr gksrh gS rks mls lkyx xhr dgk
tkrk gSA blls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd jkx] rky] xzg vkfn lHkh fof”k’Vrkvksa ls ;qDr izcU/kksa esa
tc fdlh vU; oLrq dk iz;ksx vYi ek=k esa jfDr vkSj ek/kq;Z ds fy;s Nk;k ds :i esa vFkkZr~
vYiek=k esa fd;k tkrk Fkk rks mUgsa lkyxlwM izcU/k dgk tkrk FkkA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd
lwM izcU/kksa ds fuf”pr fu;eksa esa “kSfFkY; ls budk fuekZ.k gksrk FkkA
lkyx lwM izcU/k & /kqzo] e.B] izfre.B] fu%lk:d] vM~Mrky] jkld o ,drkyh] bl
izdkj dqy lkr Fks ftuds vUrxZr fofHkUu miHksnksa dk izpyu FkkA

2- vkfyizcU/k & “kkL=xzUFkksa esa [Link] izcU/kksa ds rhu Hksnksa ds vUrxZr nwljs Hksn dh laKk vkfy
gSA ;w¡ rks vkfy dk vFkZ iafDr ;k lf[k gksrk gS ysfdu izcU/kksa esa vkfy “kCn dk vFkZ iafDr ds
:i esa xzkº; gSA “kkL=xzUFkksa esa vkfyizcU/kksa dh la[;k esa erHksn fn[kk;h nsrk gSA laxhr jRukdj
esa vkfy izcU/kksa dh la[;k 32 crk;h x;h gSA 24 vkfyizcU/k rFkk vkB lwM izcU/kksa dks Hkh vkfy
esa tksM+ ysus ij lwM vkSj vkfy ds lEcU/k ls os cŸkhl gks tkrs gSaA

3- [Link] izcU/k & izcU/kksa dk rhljk oxZ [Link] izcU/k oxZ dgykrk gSA ekulksYykl esa
Li’V :i ls bl ckr dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd [Link] izcU/k ykSfdd oxZ ds gSaA bu izcU/kksa
dks lwM izcU/kksa ds lkFk ugha xk;k tkrkA bUgsa fof”k’V volj rFkk fof”k’V O;fDr;ksa }kjk iz;qDr
crk;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tSls dFkkvksa esa ‘kVinh dk iz;ksx] fookg esa /koy] mRlo esa
eaxy uked izcU/k dks xs; rFkk p;kZ dks ;ksxhtuksa }kjk xs; [Link] fd;k x;k gSA [Link] dk vFkZ
vyx&vyx ;k fc[kjk gqvk gksrk gSA blls ;g vfHkizsr gS fd [Link] oxZ ds izcU/kksa dks
vyx& vyx LorU= :i ls xk;k tkrk FkkA laxhr jRukdj esa [Link] izcU/kksa dh la[;k 36
crk;h x;h gSA buesa ls vf/kdrj izcU/kksa ds fo’k; esa muesa iz;qDr jkx o rky ds lanHkZ esa dsoy
la[;k dk gh funsZ”k fn;k x;k gSA ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd buesa fu/kkZfjr
la[;k ds vUrxZr jkx o rky dk iz;ksx LosPNk ls fd;k tkrk FkkA jkx o rky ds oSfo/; ds
iz;ksx ls ;qDr ;s izcU/k ljy ,oa yksdjatd FksA
“kkL=xzUFkksa esa xs; izcU/kksa ds vfrfjDr u`R; rFkk ok| dh fof”k’V fo/kkvksa ds :i esa
izpfyr izcU/k ds vU; izdkj u`R; rFkk ok| izcU/kksa ds :i esa izkIr gksrs gSaA os in ftuesa fdlh
Hkh NUn dk vkHkkl gksrk gS i| rFkk mlls foeqDr lajpuk x| dgykrh gSA fpUru esa i| ds
leku jl l`tu djuk dfBu gksrk gSA vr% ;g dykdkj ds dkS”ky dh dLkkSVh ekuk tk ldrk
gSA x| izcU/kksa ds ukuk Hksn “kkL+=xzUFkksa esa [Link] gSA izcU/kksa dks rkfydk esa Li’V le>k tk
ldrk gSA

22 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

izcU/k ds Hksn

lwM vkfy [Link]

“kq) lkyx lwM laxhrjRukdj esa vkfy laxhr jRukdj esa

lwM ds vkB izcU/k ds lkr izcU/kksa dh la[;k 32 dgh 36 [Link] izcU/k
Hksn gSa Hksn gSa gS dgs gSa

1 ,yk 1 /kqzo 1 [Link] 1 JhjX

2 dj.k 2 e.B 2 [Link] 2 Jhfoykl
3 <sVh 3 izfre.B 3 x| 3 i†pHkXh
4 orZuh 4 fu%lk:d 4 dSokM+ 4 i†pkuu
5 >ksEcM 5 vìrky 5 vVpfjf.k 5 Mekfryd
6 yEHk 6 jkld 6 dUn 6 f=inh
7 Jkl 7 ,drkyh 7 g;yhyk 7 prq’inh
8 ,drkyh 8 xtyhyh 8 ‘kV~inh
9 f}inh 9 oLrq
10 pØoky 10 fot;
11 ØkS†pin 11 f=iFk
12 LojkFkZ 12 prqeZq[k
13 /ofudqÍuh 13 flagyhy
14 vk;kZ 14 galyhy
15 xkFkk 15 [Link]
16 f}iFk 16 >EiV
17 dygal 17 dUnqd
18 rksVd 18 f=HkXh
19 ?kV 19 gjfoykl
20 o`Ÿk 20 lqn”kZu
21 ekr`dk 21 LojkV
22 jkxdnEc 22 Jho/kZu
23 i†prkys”oj 23 g’kZo/kZu
24 [Link] 24 Onu
vkB lwM izcU/kksa dks vkfy esa 25 pPpjh
tksM+ nsus ls lwM vkSj vkfy ds
26 p;kZ
lEcU/k ls os 32 gks tkrs gSaA
27 i)Mh+

23 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

28 jkgMh+
29 ohjJh
30 exykpkj
31 /koy
32 eXy
33 Vksoh
34 yksYyh
35 <ksYyjh
36 nUrh

bl izdkj vkius ns[kk fd xs; izcU/kksa ds i| ,oa x| nksuksa :i izpfyr jgs gSaA ;gk¡ ;g
Hkh ppkZ djuk vko”;d gS fd xs; izcU/kksa ds vfrfjDr ok| rFkk u`R; izcU/k Hkh izpfyr jgsa gSaA

u`R; izcU/k & izcU/kksa dk ,d izdkj u`R; izcU/kksa ds :i esa izkIr gksrk gSA okLro esa fof”k’V vax
iz;ksx] dj.k iz;ksx] vXgkjksa] pkfj;ksa] LFkkudksa vkSj fo”ks’k ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k bu lHkh
u`R; Hksnksa dks u`R; izcU/k dgk tk ldrk gSA bl rjg u`R; izcU/kksa dk vkfn :i mi:idksa easa
n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA u`R; dh rhu i)fr;kWa Fkh & “kq)i)fr] [Link] ;k ns”kh i)fr rFkk [Link]
i)frA u`R; dh bu rhuksa i)fr;ksa esa xs; rFkk ok| izcU/kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA u`R; ls
lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k u`R; izcU/kksa ds vusd Hksnksa dk izpyu FkkA

ok| izcU/k & x| rFkk u`R; izcU/kksa ds vfrfjDr ,d izdkj ok| izcU/kksa ds :i esa izkIr gksrk gSA
xs; izcU/kksa ds leku gh mn~xzkg vkfn /kkrqvksa ls lefUor ok| izcU/kksa esa fofHkUu ikVk{kjksa dh
lek;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij vusd Hksn lajfor gksrs FksA xs; izcU/kksa ds leku gh ok| izcU/kksa esa Hkh
rkyghu lajpukvksa dk izpyu Hkh FkkA tSls vUrj ikV uked izcU/k bldk mnkgj.k gSA vusd
ok| izcU/kksa dk lEcU/k fo”ks’k oxZ ds xs; izcU/kksa ls rFkk u`R; ls Hkh FkkA xs; izcu/kksa ds leku gh
vusd ok| izcU/k esa vk/kqfud oknu “kSfy;ksa dk ewy fo|eku gSA

izcU/k dh fo’k; oLrq & izcU/kksa esa in ,d [Link] vax gSA blh ds lkFk rsu vkSj fo:n vax Hkh
lkfgR; ls lEcfU/kr gSA blfy, izcU/k dh fo’k; oLrq ij fopkj djuk vko”;d gSA oLrqr%
izcU/kksa esa [Link] fo’k; oLrq dk {ks= vfrO;kid gSA fQj Hkh izcU/kksa dk ewyr% fo’k; Lrqfrijd
rFkk eaxykFkZd gksrk FkkA vusd izcU/kksa esa _`[Link] Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA fo’k; oLrq dh n`f’V ls
izcU/k ds rhu oxZ gks ldrs gSaA
1- jktuSfrd 2- lkekftd 3- vk/;kfRed
1- jktuSfrd izcU/k & bl oxZ ds vUrxZr mu izcU/kksa dks j[kk tk ldrk gS ftudk fo’k; jktk
ds O;fDrRo ls lEcfU/kr [Link] dk [Link] FkkA tSls ohjrk ls ;qDr dk;ksZa rFkk ijkØeksa dk [Link]]
nku”khyrk R;kx] lkSHkkX;] /kS;Z] dhfrZ vkfn [Link] dk [Link] rFkk foykl] oSHko vkfn dk [Link]
2- lkekftd izcU/k & bl [Link] ds izcU/kksa esa mu izcU/kksa dh [Link] dh tk ldrh gS tks fdlh
_`rqfo”ks’k] ioZ ;k mRlo ;k fQj lekt ds oxZ fo”ks’k ls lEcfU/kr gksrs FksA tSls olUr _`rq esa
xs; ek/koksRlo deykdj] QkxquksRlo ls lEcfU/kr pPpjh rFkk /kEekyh] fofHkUu _`rqvksa ls ;qDr
dqlqekdj] _`rqizdk”k vkfnA blh izdkj fookg ds volj ij xk;s tkus okys eaxy] ?kV]
mekfryd vkfn izcU/k gSaA blds vfrfjDr tUe ds le; ij xk;k tkus okyk deylaHko vkfn
24 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

blh [Link] dk izcU/k gSA ;ksfx;ksa }kjk xk;k tkus okyk ^vksoh* rFkk Xokyksa ds }kjk xk;s tkus okys
nUrh dh [Link] Hkh blh oxZ ds izcU/kksa esa dh tkrh gSA
3- vk/;kfRed izcU/k & vkfn dky ls gh laxhr dk lEcU/k /keZ ls jgk gSA bl ckr dk izek.k
oSfnd laxhr esa Hkh feyrk gSA lkexku ds }kjk nsoh&nsorkvksa dh mikluk rFkk ;Kksa esa lke dk
xk;u fd;k tkrk FkkA ik¡p HkfDr;ksa ¼fgadkj] izLrko] mn~xhFk] izfrgkj] minzo ,oa fu/ku½ esa lke
dk xku fd;k tkrk FkkA izcU/k ds N% vaxksa essa ^rsu* uked vax HkfDrokpd inksa ds iz;ksx dk
lwpd gSA izcU/kksa esa lkekU;r% lxq.k czºe dh mikluk dh x;h gSA ekulksYykl esa Li’V :i ls
fy[kk gS fd Hkxoku fo’.kq dh vkjk/kuk izcU/k ds ek/;e ls djuh pkfg;sA vusd izcU/kksa dk
ukedj.k Hkh nsoh nsorkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA tSls HkksEcM uked izcU/k ds czºek] fo’.kq]
pØs”oj] [Link]”oj] HkSjo vkfn mi Hksn gSaA vk;kZ ds y{eh] xkSjh] [Link] o f”kok vkfn miHksn
gSaA blh rjg lkekftd deZ fookgkfn Hkh fdlh u fdlh :i esa /keZ rFkk vk/;kRe ls tqM+s jgrs
gSaA vr% /keZ lk/kuk ls laxhr dk xgjk lEcU/k gSA

2-4 izcU/k dh /kqzin ls rqyuk

izcU/kksa ds fooj.k ,oa muds Hksnksa ds mYys[k ls bl rF; dh iqf’V gksrh gS fd izcU/k “kSyh
e/;dky esa mPp LFkku ij izfrf’Br FkhA laxhr “kkL= xzUFkksa esa izkIr lUnHkksZa ds vk/kkj ij ;g
vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd bl “kSyh dk izpyu yxHkx vBkjgoha “krkCnh rd jgkA ;g Hkh
lR; gS fd PkkSngoha “krkCnh rd Hkkjr o’kZ esa eqfLye jkT; LFkkfir gks pqdk FkkA vusd lkekftd
o jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ds QyLo:i ;ouksa dh dyk o laLd`fr dk izHkko Hkkjrh; laxhr ij
iM+uk LokHkkfod FkkA ;ouksa ds izos”k ds le; Hkkjr esa lkaxhfrd izcU/k “kSyh dk loZ= izpkj FkkA
izcU/k “kSyh vR;Ur dBksj fu;eksa ls c) Fkh vkSj mlds inksa esa lkekU;r;k laLd`r Hkk’kk dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA eqfLye “kkld o dykdkj laLd`r Hkk’kk o laxhr ds NUn] [Link];e] jhfr
,oa vyadkj vkfn fu;eksa ls vfufHkK FksA vr% lS)kfUrd :i esa izcU/kksa ds fu;eksa esa f”kfFkyrk ds
QyLo:i izcU/k “kSyh /kqzin] [;ky vkfn ds :i esa fodflr gqbZA /kqzinksa esa vkjEHk esa ewyr%
laLd`r Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk ml ij izcU/kksa dk [Link] izHkko FkkA budk lkfgR;
izcU/kksa ds leku LokHkkfod :i ls lqUnj] [Link]] bZ”oj rFkk nsoh&nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr ,oa
vkjk/kuk ls ;qDr FkkA dkykUrj esa buesa izknsf”kd Hkk’kkvksa dk iz;ksx] _`rq ,oa izd`fr dk [Link]]
jktk rFkk uk;d dh iz”kalk ls ;qDr inksa dk lekos”k gksus yxkA Xokfy;j ujs”k jktk ekuflag
rksej ds jkT;dky esa izcU/k “kSyh viuh cnyh gqbZ voLFkk esa ;kfu /kqzin ds :i esa] fuf”pr :i
ysdj LFkkfir gks pqdh FkhA blhfy, jktk ekuflag rksej dks /kzqin “kSyh dk izorZd ekuk x;kA
/kqzin ,d o;kso`) “kSyh gSA bls Loj] rky o in ds mRd`’V rFkk fo”kq) iz;ksx ds dkj.k
vR;Ur dfBu ,oa Je lk/; “kSyh ekuk x;k gSA izcU/k ds :i esa ;s czt Hkk’kk ,oa fgUnh esa jps
x;s ,sls xhr gSa ftuesa HkfDr] jktk dh Lrqfr] eaxyksRlo] [Link]’k;d dFkk,¡] laxhr “kkL= ds
xzke] ewPNZuk] Jqfr] Loj vkfn vusd fo’k;ksa dk fu:i.k gksrk gSA
/kqzin dh xk;u “kSyh dks eq[;r% pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA 1- ukserkse esa vkyki
2- cfUn”k dk xku 3- y;dkjh dk izn”kZu rFkk 4- mit dk dkeA “kkL=h; Hkk’kk esa bUgsa
jkxkyfIr] xhr] y;oSfp™; vkSj :idkyfIr dgk tkrk gSA vkjEHk esa ukse&rkse “kSyh ds vkyki ls
izcU/kksa ds ^rsu* uked vax dk lkE; fn[kk;h nsrk gSA fdUrq nksuksa esa vUrj ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd
;g ukserkse rkyjfgr gksrk gS rkfd ^rsu* uked vax dk iz;ksx izcU/kksa ds chp esa rkyc) :i esa
fd;k tkrk gSA /kqzin dk vkyki vkjEHk esa y; jfgr gksrk gS fdUrq /khjs&/khjs y;c) :i esa xk;k
tkrk gS rFkk vfUre Hkkx rd xed ;qDr rku dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrk gSA
25 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

/kqzin lajpuk,a ewyr% HkfDrokpd gksus ds dkj.k gh laHkor% muesa vkjEHk esa vkyki esa Hkh
HkfDrokpd inksa dk iz;ksx ukserkse “kSyh ds vkyki ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k x;k FkkA ;gh ijEijk
vkt rd izpfyr gSA blesa vkjEHk esa vrky vkyki dh ijEijk dk lkE; i†prkys”oj uked
izcU/k ds vkjEHk esa vrky vkyki dh ifjikVh esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA dqN fo}kuksa dk ;g er gS
fd ukserkse ds vkyki esa gh izkphu jkxkyfIr ds LojLFkku fu;eksa dh ijEijk ds n”kZu Hkh gksrs
gSaA blds ckn xhr dh cfUn”k dks e/;y; esa xk;k tkrk gSA rRi”pkr~ nqxqu] frxqu] pkSxqu tSlh
ljy rFkk vkMh+] dqvkMh+] fc;kMh+ tSlh fDy’V y;dkfj;ksa dk izn”kZu fd;k tkrk gSA
vki ;g /;ku esa jf[k;s fd /kqzinksa esa izcU/kksa ds leku pkj /kkrqvksa LFkkbZ] varjk] lapkjh
rFkk vkHkksx dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA fdUrq vktdy izk;% LFkk;h rFkk varjk bu nks /kkrqvksa
ls ;qDr /kqzinksa dk iz;ksx izpyu esa fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA /kqzin dh fofHkUu jkx&jkfxfu;ksa esa vkSj
pkSrky] lwyrky vkfn NksVs rFkk czãk] lokjh eRr vkfn yEcs rkyksa esa xk;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk
i[kkot ij laxfr dh tkrh gSA blds xk;u esa fdlh izdkj ds [kVds vkSj eqfdZ;ksa dk iz;ksx
ugha fd;k tkrkA
bl izdkj izcU/k dh n`f’V ls /kqzin dk voyksdu djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd “kq) o
lkyx lwM izcU/kksa ds lkFk u`R; djus dh ijEijk igys /kqzinksa ds lkFk u`R; djus dh ijEijk FkhA
vktdy ,slk ugha gksrkA vktdy /kqzinksa esa izk;% nks /kkrqvksa dh lek;kstuk dh tkrh gSA xs;
/kqzinks esa in rFkk fo:n uked vaxksa dk iz;ksx fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA rky o Loj esa c) gksus ds
dkj.k blds vaxksa esa Loj rFkk rky dh [Link] gks tkrh gSA dqN ,sls Hkh /kqzin ik;s tkrs gSa ftuesa
dgha&dgha rsud* in rFkk ikVk{kjksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj vax o /kkrqvksa ls
lefUor izcU/kksa dk lkE; vk/kqfud f}/kkrqd] f=/kkrqd rFkk Loj] in] fo:n] rky vkfn vaxksa ls
;qDr /kqzinksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA /kqzinksa ds xk;d viuh lk/kuk ds vqulkj /kqzin dk xk;u
djrs gSaA fQj Hkh futh fos”ks’krvksa ds dkj.k vkt /kqzin dh pkj okf.k;ka n`f’Vxkspj gksrh gSA tSls
Mkxqj okuh] xkscjgkj okuh] [kaMkj okuh rFkk ukSgkj okuhA bu ckfu;ksa dks bl izdkj le>k tk
ldrk gSa %&
1- Mkxqj ckuh & Mkxqj ckuh ds izorZu Lokeh gfjnkl ekus tkrs gSaA dqN fo}ku cztpUn dks
Mkxqj ckuh dk izorZd ekurs gSaA Mkxqj ckuh fHkUu xhfr ls feyrh gsA fHkUuk xhfr es ehaM dk
iz;ksx oØ :i esa e/kqj o foy{k.k xedksa ds lkFk gksrk gSA
2- xkscjgkj ckuh & bl ckuh ds fuekZrk fe;ka rkulsu ekus tkrs gSaA /kqzin dh ckfu;ka vdcj ds
“kkludky ds ckn izpfyr gqbZ ekuh tkrh gSaA xkSjkjh Xokfy;j dh Hkk’kk vFkok ckuh dks dgk gSA
ftls rkulsu us vius /kqzinksa esa “kq) [Link] dgk gSA xkscjgkj ckuh “kkL=ksa esa [Link] “kq)k xhfr ls
feyrh gSA blesa ehaM dk iz;ksx jkx ds vuqdwy lh/ks Lojksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3- [kaMkj ckuh & bl ckuh ds izorZd jktk leks[ku gSaA [[Link] nqxZ ckcjukek esa mfYyf[kr gSaA
[[Link] {ks= ds fuokfl;ksa dh Hkk’kk Hkh [[Link] gSaA mlh dkj.k bldk uke [kaMkj okuh gSA [kaMkj
ckuh csljk xhfr ds leku gSA blesa rst xedksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
4- ukSgkj [Link] & ukSgkj ckuh ds izorZd gkth lqtku [kka FksA gkth lkgc fe;ka rkulsu ds
nkekn FksA dqN yksx JhpUnz jktiwr dks bl xk;dh dk izorZd ekurs gSaA ukSgkj ckuh dqN&dqN
xkSMh+ xhfr ls esy [kkrh gSA blesa xedksa dk iz;ksx dqN mNky ds :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA
bl izdkj /kqzin dk izcU/k ls cgqr lkE; gSA oLrqr% /kqzin izcU/k dk gh fodflr :i gSA

26 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

2-5 izcU/k dh [;ky ls rqyuk

[;ky vk/kqfud le; esa izpfyr lokZf/kd yksdfiz; xk;u “kSyh gSA bldh lajpuk
lkekU;r% mŸkj Hkkjrh; Hkk’kkvksa ;Fkk czt] fgUnh] iatkch o jktLFkkuh vkfn Hkk’kkvksa esa gksrh gSA
bldh fo’k; oLrq lkekU;r% jktLrqfr] uk;d&ukf;dk [Link]] Ja`xkj jl lEcU/kh ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk
fojg izlax ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA blesa iz;qDr inksa esa lkekU;r% vuqikz l ;qDr inksa dh
lek;kstuk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA buesa iz;qDr inksa esa lkekU;r% v{kj la[;k] ek=k] NUn vkfn dk
fuf”pr fu;e izR;{k :i esa fn[kk;h ugha nsrkA blds LFkk;h o varjk uked nks [k.M gksrs gSaA
Loj jpuk dh n`f’V ls lkeU;r% LFkk;h dk pyu eUnz o e/; lIrd esa jgrk gSA fdUrq dHkh&
dHkh jkx ds pyu ds vuq:i blesa LFkk;h dk mBku rkj lIrd ds Lojksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
bldh izLrqfr esa vkyki] “kCnkyki] cgykok] rku] cksyrku vkfn ls foLrkj fd;k tkrk gSA blds
lkFk lkekU;r% ,drky] vkMk+pkSrky] fryokMk+] >wejk] rhurky vkfn rkyksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
[;ky ds bfrgkl dks tkuus ls ;g ckr lkeus vkrh gS ;g “kSyh vBkjgoha “krkCnh rd
fuf”pr yksdfiz; :i /kkj.k dj pqdh FkhA [;ky “kSyh esa /kqzin dh “kq)rk ds LFkku ij lkSUn;Z
i{k dks izcyrk feyhA vnkjax&lnkjax }kjk lajfpr vf/kdka”k [;kyksa esa eq[;r% jktLrqfr ;k
uk;d&ukf;dk ds vkilh lEcU/kksa dk [Link] gSA dqN cfUn”kksa esa _`[Link] rFkk fookg tSls
lkekftd d`R;ksa dk [Link] Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA
okLro esa [;ky dk vk/kqfud :i /kqzin ds fu;eksa dks vis{kkd`r ljy dj nsus ls izrhr
gqvk gksrk gSA MkW0 lqefr eqVkVdj ds vqulkj LojkfJr xku ds vk/kkj ij /kqzin dk fodflr :i
[;ky dgyk;kA /kqzin dh rqyuk esa [;ky esa Loj foLrkj dh {kerk] vyadkj o xed dk iz;ksx
gksus ds dkj.k og vf/kd ;FkkFkZ o fof/[Link] cu x;kA [;ky “kSyh es ukse rkse rFkk cfUn”k ds
vkyki] cksyckaV] cksy vkyki] fofo/k frgkb;ksa dk iz;ksx] ehaM iz/kku vkyki o xed ds iz;ksx esa
/kqzin dk izHkko [Link]% ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z c`gLifr us bl ckr dh vksj ladrs fd;k gS fd
[;ky esa /kqzin dh dqN fo”ks’krk;sa gksus ds dkj.k og cMk ;k yaxMk+ /kqzin dgykrk FkkA ;gk¡ ;g
ckr iqu% mYys[kuh; gS fd e/;dky ds mŸkjk/kZ esa izcU/k “kSyh gh /kzqin ds :i esa fodflr gksdj
izpfyr gqbZ rFkk [;ky dh jpuk dk vk/kkj /kqzin “kSyh dks gh ekuk tkrk gSA /kqzin ds leku
[;ky esa Hkh lkekU;r% ,d pj.k dh lek;kstuk rky ds ,d vkorZu esa dh tkrh gSA [;ky dh
cfUn”k ds chp esa vkyki ysus dh ijEijk dk lkE; “kq) oxZ ds jkld uked izcU/k ds fofHkUu
mi Hksnksa rFkk [Link] oxZ ds deykuUn uked izcU/k esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA izcU/kksa ds leku gh
[;ky esa Hkh LrqR; o jpukdj ls ;qDr inksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA buesa iz;qDr rkuksa dk ewy
orZuh uked izcU/k rFkk vkfy oxZ ds LojkFkZ uked izcU/kksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% mijksDr
fo”ks’krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij [;ky dks dkykUrj esa gq, izcU/k ds fodkl dk v/kquk izpfyr :i ekuk
tk ldrk gSA tSls jkx tkSuiqjh esa e/;y; rhurky esa ,d cfUn”k gS & *ik;y dh >udkj
cSjfu;k] >u >u ckts dSls eksjs fi;k dks feyu dks tkÅ¡* bl cfUn”k esa LFkk;h o varjk esa
rhu&rhu inksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA Loj] in o rky ls ;qDr bl cfUn”k dks f}/kkrqd o
rhu vaxksa ls lefUor vk/kqfud izcU/k dgk tk ldrk gSA
blh izdkj /kekj] prqjax] f=oV] ljxexhr vkfn vk/kqfud izpfyr xk;u “kSfy;ksa dk ewy
fofHkUu izcU/kksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

