&255(&7,213+217,48((16(,*1(0(17'8)5$1$,6'85866(
'(6$335(1$176586623+21(6)5$1&23+21(6
*DOLQD%RXEQRYD
3XEOLFDWLRQVOLQJXLVWLTXHV_m5HYXHIUDQ©DLVHGHOLQJXLVWLTXHDSSOLTX«H}
9RO;,_SDJHV¢
,661
'2,UIOD
$UWLFOHGLVSRQLEOHHQOLJQH¢O DGUHVVH
KWWSVZZZFDLUQLQIRUHYXHIUDQFDLVHGHOLQJXLVWLTXHDSSOLTXHHSDJHKWP
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
'LVWULEXWLRQ«OHFWURQLTXH&DLUQLQIRSRXU3XEOLFDWLRQVOLQJXLVWLTXHV
k3XEOLFDWLRQVOLQJXLVWLTXHV7RXVGURLWVU«VHUY«VSRXUWRXVSD\V
/DUHSURGXFWLRQRXUHSU«VHQWDWLRQGHFHWDUWLFOHQRWDPPHQWSDUSKRWRFRSLHQ HVWDXWRULV«HTXHGDQVOHV
OLPLWHVGHVFRQGLWLRQVJ«Q«UDOHVG XWLOLVDWLRQGXVLWHRXOHFDV«FK«DQWGHVFRQGLWLRQVJ«Q«UDOHVGHOD
OLFHQFHVRXVFULWHSDUYRWUH«WDEOLVVHPHQW7RXWHDXWUHUHSURGXFWLRQRXUHSU«VHQWDWLRQHQWRXWRXSDUWLH
VRXVTXHOTXHIRUPHHWGHTXHOTXHPDQLªUHTXHFHVRLWHVWLQWHUGLWHVDXIDFFRUGSU«DODEOHHW«FULWGH
O «GLWHXUHQGHKRUVGHVFDVSU«YXVSDUODO«JLVODWLRQHQYLJXHXUHQ)UDQFH,OHVWSU«FLV«TXHVRQVWRFNDJH
GDQVXQHEDVHGHGRQQ«HVHVW«JDOHPHQWLQWHUGLW
Powered by TCPDF ([Link])
!"#$%&'()*$%+"%,-)./-01-2/"%(33,-2/4"5%67785%9:;<%=>;<? %
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!"##$%&'"()*+"(,&'-.$)/)$(0$'1($2$(&)3.)4#5(65'073.)#.00$))
8)3$0)5**#$(5(&0)#.00"*+"($074#5(%"*+"($0)
!
!(,-)(%"#/$)##(%%
%)-#"'0-14%&#'#)#00##5%(#0)#/!
%
%
%
%
9,0.2,%*%+#)&'#)14%(/,%)#/#",,"0%0#)#'-140%+-/)"%,()./"%41'()..'"5%/)%(33'")()1%(+/,1"%
'"1% ")% 3,()"% /)"% 01'(14.-"% +-(33'#3'-(1-#)% (/+-1-#"% 2/-% #3.'"% 3('% '(33'#)/"'")10% "1%
-+")1-&-)(1-#)0%0/'+41"''-)40%3('%,(%)(14.#'-0(1-#)%3/#)#,#.-2/"%(33('1")()1%0%0(%,()./"%
'(1"')",,"$% &(% )#''")1-#