27 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

vH;kl iz”u
d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- izcU/k ds ------------------ vax gksrs gSaA
2- izcU/k dh eq[;r% -------------------- /kkrq,a gksrh gSaA
3- izcU/k esa eaxylwpd “kCnksa dk iz;ksx --------------------- dgykrk gSA
4- izcU/kksa dh dqy ---------------- tkfr;k¡ FkhA
5- izcU/k esa ftl /kkrq dk ckj&ckj iz;ksx fd;k tk;s mls ---------------- dgrs gSaA
6- izcU/kksa dh jpuk esa de ls de --------------- /kkrqvksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z FkkA
7- laxhr jRukdj esa lwM dss ----------- Hksn crk, x;s gSaA
8- “kq) lwM ds -------------- miHksn crk, x;s gSaA
9- laxhr jRukdj esa vkfy izcU/kksa dh la[;k -------------- crk;h x;h gSA
10- laxhr jRukdj esa [Link] izcU/kksa dh la[;k ------------ crk;h x;h gSA
[k- y?kq mRrjh; iz”u %&
1- izcU/k fdls dgrs gSa\
2- izcU/k ds vaxksa ds fo’k; esa [Link] fyf[k,A
3- izcU/k dh /kkrq ds fo’k; esa le>kb,A
4- izcU/k dh Hkk’kk rFkk fo’k; oLrq D;k gksrh gS\crkb,A
5- izcU/k dk /kzqin rFkk [;ky ls D;k lEcU/k gS\crkb,A

2-6 lkjka”k
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki izcU/k ds fo’k; esa tku pqds gksaxsA vki le> x;s
gksaxs fd euq’; ân; dh lgt vfHkO;fDr laxhr ds :i esa izLQqfVr gqbZA dkykUrj esa blh
vfHkO;fDr ij fpUru euu ds }kjk fl)kUrksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g fl)kUr lkekU; Hkk’kk esa
izcU/k dgyk;kA izcU/k dk vFkZ gS fof”k’V :i ls ck¡/k nsukA dyk dks fu;eksa esa cka/k nsus ls mlesa
LFkkf;Ro vkrk gS rFkk v/;;u&v/;kiu esa lqxerk vkrh gSA /khjs&/khjs izcU/k ,d fo”ks’k izdkj
dh xk;u “kSyh ds :i esa izfrf’Br gks x;kA lkexku esa ftl izdkj cus Fks mlh dk fodkl Hkjr
ds le; esa /kqzok ds :i esa gqvkA laxhr ds fu;eksa ls ca/kh fof”k’V jpuk dks izcU/k dk uke
e/;dky esa izkIr gqvkA izcU/k ml le; esa izpfyr ,d xk;u fo/kk Fkh ftls ^oLrq* rFkk ^:id*
dh laKk Hkh izkIr gqbZA izcU/k ds N% vax Loj] fo:n] in] rsu] ikV rFkk rky FksA bUgha vaxksa dh
la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ik¡p tkfr;ka cuhA izcU/k dh pkj /kkrq gS& mnxzkg] esykid] /kqzo rFkk
vkHkksxA
“kkL=xzUFkksa esa izcU/kksa dk rFkk mudss Hksnksa dk mYys[k eq[;r% nks izdkj ls fd;k gS & 1-
y{[Link] ds vk/kkj ij rFkk 2- iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ijA e/;;qx esa izcU/k dk vR;f/kd fodkl gqvkA
[Link];r% izcU/kksa ds vusd Hksn izpfyr gq,A “kkL=ksa esa bu izcU/kksa ds rhu Hksn lwM] vkfy rFkk
[Link] dgs x;s gSa rFkk bu rhu Hksnksa ds vkxs izHksn Hkh izkIr gksrs gSaA tSls laxhr jRukdj esa
lwM ds nks Hksn “kq) rFkk lkyx dgs gSaA iqu% “kq) ds vkB Hksn rFkk lkyx ds lkr izHksn dgs gSaA
vkfy izcU/kksa ds 32 Hksn rFkk [Link] izcU/kksa ds 36 Hksnksa dk mYys[k gSA e/;dky esa gh ,d u;h
“kSyh izpkj esa vk;h ftls /kqzin dgk x;kA oLrqr% /kzin izcU/k dk gh fodflr :i FkkA orZeku
dky esa [;ky] prqjax] /kekj] f=oV vkfn xk;u “kSfy;ka izpfyr gSaA tSlk fd geus mnkgj.k

28 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

lfgr crk;k gS fd ;s lc xk;u “kSfy;ka Hkh izcU/k ls gh fodflr gqbZ gSaA bl izdkj ;g dg
ldrs gSa fd lkexku] /kqzok xk;u] izcU/k xku] /kzin rFkk fQj [;ky ;g fuc) laxhr ds gh
le;&le; ij izpfyr :i gSa ftuesa iwokZ ij lEcU/k gS vkSj ftuds fodkl dh ,d ijEijk gSA

2-7 “kCnkoyh
1- izcU/k & izd`’V :i ls fu;eksa esa ca/kh e/;;qxhu ,d xk;u fo/kk
2- oLrq & izcU/k dk vU; uke
3- :id & izcU/k dh ,d vU; laKk
4- mnzxkg & /kkrq dk uke
5- esykid & izcU/k dh ,d /kkrq
6- lapkjh & izcU/k dh /kkrq dh laKk
7- vkHkksx & izcU/k dh /kkrq
8- /kqzok & Hkjr ds le; esa izpfyr xk;u fo/kk
9- Rkjkoyh & izcU/k dh tkfr
10- esfnuh & izcU/k dh tkfr

2-8 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj

d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- N% ¼Loj] fo:n] in] rsu] ikV o rky½
2- Pkkj ¼mnzxkg] esykid] /kzqo] vkHkksx½
3- ^rsu* ;k rsud
4- ik¡p ¼esfnuh] vkufUnuh] nhiuh] Hkkouh rFkk rkjkoyh½
5- ^/kqzo*
6- nks
7- nks ¼“kq) lwM rFkk lkyxlwM½
8- vkB ¼,yk] dj.k] <sVh] orZuh] >ksEcM+] yEHk] jkl rFkk ,drkyh½
9- 32
10- 36

2-9 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- [Link]] fLerk] Hkkjrh; laxhr esa izcU/k dh vo/[Link]
2- c`gLifr] vkpk;Z] /kqzin dk fodklA
3- JhokLro] bUnqjek] fucU/k laxhrA
4- JhokLro] bUnqjek] /kqzinA
5- Bkdqj] iafMr vkasdkjukFk] laxhratyhA

2-10 lgk;d@mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh

1- /kqzin /kekj vad] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjlA
2- flag] Bkdqj t;sno] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgklA

29 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

3- pkS/kjh] lqenzk¼fgUnh vuqokn½] laxhr jRukdjA

4- lDlsuk] e/kqckyk] mŸkj Hkkjrh; xk;u “kSfy;ksa dk v/;;uA

2-11 fucU/kkRed iz”u

1- izcU/k dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, blds vaxksa dk [Link] dhft,A
2- izcU/k dh /kkrqvksa ij foLrkj ls fy[ksaA
3- izcU/k ds Hksnksa dh [Link] foospuk dhft,A
4- izcU/k dh /kzqin xk;dh ls rqyuk dhft,A
5- izcU/k dh [;ky xk;dh ls rqyuk dhft,A

30 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 2

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bdkbZ 3 & ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa dk [Link] [Link]] rqyuk ,oa Loj lewg }kjk jkx
igpkuuk

3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 mn~ns”;

3-3 jkx fe;k¡ dh rksM+h

3-3-1 ifjp;
3-3-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
3-3-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk
3-4 jkx xka/kkjh
3-4-1 ifjp;
3-4-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
3-3-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk
3-5 jkx xqtjh rksM+h
3-5-1 ifjp;
3-5-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
3-5-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk
3-6 jkx fe;k¡eYgkj
3-6-1 ifjp;
3-6-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
3-6-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk
3-6-4 jkx njckjh dkuMk+ ,oa fe;k¡eYgkj dh rqyuk
3-7 jkx njckjh dkUgMk+
3-7-1 ifjp;
3-7-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
3-7-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk
3-8 jkx Hkheiyklh
3-8-1 ifjp;
3-8-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
3-8-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk
3-9 jkx es?k eYgkj
3-9-1 ifjp;
3-9-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
3-9-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk
3-10 lkjka”k
3-11 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj
3-12 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
3-13 fucU/kkRed iz”u

31 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

3-1 izLrkouk
izLrqr bdkbZ izn”kZu dyk&laxhr esa LukrdksRrj] r`rh; lsesLVj ¼,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602½
ikB~;dze dh Rkhljh bdkbZ gSA blls igys dh bdkbZ;ksa ds v/;;u ds ckn vki tkfr xk;u]
jkx xk;u] jkx y{k.k o [Link] prq’V;h ds ckjs esa tku pqds gksaxsA vki izcU/k ds fo"k; esa Hkh
tku pqds gksaxsA
izLrqr bdkbZ esa vkidks ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa dk [Link] [Link] fn;k tk,xk ftlls vki jkxksa
dk [Link] ifjp; izkIr djsaxsaA jkx esa iz;ksx gksus okyh eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ ftuls jkx dh
LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS bl bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls vki mudks Hkh tkusaxsA pyu ,oa vax ds vk/kkj
ij jkx ,d nwljs ls feyrs gSaA vr% bl bdkbZ esa izLrqr jkxksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u ls vki
jkx dks ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd dj ik,¡xsa rFkk jkxksa dks Hkyh Hkk¡fr le>us esa l{ke gksaxsA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr~ vki vius ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa dks [Link];k le>saxs vkSj
feyrs&tqyrs jkxksa dk v/;;u dj ,d nwljs ls vyx dj le>saxas] tks vkidks jkxksa dk
lS)kfUrd i{k izLrqr djus esa lgk;d gksxkA bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr~ vki jkxksa dk
fØ;kRed Lo:i esa izLrqrhdj.k lQyrk iwoZd dj ldsaxsA

3-2 mn~ns”;
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr vki %&
1- ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa dk [Link] ifjp; izkIr djsaxsA
2- Loj lewg }kjk jkxksa dks igpkusaxsA
3- jkxksa dks ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd dj ik,¡xsaA
4- jkxksa dh lS)kfUrd O;k[;k ,oa fØ;kRed Lo:i dk lqUnj rFkk lQy izLrqfrdj.k dj
ldsaxsA

3-9 jkx fe;k¡ dh rksMh+

3-9-1 ifjp; %&

rh[ks efu dksey fjx/k oknh /kSor lkrA

laoknh xa/kkj gS] rksMh+ jkx fcjktAA ¼pfUnzdklkj½

euh rhozkS /kxjk;% dkseyk% L;q/kZxkS Le`rkSA

okfn laokfnukS ;= rksM+h lk laxos erkAA ¼pafnzdk;ke~½
fe;k¡ dh rksMh+ jkx rksMh+ FkkV ls mRiUu ekuk x;k gSA bl jkx dks rksM+h jkx Hkh dgrs
gSaA bl jkx esa js x /k Loj dksey] e/;e rhoz ¼eÞ½ rFkk fu’kkn “kq) yxrk gSA bl jkx dk
oknh Loj /kSor rFkk lEoknh xa/kkj gSA lkrksa Lojksa dk iz;ksx gksus ds dkj.k bl jkx dh tkfr
[Link]&[Link] gSA bldk xk;u le; fnu dk nwljk izgj ekU; gSA iape Loj dk iz;ksx bl
jkx esa de fd;k tkrk gSA u;s fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ;g jkx dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksafd fod`r Lojksa
dk iz;ksx mfpr LFkkuksa ij ysuk eqf”dy gksrk gSA bl FkkV ls mRiUu gksus okys ^eqYrkuh*
uked jkx esa ,slh gh dfBukbZ vkrh gSA bl jkx dh lkjh [kwch js x /k bu Lojksa ij
voyfEcr gS] tcfd eqYrkuh jkx esa x i fu ;g Loj fo”ks’krk j[krs gSaA ;g iwokZax iz/kku jkx
gS blfy, bl jkx esa xEHkhjrk cuh jgrh gSA

leizd`frd jkx & xqtjh rksMh+] foykl[kkuh rksMh+

U;kl ds Loj & x
vkjksg & lk] js x] ×Þ i] /k] fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k i] ×Þ x] js] lkAA

32 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

idM+ & /k+ fu++ lk] js x] js] lk] ×Þ] x] js x] js lkA

3-9-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ %&

1- x] js] lk] fu+] lk js x] ×Þ x] js x js lkA
2- fu+] lk js x] js x ×Þ x] i] ×Þ /k i ] ×Þ i /k] ×Þ x] /k] ×Þ x] js lkA
3- lk js x] js x] ×Þ x] /k ×Þ x] fu /k] i] ×Þ i /k] ×Þ x] jsa fu /k fu /k] i] ×Þ i /k ×Þ i] ×Þ
x] /k ×Þ x] /k+ fu+ lk js x] ×Þ x] js x js lkA
4- fu+ lk x ×Þ i] x ×Þ i] /k i] fu /k i] lka] fu /k i] ×Þ i /k] fu /k i] lk js x] ×Þ i ×Þ x
js lkA
5- ×Þ x] ×Þ /k lka] jsa xa jsa lka] fu lka jsa] fu /k] fu /k i] xa ea◌॑ xa] jas xa jsa lkaA

3-9-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuk %&

1- lk js x] js x js lk] /k+ fu+ lk js xA
2- ×Þ i /k] ×Þ x ] /k ×Þ x] js x js lkAA
3- fu+ lk js] fu+ /k+] fu+ /k+] ×Þ+ /k+ fu+ lk js xA
4- ×Þ x] ×Þ /k fu lka] /k fu lka jsa xa] jsa xa jsa lkaA
5- lka jsa xa] jsa xa ea◌॑ xa] ia] jsa xa jsa lkaA

3-3 jkx xka/kkjh

3-3-1 ifjp; %&
^^fjekS iuh /kikS l”p fu/kkS iekS ixkS fjlkSA
xka/kkjks fj;% izkDrks /kSorka”klefUor%**AA ¼vfHkuojkxeat;kZe~½

^^x/kfu mrjh nksuksa _`’kHk] vkjksgu xk R;kxA

x /k oknh laoknh rs] lqu xka/kkjh jkx**A

xka/kkjh jkx vklkojh FkkV ls mRiUu jkx gSA blds vkjksg esa xa/kkj Loj oT;Z gS rFkk
vojksg esa lkrksa Lojksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS blfy, bl jkx dh tkfr ‘kkMo&[Link] gSA bl jkx
dk oknh /kSor rFkk lEoknh xa/kkj gSA blesa xa/kkj] /kSor Loj dksey rFkk fu’kkn vkSj _`’kHk
“kq) o dksey nksuksa izdkj ds yxrs gSA bldk xk;u le; fnu dk nwljk izgj gSA bldk
lk/kkj.k pyu vkklkojh vax dk gsA ^e x js lk e e i* ;g Loj&foU;kl bl jkx dk Lora=
vax gSA bl jkx ds vkjksg esa “kq) vkSj vojksg esa dksey _’kHk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA js] x] /k]
fu Loj dksey rFkk vkjksg esa “kq) js dk iz;ksx gksus ds dkj.k eu esa ;g “kadk mB ldrh gS
fd bls HkSjoh FkkV ds vUrxZr D;ksa u jD[kk tk;A bldh pyu vklkojh iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k
bls vklkojh FkkV esa jD[kk x;k gSA bl jkx dk vkjksg tkSuiqjh rFkk vojksg foykl[kkuh rksMh+
dh rjg gSA Loj dh n`f’V ls vojksg HkSjoh jkx dk Hkh gks ldrk gS] fdUrq ,slk ekuuk mfpr
ugha] D;ksafd ;g xEHkhj izd`fr dk jkx gSA
;g mŸkjkax iz/kku jkx gSA bldk pyu tkSuiqjh dh rjg e/; lIrd ds mRrajkx esa
rFkk rkj lIrd esa vf/kd gksrk gS] fdUrq iwokZax esa nksuksa _`’kHk ds iz;ksx ls ;g jkx Li’V gksrk
gS vkSj leizd`frd jkxkas ls vyx gks tkrk gSA blesa ^lk /k* dh laxfr cgqr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
tc ^lk* ls /k ij tkrs gSa rks fu’kkn dh eha.k ;qDr d.k ysrs gSa tSls & lk /kfu /kfu i A ^lk /k*
vkSj nksuksa _`’kHkksa dk iz;ksx xka/kkjh jkx dks vklkojh vkSj tkSuiqjh ls vyx djrk gSA
33 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

leizd`frd jkx & vklkojh vkSj tkSuiqjh

U;kl ds Loj & x] i vkSj /k
vkjksg & lk js e i /k fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k i e x js lkAA
idM+ & lk /k /k i] /k e i x] js · js lkA

3-3-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ %&

1- lk lk /kfu /kfu] i] /k xe] js lke] i] i] /kfu /kfu i] ei] /k /k] lka/k+] fu lk] js js js] lk
/k] i /k e i] xe jsx lk A

2- lk] js e i x] js e i x] js js lk ] lk i x] js e i] js e i /k i x] /kfu /kfu i] /k e

i x ] lk js e i /k e i x] jsx jsx lkA

3- lk] /k]+ /k+ fu++ lk] lk js e i] /k] i] fu /k i] /k e i] fu /k i] jsa fu /k i] fu /k i e

x js] js lkA

4- lka /k /k] i] fu /k] i] x js e i] xa jsa lka] jsa fu /k] i] ei lka] fu /k] i/kei] x] js js]
lkA
5- ei] /kfulka] fu lka] /k] lka] jsa xa] jsa lka] jsa fu /k i ] eifu/ki] ei/k] jsa lka] jsa fu /k i]
fu lka] fu /k i] /kei] fu /k iA

3-3-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk %&

1- lk js e i x] js js lkA
2- lk js e i /k e i x] js js lkA
3- lka /k /k i] fu /k i] x] js e iA
4- fu /k i] /k e] js e i x] js js lkA
5- lk /k+ /k+ fu+ lk] lk js e i] /k iA
6- e i x] js e i] fu /k iA

3-10 jkx xqtjh rksM+h

3-10-1 ifjp; %&

vkjksgh&vojksg esa iape lqj dks NksfMA

/k&fj oknh laokfn rs dgr xqtjh rksfM*AA¼jkx pfUnzdklkj & 29½

izLrqr jkx dk xqtjh uke vR;kf/kd izkphu gSA laxhr ds izeq[k xzUFkksa esa blds cgqr
ls izdkj [Link] gSa tSls& nf{[Link] xqtjh] mŸkjh xqtjh] lkSjk’Vª&xqtjh] egkjk’Vª xqtjh bR;kfnA
dqN fo}ku bl jkx dk lEcU/k xqtjkr rFkk xqtjh izkUr ls ekurs gSa ijUrq mudh bl /[Link]
dks dksbZ rdZlaxr vk/kkj izkIr ugha gSA izkphu xqtjh vkSj vkt ds xqtjh ds Lo:i esa i;kZIr
vUrj gSA izkphu xqtjh HkSjo FkkV tU; jkx Fkk ijUrq orZeku le; dk izpfyr xqtjh rksMh+]
rksMh+ FkkV tU; jkx ekuk tkrk gS vr% Lo:i esa fHkUurk gksuk LokHkkfod gh gSA xqtjh ds

34 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

LFkku esa dqN vk/kqfud fo}ku bls xwtjh ds uke ls Hkh lEcksf/kr djrs gSaA blesa js] x /k
dksey e/;e rhoz ¼eÞ½ ,oa fu’kkn “kq) yxrk gS bl jkx esa iape Loj oftZr gSA blfy, bl
jkx dh tkfr ‘kkMo&’kkMo gSA bldk xk;u le; fnu dk nwljk izgj gSA oknh Loj /kSor rFkk
lEoknh xa/kkj gSA dqN fo}ku bl jkx esa _`’kHk dks lEoknh ekurs gS oLrqr% ,slk ekuuk
vuqfpr Hkh ugha gS ijUrq rksMh+ ds izdkj esa /kSor Loj cgqr vf/kd egRo dk Loj gSA
xqtjh rksMh+ esa _`’kHk nh?kZ rFkk U;kl cgqRo dk Loj gSA ijUrq ftl izdkj mŸkjkax esa
xqtjh dk izk.k /kSor gS mlh izdkj iwokZax esa xqtjh dk izk.k xa/kkj gsSA bl jkx dk pyu e/;
rFkk rkj lIrd esa vf/kd gksrk gSA lkFk gh /kSor ls izkjEHk djus ls jkx dks igpkuus esa
lqfo/kk gksrh gSA izkphu dky esa bl jkx dk xzg Loj /kSor ekuk tkrk FkkA js x /k bl jkx esa
U;kl ds Lojh gSaA

leizd`frd jkx & fe;k¡ dh rksMh+

U;kl ds Loj & /k] xA
vkjksg & lk js x ×Þ] /k fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k] ×Þ x js lkAA
idM+ & /k ×Þ x] js x js lkA

3-10-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ %&

1- x js lk] fu+ lk] /k+ fu+ lk js x ×Þ x] /k e x] js x ×Þ x] js x js lkA
2- ×Þ x] js x js] ×Þ x] /k ×Þ x] js x js lk] fu /k ×Þ x] js x js lkA
3- /k ×Þ x] fu /k ×Þ x] js x js lk] fu fu /k fu /k] ×Þ x e lkA
4- lka jsa xa jsa lka] fu /k ×Þ x] x js lk] ×Þ ×Þ x ×Þ x js lk] /k /k ×Þ /k ×Þ x js x js lkA
5- ×Þ x ×Þ /k] jsa lka] fu /k ×Þ /k ×Þ x] js x js lkA
mijksDr Loj lewg ls jkx Li’V gks jgk gS fdu Lojksa ij U;kl gks jgk gS blls jkx
xqtjh rksMh+ dk Lo:i Li’V gks jgk gSA

3-10-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk %&

1- /k+ fu+ lk js x] ×Þ /k ×Þ xA
2- lk] js fu+ /k]+ e+Þ /k+ fu+ lkA
3- ×Þ /k fu /k ×Þ x] js x js lkA
4- fu fu lka jsa fu /k ×Þ x] x js lkA
5- ×Þ /k fu lka] /k fu lka jsa xa] jsa xa jsa lkaA

3-13 jkx fe;k¡ eYgkj

3-13-1 ifjp; %&

fe;k¡eYgkj bfr fofnrks ;Lrq [Link]%A

‘kM~tks oknh :fpj bg laokfnuk iapesuAA
xka/kkjL; LQqVfoylnkanksyua fu};a pA
izPNUuks /kks foylfr lnk e/;eknzkS iz’kkr%AA dYinzqekadjs

^xk dksey laokn e&l] mrjr /kSor Vkj

nksm fu’kkn ds :i ys] dfg fe;k¡eYgkj*
35 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

fe;k¡eYgkj jkx dkQh FkkV tU; jkx gSA dqN fo}ku bldk oknh lk rFkk lEoknh ^i*
ekurs gSa rks dksbZ bldk oknh ^e* rFkk lEoknh lk ekurs gSaA ijUrq “kkL=ksDrkuqlkj nwljk er
vf/kd izpfyr gSA blds vkjksg esa lkr RkFkk vojksg esa /kSor oftZr gksus ds dkj.k bldh tkfr
[Link]&‘kkMo ekuh tkrh gSA bl jkx dks o’kkZ _`rq esa vf/kd xk;k ctkk;k tkrk gS blfy,
bl jkx dks ekSleh jkx dh laKk nh tkrh gSA “kkL= fu;ekuqlkj bl jkx dk xk;u le;
e/;jkf= ekuk tkrk gSA dkuMk+ ,oa eYgkj bu nks jkxksa dk blesa lqUnj lkeatL; gSA bl jkx
esa & js e js lk] fu+ i+] e+ i+] fu+ /k+] fu+ lk] e js i] fu /k] fu lka] i x e js lk & ;g Hkkx
ckj&ckj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bUgha Loj leqnk;ksa }kjk bl jkx dh igpku gksrh gSA bl
jkx esa dksey xa/kkj rFkk nksuksa fu’kknksa ¼dksey ,oa “kq)½ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS dHkh&dHkh
nksuksa fu’kknksa dk iz;ksx Hkh xk;d oknd ,d ds ckn ,d djds Hkh jkx gk¡fu ugha gksus nsrs gSa
vkSj tks lquus esa Hkh lqUnj izrhr gksrk gSA bldk vkyki tc fcyfEcr y; esa djds tc
mldk foLrkj eUnz LFkku ij gksrk gS rc ;g lqUnj ,oa [Link] fiz; yxrk gSA
bl jkx dk vkyki eUnz ,oa e/; lIrd esa vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA xkSM+eYgkj esa ftl
izdkj lka] /k i] /k lka] /k i & ;g iz;ksx {kE; gS vkSj dqN va”kksa esa jkx okpd Hkh gSA ml
izdkj dk iz;ksx bl jkx esa ugha gSA ;g jkx loZizFke fe;k¡ rkulsu }kjk izpfyr gqvk vkSj
vdcj ckn”kkg us bls cgqr ilUn fd;k ,slk ekU; gSA ;g vR;f/kd e/kqj ,oa yksd fiz; jkx
gSA

leizd`frd jkx & cgkj

U;kl ds Loj & x] i] “kq) fu
vkjksg & js e js lk] e js] i] fu /k] fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu i] e i ] x e] js lkAA
idM+ & js e js lk] fu+ i+] e+ i+] fu+ /k+] fu+ lk] i] x e js lkA

3-13-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ %&

1- lk js lk] fu+ /k+ fu+ /k+] fu+ lk] fu+ lk js lk fu+ i+] e+ i+ fu+ /k+ fu+ lk] fu+ lk js e js lkA
2- fu+ lk js] lk js i x] e js lk] fu+ /k+ fu+ lk js lk] i x] e js lkA
3- e js i] e i] fu /k] fu /k] fu e i] fu fu i e i] x] e js lk /k+ fu+ e+ i+] fu+ /k+] lk fu+ /k+]
lk fu+] js lkA
4- e i] fu /k] fu /k] fu lka] lka jsa lka] /k fu e i] fu /k fu lkaA
5- fu lka jsa ea jsa lka] fu i] fu fu i e] i /k fu lka fu i x] e js lk fu+ /k+ fu+ /k+ fu+ lk js
lkA

3-13-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk %&

1- lk] fu+ /k+] fu+ /k+ fu+ lk] js lkA
2- e js i] e i fu /k fu e i] x e js lkA
3- fu+ lk js e js lk] fu+ i+] fu+ /k+ fu+ lkA
4- e i fu /k] fu /k] fu lka] /k fu e iA
5- fu lka jsa] lka jsa ia xa] ea jsa lka] fu /k fu lkaA

36 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

3-12 jkx njckjh dkUgMk+

3-12-1 ifjp; %&

e`nq xe/kfu rh[kks fj[kc vojksgr /k u ykxA

fj&i oknh&laoknh rsa dgr dkUkMk+ jkxAA pfUnzdklkj

e`nq xuh /kekS fjLrq rhozksaM”k% ilgk;d%A

xka/kkjkanksyu ;= [Link]% lk fuf”k Le`r%AA pfUnzdk;ke

bl jkx dh mRifŸk vklkojh FkkV ls ekuh xbZ gSA bl jkx dk oknh Loj _`’kHk rFkk
laEoknh iape gSA bl jkx ds vkjksg esa lkrksa Loj ,oa vojksg esa N^ Lojksa dk iz;ksx gksus ds
dkj.k bldh tkfr [Link]&’kkMo gSA ;g xEHkhj izd`fr dk jkx gSA bldk xk;u le; e/;
jkf= gSA bl jkx dk eq[; pyu eUnz lIrd rFkk e/; lIrd esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl jkx ds
vkjksg esa xa/kkj Loj nqcZy gSA rkuksa ds tyn o ljy :i esa rks dHkh&dHkh bldks fcYdqy
NksM+ nsrs gSaA xa/kkj Loj esa vkUnksyu bl jkx esa vR;f/kd fofp=rk iSnk djrk gSA vojksg esa
/kSor dks oT;Z djrs gSaA bl jkx dks fe;k¡ rkulsu us izpfyr djds vdcj ckn”kkg dks izLkUu
fd;k ,slk dgk tkrk gSA blesa fu’kkn vkSj iape dh laxfr cgqr lqUnj yxrh gSA ;g
vR;f/kd e/kqj jkx gSA bl jkx esa x /k fu Loj dksey rFkk “ks’k Loj “kq) yxrs gSaA bl jkx
ds leku vMk+uk jkx gSA nksuksa jkx vklkojh FkkV ls gSa fdUrq vMk+uk esa nksuksa fu’kkn iz;qDr
gksrs gSa& vkjksg esa “kq) rFkk vojksg esa dkseyA vojksg ds Loj nksuksa ds ,d leku gSa ijUrq
vMk+uk mŸkjkax iz/kku jkx gS rFkk bldk dksey xa/kkj p<k+ gqvk gSA tcfd njckjh dkUgMk dk
xa/kkj Jqfr;ksa esa mrjk gS rFkk /kSor esa vkUnksfyr gksrk gSA
leizd`frd jkx & vMk+ukA
U;kl ds Loj & x] /k] fuA
vkjksg & fu+ lk] js x js lk] e i] /k] fu lkaA
vojksg & lka] /k] fu] i] e i] x] e js] lkAA
idM+ & x] js js] lk] /k]+ fu+ lk] js lkA

3-12-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ %&

1- lk] fu+ lk] js lk] fu+ lk js] /k+ fu+ i+] e+ i+ /k+ ] fu+ lk] fu+ js] lkA
2- lk] js js lk] fu+ lk js /k]+ fu+ i+] e+ i+ /k]+ fu+ + lk] /k+ fu+ lkA
3- fu+ lk js] lk js] lk /k+] js lk] lk js x] e js lk] /k+ fu+ js lkA
4- e i] x] e js lk] e i /k] fu i] fu e i] x] e js lk /k+ fu+ lkA
5- lk fu+ /k+ fu+ lk js x] e js lk] e i /k] fu i] fu fu i e i] x] e js lk /k+] fu+ i+] e+ i+
/k+ fu+ lkA
6- e i /k fu lka] /k fu jsa lka] jsa jsa lka] fu lka jsa /k] fu i] e i] x] e js lk] /k+ fu+ lk js lkA
7- lka jsa xa] ea jsa lka] fu lka jsa /k] fu i] lka /k] fu i] e i] x e js lk] /k+ fu+ lk] js x] e js
lkAA

3-12-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk %&

1- lk] /k+ fu+ lk js] x] e js lkA
2- e] jslk /k+ ] fu+ ] i+] e + i+ /k+ fu+ lkA

37 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

3- e i /k] fu i] fu e i x] e js lkA
4- /k+ fu+ lk js] x] e js lk] e i /k] fu iA
5- lka /k] fu i] e i] x e js lkA
6- fu lk jsa] lka jsa xa] ea jsa lka] /k fu lkaA
7- jsa jsa lka] fu lka jsa /k] fu i] e i /k fu jsa lkaA

3-12-4 jkx njckjh dkUgMk ,oa fe;k¡ eYgkj dh rqyuk %&

jkx njckjh dkUgMk jkx fe;k¡ eYgkj

1- ;g jkx vklkojh FkkV ls mRiUu ekuk fe;k¡eYgkj jkx dkQh FkkV tU; jkx
tkrk gSA gSA
2- oknh Loj _`’kHk rFkk lEoknh iape gSA dqN bldk oknh ‘kM+t rFkk lEoknh
blds oknh] lEoknh ij dksbZ fookn iape ekurs gSaA dksbZ e/;e oknh rFkk
ugha gSA lEoknh ‘kM+t ekurs gSaA
3- bl jkx dh tkfr ‘kkMo&[Link] gSaA bl jkx dh tkfr [Link]&’kkMo gSA
4- bl jkx dk xk;u le; e/;jkf= gSA bl jkx dks o’kkZ _`rq esa xk;k tkrk gS
blfy, bls ekSleh jkx dgrs gSaA
“kkL= fu;ekuqlkj bldk xk;u le;
e/;jkf= gSA
5- ;g xEHkhj izd`fr dk jkx gSA ;g papy izd`fr dk jkx gSA
6- bldk pyu eUnz lIrd esa vf/kd gksrk bl jkx dk pyu eUnz ,oa e/; lIrd
gSA esa vf/kd gksrk gSA
7- xa/kkj Loj esa vkUnksyu bl jkx esa dkuMk+ ,oa eYgkj nks jkxksa dk
oSfp«;rk c<k+rk gSA lkeatL; gSA
8- njckjh esa x /k fu Loj dksey rFkk bl jkx esa x dksey rFkk nksuksa fu’kkn
“ks’k Loj “kq) iz;qDr gksrs gSaA ¼dksey] “kq)½ iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
9- bldk leizd`frd jkx vMk+uk gSA bldk leizd`frd jkx ^cgkj* gSA
10 U;kl ds Loj & x /k fu Loj gSA U;kl ds Loj x i ,oa “kq) fu gSA
11 bl jkx ds vkjksg esa xa/kkj LOkj nqcZy bl jkx esa ,slk ugha gksrk gSA
gS dHkh&dHkh tyn rkuksa esa bldks Loj leqnk;& lk fu++ /k+] fu++ /k+] fu+ lk]
fcYdqy NksM+ nsrs gSaA js e js lk e js i] x] e js lk] fu++ /k+]
Loj leqnk;& lk] /k+ fu++ i+] e+ i+ /k+ fu+ lkA
fu+++ lk lk js x] e i /k fu i] e i x
e js lk] /k+ fu+++ lk
12 njckjh jkx fe;k¡ rkulsu }kjk izpfyr bl jkx dks Hkh fe;k¡ rkulsu us
dj vdcj ckn”kkg dks izLkUu fd;k izpfyr fd;k vkSj vdcj ckn”kkg dks
x;kA cgqr ilUn vk;kA

38 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

3-5 jkx Hkheiyklh

3-5-1 ifjp; %&

rh[ks fj/k dksey xefu] vkjksgr fj/kghuA

l&e laokfn okfnrs Hkheiyklh phUgAA ¼jkxpfpnzdklkj½

euh rq dkseykS xks·fi lekS laokfnokfnukSA

vkjksgs u fj/kkS lk·ijkg~;ks Hkheiykf”kdkAA ¼jkxpfUnzdk;ke½

Hkheiyklh jkx dh mRifŸk dkQh FkkV ls ekuh xbZ gSA blds vkjksg esa _`’kHk ,oa /kSor
Loj oftZr gS rFkk vojksg esa lkrksa Lojksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS blfy, bl jkx dh tkfr vkSMo&
[Link] gSA blesa xa/kkj rFkk fu’kkn Loj dksey rFkk “ks’k Loj “kq) iz;ksx gksrs gSaA oknh Loj
e/;e rFkk lEoknh ‘kM+t gSA bl jkx dk xk;u le; fnu dk rhljk izgj gSA bl jkx ds
vkjksg esa _`’kHk o /kSsor dk vHkko ,oa ‘kM+t] e/;e] iape Lojksa dk izkcY; fnu ds rhljs izgj
ds jkx dh >yd nsrk gS] ,slk fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gSA lk¡jx ds izdkjksa esa _`’kHk dk loZ= xkSjo
gksus ds ckn bl Loj dk vn`”; gksuk ;ksX; gh gksrk gSA Hkheiyklh dk leizd`fr jkx ^/kukJh*
ekuk tkrk gS tks dkQh FkkV ls gh ekuk tkrk gSA bl jkx dk oknh Loj iape ekurs gSaA bl
izdkj bu nksuksa jkxksa esa dsoy oknh Loj dk vUrj gksus ds dkj.k] ,d nwljs ls fey tkus dh
lEHkkouk jgrh gSA rFkkfi ‘i x* ,oa ‘e x* bu Loj&laxfr;ksa dk dq”kyrk ls iz;ksx djus ij
^/kukJh* rFkk Hkheiyklh* dk vyx fn[kkbZ nsuk dfBu ugha gksrk gSA lEHkor% bu vM+puksa ds
dkj.k dkQh&esy ls mRiUu /kukJh xkus dk O;ogkj de i;k tkrk gSSA ;g vR;f/kd e/kqj ,oa
yksdfiz; jkx gSA

leizd`fr jkx & /kukJh

U;kl ds Loj & lk] e] iA
vkjksg & fu+ lk x e] i] fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k i e] x js lkA
idM+ & fu+ lk e] e x] i e] x] e x js lkA

3-5-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ %&

1- fu+ lk] fu+ /k+ i+] fu+ /k+ i+] i+ fu+ lk] x js lk] e+ i+ fu+ lk] js fu++ lk] x js lkA
2- fu+ lk] e] e] i x] e x js lk] fu+ lk] x js lk] fu+ lk x e i] x] e x js lk A
3- lk] fu+ fu+ lk] e x] e i e] /k i] e i x] e i lka fu /k i] x] e x js lkA
4- fu+ lk] e x js lk] fu+ lk x e i x e x js lk] fu+ lk x e i fu /k i e i x e x js
lkA
5- x e i fu] i fu lka] fu lka xa jsa lka] fu lka ea xa jsa lka] lka fu /k i] e i x e i] fu /k
i] x e i] x] e x js lk] i fu lk] x js lkA

3-5-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk %&

1- fu+ lk x js lk] i+ fu+ lk] x e i x] e x js lkA
2- x e i fu /k i] /k e i x] e x js lkA
3- i e x e i fu] i fu lka] fu lka xa jsa lkA
4- fu+ lk x e i] fu] lka fu /k i] e i] x e] x js lkA
5- i i] e i] x e] i i] fu fu] /k i] e i] x e iA

39 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

3-15 jkx es?keYgkj

3-15-1 ifjp; %&

lq/k eykj ds esy esa nksm fu[kkn yxkrA

le oknh&laoknh rsa es?k eykj dgkrAA jkxpfUnzdklkj

eYgkj ,oa es?k% fdafpUe`nqfuizos”krks HkofrA

_`’kHkL;kanksyueR;= Hkosn~Hksn/khtuu gsrq%AA jkxdYinzqekadjs

es?keYgkj dkQh FkkV ls mRiUu gksrk gSA blesa jkx esa xa/kkj ,oa /kSor Loj oT;Z gSaA
blfy, bl jkx dh tkfr vkSMo&vkSMo gSA bl jkx dk oknh ‘kM+t rFkk lEoknh iape gSA
dqN yksx bl jkx dk laoknh e/;e ekurs gSaA ejsi ;g eYgkj jkx dk Loj&foU;kl blesa gh
izeq[k jhfr ls vkrk gSA _`’kHk ij gksus okys vkUnksyu bl jkx dks igpkuus esa lgk;rk nsrs gSaA
;s vkUnksyu _`’kHk ij e/;e dk d.k yxkdj rhu pkj ckj ,d ls gh xkus iM+rs gSaA tsls jse
jse jse A e/;e ij vusd ckj eqdke gksrk gS vkSj mlesa lkjax vyx gksrk gSA ;g ekSleh jkx
gS ;g o’kkZ _rq esa xk;k tkrk gS /kSor yxus okyh bl jkx esa dqN phtsa miyC/k gSaA ;g cgqr
e/kqj jkx gSA bl jkx esa lkjax dh Nk;k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ^es?k* esa nksuksa fu’kkn ysus dk pyu
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g jkx eYgkj dk ,d izdkj gSA blds _’kHk ij ges”kk e/;e dk d.k
yxk;k tkrk gSA bl jkx ds fo’k; esa fdonUrh gS fd tc rkulsu us nhid jkx xk;k rks
muds “kjhj dh izp.M xehZ dks bl jkx }kjk “kkar fd;k x;k FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd mudh
csVh us es?k jkx xkdj ml vfXu dks “kkar fd;k FkkA bl jkx esa e/;e [kwc pedrk gSA
leizd`frd jkx & e/kqekn lkjaxA
vkjksg & lk] e js e i] fu] fu lkaA
vojksg & lka] fu i] e js] e fu+ js lkAA
idM+ & js e] js lk] fu+ i+ fu+ lk] js js e js lkA

3-15-2 eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡ %&

1- lk fu+ lk] fu+ lk] jse e js] lk] fu+ lk] ie] ejs js] lk] fu fu i] e i] e js] lkA
2- lk] js lk] fui+ fu/k+ i+] e+ i+] lk] js] ejs js] fu i] lk] fu i] e js lkA
3- lk] js js] i e js] fu fu] e i] lka] fu e] e js] jse jse ] e js] lkA
4- jsjs] e js lk] fui++ i+] lk] fu+ lk] jse ] i e js] lk] fu fu i e js] i e js] e js lkA
5- e+ i+] fu+ lk] i+ fu+ lk] js] js] i] e js] fu lka] fui i] e fui i] e js] lka] fu i e js ]
i] e js] lkA
6- lka jsa lka] fu lka jsa ea jsa lk] fu fu i] jsa jsa ea jsa lka] jsa lka] fu fu i e i] lka fu i e
js] lkA

3-15-3 Loj lewg }kjk jkx igpkuuk %&

1- fu+ lk js e js] i e js e js] fu+ js lkA

2- i fu i e] js e js] fu+ lkA
3- i+ fu+ e+ i] fu+ lk] js] js i e js] fu+ lkA
4- e i fu lka] jsa fu lka] fu i e js] i] js js lkA

40 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

5- fu lka jsa ea jsa] fu jsa lka] fu e i] js] i js] fu+ js lkA

6- jsa jsa ea jsa lka] lka fu i e] js] lkaA

vH;kl iz”u
d- y?kq mRrjh; iz”u %&
1- xka/kkjh jkx fdl FkkV dk jkx gS\
2- lk js e i x] js js lk Loj fdl jkx ds gaS\
3- Hkheiyklh jkx dk oknh Loj D;k gS\
4- ikB~;Øe ds rksMh+ vax ds jkxksa ds uke fyf[k,\
5- lk js x e /k fu lka ;g fdl jkx dk vkjksg gS\
6- fe;k¡eYgkj jkx dk oknh rFkk lEoknh Loj crkb;s\
7- fe;k¡ eYgkj jkx loZizFke fdlds }kjk izpfyr gqvk\
8- jkx njckjh dkUgMk+ dk eq[; pyu fdl lIrd eas gksrk gS\
9- jkx es?keYgkj esa dkSu ls Loj oftZr gS\

[k- fuEu LOkj&leqnk; }kjk jkx igpkfu;s %&

10- e js i] e i fu /k fu /k] fu lkaA
11- fu+ lk js e i fu i e] js e js] fu+ js lkA
12- i+ fu+ lk] x js lk] x e i fu /k iA

3-16 lkjka”k
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa dk [Link] ifjp; izkIr dj pqds gSaA
jkx esa iz;qDr gksus okys Loj] jkx dk oknh] lEoknh] jkx ds idM+ Loj ,oa jkx ds eq[; Loj
leqnk; ftuds }kjk jkx dks ,d nwljs ls vyx djds igpkuk tk ldrk gS bu lcdk
v/;;u jkx ds ifjp; esa djk;k x;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa vkius vaxksa ds vk/kkj ij rFkk jkx ds
pyu ds vk/kkj ij leku izdkj ds jkxksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u Hkh fd;k gS ftlls vki ,d
jkx ls nwljs jkx dks i`Fkd dj mlds lS)kfUrd Lo:i dks Hkh le>saxs vkSj blds lkFk jkxksa
dks fdz;kRed :i esa lQyrk iwoZd dj ik,¡xsaA Loj lewgksa }kjk jkx igpkuuk dk v/;;u Hkh
vkius bl bdkbZ esa fd;k gS ftlls vki Loj lewg dks i<+dj rFkk lqudj jkxksa dks igpku
ldsaxsA bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr~ vki ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa dks [Link] :i ls le>saxs ,oa
mlds lS)kfUrd rFkk fØ;kRed i{k dks Li’V :i ls izLrqr dj ldus esa l{ke gksaxsA

3-17 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj

d- y?kq mRrjh; iz”u %&
1- vklkojh FkkV
2- jkx xka/kkjh
3- e/;e
4- fe;k¡ dh rksMh+] foykl[kkuh rksMh+] xqtjh rksMk+
5- xqTkZjh rksMh+
6- oknh& ‘kMt] lEoknh& iape
7- fe;k¡ rkulsu
8- eUnz lIrd esaA
9- x] /k Loj

41 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

[k- fuEu LOkj&leqnk; }kjk jkx igpkfu;s %&

10- fe;k¡ eYgkj
11- es?keYgkj
12- Hkheiyklh

3-18 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- Hkkr[[Link]] ia0 fo’.kqukjk;.k] Øfed iqLrd ekfydk Hkkx & 1] 2] 3] 4] 5 o 6] laxhr
dk;kZy;] gkFkjlA
2- clar] laxhr fo”kkjn] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjlA
3- >k] ia0 jkekJ; ‘jkej¡x*] vfHkuo xhrkatyhA

3-19 fucU/kkRed iz”u

1- ikB~;Øe ds fdUgha pkj jkxksa dk [Link] ifjp; izLrqr dhft,A
2- jkx xka/kkjh rFkk dksey fj’kHk vklkojh dh rqyuk dhft,A
3- vius ikB~;Øe ds iwohZ FkkV ds jkxksa dk [Link] ifjp; rFkk mldh eq[; Loj laxfr;k¡
fyf[k,A

42 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 3

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bdkbZ 4 & xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr ( oknu esa vkyki] tksM+ vkyki] tksM+ >kyk
,oa >kyk ( fet+jkc ds cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa dk v/;;uA

4-1 izLrkouk
4-2 mn~ns”;
4-3 xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr
4-4 oknu esa vkyki] tksM+ vkyki] tksM+ >kyk ,oa >kyk
4-5 fet+jkc ds cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa dk v/;;u
4-6 lkjka”k
4-7 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj
4-8 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
4-9 fucU/kkRed iz”u

4-1 izLrkouk
izLrqr bdkbZ izn”kZu dyk&laxhr esa LukrdksRrj] r`rh; lsesLVj ¼,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602½
ikB~;dze dh pkSFkh bdkbZ gSA blls iwoZ dh bdkbZ esa tkfrxk;u] jkx xk;u ,oa jkx ds y{[Link]
ds ckjs esa tku pqds gaSA vki [Link] prq’V;h dks Hkh foLrkj ls le> pqds gSaA vki ikB~;dze ds
jkxksa ls Hkh Hkyha&Hkkafr ifjfpr gks pqds gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr ds fo’k; esa crk;k x;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa oknu
esa ctus okys vkyki] tksM+ vkyki] tksM+ >kyk ,oa >kyk dks le>k;k x;k gSA blesa fet+jkc ds
cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa dk v/;;u Hkh izLrqr gSA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr vki xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA
vki oknu esa ctus okys vkyki] tksM+ vkyki] tksM+ >kyk] >kyk vkfn dks Hkh tku ldsaxsA vki
fet+jkc ds cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa dks Hkh le> ldsaxsA

4-2 mn~ns”;
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr vki %&
1- xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA
2- vkyki] tksM+ vkyki] tksM+ >kyk] >kyk vkfn dks tku ldsaxsA
3- fet+jkc ds cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa dks le> ldsaxsA

43 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

4-3 xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laKku ds fy, ;g ckr tkuuk vfr vko';d gS fd izkphu dky esa oknu
dk viuk dksbZ LorU= vfLrRo ugha Fkk vkSj oknu ges'kk xk;u dk vuqdj.k gh djrk Fkk]
vFkkZr xk;u dh laxfr ds fy, gh oknu dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA oknd xk;d dk vuqlj.k djrs
gq, ok| ij Hkh ogh /kqu ctkrs FksA /khjs&/khjs ok|ksa dk LorU= oknu izkjEHk gqvk ijUrq oknd
vHkh Hkh xk;u dk vqulj.k djrs gq, cafn'k xhr vkfn dk gh oknu fd;k djrs FksA ;gh i)fr
vkxs pydj xk;dh vax dk oknu dgyk;hA rr~i'pkr ok|ksa ij ctkus ds fy, xrdkjksa ;k
ra=dkjh i)fr dk fodkl gqvkA oSfnd dky esa xk;u ds lkFk [Link] oknu gksrk FkkA izkphu
dky esa lHkh izdkj ds rr~ ok|ksa ds fy, [Link] laKk izpfyr Fkh vkSj [Link] oknu ges'kk xk;u
ds vuqdj.k esa gh gksrk FkkA vkt oknu dh nks i)fr;k¡ izpkj esa gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- xk;dh vax & izpfyr rr~ o|ksa esa flrkj f=ra=h [Link] dk gh fodflr #i gSA vius fodkl
ds izkjfEHkd fnuksa esa flrkj dk iz;ksx xku ds fy, gh gksrk FkkA 18oha 'kkrkCnh eas lsfu;k ?kjkus
ds dqN mLrknksa us vius [kkunku ds ckgj ds yksxksa dks f'k{kk nsus ds fy, vU; ok|ksa dks Hkh
viuk;kA blls flrkj vkSj lqjcgkj dks c<+kok feykA [Link] dk vkyki vax lqjcgkj vkSj xhr
vax flrkj ij ctus yxkA fl[kkus okys mLrkn] xk;d gksus dks dkj.k xk;dh dks gh izeq[k
LFkku nsrs Fks rFkk mUgksaus oknu esa Hkh blh vax dks LFkku fn;kA gekjs laxhr dh izkphu “kSyh
/kqzoin esa xk;u ds vH;[Link] izR;sd Loj dh “kq)rk ij fo”ks’k /;ku fn;k tkrk jgk gSA Loj
dks ;Fkksfpr LFkku ij yxkuk gh ijeko”;d gksrk gSA oknu esa Hkh mlh rjg Loj dk egRo gSA
pwafd gekjs d.B fLFkfr Loj&;a= izd`fr iznŸk gksrk gS] mldk iz;ksx Hkh vk?kkr tfur gSA
vFkkZr~ d.B ls tks Loj mRiUu gksrk gS og gekjs “kkjhfjd iz;kl ls gh gksrk gSA oknu esa ge
mls v?kkr] fetjkc ;k vU; izdkj dh O;oLFkk] ls mRiUu djrs gSa blfy;s ;fn dgk tk; fd
d.B Loj ;k xk;u dk gh vuqlj.k ge oknu esa djrs gSa rks ;g vlR; u gksxkA /kqzin esa [Link]
o vU; ok|ksa dh laxfr esa ;gh fd;k tkrk jgk gSA xk;u dh fo”ks’krk dks gh oknu esa vorfjr
djuk gh xk;dh gSA fdlh Hkh ok| esa oknu ds le; oknd xk;u dh egŸ[Link] Loj&laxfr;ksa
dk gh vuqlj.k djrk gS tks mldh lw>&cw> o vH;kl rFkk fparu ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
fet+jkc ds vk?kkr ij gh o e/kqjrk o vknŸk] ftxj] fglkc dh [Link] dks izLrqr djrk gSA
,dy flrkj oknu ;k vU; ok| ds oknu esa mDr rF;ksa dk gksuk vko”;d gSA
daB laxhr dks loksZifj LFkku nsrs gq, okndksa us Hkh xk;u dh ijEijk dk fuoZgu fd;kA
;k ;w¡ dfg;sa fd ftrus Hkh izfl) oknd gq, os lHkh xk;u esa Hkh [Link] ikjaxr gksus ds dkj.k
xk;u dk vuqlj.k gh ok| ij djrs FksA blh ds pyrs xk;dh vax ls oknu dk fodkl gqvkA
m0 foyk;r [kk¡ o muds f'k"; ijEijk esa xk;dh vax dk flrkj gh ctk;k tkrk gSA

2- xrdkjh ;k ra=dkjh vax & xk;dh vax dks [Link] #i ls flrkj o vU; ok|ksa ij ctkuk
larks"kizn fl) u gks ldk vkSj lsfu;k ?kjkus us oknu dh ubZ 'kSyh ^xr* dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA
xr dh cafn'k ewyr% xku dh 'kSfy;ksa ls izHkkfor Fkh] fdUrq fet+jkc ds fo'ks"k iz;ksxksa ds dkj.k
xr dh jpuk xku ls fHkUur% iz;ksx gksus yxhA ra= ds fy, mi;qDr xr 'kSyh dk fuekZ.k lsuh
44 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
?kjkus ds mLrknksa dks nsrs gSaA xrksa ds [Link]ÙkkZvksa esa fugky iq= vehj [kka ,oa elhr [kka ds
uke ls Øe'k% elhr[kkuh ,oa vehj[kkuh dk izpyu gqvkA buds f'k"; cjdr mYyk [kka]
cgknqj [kka ,oa xqyke jtk [kka lsuh ?kjkus ds Fks] ftu ds uke ij jtk[kkuh xr dk izpkj gqvkA
flrkj o vU; rr~ ok|ks esa nks izdkj dh xrksa dk izpyu “kq: gqvk] ftUgsa ge oknu 'kSyh ;k
ckt+ Hkh dg ldrs gSaA bl izdkj nks izdkj dh xrksa dk fodkl gqvk&elhr[kkuh vkSj jt+k[kkuh
xrA
gj ok| dk viuk ,d pfj= gksrk gSA pfj= ls rkRi;Z gS ml ok| dh cukoV] xw¡t
¼vkl½] vk?kkr dh ek=k rFkk Vksuy DokfyVh ¼Loj dh ;Fkksfpr e/kqj /ofu½ dk v/;;u dj ra=
esa iz;ksx djus dh n`f’V ls ^xrdkjh* “kCn dk izpyu gqvkA bl “kSyh esa mu lHkh ckrksa dk
/;ku j[kk tkrk gS tks gekjh /kqzoin “kSyh esa fufgr gSA vkt Hkh oknu esa foLr`r vkyki]
y;c) vkyki] nzqr y; esa vkyki izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] rRi”pkr~ xrsa ctkbZ tkrh gSA xk;u
dh “kCn jpuk ¼cfUn”kksa½ dks gw&c&gw¡ vFkkZr~ [Link]% oknu esa izLrqr djrk gSA larks’ktud u gksus
ij fo}kuksa us jkx o rky esa ca/kh gqbZ fet+jkc ds vk?kkrksa dks iwjh rjg /;ku nsrs gq, ^xrksa* dk
izpkj fd;k vkSj tks dykUrj esa yksdfiz; gqbZA vkt oknd bUgha xrksa ds vk/kkj ij vius oknu
dyk dk izn”kZu djrs gSaA xrksa esa foyfEcr xr ds nkSjku pSunkjh] y;dkjh] fofHkUu [Link];
NUnksa ;qDr Loj&laxfr;ksa dk iz;ksx ;Fkk LFkku fd;k tkrk gSA dsoy Lojksa }kjk HkkokfHkO;fDr
dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS tks okLro esa dfBu lk/kuk o fparu }kjk gh lEHko gksrk gSA

xr dh ifjHkk"kk & fdlh Hkh ok| ;U= ij ctkbZ tkus okyh jkx&rky c) lqe/kqj jpuk;sa xr
dgykrh gSA rr~ ok|ksa ij ctkbZ tkus okyh xrksa ds eq[; nks izdkj gksrs gS %&
1- elhr[kkuh xr
2- jt+k[kkuh xr
izR;sd xr ds nks pj.k gksrs gSaA igys pj.k dks LFkkbZ vkSj nwljs dks varjk dgrs gSaA

1- elhr[kkuh xr & ra=dkjksa us [;ky 'kSyh ds foyfEcr [;ky ds leku gh elhr[kkuh xr

dks foyfEcr ds #i esa vkSj jtk[kkuh xr dks [;ky 'kSyh ds nzqr [;ky leku nzqr ds #i esa
iz;qä djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA vkt ds fo|kFkhZ ds fy, elhr[kkuh dk vFkZ foyfEcr xr gh
gSA ;g rhurky esa gh ctk;h tkrh gSA dqN Js"B dykdkjksa us rhurky ds LFkku ij bls #id]
>irky vkfn esa Hkh ctkuk 'kq# fd;k gSA bu rkyksa esa xrsa ctkus ds fy, rky ds vuqlkj
fet+jkc ds lh/ks cksy iz;qä fd;s tkrs gSaA [Link]#i #id ds fy, ^^nkjk nkjk nk nkjk*]
>irky ds fy, ^^nkjk nk nkjk nkjk nk nkjk** vkfnA elhr[kkuh xr dh fo'ks"krk mldh
foyfEcr y; gS] ftl ij chu dk Li"V izHkko gSA t;iqj ds elhr [kk¡ blds vkfo"drkZ ekus
tkrs gSaA bl xr dh jpuk esa fnj] nk] fnj nkjk nk] nkjk] bl Øe esa cksyksa dh jpuk gksuh
pkfg,A
elhr[kkauh xr esa tksM+] vkyki] ehM+] xed vkfn fofHkUu izdkj dh vkyadkfjd rkuksa
dk fo'ks"kr% izn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA elhr [kk¡ lkgc us rhurky esa 12 oha ek=k ls xr dk izkjaHk
dj cksyksa dk bl izdkj iz;ksx fd;k & fnjA nk fnj nk jkA nk nk jk] iqu% bUgh cksyksa dks
45 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
nqckjk ctk;k tkrk gSA bl rjg 8 ek=kvksa ds cksyksa dks nksckjk ctkus ls mLrkn elhr[kk¡ us
bl yksdfiz; ^xr* dks izpfyr fd;kA bl xr dk iz;ksx izk;% rr ok|ks ;Fkk flrkj] ljksn
vkfn esa vkt Hkh lqUnj <ax ls fd;k tk jgk gSA foyfEcr xr dk i;kZ; elhr[kkuh xr ls gSA

2- jtk[kkuh xr & jtk[kkuh xr dk vfHkizk; vkt nzqr xr ls gh fy;k tkrk gSA blesa Hkh
rhurky dk gh iz;ksx gksrk jgk gSA elhr[kkuh ds leku blesa Hkh ubZ rkyksa dk izos'k gqvk gSA
tkSuiqj ds jtk [kk¡ elhr [kk¡ ds 'kkfxnZ Fks] ftUgkasus jt+k[kuh xr dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA blesa
nzqry; esa xr rFkk rksM+s ctk;s tkrs gSaA jt+k[kkuh esa xrdkjh] fpdkjh rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds
^^>kyk** dk izn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA vkt lHkh dykdkj elhr[kkuh vkSj jt+k[kkuh xr ,d lkFk
ctkrs gaSA

ckt+ & fofHkUu izdkj ls fet+jkc ds cksyks dks flrkj ij dkykRed <ax ls ctkus dks ckt+
dgrs gSaA bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ^^flrkj ctkus dh fof'k"V 'kSyh** ls gksrk gSA ckt izeq[kr% nks
izdkj ds gksrs gaS %&

1- fnYyh ckt+ & bls if'peh ckt Hkh dgrs gaSA bles elhr[kkuh xrsa ctkbZ tkrh gSaA y;
blesa foyfEcr j[kh tkrh gS] rFkk xk;dh <ax ls vkyki] ehaM] tetek] eqdhZ vkfn xedksa dk
[kwc iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk blesa fofHkUu y;ksa dh rkyksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

2- xqyke jt+k ckt+ vFkok iwohZ ckt & blesa æqr y; dh iz/kkurk gksrh gS] ftlsa jt+k[kkuh dgrs
gSaA blesa rS;kjh ds lkFk dykRed <+ax ls rksM+s o >kys ctk;s tkrs gS vkSj vUr esa y; cgqr
rst dj nsrs gaSA lk/[Link];k bls y[kuÅ ckt+ Hkh dgrs gaS] D;kasfd xqyke jt+k [kkW] ftUgksuas
bl izdkj dh 'kSyh dk 'kqHkkjEHk fd;k Fkk] os y[kuÅ ds fuoklh FksAa
tc ckt+ dks O;kid vFkZ esa ysrs gSa rks blds vUrxZr flrkj ctkus dh fofo/k 'kSfy;kW
vkSj muds foLrkj vk tkrs gSA bl izdkj fofo/k okndksa dh 'kSyh dh fofo/krk ls fofo/k ckt
Hkh cu tkrs gSaA dsoy y; o cksyksa ds vUrj ls gh ckt+ dk Hksn ekuuk i;kZIr ugha gSA
elhr[kkuh o jt+k[kkuh xrksa dks gh vyx&vyx oknd vius fof'k"V <ax ls ctk ldrs gaSA
ysfdu bl izdkj dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa dks ?kjkus ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

4-4 oknu esa vkyki] tksM+ vkyki] tksM+ >kyk ,oa >kyk
vk/kqfud dky esa izpfyr vkyki ds fo"k; esa tkuus ls iwoZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laKkukFkZ
izkphu vkyki xk;u dk laf{kIr ifjp; tkuuk vko';d gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd
'kkL=h; laxhr fu;eksa dh ifjf/k esa cka/kk gSA izkphu dky esa ;g fu;e vf/kd dfBu Fks ftlesa
vkyki ,d fuf'pr Loj ls izkjEHk gksxk vkSj fuf'pr Loj ij gh lekIr gksxkA izkphu le; esa
vkyki djus ds ,d fo'ks"k fu;e dks LojLFkku dgrs FksA va'k Loj ij gh leLr jkx fuHkZj

46 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
jgrk gS] mls gh LFkk;h Loj dgrs gSaA LFkk;h ls pkSFkk Loj }~;/kZ] vkBok¡ f}xq.k dgk tkrk gS
vkSj f}xq.k o }~;FkZ Loj ds chp ds Loj v/kZfLFkr Loj ekus tkrs gaSA izFke Loj LFkku esa xk;d
dks viuk vkyki }~;/kZ Loj ds uhps j[kuk vko';d gksrk FkkA U;kl LFkk;h Loj ij fd;k
tkrk FkkA nwljs Loj LFkku esa }~;/kZ Loj Hkh lfEefyr dj fy;k tkrk Fkk vkSj var esa iqu%
LFkk;h ij fd;k Tkkrk FkkA rhljs LFkku esa vkyki dk Øe v/kZfLFkr Lojksa esa gksrk FkkA ijUrq
vkyki dh lekfIr lnSo LFkk;h Loj ij gh dh tkrh FkhA pkSFks Loj LFkku fu;e esa f}xq.k Loj
rFkk mlls Åij ds Loj Hkh lfEefyr dj fy;s tkrs FksA ijUrq U;kl iqu% LFkk;h Loj ij gh
gksrk FkkA bl izdkj vkyki ds pkj Loj LFkku fu;e ekus tkrs FksA rr~i'pkr~ :idkyki dk
iz;ksx gksus yxkA :idkyki esa izca/k ds /kkrq ds leku] vkyki ds fHké&fHké Hkkx djds xk;d
dks fn[kkus iM+rs FksA bu Hkkxksa esa tks vafre Loj vkrs Fks mUgsa viU;kl dgk tkrk FkkA jkxkyki
dk mís'; Jksrkvksa ds lEeq[k jkx dh O;k[;k djuk gS fd og veqd jkx xk jgs gaSA ijUrq
:idkyki Lor% gh izR;{k izcU/k ds leku fn[kkbZ iM+rk FkkA :idkyki ds ckn vkyfIr xku
dh ckjh vkrh gSA vkfoHkkZo vkSj frjksHkko djrs gq, jkx dks [Link] :i ls iznf'kZr djuk gh
vkyfIr xku dgykrk gSA

vkyki ds vUrxZr iz;qä ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn %&

1- vkfoHkkZo&frjksHkko & fdlh jkx dk foLrkj djrs le; mlds chp esa vU; leizÑfr jkxksa
ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+s fn[kkdj] FkksM+h nsj ds fy, eq[; jkx dks fNikus dk miØe tc fd;k
tkrk gS] rks mls frjksHkko dgrs gSa vkSj fQj eq[; jkx Lojksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd fn[kkdj jkx :i
Li"V djus dks vkfoHkkZo dgrs gaSA

2- LFkk; & NksVs&NksVs Loj leqnk;ksa dks LFkk; dgrs gSa] tSls lk fu+ /k+ fu+ lk] e] x js lk Loj
leqnk; dks vki ckxsJh dh idM+ dg ldrs gSaA ijUrq dqN VqdM+s tSls & x e /k ;k e /k fu
/k e vFkok lka fu /k fu /k dks idM+ ugha oju~ LFkk; dgk tk;sxkA
3- eq[kpkyu & jkxksfpr fofo/k xed vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, xk;u&oknu djus dks
eq[kpkyu dgrs gSaA

4- vkf{kfIrdk & Loj] 'kCn vkSj rky dh lgk;rk ls tks jpuk rS;kj gksrh gS mls izkphu iafMr
vkf{kfIrdk dgrs FksA

5- fonkjh & xhr rFkk vkykiksa esa fofHkDr NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa dks fonkjh dgrs gSaA

47 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
oknu esa vkyki %&
vkyki dh ifjHkk"kk & xk;d tc viuk xkuk izkjEHk djrk gS rks jkx ds vuqlkj mlds Lojksa
dks foyfEcr y; esa QSykdj ;g fn[kkrk gS fd dkSu lk jkx xk jgk gSA vkyki dks Loj
foLrkj Hkh dgrs gSa] tSls fcykoy dk Loj foLrkj bl izdkj 'kq: djsaxs %&
x · js · lk · lk] js lk · x · e x i · e x] e js lk · · · bR;kfnA
vk/kqfud laxhr esa izkphu fuc) o vfuc) xku ds vUrxZr vfuc) xku dk dsoy ,d
izdkj izpkj esa gS vkSj og gS vkykiA oknu esa vkyki xk;u dh gh Hkkafr Loj foLrkj gSa ftlesa
jkx Lo:i ds vuqlkj ehaM+] xed] ÑUru] vkanksyu] ?klhV vkfn ok| dh rduhd }kjk xk;u
ds leku gh vkyki izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA oknu esa vkyki dk foLrkj loZizFke eaæ lIrd esa
rr~i'pkr eaæ vkSj e/; esa LFkkbZ dh Hkkafr fd;k tkrk gSA mlds ckn vkyki dk vUrjk ftlesa
e/; ls rkj lIrd esa foLrkj fd;k tkrk gSA rkj lIrd esa jkx ds Lo:i ds foLrkj ds ckn
okil e/; lIrd esa "kM+t ij vkdkj vkyki dk lekiu djrs gSaA
vkyki esa y; dh n`f"V ls vkyki ds LFkkbZ Hkkx esa foyfEcr y; ds lkFk vkyki pyrk
gSA varjs esa vkyki esa y; c<+k nh tkrh gS vkSj fQj e/; lIrd ds "kM+t ij lekIr djrs gSaA
foyfEcr y; esa vkyki ds i'pkr~ tksM+ vkyki vkSj tksM+ >kyk Øe'k% ctk;k tkrk gSA

oknu esa tksM+ vkyki & vkyki ds ckn vkSj foyfEcr xr ls igys ctk;k tkus okyk og Hkkx
tks y; c) rks gksrk gS fdUrq rky c) ugha] tksM+ vkyki dgykrk gSA tksM+ dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS
tksM+uk] vr% og vkyki esa tksM+k tkus okyk Hkkx gSA bldk izkjEHk eaæ lIrd esa /kheh y; esa
djrs gSa] ftlesa /khjs&/khjs y; c<+krs tkrs gSa vkSj tksM+ rkus ;k tksM+ >kyk ctkdj bldks
lekIr djrs gSaA ;g d.k] [kVdk] ehaM+ o xed ;qä gksrk gSA blds chp&chp esa le Hkh
fn[kk;k tkrk gS ftls eq[kM+k dgrs gSaA
tksM+ vkyki] xk;u ds ukse~ rkse~ ds vkyki dk gh izfr:i gSA jkx dk [Link] fp=.k
djds mlesa iz;qä gksus okys fo'ks"k Loj lewg] fo'ks"k ehaM+] fof'k"V ekfeZd rFkk ân;Li'khZ Loj
/ofu;ksa vkfn dk ,d vfr dkS'ky [Link] rFkk euksjatd iz;ksx iznf'kZr djrs gSaA tksM+ vkyki esa
iz;qä fofHké NUn bl izdkj gSa&
1- nk jk nk jk
2- nk nk jk jk
3- jk nk nk nk
4- nk nk jk] nk nk jk] nk nk jk] nk nk jk] nk jk nk jk
tksM+ vkyki y; c) vkyki gSa ftlesa vkB ek=k] lksyg ek=k ;k vf/kd ek=kvksa ds
VqdM+s gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ tksM+ vkyki rky c) u gksrs gq, Hkh rky esa ca/kk gSA tksM+ vkyki ds ckn
tksM+ rkusa ;k tksM+ >kyk ctk;k tkrk gSA

48 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
oknu esa tksM+ >kyk & tksM+ >kyk rr~ ok|ksa esa iz;qä >kys dh Hkkafr gh gksrk gSA blesa dksbZ
varj ugha gksrk gSA flrkj esa fpdkjh ds rkjksa ij fet+jkc ds vid"kZ izgkj esa ftl ^j* Loj dks
fofo/k izdkj ls fudky dj ctkrs gSa] mls >kyk dgrs gSaA >kyk ctkrs le; ckt ds rkj ij
Hkh fetjkc dk izgkj gksrk gS] blh chp fpdkjh Hkh ctkbZ tkrh gSA >kys dh lgk;rk ls ,d
Loj dks yEck djuk laHko gksrk gSA fpdkjh ds cksy dks jk dgrs gSa] ftldk fpUg v, > ;k <
gSA tksM+ >kys esa lkekU; >kys dh vis{kk NUnksa dk iz;ksx vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA >kys esa y;
æqr gksrh gS vkSj >kys dh lekfIr e/; "kM+t ij vkyki ds eq[kM+s dks rhu ckj ctk dj djrs
gSaA [Link] oknu dh izLrqfr esa jkx] rky vkSj xr ds vUrxZr fofHkUu y;dkfj;k¡ rS;kjh ds lkFk
ctkbZ tkrh gSaA lqUnj [Link]; frgkb;kWa] xr iju vkfn dk lekos”k oknu esa gksrk gSA

oknu esa >kyk & Loj ok|ksa esa oknu dk lekiu >kyk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA >kyk ds fy, ckt
o fpdkjh ds rkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ckt ds rkj ij nk rFkk fpdkjh ds rkj ij jk cksy
dks dze”k% nk jk jk jk ds dze esa ctk;k tkrk gSA bls >kyk dgk tkrk gSA >kys esa Lojksa dh
vis{kk y; dh izeq[krk jgrh gSA ;g nzqr y; ls “kq: gksdj vfrnzqr y; rd tkrk gSA >kys esa
Bksad] yM+yisV] ehaM+] xed vkfn dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA >kys ds vUrxZr nk jk jk jk
cksy lewg ds vusd izdkjksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA >kys dk lekiu ,d frgkbZ ls fd;k
tkrk gS tks fdlh Hkh ek=k ls “kq: dh tk ldrh gS fdUrq lekIr le ij gh gksrh gSA

4-5 fet+jkc ds cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa dk v/;;u

flrkj ds fofHkUu cksy vkSj mUgsa fudkyus dh fof/k & flrkj ds rkjksa ij fet+jkc dk izgkj
djus ls tks /ofu fudyrh gS] mls cksy dgrs gSA ewy #i ls flrkj ds dsoy nks gh cksy gksrs
gS] ^nk* vkSj ^jk*A bUgh nks cksyksa dks rjg&rjg ls ctkus vkSj ,d nwljs ls feykdj fudkyus
ij vU; fofo/k cksy curs gaSA
nk & tc ckt ds rkj ij ckgj dh vksj ls fet+jkc ls izgkj djrs gq, vanj dh rjQ ykrs gSa]
rks ^nk* cksy fudyrk gSA bl izdkj izgkj djus dks ^vkd"kZ* izgkj dgrs gaSA
jk & tc vanj ls rkj ij vk?kkr djrs gq, ckgj dh vksj fet+jkc okyh maxyh tkrh gS] rc
^jk* cksy fudyrk gSA bl izdkj dk izgkj ^vid"kZ* izgkj dgyrk gSA ;g ^vkd"kZ* izgkj dh
Bhd mYVh fn'kk esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fnj & bu nksuksa cksyksa &^nk* vkSj ^jk* dks 'kh?kzrk&iwoZd ,d gh ek=k esa ctk;k tkrk gS] rc
*fnj* cksy cu tkrk gSA
nkj & ^nk* ctkus ds ckn ^jk* ctkus dk vk/kk le; ;wa gh NksM+ nsus ij 'ks"k vk/ks le; esa ^j*
ctkus ij ^nkj* dk cksy fudyrk gSA bls bl izdkj fy[krs gS& nk] ·jA
æk & nk o jk dks feykdj vfr 'kh?kzrk ls ctkus ij æk dk cksy fudyrk gSA
bUgh cksyksa dks gsj&Qsj dj ctkus ls ^nkM+* ^nzknkZ* vkfn cksy fudyrs gSA

49 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
flrkj&'kkL= ls lEcfU/kr dqN vU; tkudkfj;kaWa %&
BkB&flrkj dh MkaM ij fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ljxe ds fofHkUu Loj&LFkku iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr
gSA bu fu;r LFkkuksa ij ijns cka/k fn, x, gSaA flrkj esa ca/ks gq, bUgha ijnksa ds leqnk; dks
BkB dgrs gaSA BkB eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gaS & ¼1½ vpy BkB ¼2½ py BkBA
¼1½ vpy BkB & vpy 'kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gS] vifjorZu'khyA blhfy, vpy BkB okyk flrkj
og gksrk gS] ftlds ijnksa dks f[kldkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA mlh #i esa izR;sd FkkV ds
jkx ctk, tk ldrs gaSA bl BkB eas pkSchl ijns gksrs gaS] ftudk Øe bl izdkj gksrk gS& e+]
e+Z] i+] ?k+ fu+ fu+ lk js+ js x e e /k /k fu fu lka jsa jsa xa xa eaA dHkh&dHkh rkj lIrd dk ea Loj
gVk nsrs gS] vkSj flrkj esa 23 gh ijns ca/ks jgrs gSaA

¼2½ py BkB& py BkB ds flrkj esa 16 ls 19 ijns gksrs gSaA blhfy, vko';drkuqlkj blesa
ijns f[kldkuas dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA flrkj ij ckt, tkus okys jkxksa ds vuqlkj ijns
f[kldk, tkrs gaSA lksyg ijns bl Øe lsa c¡/ksa gksrs gaS & e+ i+ /k+ fu+ fu+ lk js x e e i /k uh
lka jsa vkSj xaA
17 ijnksa ds BkB esa rkj ea dk ijnk lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkkafr fofHkUu
laxhrK vkSj fo}ku viuh&viuh #fp vkSj vko';drk ds vuqlkj ijnksa dh la[;k fuf'pr
djrs gaS rFkk muesa ifjorZu Hkh djrs gaSA

cksy & flrkj ds rkj ij fet+jkc }kjk Hkakfr&Hkkafr ls tks izgkj fd, tkrs gaS] muls gh mRiUu
/ofu dks flrkj&'kkL= eas ^cksy* dgrs gaSA cksy fudkyus ds fy, eq[; #i ls nks izdkj ls izgkj
fd;k tkrk gS %&
¼1½ vkd"kZ izgkj & nk¡fgus gkFk dh rtZuh ij fet+jkc dks igu dj ckt+ ds rkj ij ckgj ls
vk?kkr djrs gq, tc vUnj dh vksj ys tkrs gaS] rc bl fØ;k dks vkd"kZ izgkj vFkok lqyV
izgkj dgrs gaSA bl izfØ;k ls fudyk cksy ^nk* dk gksrk gSA

¼2½ vid"kZ izgkj & tc rtZuh ij igus fet+jkc dh enn ls ckt ds rkj ij vUnj ls vk?kkr
djrs gq, ckgj dh vksj tkrs gSa] rc ^jk* dk cksy fudyrk gSA vid"kZ izgkj dh izfØ;k vkd"kZ
izgkj dh izfØ;k ds Bhd foijhr gksrh gSA
flrkj oknu esa vH;klkssijkUr gh ehaM dk iz;ksx tks fd ,d gh insZ ¼lqUnfj;ka½ ij]
vkjksgh Øe o vojksgh Øe esa fudkyuk] vH;kl ls ek/kq;Z o jkxksfpr Loj&O;oLFkk dks iznf”kZr
djrk gSA fet+jkc ds vk?kkr dk egŸo vFkkZr fdrus gYds ls o ncko cukrs gq, LojksRifŸk
djuk] flrkj oknu dh dyk dks vkRelkr~ djus ds mijkUr gh le>k tk ldrk gSA mLrkn
vCnqy gyhe tkQj [kk¡ lkgc us bUgha fo”ks’krkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj ^tkQj [kkuh* xrksa dk
izpkj fd;k gSA eSgj ?kjkus ds laLFkkid ckck vYykm)hu [kk¡ lkgc us rhurky ds vfrfjDr
vU; izpfyr rkyksa esa Hkh xrksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA nk jk rFkk vU; la;qDr cksyksa dks fofHkUu NUnksa
esa fijksdj lqUnj xrsa izpfyr dhA elhr[kkuh xrksa dks dsoy fuf”pr cksyksa ds vfrfjDr ehM]

50 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602
?klhV] d`Uru] fxVdjh o Bksd vkfn dk iz;ksx vko”;drkuqlkj] [Link]; cukus ds fy,
dykdkj oknu izLrqr djrs gSaA mudk m)s”; dsoy jkxksfpr fu;eksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dsoy
[Link]; izLrqfr dk gksrk gSA vr% ra=dkjh] xk;dh dk gh ifj’d`r :i gS tks fdlh ok| esa
fet+jkc ;k vU; vk?kkrd ds iz;ksx ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
vr% xk;dh o ra=dkjh dksbZ vyx&vyx “kSyh ugha ekuh tk ldrhA nksuksa ,d nwljs
ds laiwjd gaSA dksbZ Hkh oknd dsoy xk;dh ugha ctk ldrkA izd`fr iznŸk d.B fLFkr Loj&
;a= dh udy djuk oknu esa vlaHko yxrk gSA

vH;kl iz”u
d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- flrkj dks ---------- [Link] dk fodflr #i ekurs gSa
2- ------------ ?kjkus ds }kjk oknu dh ubZ 'kSyh ^xr* dk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
3- Xkrksa ds ----------- izdkj ekus tkrs gSaA
4- Eklhr[kkuh xr esa cksyksa dk dze ------------------------------------ izdkj jgrk gSA
5- ----------------- jt+k[kuh xr ds vkfo"dkjd ekus tkrs gaSA
6- ckt izeq[kr% ----------- izdkj ds ekus x;s gaSA
7- vkfoHkkZo vkSj frjksHkko djrs gq, jkx dks [Link] :i ls iznf'kZr djuk gh ----- xku dgykrk gSA
8- Loj] 'kCn vkSj rky dh lgk;rk ls tks jpuk rS;kj gksrh gS mls izkphu le; esa --------------
dgrs FksA
9- xhr rFkk vkykiksa esa fofHkUu NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa dks ----------------------- dgrs gaSA
10- vpy BkB eas --------------- ijns gksrs gaSA
11- py BkB ds flrkj esa --------------- ijnsa gksrs gSaA
12- fet+jkc ls ckt+ ds rkj ij ckgj ls vUnj dh vksj izgkj djus ij -------- cksy fudyrk gS
rFkk bl fdz;k dks ------------ dgrs gSaA

[k- y?kq mRrjh; iz”u %&

1- xk;u o ra=dkjh i)fr ls vki D;k le>rs gSA oknu esa bldk D;k egRo gSA
2- xr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ xr fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gS\
3- oknu esa iz;qä fofHké cksyksa ds fudkl fof/k dks le>kb;sA
4- vkyki ls vki D;k le>rs gaSA izkphu dky esa vkyki dk D;k fo/kku Fkk [Link] dhft,A
5- oknu esas vkyki dk [Link] dhft,A
6- tksM+ vkyki ,oa tksM+ >kys dk [Link] dhft,A

51 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

4-6 lkjka”k
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki xk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr ds fo’k; esa tku pqds
gksaxsA xk;u o ra=dkjh i)fr vyx&vyx “kSyh ugha ekuh tk ldrhA nksuksa ,d nwljs ds
laiwjd gSaA izkphu dky esa oknu dk viuk dksbZ LorU= vfLrRo ugha Fkk vkSj oknu ges'kk
xk;u dk vuqdj.k gh djrk Fkk] vFkkZr xk;u dh laxfr ds fy, gh oknu dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA
/khjs&/khjs ok|ksa dk LorU= oknu izkjEHk gqvk ijUrq oknd vHkh Hkh xk;u dk vqulj.k djrs gq,
cafn'k xhr vkfn dk gh oknu fd;k djrs FksA ;gh i)fr vkxs pydj xk;dh vax dk oknu
dgyk;hA rr~i'pkr ok|ksa ij ctkus ds fy, xrdkjksa ;k ra=dkjh i)fr dk fodkl gqvkA vki
oknu esa ctk, tkus okys vkyki] tksM vkyki] tksM >kyk] >kyk vkfn ds ckjs esa Hkh le> pqds
gksaxsA vki fet+jkc ds cksyksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ds NUnksa ds fo’k; esa Hkh tku pqds gSaA

4-7 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mŸkj

d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- f=ra=h [Link]
2- lsfu;k ?kjkus
3- nks ¼elhr[kkuh vkSj jt+k[kkuh xr½
4- fnj] nk] fnj nkjk nk] nkjk
5- tkSuiqj ds jtk [kk¡
6- nks ¼iwjc ckt o if”pe ckt½
7- vkyfIr xku
8- vkf{kfIrdk
9- fonkjh
10- pkSchl
11- 16 ls 19
12- ^nk*] vkd’kZ

4-8 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- olUr] laxhr fo'kkjn] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjl] m0iz0A
2- JhokLro] izks0 lrh'k pUæ] flrkj oknu Hkkx&1A
3- HkVukxj] jtuh] flrkj oknu dh “kSfy;ka] dfu’d ifCy”klZ] fnYyhA
4- 'kekZ] MkW0 Lora=] ik'pkR; Lojfyfi i)fi ,oa Hkkjrh; laxhrA

4-9 fucU/kkRed iz”u

1- Xkk;u ,oa ra=dkjh i)fr dks foLrkj iwoZd le>kb;sA
2- Okknu esa vkyki] tksM vkyki] tksM >kyk] >kyk vkfn ds fo’k; esa fyf[k,A
52 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bdkbZ 4
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bdkbZ 5 & ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr] LFkkbZ o vUrjs ds rksMs vkfn dks
fyfic) djuk

1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 mn~ns';
1-3 elhr[kkuh xr dk ifjp;
1-4 ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr o rksM+s
1-4-1 jkx fe;ka dh rksMh 1-4-2 jkx xka/kkjh
1-4-3 jkx xqtjh rksMh 1-4-4 jkx fe;ka eYgkj
1-4-5 jkx njckjh dkUgM+k 1-4-6 jkx Hkheiyklh
1-4-7 jkx es?k eYgkj
1-5 lkjka'k
1-6 lgk;d@ mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-7 fucU/kkRed iz'u

1-1 izLrkouk
izLrqr bdkbZ izn”kZu dyk&laxhr esa LukrdksRrj] r`rh; lsesLVj ¼,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602½
ikB~;dze dh ikWpoh bdkbZ gSA blls iwoZ dh bdkbZ;ksa ds v/;;u ls vki laxhrKksa ds thou ls
ifjfpr gks pqds gSaA vki laxhr jRukdj] prqnZfMizdkf”kdk] ukjnh; f”k{kk] laxhr edjan] laxhr
fparkef.k] laxhrkatyh o laxhr ikfjtkr ds ckjs esa Hkh tku pqds gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr o rksMksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl
bdkbZ esa vkidh lqfo/kk ds fy;s elhr[kkuh xr dh Lojfyfi;k¡ izLrqr dh xbZ gSaA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr~ vki elhr[kkuh xr rFkk rksMk+ as dks fyfic) dj ldsaxs
vkSj bUgs i<+dj fdz;kRed :i esa izLrqr dj ldsaxsA

53 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-2 mn~ns';
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds mijkUr vki %&
1- elhr[kkuh xr dks Lojfyfi ds ek/;e ls i<+ ,oa ctk ldsaxsA
2- Loj dks fyfic) dj ldsaxs rFkk fyfic) Loj dks i<+ ldsaxsA
3- RkksMk+ sa ds ek/;e ls jkx dk izLrkj dj ldsaxsA
4- vU; jkxksa esa Hkh rksMs cukus esa l{ke gksaxsA

1-3 elhr[kkuh xr dk ifjp;

fQjkst [kkW ds iq= elhr [kWk us flrkj oknu dh ,d “kSyh dks fodflr fd;k ftls
elhr[kkuh “kSyh dgrs gSaA blesa ctkbZ tkus okyh jkx jpuk,W elhr[kkuh xr dgykrh gSaA blls
iwoZ flrkj esa ctkbZ tkus okyh lsuh ?kjkus dh xrksa dh dfBukbZ vkSj foLrkj ds LFkku ij elhr[kkuh
xrksa dh ljyrk] e/kqjrk rFkk vYi foLrkj us laxhr iszfe;ksa dks vkdf’kZr fd;k rFkk bldk izpkj
c<+rk x;kA lsuh ?kjkus dh xrsa rky dh nks vko`fRr;ksa ds LFkkbZ&varjs dh gksus ds dkj.k vf/kd
foLrkj okyh Fkh ftUgsa ;kn j[kus esa okndksa dks dfBukbZ gksrh FkhA elhr[kkuh xr ,d vko`fRr dh
ljy jkx jpuk,a gksrh gaS ftl dkj.k ;g yksdfiz; gSA
elhr[kkuh xr dks vc foyfEcr xr ds :Ik esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA blesa LFkk;h rFkk varjk
nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA bls if”peh ckt Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
elhr[kkuh xr ds cksy & flrkj esa fetjkc ds vk?kkr ls cksy mRiUu gksrs gSaA ckt ds rkj esa
fetjkc ls viuh rjQ dks vk?kkr dks ^vkd’kZ* o ^nk* cksy dgk tkrk gSA blds foijhr ckgj dh
vksj vid’kZ ^izgkj* ls ^jk* cksy fudyrk gSA bu nksuksa cksyksa dks 'kh?kzrk ls ctkus ij ^fnj^ cksy
fudyrk gSA bu rhuksa cksyksa ds dykRed la;kstu ls flrkj xrksa esa lkSUn;Z mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA
fetjkc ds bu cksyksa dk jkx&rky ds fu;eksa dk ikyu dj tks jkx jpuk,a fufeZr gksrh gaS] mUgsa
^xr* dgrs gSaA elhr [kkWa }kjk [kksts x, ^xr* Lo:i dks elhr[kkuh xr dgrs gSaA bu xrksa dks
rhurky esa 12oha ek=k vkjEHk dj ctkus dh izFkk gS tks bl izdkj gSa %
Eklhr [kkuh xr ¼rhurky½
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
fnj nk fnj nk jk

nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk nk jk
X 2 0 3

bu cksyksa ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xrksa dks fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA

54 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-4 ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr o rksM+s

1-4-1 jkx fe;k¡ dh rksMh %&
ifjp; & ;g jkx rksMh+ FkkV ls mRiUu ekuk tkrk gSA bl jkx esa fj’kHk] xU/kkj o /kSor dksey
rFkk rhoz e/;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA iape Loj dk iz;ksx oØ :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA bl jkx
dks dsoy ^rksMh+* uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dbZ fo}ku xk;d iape dk lh/ks o fujUrj iz;ksx djrs
gSaA dgk tkrk gS fd bl jkx dks izFke ckj] laxhr lezkV rkulsu us izpfyr fd;k FkkA Qyr% bl
jkx dks fe;k¡ fd rksMh+ dgk tkrk gSA rksMh+ ds vusd izdkj izpfyr gSa tSls xqtZjh rksMh+] fcykl[kkuh
rksMh+] Hkwiky rksMh+] y{eh rksMh+] ykpkjh rksMh+ vkfnA oknh Loj /k rFkk laoknh Loj x gSA leizd`frd
jkxksa esa xqtZjh rksMh+ fudVLFk gSA
leizd`frd jkx & xqtjh rksMh
vkjksg & lk js x eÞ /k i e /k fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k i eÞ x js x js lkA
idM+ & /k i eÞ x] js x js lkAA

elhr[kkuh xr & ¼rhurky½

LFkkbZ
xx
fnj
js lkfu+ /k+ lkjs x x x jsx eÞ /k/k i eÞx js xjs lk] xjs
nk fnj nk fnj nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk· nk nk jk] fnj
3 × 2 0
x eÞeÞ i eÞ /k fu fu /ki eÞ /ki eÞ x js xjs lk
nk fnj nk jk nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk nk· jk
3 × 2 0
vUrjk
ee
fnj
x eÞeÞ /k fu lka lka lka jsaxa jsa lkafu /k ieÞ x js lk]
nk fnj nk jk nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk· nk nk jk
3 × 2 0

rksMs+ ¼pkSxqu y;dkjh½

1 lkjsxjs lkafu/kfu
+ lkjsxjs lkfu/kfu+
+ lk&lkfu+ /k+f+ u+lk& lkfu/k+f+ u+ l& eq[kMk+
2 0
2 xjslkjs xeÞ/ki eÞ/kfu/k ieÞxjs lkfu+/k+f+ u+ lk&/k+fu+ lk&/kfu+
+ lk&&& eq[kMk
2 0
3 xxjslk fu+lkjsx eÞeÞxjs lkjsxeÞ /k/kieÞ xeÞ/kfu xaxajal
s ka fufu/ki
× 2
exjslk eÞeÞxjs lkjsxsj x&]eÞeÞ xjslkjs xjsx& eÞeÞxjs lkjsxjs x
0 3 ×

55 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

4 xxjsx xjsxeÞ /k/ki/k /kieÞ/k fufu/kfu fu/keÞ/k xaxajasxa xajaslkajas

× 2
lkafu/kfu /kieÞx eÞ/kieÞ xxjslk /k+fu+lkjs x&/k++fu+ lkjsx& /k+fu+lkjs x
0 3 ×
5 xxjseÞ eÞx/k/k iefufu /kilkalka fu/kxaxa jsalkafufu /kieÞ/k fulkajal
s ka
× 2
fu/kieÞ xjslkjs &&lkjs x&xjs lkjsx& lkjsx& xjslkjs x&lkjs x
0 3 ×

rksMs & N%xqu y;dkjh

6 lkjslkjsxjs xexeÞ/ki /ke/kfu/kfu lkafulkajasxajas
×

xaxajsalkajsalka jsajl
sa kafulkafu lkalkafu/kfu/k fufu/kfu/kfu
2
eÞxjslkfu+/k+ fu+lkjsxlkjs x&&&&& eÞxjslkfu/k+
0
fu+lkjsxlkjs x&&&&& eÞxjslkfu+/k++ fu+lkjsxlkjs x
3 ×
rksMs & vBxqu y;dkjh

7 lfu/kfu+
+ ljslk& xjslkfu+ljsx& eÞxjslkjsxeÞ& /kieÞxeÞ/kfu&
×
lkfu/kieÞ/klka& xajsalkafu/kfulka& fulkajl
sa ka/kfulkafu /kfulkafu/kfu/ki
2
eÞ/kfu/kieÞxeÞ xeÞ/kieÞxjsx lkjsxeÞ/kfulkajsa lkafu/kieÞxjslk
0
eÞ/kieÞxjslkjs x&&&eÞ/kieÞ xjslkjsx&&& eÞ/kieÞxjslkfu x
3 ×

1-4-3 jkx xkU/kkjh %&

ifjp; & ;g jkx vklkojh FkkV ls mRiUu gksrk gSA blds vkjksg esa xkU/kkj Loj oftZr gSA bl
jkx dk oknh Loj /kSor o laoknh xkU/kkj gSA bl jkx dk xk;u&oknu le; fnu dk nwljk izgj
ekuk x;k gSA bl jkx esa fj’kHk ds nksuksa izdkjksa] dksey o “kq) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl jkx
dks ‘kkMo&[Link] tkfr dk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g ,d xEHkhj izd`fr dk jkx gSA vkjksg tkSuiqjh rFkk
vojksg HkSjoh dh rjg gSA ;g jkx mŸkjkax iz/kku gSA
leizd`frd jkx & vklkojh vkSj tkSuiqjh
vojksg & lk js] e i /k] fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k] i] /k e] i x] js lkA
idM+ & lk /k] /k i] /k e i] x js lkA

56 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

vkyki %&
1- lk] js e i] x js lk] lk /k] i] /k] e i] x] js lkA
2- lk js lk] /k] /k] i] /k fu /k] e i] x js lkA
3- js e i] fu /k /k i e i fu /k i] /k e] i] x x] js lkA
4- lk /k i] /k e i] x js lk] js e i] /k /k fu lka] /k fu /k] i /k e i] x js lkA
5- lk js e i] e i /k fu /k] fu fu lka] js fu lka jsa fu /k] /k] i] /k e i] x x] js js lkA
6- js fu+ lk] js e i /k /k] i] /k fu lka] jsa ea xa jsa] jsa lk] jsa fu /k i] e i /k e i] x x js lkA

elhr[kkuh x+r & rhurky

LFkkbZ
ee i] /k/k fu lka

/k /k i /ke i fu/k i ei x js lk] fu+lk js ee i /ke

× 2 0 3
i i /k ei fu /k/k e ii x js lk] ]
× 2 0 3
vUrjk
ii e ii /k fu

lka lka lka jsajsa fu /k/k i ei x js lk

× 2 0 3

rksMs & pkSxqu y;dkjh

1 lkjsei /k/kii ei/ki xxjsjs lk&jslk /kiei xjslk& eq[kMk
2 0

2 jsjl
s klk jsfu+lk& jsei& /k/ki&
×
fu/ki& ei/ki xjsjl
s k ei/ki
2
xjsjls k ei/ki xjsjl
s k eq[kMk
0
3 /k/ki& ei/kfu /k&ii /keii
×
/kfulka& jsafu/ki xjslk& jsafu/ki
2
xjslk& jsafu/ki xjslk& eq[kMk
0

57 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

4 lkjsjsei jseei/k eii/kfu i/k/kfulka

×
fulkalkajsalka jsafufu/ki /keeix xjsjsfu+lk
2
lkjsjsei /k&ei /k&&& ljsjsei
0
/k&ei /k&&& lkjsjsei /k&ei /k
3 ×
5 /k/ki/k /kiei fufu/kfu fu/ki/k
×
jsajsalkajsa jsl
a kfu/k fufu/kfu fu/ki/k
2
ei/ke xjsjl
s k &jsei /k&xjs
0
jslk&js ei/k& xjsjl
s k &jsei /k
3 ×
6 exjsjs lkjsfu+lk /keix jsei/k
×
fu/ki/k fulkajl
sa k i/kfulka eaxajsalka
2
fu/ki/k lkafu/ki /kiei xxjslk
0
lkjsei /k&lkjs ei/k& lkjsei /k
3 ×
rksMs & Nxqu y;dkjh
7 lkjsexjsx jsei/keie i/kfulkafu/k fulkajaseaxajas
×
lkajl
sa kafulkajsa fu/kiei/k iexjsei exjslkjslk
2
fu/ki/kei iexjsei /k&&&&&& fu/ki/kei
0
iexjsei /k&&&&& fu/kieie iexjsei /k
3 ×
rksMs & vBxqu y;dkjh
8 xjslkxjslkfu+lk jseijsei/ki ei/kei/kei /kfulka/kfulkajal
s ka
×
xaxaxajsalkafulka jsajsajasfu/kfulka& lkalkalkafu/ki/k& fufufu/kiei&
2
/k/k/kiexjs& jsjsjl
s kfu+lkjslk e&&&i&&& /k&&&&jslk
0
fu+lkjslke&&& i&&&/k&&& jsjsjslkfulkjslk e&&&i&&& /k
3 ×

58 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-4-4 jkx xqtZjh rksMh+ %&

ifjp; & jkx xqtZjh rksMh+ Hkh jkx rksMh+ dk gh izdkj gSA rksMh+ FkkV dk ;g jkx iape ds iz;ksx
ds fcuk gh xk;k@ctk;k tkrk gSA jkx esa js x /k dksyr rFkk eÞ rhoz e/;e rFkk vU; Loj “kq+)
gSA xk;u le; izkr%dky dk nwljk izgj gSA bl jkx dk oknh Loj /kSor rFkk laoknh Loj fj’kHk
gSA bl jkx dk foLrkj eq[; :i ls mŸkjkax esa gksrk gSA bl jkx dh tkfr ‘kkM~o&’kkM~o ekuh tkrh
gSA ;g rksMh+ ds izdkjks esa ls vf/kd izpfyr o yksdfiz; jkx gSA
leizd`frd jkx & fe;k¡ dh rksMh+
vkjksg & lk js x eÞ /k fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k eÞ x js lkA
idM+ & /k] eÞ x js] fu+ /k++ lkA
vkyki %&
1- lk] js x js lk] +/k+ fu+ lk] js js] x js lk
2- lk js x eÞ /k ] eÞ x js x js] lk
3- x js x eÞ /k] eÞ/k] eÞ x js x eÞ /k eÞ x js] js lkA
4- js & x js fu+ /k] lk js x eÞ x eÞ /k] eÞ /k fu /k ] eÞ x js js] x js lkA
5- /k eÞ x js x eÞ /k] fu /k] eÞ /k] eÞ fu /k& eÞ x js js] x jslkA
6- /k eÞ /k] fu /k eÞ /k fu lka] jsa jsa fu /k] eÞ /k fu lka jsa] xa jsa] lka jsa] fu /k] eÞ x js js] x js] lkA
7- lk js x js x eÞ /k] eÞ /k fu lka] jsa jsa xa eÞa] x js xa jsa lka] /k fu /k] eÞ x js] x js lkA
elhr[kkuh x+r & ¼rhurky½
LFkkbZ
/k/k eÞ xx js xeÞ
fnj nk fnj nk jk·
/k & & eÞeÞ /k fu/k eÞ /k eÞ x jslk lklk /k+ fu+fu+ lk js
nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk jk jk·]
× 2 0 3
eÞ
x & & eÞeÞ /k fu/k eÞ /k eÞ x jlk
nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk jk jk·]
× 2 0 3

vUrjk
eÞeÞ x eÞeÞ /k fu/k
fnj nk fnj nk jk·
lka & & lkajsa xa jsafu /k /k eÞ x jslks
nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk jk jk·
× 2 0 3

59 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

Rkkusa & pkSxqu y;dkjh

1 lkjsxeÞ jsxeÞ/k xeÞ/kfu fu/kfu/k eÞ/keÞx /keÞxjs /keÞxjs /keÞxjs eq[kMk+
2 0
2 eÞ/keÞ/k fu/ke/k jsxeÞeÞ /k&eÞ/k jsxjslk /k+f+ u+lkjs x&jslk &fu/k& eq[kMk
2 0
3 jsxeÞx xeÞ/keÞ eÞ/kfu/k /kfulkafu jsl a kafulka /keÞxjs lkjsxjs /k&&& /keÞxjs
2 0
lkjsxeÞ /k&&& /keÞxjs lkjsxeÞ /k frgkbZ

4 lkjsxsjs xxjslk jsxeÞeÞ xeÞxjs xeÞ/keÞ /k/keÞx eÞ/keÞx jsxjslk

× 2
/keÞ/keÞ xeÞ/k/k /k&&& /keÞ/keÞ xeÞ/k/k /k&&& /keÞ/keÞ xeÞ/k/k /k
frgkb
0 3 ×

Rkkusa & Nxqu y;dkjh

5 xjslkjsxeÞ eÞxjsxeÞ/k /keÞxeÞ/kfu fu/keÞ/kfulka

2
xajsalkafu/keÞ jsalkafu/keÞx lkafu/keÞxjs fu/keÞxjslk
0
eÞxjslkxeÞ /k&&eÞxjs lkxeÞ/k&& eÞxjslkxeÞ /k
3 ×

Rkkusa & vBxqu y;dkjh

6 /k/keÞxjsxjslk fufu/keÞxeÞxjs lkalkafu/keÞ/keÞx jsajsalkfu/kfu/keÞ

2
xaxajsalkafulkafu/k eaÞeÞaxajsalkajsalkafu fulkajsajl
sa kafu/kfu eÞ/kfufu/keÞxjs
0
lkjsxjsxeÞ/keÞ /k&&&lkjsxjs xeÞ/keÞ/k&&& lkjsxjseÞeÞ/keÞ /k
3 ×
7 xxjsxxjslkjs eÞeÞxeÞeÞxjsx /k/keÞ/k/keÞxeÞ fufu/kfufu/keÞ/k
×
jsajl
sa kajsajl
sa kfulka xaxajsaxaxajsalkajsa eÞeÞxajsalkfu/kfu xaxajal
s kafu/keÞ/k
2
lkalkafu/keÞxeÞ/k eÞeÞxjslkjsxeÞ /k&xeÞ/k&xeÞ /k&&&eÞeÞxjs
0
lkjsxeÞ/k&xeÞ xeÞ/k&xeÞ/k& eÞeÞxjslkjsxeÞ /k&xeÞ/k&xeÞ /k
3 ×

60 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-4-5 jkx fe;k¡ eYgkj %&

ifjp; & ;g jkx _rq iz/kku jkx gSA dkQh FkkV ls mRiUu ;g jkx o’kkZ&dky esa xk;k ctk;k
tkrk gSA laxhr lezkV rkulsu }kjk izpfyr eYgkj dk ,d izdkj gSA x Loj dksey o vkUnksfyr
gS rFkk nksuks fu’kknksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vojksg esa dksey fu’kkn o vkjksg esa “kq) fu’kkn dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl jkx ds vojksg esa /kSor iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS rFkk e/;e Loj oØ
iz;qDr gksrk gSA js i dh laxfr rFkk fu e i] Loj laxfr okpd ekuh tkrh gsA bl jkx dk oknh
Loj ‘kM~t rFkk lEoknh iape gSA jkx dh tkfr [Link]&‘kkMo ekuh tkrh gSA eYgkj ds dbZ izdkj
vkSj Hkh izpyu esa gSA tSls lwjeYgkj] xkSM+eYgkj] jkenklh eYgkj] t;Ur eYgkj vkfnA
leizd`frd jkx & cgkj
vkjksg & lk] e js i] x x e js] i fu /k fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu i] e i ] x x e js lkA
idM+ & js i] e i] x · e js lk] fu+ /k+ fu+ lkA
vkyki %&
1- lk] fu+ e+ i+] fu++ /k+ fu lk] js e js lkA
2- e js i] e i x x e js ] lk] fu+ /k+ fu+ lkA
3- fu+ lk] e js i] e i] fu e i] x x e js] lkA
4- fu++ i e+ i+] fu+ /k+ fu+ lk] js i e i] x x e js] lk] js js i] e i] fu i e i] fu /k fu i] fu] e
i] x x e js] lk] fu++ /k+ fu+ lkA
5- e js i ] e i fu /k fu] lka] fu e i] fu /k fu lka fu e i] fu] /k fu lka] jsa jsa lka] fu /k fu lka]
fu i] x x e js] lkA
6- e i] fu /k fu lka] fu /k fu] lka] jsa jsa lka xa xa ea jsa jsa lka] fu /k fu lka] lka fu e i x x e js
lk fu+ e+ i+ fu+ ] /k fu lkA

elhr[kkuh x+r & ¼rhurky½

LFkkbZ
xe js lklk fu e+i+
fnj nk fnj nk jk·
fu+ fu+fu+ lk fu+lk js js i ei xe js lk] ee js ii x ejs

fu+ fu+fu+ lk fu+lk js js i ei xe js lk

× 2 0 3
vUrjk
ee js ii fu fu
fnj nk fnj nk jk·
lka lka lka xaea js fulk fu i xe js lk]
nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk jk jk
× 2 0 3

61 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

Rkkusa & pkSxqu y;dkjh

1- xejslk fu+/k+fu+lk e+i+fu+/k+ fu+fu+lk& fu+fu+lk& fu++/k+fu+lk fu++/k+fu+lk fu+/k+fu+lk eq[kMk+
2 0
2- fu+/+ k+/k+fu+lk jslkfu+lk xeejslk fu+/+ k+fu+lk fuiiei xejslk jsix& ejslk& eq[kMk
2 0
3- xxee jslkfu+lk jsixx ejsfu+lk jsjsii eifui fufuii xejslk
2 0
&fu/kfu lka&&fu /kfulka& &fu/kfu fu+ frgkbZ
3 ×
Rkkusa & Nxqu y;dkjh
4 xxxeee jsjsjslkfu+lk jsjsjsiii fufufuiei
2
fufufu/k/k/k fufufulklklk fufufuiii xxxejslk
0
fu&/kfu&lk fu&&fu&/k fu&lkfu&& fu&/kfu·lk fu+ frgkbZ
3 ×
Rkkusa & vBxqu y;dkjh
5 fu+/k+fu+lkjslkfu+lk jsieixejslk eifuefuiei fu/kfulkajal
s kafulka
×
xaeaxaeajsalkafulka jsajsalkajsafulkafui lkalkafu/kfulkajsalka fufulkajasfulkafui
2
fufueixejslk eifu/kfulkafui eixejslkfu+lk fu&&&eifu/k
0
fulkafuieixe jslkfu+lkfu&&& eifu/kfulkafui eixejslkfu+lk fu+
3 ×
6 fufu/k++ fufu + /k++ fu+lk jsjslkjsjslkfu+lk eejseejslkjs fufuifufuiei
×
jsajsalkajsajsalkafulka eaeajseaeajsalkajsa fufuifufuiei eejseejslkjs
2
eifu/kfulkajsalka fulkajsaifulkaei xejslkjslkfu+lk fu+lkjsfu+/k+fu+lk&
0
iieixejslk fu&&&iiei xejslkfu&&& iieixejslk fu+
3 ×
7 fu+lkjsfu+lkjsfu+lk ejsiejsiei fueifueifu/k fulkajasfulkajasfulka
×
eaeaeajsafulka jsajsajsalkafu/kfulka fufufulkajsalkafulka fufufu/kfuiei
2
eeeixejslk eeeifu/kfulka fuiexejsfu+lk fu&&&eeei
0
fu/kfulkafuiex ejsfu+lkfu+&&& eeifu/kfulka fuiexejsfu+lk fu+
3 ×

62 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

8 js&jsejsiei e&ejsiiei fu&fu

+ /kfuiei
+ lka&lkafu/k/kfulka
×
jsa&jsalkajsalkafulka ea&eajsalkalkafulka fu&fu
+ /kfulka
+ jsalka i&iexejslk
2
fu&fu
+ /k++ fu+lkjsa fu&js
+ lkfujs+ lk fu&&&&&& fu&fu
+ /k++ jl
s kfu+lk
0
fu+&jslkfu+&jslk fu&&&&&& fu+&fu+/k+jslkfu+lk fu+&jslkfu+&jslk fu+
3 ×

1-4-6 jkx njckjh dkUgMk+ %&

ifjp; & ;g jkx vklkojh FkkV ls mRiUu gksrk gSA bl jkx esa x] /k o fu Loj dksey yxrs gSa
rFkk vU; Loj “kq) yxrs gSaA vojksg esa /kSor oftZr gksus ls ;g jkx [Link]&‘kkMo tkfr dk ekuk
tkrk gSA bl jkx esa xkU/kkj viuh gh Jqfr;ka esa vkUnksfyr gSA ;g bl jkx dk oSfp=; gSA ;g
jkx rkulsu }kjk izpyu esa yk;k x;k rFkk dkQh yksdfiz; gSA bl jkx dk pyu eq[; :i ls
eUnz o e/; lIrd esa gSaA bl jkx dk xk;u e/; jkf= esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl jkx dh izd`fr xEHkhj
gSA oknh Loj js rFkk lEoknh i ekuk tkrk gSA
leizd`frd jkx & vMk+ukA
vkjksg & lk js x] e i /k fu lkaA
vojksg & lka /k fu i] e i] x] e js lkA
idM+ & lk js x] js lk /k+ fu+ lkA

vkyki %&
1- lk] fu+ lk js] /k+ fu+ i] /k+ fu+ lk] lk /k+ fu+ js lkA
2- lk] js js lk] /k+ fu+ lk js] x] e js lk] /k+ fu+ lkA
3- js js lk] fu+ lk] /k+ fu+ lk] js js x] e js ] lkA
4- lk js x] e i /k] fu i] e i] fu i x js lkA
5- fu+ lk js x] e i] /k] fu lka ] /k fu i] e i x] e js lkA
6- lk js x] e js] e i /k] fu i e i] /k fu i] e i /k fu lka fu lka jsa] /k fu lka] /k fu i] x e js
lkA
7- fu+ lk js] /k]+ fu+ lk js x] e i] e i /k] fu lka jsa xa] ea jsa lka jsa jsa] lka] jsa] /k fu i] e i /k fu
lka] /k fu i] x e js lkA

63 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

elhr[kk+uh x+r & rhurky

LFkkbZ
fu+ jsjs lk fufu
+ + lk js
fnj nk fnj nk jk
/k+ fu+ i+ e+i /k+ fufu
+ + lk js xe js lk] xe js lklk fu lk
js js lk fulk
+ /k+ fufu
+ + lk js xe js lk
× 2 0 3
vUrjk
ee i /k/k fu /k
fnj nk fnj nk jk·
lk lk lk xaea js lklk /kfu i xe js lk]
nk nk jk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk jk jk
× 2 0 3

Rkkusa & pkSxqu y;dkjh

1 xejslk fulkjs
+ lk /kfu + lkjs
+ xejslk fuiei xejslk /kfu + js+ lk eq[kMk
2 0
2 fu+lkjslk /kfu
+ js+ lk xxxe jsjsjslk fuiei xejslk xejslk xejslk eq[kMk
2 0
3 eeix ejslk& fulkjs
+ l k /kfui&
+ /kfu
+ lkjs
+ fujs+ lk& /kfu + lk&
+ &fu+lkjs
2 0
/k&&&
+ &ful ++ kjs /k+& + && &fu lkjs
+ /k+ frgkbZ
3 ×
Rkkusa & Nxqu y;dkjh
4 lkjslkfulkjs + lk/kfulkjs
+ lk jsejsxejs ei/kfuei
×
/kfulkafulkjsa xaeajsalkajlsa ka fulkajsa/kfui eixejslk
2
fueixejs lkjslkfu+lkjs /k&&&&& fueixejs
0
lkjslkfu+lkjs /k&&&&& fueixejs lkjslkfu+lkjs /k+
3 ×
Rkkusa & vBxqu y;dkjh
5 jsjslkjsjslkfu+/k+ xejsxejslkjs ei/kfuiiei /kfulka/kfulkafulka
×
jsajsalkajsajsalkfulka xaeajsaxaeajsalkajsa /kfui/kfuiei xejsxejslkjs
2
/kfu + l
++ k/kfu+ + eejsxejfulk + jsjslkfulkjs
+ ful++ k /k&&&ejs
+ x
lkjslk
0
ejsfulkjs + jslkfu+ lkjsfulk/k + &&& + eejsxejsfu+lk jsjls kful
++ kjsfulk
+ /k+
3 ×
64 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

6 xexejslkfulk + eieixejslk /kfu/kfueixe fulkfu

+ lkjs
+ lkfulk
+
×
xaeaxeajsalkafulka jsajsajsalkfulkajsalka lkalkalkafu/kfuii fufufu/kfuiei
2
/k/k/kfuiiei eeexejsxe jsjsjslkfu+lkjslk xxxejslkfulk
+
0
/k&/k
+ &/k
+ &&&
+ xxxejsfulk
+ /k++ /k&/k
+ &&&
+ xxxejslkfulk
+ /k+
3 ×

1-4-11 jkx Hkheiyklh %&

ifjp; & ;g jkx dkQh FkkV ls mRiUu gSA bl jkx esa xkU/kkj o fu’kkn dksey gksrs gSaA vU; lHkh
Loj “kq) gSA bl jkx ds vkjksg esa js o /k oftZr gSA bl jkx dk xk;u le; fnu dk rhljk izgj
gSA bl jkx dk leizd`fr jkx /kukJh gSA bl jkx dh tkfr vkSMo&[Link] gSA bl jkx dk oknh
Loj e rFkk lEoknh lk gSA bl jkx ds U;kl ds Loj lk] e o i gSA ;g jkx Hkhe o iykl nks
“kCnksa ls cuk gSA bl jkx ls nks jkx Hkh izpfyr gSaA dgh&dgha bu jkxksa dh Nk;k Li’V gksrh gSA
leizd`fr jkx & /kukJh
vkjksg & fu+ lk x e i fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu /k i e x js lkA
idM+ & fu+ lk e] x e i] e x js lkA

vkyki %&
1- lk] fu+ /k+ i+ fu+] lk] js lk] fu+ lkA
2- fu+ lk] x e] x js lk] fu+ /k+ i+ fu+ lkA
3- lk] fu+ lk x] e i] e i] x e i e] x js lk&
4- lk fu+ /k+ i+] fu+ lk x e i] x e i fu] /k i e x e i e x] js lkA
5- x e i] fu /k i] e i fu /k i] x e i] fu lka i fu lka jsa lka ] fu /k i] x e x js lkA
6- i e x e i] fu /k i] e x e i] fu lka] xa jsa lka] x ea xa] jsa lk] fu /k i e i] x e i] e x]
js lkA
7- fu+ lk x e i] fu lka xa jsa fu lka] x ea ia ea] xa jsa lk] fu /k i] e i] x e x js lkA

65 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

elhr[kkuh x+r & rhurky

LFkkbZ
ex js lklk fulk
+ xe

i& i i xe i lkafu /k i ex js lk] xjs lk fu/k++ i fu

× 2 0 3
lk& lk lk xe i lkfu /k i ex js lk] ]
× 2 0 3

vUrjk
ee x ee i fu

lk lk lk xjs lk fu/k i i ex js lk]

× 2 0 3

rksMs & pkSxqu y;dkjh

1 xjslkjs fulkjs
+ lk xeie xjslk& fufu/ki ei/ki xeie xjslk& eq[kMk
2 0
2 xxjslk fulkjs
+ lk exie xjslk& i+fulk& + fu/k++ i& xjslk& eq[kMk
2 0
3 ifulkx
+ jslkfulk
+ xeeie xjslk& lkfu/ki /k&iei xeexjslk fulkxe +
2 0
i&&& fulkxe
+ i&&& fulkxe
+ i&&& frgkbZ
3 ×
rksMs & Nxqu y;dkjh
4 fulkxjs
+ lklk xexjslklk xeiexjs fulkxjs
+ lklk
2
fufu/kiei xeiexe xjslkfulklk i&ie&e
0
i&&&&& i&ix&e i&&&&& i&ixe&e frgkbZ
3 ×

rksMs & vBxqu y;dkjh

5 xxjslkful + kxe eexjslkxei iiexlkxei fufu/kieifulka
×
xaxajsalkafufu/ki jsajsalkafu/kiei fufu/kiexei /k/kiexlkxe
2
iiexjslkfulk + eexjslkfu/k++ i+ fufu
+ lkxe&xe
+ i&&&eexjs
0
lkfu/k++ ifufu
+ lkx
+ e&xei&&& eexjslkfu/k++ i+ fufu
+ lkxei&xe
+ i
3 ×

66 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

6 xjslkxjslkfu+lk iexiexei fu/kifu/kiei jsalkafujsalkafulkajas

×
ifulkafulkajsafulka eifueifuifu xeixeiei lkxelkxexe
2
iexexjslk& lkxelkxexe iexjslk&xe i&&&lkxelk
0
xexeiexjs lk&xei&&& lkxelkxexe iexjslk&xe i
3 ×

1-4-13 jkx es?keYgkj %&

ifjp; & jkx es?k vFkok es?k eYgkj ,d gh jkx ds uke gSaA ;g jkx izkphu jkxksa esa ls ,d jkx
gSA eYgkj vax yxus ij ;g es?k eYgkj gqvkA blesa xa/kkj o /kSor oT;Z ekuk x;k gSA blds vk/kkj
ij bldh tkfr vkSMo&vkSMo ekuh x;h gSA bl jkx esa dbZ dykdkj xa/kkj dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa
ijUrq blds izpfyr :i esa xa/kkj oftZr gh gSA bl vk/kkj ij bl jkx dk okfn Loj ‘kM~t rFkk
lEoknh ^e/;e* ekuk x;k gSA blesa nksuksa fu’kkn iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA ejsi ;g eYgkj dk izeq[k
vax bl jkx esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl jkx dk Loj foLrkj rhuksa lIrdksa esa gSA bldk xk;u
le; _`rqdkfyu ;kfu o’kkZ _rq dk gSA bl jkx esa e/;e _`’kHk ds ckj&ckj d.k iz;ksx ls ;g
jkx tYnh igpku esa vkrk gSA
vkjksg & lk js e js i] e i fu lkaA
vojksg & lka fu i e js] e js fu+ lkA
idM+ & js i] e js e js fu+ lk js] lkA
vkyki %&
1- lk] fu+ i fu+ lk ] js i e] js e js lkA
2- fu+ + lk] js e js] i e i] fu e i e ] e js] e js] fu+ lk js lkA
3- lk js e js] fu+ lk js] e js] i] js e js] fu+ lk] fu+ i+] e+ i+ fu+ js lk] js lkA
4- e js i] fu i] fu e i] js e js i e] fu i] e js fu+ lkA
5- lk] i+ fu+ lk js] e js] i e js e js] i] e i fu lka] i fu lka js] ea jsa] ea jsa] fu lka] fu i] fu e
i] js e js] e js] fu+ lkA

elhr[kkuh x+r & rhurky

LFkkbZ
jsjs i ee js fulk
+

js js lk fui++ fu+ lklk js ei fuei ejs fulk ejs fu+ lklk fu+ i+
× 2 0 3
e+ i+ fu+ lklk js ii fuei ejs fuei ejs fulk
+ ]
× 2 0 3

67 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

vUrjk
ii e jsi e ifu

lk lk lk jsjs lk fufu i ei fuei ejs fulk

+
× 2 0 3

rksMs & pkSxqu y;dkjh

1 fuifu
+ lk + jsjslkjs fulkjs
+ jsiiejs fueiie ieejse fulkjs
+ lk eq[kMk
2 0
2 jsful ++ kjs elkjse jsiejs iiejs eifulk fulkfu jsjsei eq[kMk
2 0
3 jsjsfui++ fulkjs
+ e jsiei eifulka
×
jsajsalkafu ifuei jsejslk fu&e+
+ i+
2
fu&e++ i+ fu&e+
+ i+ fu&&&
+ eq[kMk
0
4 lkjsfulk + fujs+ lk& eijse jsie&
×
fueie i&fulka jsalkafui eiejs
2
lk&i+fu+ js&fulk
+ js&&& lka&ifu
0
js& fulk + js&&& lk&i+fu+ js&fulk
+ js
3 ×
5 eejsfu+ lkjsei fufuifu lkajsafulk
×
jsaeajsalka fulkjsalka ifuei jsejslk
2
fulkjs
+ lk jsejsi ejsfulk
+ js&jse
0
jsiejs fulkjs
+ & jsejsi ejsfulk
+ js
3 ×

68 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksMs & vBxqu y;dkjh

6 lkjslkjsejsii jsejsejsiei ejsiieifulka ifulkalkafulkjsalkaa
×
eaeajsaeaeajsalkalka jsajsalkajsajsalkafulka lkalkafulkalkafuifu eeieeijse
2
iejsejslkjsfulk + fuiefuiejse jsieiejsfulk
+ js&&&fuiefu
0
iejsejsiei ejsfulkjs
+ &&& fuiefuiejse jsieiejsfulk
+ js
3 ×
7 js&jslkfulkjs + js e&ejsieii fu&fulkafulkajsaja ea&eajal
s kafulkajasea
×
jsaeajsalka&fulka jsalkajsalkafulkafu lkafulkafui&ei fuifuie&jse
2
jslkjslkjs&fulk + jsieiejsfulk
+ js&&fulkjs
+ &fulk
+ js&&&&jsiei
0
ejsfulkjs+ &&fulk + js&fulkjs
+ &fulkjs
+ jsieiejsfulk
+ js& fulkjs
+ fulk
+ js
3 ×
8 fuieiejsfulk + &&jsieiejs &&ieiejse &&jsieifui
×
&&fuieifulka &&ifulkajsafulka &&fulkajsaeajsalka &&eajal
s kajasfulka
2
&&jsajsalkajsafulka &&lkalkafulkaifu &&fufuifuei &&eejsiejs
0
lkfui++ fulkjs+ fulk + js&&&lkfuifu
+ + lkjsfulkjs
+ &&& lkfui++ fulkjs
+ fulk
+ js
3 ×

vH;kl iz”u
1- elhr[kkuh xr dk ifjp; nhft,A
2- ikB~;Øe ds fdlh ,d jkx esa elhr[kkuh xr dks rksMksa lfgr fyfic) dhft,A

1-5 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki elhr[kkuh xr dh Lojfyfi dks i<+ ldsaxs ,oa mudk
fØ;kRed :i ls oknu djus esa l{ke gksaxsA fQjkst [kkW ds iq= elhr [kWk us flrkj oknu dh ,d
“kSyh dks fodflr fd;k ftls elhr[kkuh “kSyh dgrs gSaA blesa ctkbZ tkus okyh jkx jpuk,W
elhr[kkuh xr dgykrh gSaA ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr nh xbZ gSaA bu jkxksa dk rksMksa ds
}kjk foLrkj Hkh fd;k x;k gS ftlls vki jkx esa vU; rksMksa dks Lo;a cukus esa Hkh l{ke gksaxsA

69 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1-6 lgk;d@ mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh

1- Hkkr[[Link]] ia0 fo’.kqukjk;.k] Øfed iqLrd ekfydk Hkkx & 1]2]3]4]5 o 6] laxhr dk;kZy;]
gkFkjlA
2- clar] laxhr fo”kkjn] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjl A
3- >k] ia0 jkekJ; ‘jkej¡x*] vfHkuo xhrkatyhA

1-7 fucU/kkRed iz'u

1- ikB~;dze ds fdUgha rhu jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr dks rksMksa lfgr fyfic) dhft,A

70 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 5

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bdkbZ 6 & ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh xr] LFkkbZ o vUrjs ds rksMs vkfn dks
fyfic) djuk

2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 mn~ns';
2-3 jtk[kkuh xr dk ifjp;
2-4 ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh xr o rksM+s
2-4-1 jkx fe;ka dh rksMh 2-4-2 jkx xka/kkjh
2-4-3 jkx xqtjh rksMh 2-4-4 jkx fe;kaWs eYgkj
2-4-5 jkx njckjh dkUgM+k 2-4-6 jkx Hkheiyklh
2-4-7 jkx es?k eYgkj
2-5 lkjka'k
2-6 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph
2-7 fucU/kkRed iz'u

2-1 izLrkouk
izLrqr bdkbZ izn”kZu dyk&laxhr esa LukrdksRrj] r`rh; lsesLVj ¼,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602½
ikB~;dze dh NBh bdkbZ gSA blls igys dh bdkbZ;ksa ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fo}ku laxhrKksa
ds [Link] ;ksxnku rFkk mudh laxhr lk/kuk ds izfr yxu ,oa ifjJe dks tku pqds gksaxsA
vki Hkkjrh; laxhr ds xzUFkksa dk Kku izkIr dj pqds gksaxsA vki elhr[kkuh xr ds ckjsa esa Hkh
tku pqds gksaxsA
bl bdkbZ esa ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh xr o rksMksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl
bdkbZ esa vkidh lqfo/kk ds fy;s jtk[kkuh xr dh Lojfyfi;k¡ izLrqr dh xbZ gSaA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr~ vki jtk[kkuh xr rFkk rksM+kas dks fyfic) dj ldsaxs
vkSj bUgs i<+dj fdz;kRed :i esa izLrqr dj ldsaxsA

2-2 mn~ns';
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds mijkUr vki %&
1- jtk[kkuh xr dks Lojfyfi ds ek/;e ls i<+ ,oa ctk ldsaxsA

71 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

2- Loj dks fyfic) dj ldsaxs rFkk fyfic) Loj dks i<+ ldsaxsA
3- RkksMk+ sa ds ek/;e ls jkx dk izLrkj dj ldsaxsA
4- vU; jkxksa esa Hkh rksMs cukus esa l{ke gksaxsA

2-3 jtk[kkuh xr dk ifjp;

jtk[kkuh xr dh jpuk y[kuÅ ds jtk [kkW }kjk gqbZA jtk[kkuh xr Hkh ljy ,oa
vkd’kZd gksus ds dkj.k gh yksdfiz; gks xbZA lsfu;k ?kjkus dh nzqr xrksa dk dfBu gksuk bl xr
ds yksdfiz; gksus dk eq[; dkj.k jgkA bldks iwjch ckt Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
elhr[kkuh ,oa jtk[kkuh xrsa vyx&vyx ?kjkuksa dh gksus ij Hkh vc dze”k% foyfEcr
o nqzr xrksa ds :Ik esa yksdfiz; gksus ds QyLo:Ik ,d ds Ik”pkr nwljh ctk;h tkrh gSaA

jtk[kkuh xr ds cksy & jtk[kkuh xr ds cksy elhr[kkuh xr dh rjg fuf”pr ugha gksrsA
fnj o nzk tSls nzqr y; ds cksy jtk[kkuh xr esa jkx&rky c) djds ctk;s tkrs gSaA bldk
oknu e/; vFkok nzqr y; esa gksrk gSA blesa LFkk;h rFkk varjk nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA jtk[kkuh ckt
ij xk;u] fo”ks’k :i ls Bqejh dk izHkko ns[kk tkrk gSA jtk[kkuh xrksa ds vk/kkj ij xk;u dh
rjkuk “kSyh dk izpkj gqvkA
jtk+ [kk¡ lkgc us nzqr xrksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA nzqr xr esa fet+jkc o tos ds cksyksa dks
xrksa esa iz;ksx fd;k] tks fuEUk izdkj gSa&
1- nk jn nk
2- nk fnj nk jk
3- nk· ·j nk· ·j nk
4- fnj fnj nkj nkj nk
5- nk fnj nk fnj nk jk nk jk

2-4 ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh xr o rksM+s

2-4-1 jkx fe;k¡ dh rksMh+ ¼rksMh+½ %&

jtk+[kkuh xr & rhurky

LFkkbZ
x js lk fu+ /k+ fu lk js x & eÞ x js& jslk &fu lk
nk jk nk jk nk jk nk jk x & nk jk nk· jnk ·j nk
0 3 × 2
/k+ & fu+ /k+ & fu lk js xx eÞeÞ x js x& lk& fu+ lk
nk · jk nk · jk nk jk fnj fnj nk jk nk· jk· nk jk
0 3 × 2

vUrjk
eÞ eÞ x eÞ & /k fu fu lka & lka lka xa& xajas &jsa lka
nk jk nk nk · jk nk jk nk · nk jk nk· jnk ·j nk
72 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

0 3 × 2
xa & jsa lka & fu /k i x eÞeÞ ii eÞeÞ x& xjs &js lk
nk · jk nk · jk nk jk nk fnj fnj fnj nk· jnk ·j nk
0 3 × 2

rksM+s¼4 ek=k½ %&

1 /k/k ieÞ xx jslk
2 0
2 eÞ/k fueÞ xjs lklk
2 0

rksM+s ¼8 ek=k½ %&

3 fu+js xeÞ /kfu lkafu /ke eÞx jsx jslk
× 2
4 xjs xeÞ /kfu /keÞ /keÞ xeÞ xjs lklk
× 2
5 xeÞ /keÞ jsx eÞ/k ieÞ xjs xjs lk&
× 2
6 fulka jsa/k fulka eÞ/k fu/k eÞx jsx jslk
× 2

rksM+s¼12 ek=k½ %&

7 xjs lkjs eÞx jsx fu/k eÞ/k lkafu /kfu
3 ×
/keÞ xeÞ xjs lk&
2 0
8 lkjs xjs xeÞ /keÞ /kfu lkafu jsalka fulka
3 ×
fu/k eÞx jsx jslk
2 0
9 eÞx jslk jsx eÞ/k fu/k eÞx eÞ/k fulka
3 ×
fu/k ieÞ xjs lk&
2 0
rksM+s ¼16 ek=k½ %&
10 lkfu+ /k+fu+ /k+fu+ lkjs jslk fu+lk fu+lk jsx
0 3
xjs lkjs lkjs xeÞ ieÞ xeÞ xjs lk&
× 2
11 xx jslk eÞeÞ xjs /k/k eÞx fufu /ke
0 3
xaxa jsalka fufu /keÞ xeÞ xjs xjs lk&
× 2
73 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

12 xx jslk jslk fu+lk fufu /keÞ /keÞ /kfu

0 3
xaxa jsalka jsl
a ka fulka fufu /keÞ xjs lk&
× 2

2-4-3 jkx xkU/kkjh %&

jtk+[kkuh xr & rhurky

LFkkbZ
lk jsjs e i & e i fu /k & e i x& xjs &js lk
0 3 × 2
js lk js e i /k/k fu lka /k e i ei x& xjs &js lk
0 3 × 2

vUrjk
e e i /k & /k fu fu lka & lka lka xa jsa lka lka
0 3 × 2
lka jsa ea xa js jsa lka lka /k & e i x& xjs &js lk
0 3 × 2

rksM+s¼4 ek=k½ %&

1 fu/k ie xjs lk& 0
2
2 i/k ei xjs jslk 0
2
3 jse ix ejs lk& 0
2
4 jse ifu /ki exjslk 0
2

rksM+s¼8 ek=k½ %&

5 lkjs ei /kfu /ki /ke ix jsjs lk&
× 2
6 jse i/k fulka fu/k i/k ei xjs lk&
× 2
7 ei /kfu lkajsa lkafu /ki ei xjs lk&
× 2
8 fu/k i/k ei /ki /ke ix xjs lk&
× 2
9 lkjs fulk
+ jse i/k fu/k ie xjs lk&
× 2

74 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksM+s¼16 ek=k½ %&

10 lkjs ei jse i/k ei /kfu lkajas lkafu
× 2
/kfu /ki ex jslk ei /ki /k& /k& /k
0 3 ×
11 ex jslk jse i/k fu/k ie xjs ei
× 2
lka& ii /k& lka& ii /k& lka& ii /k
0 3 ×
2-4-4 jkx xqt+Zjh rksMh+ %&

jtk+[kkuh xr & rhurky

LFkkbZ
js x eÞ eÞ

/k & fu /k eÞ /k/k eÞ x js x js lk /k+ fu+ /k+ js

× 2 0 3
x & js lk eÞ /k/k e x js x js lk
× 2 0 3
vUrjk
eÞ x eÞ /k

lka & fu /k jsa xa jsa lka /k fu lka lka jsa x js lk

× 2 0 3
fu jsa fu /k eÞ /k/k eÞ x js x js lk
× 2 0 3

rksM+s¼4 ek=k½ %&

1 /keÞ xeÞ xjs lk&
0
2 /k/k eÞ/k eÞx jslk
0
rksM+s¼8 ek=k½ %&
3 /keÞ /keÞ xeÞ /keÞ /keÞ xeÞ xjs lk
2 0
eÞ/k eÞ/k xeÞ xeÞ jsx jsx eÞeÞ /k&
2 0
4 xjs lkjs /keÞ xeÞ /k/k eÞ/k eÞx jslk
2 0

75 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksM+s¼12 ek=k½ %&

5 xjs lkjs eÞx jsx fu/k eÞ/k lkafu /kfu
3 ×
/keÞ xeÞ xjs lk&
2 0
6 lkjs xjs xeÞ /keÞ /kfu lkafu jsalka fulka
3 ×
fu/k eÞx jsx jslk
2 0
7 eÞx jslk jsx eÞ/k fu/k eÞx eÞ/k fulka
3 ×
fu/k ieÞ xjs lk&
2 0
rksM+s¼16 ek=k½ %&
8 /k/k eÞ/k eÞx jslk lkjs lkjs xeÞ xjs
3 ×
/keÞ xjs lka/k eÞx jslk /keÞ xjs lk&
2 0
9 eÞeÞ /k/k eÞeÞ xx jsjs xx eÞeÞ /k/k
3 ×
fufu /k/k eÞeÞ xx eÞeÞ xx jsx jslk
2 0
10 lkjs xeÞ jsx jslk jsx eÞ/k eÞ/k eÞx
3 ×
xeÞ /k/k eÞ/k fufu /k/k eÞ/k eÞx jslk
2 0
11 lkafu /kfu /keÞ /k/k xeÞ /k/k eÞ/k fufu
3 ×
eÞ/k /k/k eÞfu fufu /keÞ xx jsjs lklk
2 0
12 jsajsa lkalka fufu /k/k eÞ/k eÞfu /kfu /klk
3 ×
lkafu lkafu /kfu /keÞ xeÞ /k/k eÞeÞ xx
2 0

le ls le rd %&
13 lkjs xeÞ jsx eÞ/k xeÞ /kfu eÞ/k fulka
× 2
fufu /kfu /keÞ xeÞ /keÞ /k/k eÞ/k /keÞ
0 3

76 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

14 xx jslk eÞeÞ xeÞ /k/k e/k fufu /kfu

× 2
eÞ/k eÞx jsx jslk eÞeÞ /keÞ eÞ/k eÞeÞ
0 3

15 xjs lkx jslk fu+lk eÞx eÞx jsx lkjs

× 2
/keÞ xjs xjs lk& eÞ/k /keÞ /k/k eÞ/k
0 3
16 lkjs xx jsx eÞeÞ xeÞ /k/k eÞ/k fufu
× 2
/kfu /keÞ /keÞ xeÞ eÞ/k eÞx jsx eÞeÞ
0 3

2-4-5 jkx fe;k¡ eYgkj %&

jtk+[kkuh xr & rhurky

LFkkbZ
x e js lk & fu+ e+ i+

fu & & /k fu fu lk lk] js js i i fu /k fu lka

× 2 0 3
fu i e i x x js lk
× 2 0 3

vUrjk
e e i i fu /k fu fu

lk & lk lk fu+ js lk lka xa ea jsa lka fu fu e i

× 2 0 3
fu & & /k fu fu lk lk]
× 2 0 3

rksM+s¼4 ek=k½ %&

1 fui ei xe jslk
0
2 ee ii xe jslk
0
3 ix ei xe jslk
0

77 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksM+s¼8 ek=k½ %&

4 xe jslk fu+lk jslka fu/k++ fu+fu+ lkjs fu+lk
× 2
5 xx ee jsjs lklk fui ei xe jslk
× 2
6 jsi ei xe jslk i& xe jslk fu+lk
× 2
7 fulka jsalka fui ei jsi xe jslk fu+lk
× 2
8 jsi ei xe jslk ix ei xe jslk
× 2
9 fu/k++ fu+fu+ lkjs fu+lk jsi ei xe jslk
× 2
rksM+s¼16 ek=k½ %&
10 fu/k++ fu+lk jslk fu+lk jsi ei xe jslk
0 3
jsi ei fu/k++ fu+lk ei xe jslk fu+lk
× 2
11 ee jsi ei fu/k fulka jsalka fu/k fulka
0 3
jsajsa lkajsa fulka fu/k fulka fui xe jslk
× 2

rksM+s ¼32 ek=k½ %&

12 jsjs lkjs jslk fu+lk ee jse ejs fu+lk
× 2
fufu ifu fui ei ee jsjs lkjs fu+lk
0 3
fui ei xe jslk fu++& && fui ei
× 2
xe jslk fu&
+ && fui ei xe jslk fu+
0 3 ×
13 jse jse jslk fu+lk ei ei fui ei
× 2
fulka fulka jsalka fulka fu/k fui xe jslk
0 3
ei ei xe jslk fu& && ei ei
× 2
xe jslk fu+& && ei ei xe jslk fu+
0 3 ×

78 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

14 ii xe jslk fufu ei xe jslk lkalka

× 2
fu/k fulka fui ei fui] ei xe jslk
0 3
fu+& jslk fu+& && ei xe jslk fu+&
× 2
jslk fu&
+ && ei xe jslk fu&
+ jslk fu+
0 3 ×

15 ee xe jslk fu+lk ii ei xe jslk

× 2
fufu ei fu/k fulka fulka jsaea jsalka fulka
0 3
xaea jsalka fu/k fulka fui ei xe jslk
× 2
jslk fu+lk fu&
+ jslk fu+lk fu&
+ jslk fu+lk fu+
0 3 ×
16 lkajsa lkafu lkafu /kfu ie xe jsi ei
× 2
fu/k fulka jsalkla fulka fue ix ejs lk&
0 3
jsi ex ejs fu+lk fu&+ && jsi ex
× 2
ejs fu+lk fu&
+ && jsi ex ejs fu+lk fu+
0 3 ×

2-4-6 jkx njckjh dkUgMk+ %&

jtk+[kkuh xr & rhurky

LFkkbZ
js js lk /k+ & fu+ lk js x & x e js& jslk &fu+ lk
× 2 0 3
fu+ lk js js x & e i x & x e js& jslk &fu+ lk
× 2 0 3

vUrjk
e e i /k & fu+ lk fu lka & jsa jsa xa ea jsa lka
× 2 0 3
fu lka jsa /k fu lka fu i x & x e js& jslk &fu+ lk
× 2 0 3

79 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksM+s¼4 ek=k½ %&

1 xe jslk /kfu
+ + lka
2
2 ei /kfu ie xe
2
3 ifu ei xe jslk
2

rksM+s¼6 ek=k½ %&

4 fui ei xe jslk /kfu
+ + jslk
2
5 ei /kfu i& ei xe jslk
2

rksM+s¼8 ek=k½ %&

6 lkjs x& ei /k& fui ei xe jslk
× 2
7 lkjs xe i& ei /kfu ie xe jslk
× 2
8 ei /kfu lk& /kfu i& ei xe jslk
× 2

rksM+s¼16 ek=k½ %&

9 /kfu + ++ lkjs xe jslk ei /kfu lkajas fulk
+
0 3
/kfu i& ei xe jslk fulk
+ /kfu
+ + lk&
× 2
10 xe jslk ei /kfu lkajsa lka& fulka jsalka
0 3
/kfu lkajsa fulka fui ei xe jslk fulk
+
× 2
11 fulk + jsalka /kfu ei /kfu lka/k fui ei
0 3
ei /kfu ix ejs i& xe jslk fulk
+
× 2

80 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksM+s¼32 ek=k½ %&

12 xe xe jslk fulk
+ ei ei xe jslk
× 2
/kfu lka/k fui ei xe xe jsjs lk&
0 3
xe jslk js& lkjs x& && xe jslk
× 2
js& lkjs x& && xe jslk js& lkjs x
0 3 ×
13 /kfu + lk/k+ fulk
+ jslk i/k fui /kfu ei
× 2
fulk+ jsafu lkajsa fulka /kfu ei xe jslk
0 3
ei /kfu lka& lkjs x& && ei /kfu
× 2
lka& lkjs x& && ei /kfu lka& lkjs x
0 3 ×
14 lkjs lkjs xe i& ei ei /kfu lka&
× 2
fulka fulka /kfu i& ei ei xe jslk
0 3
lkjs lkjs x& lkjs x& && lkjs lkjs
× 2
x& lkjs x& && lkjs lkjs x& lkjs x
0 3 ×

2-4-11 jkx Hkheiyklh %&

jtk+[kkuh xr & rhurky
LFkkbZ
x e i fu

/k & i & x e i e x js lk &] js fu+ lk e

× 2 0 3
e & e x x e i e x js lk]
× 2 0 3

vUrjk
x e i fu

lk & lk lk i fu lk xa jsa lka fu lka i fu lka fu

× 2 0 3
/k & i & x e i e x js lk &
× 2 0 3

81 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksM+s¼4 ek=k½ %&

1 fulk + xjs lkjs fulk
+
0
2 xe ie xjs lk&
0
3 ie xe xjs lk&
0
4 fulk + xe ie i&
0
rksM+s¼8 ek=k½ %&
5 xe ie xe xjs lkjs fulk
+ xe i&
2 0
6 ix ei xe ie fulk
+ xjs fulk
+ xe
2 0
7 fu/k i/k ei xe ie xe ifu+ lk&
2 0
8 xx jslk fufu /ki fu/k ie xjs lk&
2 0
9 lke xe ie xe ifu /ki ex jslk
2 0
10 ful ++ k xjs lkjs fulk
+ xe ifu /ki ex
2 0

rksM+s¼16 ek=k½ %&

11 xe ie ie xe ifu /ki e/k i&
3 ×
ifu lakjsa lkajsa lkaf+u /ki ex ex jslk
2 0
12 xx jslk fu+/k+ i+fu+ i+fu+ lkx jslk fulk
+
3 ×
xe ie xe ie fu/k ie xjs lk&
2 0
13 lkjs fulk
+ xe ie ie xe xjs lk&
3 ×
ifu lkajsa lkafu /ki /ki ei ex jslk
2 0
14 jsfu+ lke xjs lk& xe ie xjs lk&
3 ×
xe ifu /ki ei ee xe xjs lk&
2 0

82 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

2-4-13 jkx es?keYgkj %&

jtk+[kkuh xr & rhurky

LFkkbZ
fu+ i+ fu+ lk

js & e i js i e js fu+ js lk &] js & e i

× 2 0 3
fu & e i js i e js fu+ js lk &
× 2 0 3

vUrjk
e i fu fu

lka & fu lka fu lka jsa lka fu e i & fu+ lk js i

× 2 0 3
e js fu lk js i e js fu js lk &

× 2 0 3

rksM+s¼4 ek=k½ %&

1 fufu ie jslk fulk
+
0
2 i+fu+ lkjs fujs+ lk&
0
3 jsi ejs fujs lk&
0
4 lkfu ie jslk fulk
0

rksM+s¼8 ek=k½ %&

5 jsi ejs ejs lkjs fufu ie jslk fulk
+
2 0
6 ii ei fufu ie lkafu ie jslk fulk
+
2 0
7 ie fui ei fui fulk
+ jse ifu i&
2 0
8 lkafu ifu ie ie jse ie ejs lk&
2 0
9 fui ie jsi ejs fufu ie jslk fulk
+
2 0

83 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rksM+s¼16 ek=k½ %&

10 i+fu+ lkjs fulk
+ jslk jsi ejs lkjs fulk
+
3 ×
fui fulka jsl
a ka fulka jsi ejs lkjs fulk
+
2 0
11 jsjs ii ee jsjs fufu ii lklk fufu
3 ×
lklk fufu ii ee jsi ejs fujs+ lk&
2 0
12 jsjs ee jsjs ii fufu ie fufu lklk
3 ×
jsajsa lkalka fufu ie lkafu ie jslk fulk
+
2 0+
13 i+fu+ lkjs fulk
+ jse jsi ejs ei fulk
+
3 ×
fulk+ lkjs lkjs fulk
+ fulk
+ jsfu lkjs fulk
+
2 0
14 lklk jsjs jsjs ee jsjs ii fufu ee
3 ×
ii fufu jsajsa lkalka fui ejs fujs+ lk&
2 0

rksMs le ls %&
15 fulk + jslk jse ie ifu ie ifu lkajas
× 2
lkajsa lkajsa fulka fui fui ei ejs lk&
0 3
fulk+ jsi e & fulk
+ jsi e &
× 2
fulk+ jsi e & eq[kMk+
0 3
16 jsi ejs jsi ejs ii ejs ee jslk
× 2
fui fulka jsalka fulka fui ei ejs lk&
0 3
fui ejs lk & fui ejs lk &
× 2
fui ejs lk & eq[kMk+
0 3
17 lkjs fulk
+ jsi ejs ifu ie ifu lkajas
× 2
jsajsa lkajas fulka fui ei ii ei ie
0 3

84 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

vH;kl iz”u
1- jtk[kkuh xr dk ifjp; nhft,A
2- ikB~;Øe ds fdlh ,d jkx esa jtk[kkuh xr dks rksMksa lfgr fyfic) dhft,A

2-5 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki jtk[kkuh xr dh Lojfyfi dks i<+ ldsaxs ,oa mudk
fØ;kRed :i ls oknu djus esa l{ke gksaxsA ikB~;Øe ds jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh xr nh xbZ gSaA bu
jkxksa dk rksMksa ds }kjk foLrkj Hkh fd;k x;k gS ftlls vki jkx esa vU; rksMksa dks Lo;a cukus
esa Hkh l{ke gksaxsA

2-6 lgk;d@ mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh

1- Hkkr[[Link]] ia0 fo’.kqukjk;.k] Øfed iqLrd ekfydk Hkkx & 1]2]3]4]5 o 6] laxhr dk;kZy;]
gkFkjlA
2- clar] laxhr fo”kkjn] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjlA
3- >k] ia0 jkekJ; ‘jkej¡x*] vfHkuo xhrkatyhA
2-7 fucU/kkRed iz'u
1- ikB~;dze ds fdUgh rhu jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh xr dks rksMksa lfgr fyfic) dhft,A

85 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 6

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bdkbZ 7 & ikB~;dze dh rkyksa dk ifjp; o rkyksa ds Bsdksa dks y;dkjh ¼nqxqu]
frxqu] pkSxqu] vkM] dqvkM o fcvkM½ lfgr fyfic) djuk

3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 mnsn~';
3-3 Rkkyksa dk ifjp;
3-3-1 iapelokjh rky dk ifjp;
3-3-2 nhipUnh rky dk ifjp;
3-3-3 rhojk rky dk ifjp;
3-3-4 f”k[kj rky dk ifjp;
3-4 Rkkyksa dks y;dkjh;ksa esa fy[kuk
3-4-1 iapelokjh rky esa y;dkjh
3-4-2 nhipUnh rky esa y;dkjh
3-4-3 rhojk rky esa y;dkjh
3-4-4 f”k[kj rky esa y;dkjh
3-5 lkjka'k
3-6 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj
3-7 lgk;d@mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
3-8 fucU/kkRed iz'u

86 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

3-1 izLrkouk
izLrqr bdkbZ izn”kZu dyk&laxhr esa LukrdksRrj] r`rh; lsesLVj ¼,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602½
ikB~;dze dh lkroh bdkbZ gSA blls igys dh bdkbZ;ksa ds v/;;u ds ckn vki ikB~;dze ds
jkxksa esa elhr[kkuh xr dks fyfic) djuk lh[k pqds gksaxsA vki ikB~;dze ds jkxksa esa jtk[kkuh
xr dks Hkh fyfic) djuk lh[k pqds gksaxsA
bl bdkbZ esa ikB~;dze dh rkyksa dk ifjp; o muds Bsdksa dks fofHkUUk y;dkjh ¼nqxu]
frxqu] pkSxqu] vkM] dqvkM o fcvkM½ esa fyfic) djus ds fo’k; esa crk;k x;k gSA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr vki ikB~;dze dh rkyksa ds Bsdksa ,oa mudks fofHkUUk
y;dkjh esa fyfic) djus ds fo’k; esa tku pqds gksaxsA blls vki y;dkjh dks cksyus ,oa ctkus
esa Hkh l{ke gksaxsA

3-2 mn~ns”;
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr %&
1- vkidks y;dkjh dk Kku gksxk A
2- vki rcys dh rky ds Bsdksa dks fofHkUu y;dkjh esa fyfic) djus ,oa mlds fdz;kRed
Lo:i dks rcys esa izLrqr dj ik,axsA
3- vki y;dkjh dk iz;ksx vius oknu¼,dy oknu] laxr½ djus esa l{ke gksaxs ftlls vki dk
oknu izHkko”kkyh gksxkA

3-3 rkyksa dk ifjp;

3-3-1 iapelokjh rky dk ifjp; %&
ifjp; & bl rky dks flQZ lokjh rky ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g lokjh rky ds izdkjksa
esa ls ,d gSA ‘Hkkjrh; rkyksa dk “kkL=h; foospu* ds ys[kd MkW0 v:.k dqekj us 18 izdkj dh
lokjh crkbZ gSa & dSn lokjh] dqdZ lokjh] r`rh; lokjh] prqFkZ lokjh] iape lokjh] ‘k’B lokjh]
lIre lokjh] paid lokjh] “ksj dh lokjh] cM+h lokjh] enkZuh lokjh] tukuh lokjh] lhrk lokjh]
NksVh lokjh] clkjh lokjh vkSj eatjh lokjh vkfnA fdUrq fdlh Hkh xzUFk esa iapelokjh] ftls
lokjh ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS dks NksM+dj vU; fdlh Hkh lokjh ds izdkjksa dk fo”ks’k mYys[k
izkIr ugha gksrk gSA fo’ke rky gksus ds dkj.k bldh fxurh dfBu rkyksa esa dh tkrh gSA ;g
rhurky] ,drky] >irky vkfn rkyksa dh vis{kk de yksdfiz; gSA “kkL=h; laxhr dh foyfEcr
dh jpukvksa ds lkFk iape lokjh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA iapelokjh nzqr o vfr nzrq y; esa Hkh
ctkbZ tkrh gS vr% bldk iz;ksx xk;u esa nzqr [;ky o oknu esa nzqr xr esa fd;k tkrk gSA
rcys ij ,dy oknu gsrq Hkh bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl rky esa mBku] is”kdkj] dk;ns]
jsyk] xr] iju] pDdjnkj] VqDMs] frgkbZ;ka vkfn ctk, tkrs gSaA
iapelokjh ds Bsds ds fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj feyrs gaSA ;g pkj foHkkx dh 15 ek=k dh fo’ke
inh; rky gSA blesa igys foHkkx esa rhu ,oa vU; foHkkx pkj pkj ek=k,a gSaA

87 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

ek=k & 15] foHkkx & 4] rkyh & 1] 4 o 12 ij] [kkyh & 8 ij

Bsdk

f/k uk f/kf/k dr f/kf/k ukf/k f/kuk rhd rhuk frjfdV rwuk

× 2 0
drk f/kf/k ukf/k f/kuk f/k
3 ×

3-3-2 nhipUnh rky dk ifjp; %&

ifjp; & nhipUnh rky dks pkapj ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA eq[;r% bldk iz;ksx mi”kkL=h;
laxhr ;k lqxe laxhr esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ;s rky rcys ds lkFk&lkFk <+ksyd] uky]
uDdkjk vkfn vou| ok|ksa ij Hkh ctk;k tkrk gSA nhipUnh rky esa vf/kd oknu lEHko uk gksus
ds dkj.k bldk iz;ksx ,dy oknu gsrq ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bldk oknu rhuksa y;ksa & foyfEcr]
e/; o nzqr y; esa fd;k tkrk gSA mi”kkL=h; laxhr ds vUrxZr bldk eq[; iz;ksx gksyh o
foyfEcr y; ds Bqejh xk;u dh laxfr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl rky esa yXxh&yM+h dk
iz;ksx cgqrk;r esa gksrk gSA
;g pkSng ek=k dh rky gSA 14 ek=k,a 3@4@3@4 foHkkx esa foHkkftr gSaA vr% bls
feJ tkfr dh v)Z leinh; rky dgrs gSaA blesa igyk ,oa rhljk foHkkx rhu&rhu ek=k ,oa
nwljk ,oa pkSFkk foHkkx pkj&pkj ek=k dk gSA igyh] pkSFkh ,oa X;kjoha ek=k ij rkyh ,oa vkBoha
ek=k ij [kkyh gSA

ek=k & 14] foHkkx & 4] rkyh & 1] 4 o 11 ij] [kkyh & 8 ij
Bsdk

/kk f/ka · /kk /kk fra · rk fra · /kk /kk f/ka · /kk
× 2 0 3 ×

3-3-3 rhojk rky dk ifjp; %&

ifjp; & bls rhozk ;k rsojk uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dqN fo}ku bls xhrkaxh Hkh dgrs gSaA
oSls rks ;g i[kkot ds [Link] rkyksa esa ls ,d gS fdUrq bls rcys ij Hkh ctk;k tkrk gSA
rhojk rky dh lajpuk :id rky dh Hkkafr gSA ;g nf{k.k Hkkjrh; laxhr dh feJ tkfr ds
f=iqV rky ds leku gSA i[kkot ij ,dy oknu esa rFkk xk;u esa bldk iz;ksx /kqzin “kSyh dh
e/; ,oa nzqr y; dh jpukvksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA blesa iju] VqDM+s] frgkbZ;k¡ vkfn jpuk,a
ctkbZ tkrh gSaA rcys ij bldk iz;ksx /kzqin vax dh xk;dh ds lkFk [kqys vax ds :i esa fd;k
tkrk gSA bls foyfEcr y; esa iz;ksx djus dk izpyu ugha gSaA

88 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

;g ,d fo’keinh; rky gSA blesa 7 ek=k,a gksrh gSa tks 3@2@2 & dqy 3 foHkkxksa esa
c¡Vh gksrh gSaA igys foHkkx esa rhu rFkk nwljs o rhljs esa nks&nks ek=k,a gksrh gSaA bldh igyh]
pkSFkh o NBh ek=k ij rkyh gksrh gSA blesa [kkyh ugha gksrh gSA

ek=k & 7] foHkkx & 3] rkyh & 1] 4 o 6 ij

Bsdk

/kk nha Rkk frV dr xfn xu /kk

× 2 3 ×

3-3-4 f”k[kj rky dk ifjp; %&

ifjp; & f”k[kj rky i[kkot dh izkphu o vizpfyr rkyksa esa ls ,d gSA orZeku le; esa ;g
izk;% yqIr lh gks xbZ gSA bldk iz;ksx /kzqin xk;u “kSyh esa laxr ds fy, rFkk i[kkot ij ,dy
oknu gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA eq[;r% bldk iz;ksx e/; o nzqr y; esa gksrk gSA
17 ek=k okyk ;g rky fo’ke inh; gSA blesa dqy 5 foHkkx gksrs gSa tks 4@4@3@2@4
esa foHkkftr gSaA igys o nwljs foHkkx esa pkj&pkj] rhljs esa 3] pkSFkh esa nks rFkk ikpoha esa pkj
ek=k,a gSaA bldh igyh] ik¡poha] ukSoha] ckgjoha o pkSnoha ek=k ij rkyh gSA

Ekk=k & 17] foHkkx & 5] rkyh & 1] 5] 9] 12 o 14oha ij

Bsdk

/k = f/k u F Xk f/k u /kq fd r /ksR Rk fr d xf x /k

k d u d kqa k u d e V d r k V r n u k
× 2 3 4 5 ×

3-4 rkyksa dks y;dkjh;ksa esa fy[kuk

y;dkjh & le; dh leku xfr dks y; dgrs gSaA nks ek=kvksa dh fdz;k ds e/; gksus okyk
foJkafr dky gh y; gS vkSj tc ;g dky iz;ksx gksus okyh ek=kvksa ds chp leku jgrk gS rks
og fuf”pr y; dk Lo:i ys ysrk gSA vr% y; dk lEcU/k ek=k ,o ek=kvksa ds chp ds le;
ls gSA
y; lkekU; :i ls rhu izdkj dh ekuh xbZ gSA foyfEcr] e/; ,oa nzrq y;A dky ds
yEck gksus ij foyfEcr y; LFkkfir gksrh gSA bl dky ds de gksus ij e/; y; ,oa mlls
vf/kd de gksus ij nzqr y; gks tkrh gSA lkekU; :i ls e/; y; dk foJkafr le; foyfEcr
y; ds foJkafr le; dk vk/kk gkssrk gSa ,oa nzqr y; dk foJkafr e/; y; esa foJkafr le; dk
vk/kk gksrk gSA laxhr esa ;g ekU;rk LFkkfir gks pqdh gS ,oa izpyu esa gSA foyfEcr y; dks
vk/kkj y; ekuus ls e/; y; dk iz;ksx foyfEcr y; esa nks ckj ,oa nzqr y; dk iz;ksx pkj ckj

89 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

djus dh vko”;drk gksxh vr% e/; y; foyfEcr y; dh nqxquh] nzqr y; e/; y; dh nqxqu
gksrh gSA y; dk ;gh iz;ksx y;dkjh dgykrk gSA ,d ek=k esa ,d ls vf/kd ek=kvksa dk vk/kkj
y; ds lkFk iz;ksx y;dkjh dgykrk gSA
laxhr esa fofHkUu y;dkjh tSls nqxqu] frxaqu] pkSxqu] vkM] dqvkM] ,oa fcvkM iz;ksx dh
tkrh gSA
nqxqu & ,d ek=k esa nks ek=k 12 12
frxqu & ,d ek=k eas rhu ek=k 123 123
pkSxqu & ,d ek=k esa pkj ek=k 1234 1234
vkM & ,d ek=k esa Ms<+ ek=k vFkok nks ek=k esa rhu ek=k] vkM y;dkjh 1 · 2 · 3 ·
dgykrh gSA bls K;ksMh y; Hkh dgk tkrk gSa ,oa bldks 3@2 dh
y;dkjh ds :i esa Hkh O;Dr djrs gSaA
dqvkM& bl y;dkjh ds fo’k; esa nks er gSa igyk& vkM dh vkM dks dqvkM dgrs gSa vr% 9@4
ftlds vuqlkj pkj ek=k esa ukS ek=k vFkok ,d ek=k esa 2 vFkok lok nks ek=k dk iz;ksx
djrs gaSA nwljk & 5@4 dh y;dkjh vFkkZr pkj ek=k esa ikap ek=k vFkok ,d ek=k esa lok
ek=kA bl nwljs er dk vf/kd izpyu gS ,oa bldks lokxqu dh y; Hkh dgrs gSaA

igys er ds vuqlkj&%
1· · · 2· · · 3 · · · 4 ·· · 5 · ··6···7·· ·8···9···
1 2 3 4
nqljs er ds vuqlkj&%
1···2 ···3· ··4·· ·5···
1 2 3 4
fcvkM y;&
bl y;dkjh ds fo’k; esa Hkh nks er gSaA ,d er ds vuqlkj dqvkM y; dh vkM fcvkM
y;dkjh gksrh ftls 9 4 × 3 2 = ds :i esa O;Dr djrs gSa ,oa nwljs er ds vuqlkj
7 dh y;dkjh fcvkM dh y;dkjh gSA blesa ,d ek=k esa ikSus nks xqu ek=k iz;ksx dh tkrh
4
gS ftls ikSus nks xqu dh y;dkjh Hkh dgrs gSaA

90 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

igys er ds vuqlkj %&

1· · · · · · · 2 · · · · · · · 3 · · · · · · · 4 · ·
· ··· ·5· ··· ···6· ··· ···7· ··· ·
· · 8 · · · · · · · 9 · · · · · · · 10 · · · · · · · 11

· · · · · · · 12 · · · · · · · 13 · · · · · · · 14 · · ·

· · · · 15 · · · · · · · 16 · · · · · · · 17 · · · · ·

· · 18 · · · · · · · 19 · · · · · · · 20 · · · · · · · 21 ·

· · · · · · 22 · · · · · · · 23 · · · · · · · 24 · · · ·

· · · 25 · · · · · · · 26 · · · · · · · 27 · · · · · · ·

nwljs er ds vuqlkj %&

1· ··2· · ·3···4· · · 5 ·· · 6 · · · 7 ·· ·

dqvkM ,oa fcvkM esa nwljk er gh vf/kd izpfyr ,oa O;ogkfjd gS vr% y;dkjh fyfic)
djus esa nwljs er dk gh iz;ksx djsaxsA vkM] dqvkM ,oa fcvkM] y;dkjh fy[kus ds fy, budh
fHkUUk vFkok cVs esa fn[kkbZ la[;k ls Hkkx nsrs gSaA [Link] ds vuqlkj Hkkx nsus esa cVs dh la[;k
myVh gks dj [Link] esa cny tkrh gSA

mnkgj.k vkM dks cêk la[;k 3@2 Ú 1

vkM y;dkjh dh ek=k la[;k = rky dh ek=k & 2@3] fdl ek=k ls vkjEHk dh tkuh
gS] blds fy, mij dh la[;k dks rky dh ek=k la[;k ls ?kVkrs gSaA
rky dh ek=k la[;k & rky dh Hkkx la[;k & 2@3 tks y;dkjh fy[kuh gSA mlesa cêk
ds uhpss okyh jk”kh esa ls ,d ?kVkdj mruh la[;k ds voxzg yxkrs gSaA

mnkgj.k& vkM dh y;dkjh & 3 2 = 2&1 = 1

dqvkM dh y;dkjh & 5 4 = 4 − 1 = 3
fcvkM dh y;dkjh & 7 4 = 4 − 1 = 3

91 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

vr% vkM dh y;dkjh dks ek=k ds lkFk ,d voxzg] dqvkM ,oa fcvkM dh y;dkjh esa
rhu voxzg yxkrs gSaA blds i'pkr cêk dh mij okyh jkf'k esa foHkkx cuk ysrs gSaA ljyrk ds
fy, ihNs ls foHkkx cukuk 'kq: djrs gSa ,oa igyh ek=k esa ftruh ek=k de gksrh gS] ek=k ls
igys mrus voxzg yxk nsrs gSa tks fd vki fofHkUu rkyksa esa y;dkjh ds mnkgj.k ls le>saxsA

3-4-1 iapelokjh rky esa y;dkjh %&

iapelokjh rky
ek=k & 15] foHkkx & 4] rkyh & 1] 4 o 12 ij] [kkyh & 8 ij

Bsdk
f/k uk f/kf/k dr f/kf/k ukf/k f/kuk rhd rhuk frjfdV rwuk
× 2 0
drk f/kf/k ukf/k f/kuk f/k
3 ×
iapelokjh rky dh nqxqu %&

/khuk /kh/khd /kh/khuk/k /khukrhd rhukfrjfd rwukdŸkk /kh/khuk/k

r h V h
× 2
/khuk/k uk/kh/kh dŸk/kh/kh uk/kh/khu rhdrhuk frjfdVrwu dŸkk/kh/k uk/kh/khu f/
h k k h k k
0 3 ×

iapelokjh rky dh nqxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

1 /kh uk/kh/kh dŸk/kh/kh uk/kh/khuk rhdrhuk frjfdVrwuk dŸkk/kh/kh uk/kh/khuk f/k

0 3 ×

iapelokjh rky dh frxqu %&

/khuk/kh/kh dr/kh/khuk/kh /khukrhØrhuk frjfdVrwukdŸkk /kh/khuk/kh/khuk

× 2
/khuk/kh/kh dŸk/kh/khuk/kh /khukrhØrhuk frjfdVrwukdŸkk /kh/khuk/kh/khuk
0
/khuk/kh/kh dr/kh/khuk/kh /khukrhØrhuk frjfdVrwukdŸkk /kh/khuk/kh/khuk f/k
3 ×
iapelokjh rky dh frxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

/khuk/kh/kh dr/kh/khuk/kh /khukrhØrhuk frjfdVrwukdŸkk /kh/khuk/kh/khuk f/k

92 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

0 3 ×
iapelokjh rky dh pkSxqu %&
/khuk/kh/khdr /kh/khuk/kh/khukrhd rhukfrjfdVrwukdrk /kh/khuk/kh/khuk uk/kh/khdr/kh/kh
× 2
uk/kh/khukrhØrhuk frjfdVrwukdrk/kh/kh uk/kh/khuk/khuk /kh/khdr/kh/khuk/kh /khukrhØrhukfrjfdV
0
rwukdrk/kh/khuk/kh /khuk/khuk/kh/kh dr/kh/khuk/kh/khuk rhØrhukfrjfdVrwuk dŸkk/kh/khuk/kh/khuk f/k
3 ×
iapelokjh rky dh pkSxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

1/khuk/kh/kh dr/kh/khuk/kh/khuk rhØrhukfrjfdVrwuk dŸkk/kh/khuk/kh/khuk f/k

3 ×

iapelokjh rky dh vkM+ %&

f/k uk f/kf/k dr f/kf/k /kh·uk ·/kh/kh dr/kh /khuk/kh /khukrh Ørhuk

× 2 0
frjfdVrw ukdrk /kh/khuk /kh/khuk f/k
3 ×

iapelokjh rky dh dqvkM+ %&

f/k uk f/kf/k /kh···uk ···/kh· /kh·d·r ·/kh·/kh· uk·/kh·/kh ·uk·rh· Ø·rh·uk ·frjfdV
× 2 0
rw·uk·d ·rk·/kh· /kh·uk·/kh ·/kh·uk· f/k
3 ×

iapelokjh rky dh fcvkM+ %&

f/k uk f/kf/k dr f/kf/k Ukk/kh 123/kh··· uk···/kh·/kh ·d·r·/kh· /kh·uk·/kh·/kh ·uk·rh·Ø·

× 2 0
rh·uk·frjfd Vrw·uk·d· rk·/kh·/kh·uk ·/kh·/kh·uk· f/k
3 ×

3-4-2 nhipUnh rky esa y;dkjh %&

ek=k & 14] foHkkx & 4] rkyh & 1] 4 o 11 ij] [kkyh & 8 ij
Bsdk
/kk f/ka · /kk /kk fra · rk fra · /kk /kk f/ka · /kk
93 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7
 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

× 2 0 3 ×
nhipUnh rky dh nqxqu %&

/kkf/ka ·/kk /kkfra ·rk fra· /kk/kk f/ka· /kkf/ka ·/kk /kkfra ·rk fra· /kk/kk f/ka· /kk
× 2 0 3 ×
nhipUnh rky dh nqxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

/kkf/ka ·/kk /kkfra ·rk fra· /kk/kk f/ka· /kk

0 3 ×
nhipUnh rky dh frxqu %&

/kkf/ka· /kk/kkfra ·rkfra ·/kk/kk f/ka·/kk f/ka·/kk /kkfra·

× 2
rkfra· /kk/kkf/ka ·/kkf/ka ·/kk/kk fra·rk fra·/kk /kkf/ka· /kk
0 3 ×

nhipUnh rky dh frxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

1/kkf/ka ·/kk/kk fra·rk fra·/kk /kkf/ka· /kk

3 ×

nhipUnh rky dh pkSxqu %&

/kkf/ka·/kk /kkfra·rk fra·/kk/kk f/ka·/kkf/ka ·/kk/kkfra ·rkfra· /kk/kkf/ka·

× 2
/kkf/ka·/kk /kkfra·rk fra·/kk/kk f/ka·/kkf/ka ·/kk/kkfra ·rkfra· /kk/kkf/ka· /kk
0 3 ×

nhipUnh rky dh pkSxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

12/kkf/ka ·/kk/kkfra ·rkfra· /kk/kkf/ka· /kk

3 ×

nhipUnh rky dh vkM+ %&

12/kk ·/kha· ··/kk ·/kk· fra·· ·rk· fra·· ·/kk· /kk·f/ka ··· /kk
0 3 ×

nhipUnh rky dh dqvkM %&

94 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

1234/kk ···/kh· ····· ·/kk··· /kk···fra ····· ··rk·· ·fra···

2 0
····/kk ···/kk· ··f/ka·· ····· /kk
3 ×
nhipUnh rky dh fcvkM %&

/kk···/kh·· ·····/kk· ··/kk···fra ·······

0
rk···fra·· ·····/kk· ··/kk···f/ka ········ /kk
3 ×

3-4-3 rhojk rky esa y;dkjh %&

ek=k & 7] foHkkx & 3] rkyh & 1] 4 o 6 ij

Bsdk

/kk nha Rkk frV dr xfn xu /kk

× 2 3 ×

rhojk rky dh nqxqu %&

/kknha rkfrV drxfn xu/kk nhark frVdr xfnxu /kk

× 2 3 ×

rhojk rky dh nqxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

1/kk nhark frVdr xfnxu /kk

2 3 ×

rhojk rky dh frxqu %&

/kknhark frVdrxfn xu/kknha rkfrVdr xfnxu/kk nharkfrV drxfnxu /kk

× 2 3 ×

95 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

rhojk rky dh frxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

12/kk nharkfrV drxfnxu /kk

3 ×

rhojk rky dh pkSxqu %&

/kknharkfr drxfnxu/k nharkfrVd xfnxu/kkn rkfrVdrxf xu/kknhar frVdrxfnx /k

V k r ha n k u k
× 2 3 ×

rhojk rky dh pkSxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

1/kknhark frVdrxfnxu /kk

3 ×

rhojk rky dh vkM+ %&

/kk nha 1/kk· nha·rk ·frV drx fnxu /kk

× 2 3 ×

rhojk rky dh dqvkM+ %&

/kk 12/kk·· ·nha··· rk···fr ·V·d· r·x·fn ·x·u· /kk
× 2 3 ×
rhojk rky dh fcvkM+ %&

/kk /kk nha··· /kk···nha·· ·rk···fr· V·d·r·x ·fn·x·u· /kk

× 2 3 ×

3-4-4 f”k[kj rky esa y;dkjh %&

Ekk=k & 17] foHkkx & 5] rkyh & 1] 5] 9] 12 o 14oha ij

Bsdk

/k = f/k u F Xk f/k u /kq fd r /ksR Rk fr d xf x /k

k d u d kqa k u d e V d r k V r n u k
× 2 3 4 5 ×

96 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

f”k[kj rky dh nqxqu %&

/kk=d f/kuud FkqaXkk f/kuud /kqefdV rd/ksRr RkkfrV drxfn xu/kk =df/ku udFkqa
× 2 3
Xkf/ku ud/kqe fdVrd /ksRrrk frVdr xfnxu /kk
4 5 ×

f”k[kj rky dh nqxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

1/kk =df/ku udFkqa Xkf/ku ud/kqe fdVrd /ksRrrk frVdr xfnxu /kk
3 4 5 ×

f”k[kj rky dh frxqu %&

/kk=df/ku udFkqaXkk f/kuud/kqe fdVrd/ksRr RkkfrVdr xfnxu/kk =df/kuud FkqaXkkf/ku

× 2
ud/kqefdV rd/ksRrrk frVdrxfn xu/kk=d f/kuudFkqa Xkf/kuud /kqefdVrd /ksRrrkfrV
3 4 5
drxfnxu /kk
×

f”k[kj rky dh frxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

1/kk=d f/kuudFkqa Xkf/kuud /kqefdVrd /ksRrrkfrV drxfnxu /kk

4 5 ×

f”k[kj rky dh pkSxqu %&

/kk=df/kuud Fkqaxkf/kuud /kqefdVrd/ksRr rkfrVdrxfn

×
xu/kk=df/ku udFkqaxkf/ku ud/kqefdVrd /ksRrrkfrVdr
2
xfnxu/kk=d f/kuudFkqaxk f/kuud/kqefdV rd/ksRrrkfrV
3 4
drxfnxu/kk =df/kuudFkqa Xkf/kuud/kqe fdVrd/ksRrrk
5
frVdrxfnxu /kk
×

f”k[kj rky dh pkSxqu ,d vkorZu esa %&

97 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

123/kk =df/kuudFkqa Xkf/kuud/kqe fdVrd/ksRrrk frVdrxfnxu /kk

5 ×

f”k[kj rky dh vkM+ %&

/kk =d f/ku ud Fkqa 12/kk ·=d f/kuu dFkqa· xk·f/k uud

× 2 3
/kqefd Vrd /ksRrrk ·frV drx fnxu /kk
4 5 ×

f”k[kj rky dh dqvkM+ %&

/kk =d f/ku 12/kk·· ·=·d· f/k·u·u ·d·Fkqa· ··x·· ·f/k·u· u·d·/kq ·e·fd·
× 2 3
V·r·d ·/ks·Rr· rk···fr ·V·d· r·x·fn ·x·u· /kk
4 5 ×

f”k[kj rky dh fcvkM+ %&

/kk =d f/ku ud Fkqa Xk f/ku 12/kk···=

× 2
·d·f/k·u· u·d·Fkqa·· ·x···f/k· u·u·d·/kq ·e·fd·V·
3 4
r·d·/ks·Rr ·rk···fr· V·d·r·x ·fn·x·u· /kk
5 ×

vH;kl iz”u
d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- MkW0 v:.k dqekj us ---------------- izdkj dh lokjh crkbZ gSaA
2- iapelokjh esa -------------------------- ek=kvksa ij rkyh gSA
3- nhipUnh rky dks ----------------- uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
4- nhipUnh rky esa ----------- ek=k ij [kkyh gSA
5- rhojk rky nf{k.k Hkkjrh; laxhr dh ----------------- rky ds leku gSA
6- rhojk rky esa --------------- dk foHkkx ugha gksrk gSA
7- f”k[kj rky esa ------------------------ ek=kvksa ij rkyh gksrh gSA
8- f”k[kj rky dk iz;ksx ------------------- xk;u “kSyh esa laxr ds fy, gksrk gSA

3-5 lkjka'k

98 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7

 ,e0ih0,0,e0vkbZ0&602

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr vki ikB~;dze dh rkyksa dks Bsdksa ,oa mudks fofHkUUk
y;dkjh ¼nqxu] frxqu] pkSxqu] vkM] dqvkM+ o fcvkM+½ esa fyfic) djus ds fo’k; esa tku pqds
gksaxsA bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki y;dkjh dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le> pqds gksaxsA bl bdkbZ ds
v/;;u ds i”pkr~ vki y;dkjh dk iz;ksx vius oknu¼,dy oknu o laxr½ esa djus esa l{ke
gksxs ftlls vkidk oknu izHkko”kkyh gksxkA blls vki y;dkjh dks cksyus ,oa ctkus esa Hkh l{ke
gksaxsA rcys dh rkyksa ds Bsdksa dks fofHkUu y;dkjh esa fyfic) djus ,oa mlds fdz;kRed Lo:i
dks rcys esa izLrqr dj ik;asxsA

3-6 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj

d- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %&
1- 18
2- 1] 4 o 12 ij
3- Pkkapj
4- 8 ij
5- feJ tkfr ds f=iqV rky
6- [kkyh
7- 1] 5] 9] 12 o 14oha ij
8- /kzqin xk;u “kSyh

3-6 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- olUr] laxhr fo'kkjn] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjlA
2- feJ] ia0 fot;”kadj] rcyk iqjk.k] dfu’d ifCy”klZ] fnYyhA
3- JhokLro] Jh fxjh'k pUnz] rky ifjp;] laxhr lnu izdk'ku] bykgkcknA

3-7 fucU/kkRed iz'u

1- ikB~;dze dh fdUgha nks rkyksa ds Bsdksa dks nqxqu] frxqu] pkSxqu] vkM+] dqvkM o fcvkM lfgr
fyfic) dhft,A

99 mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bdkbZ 7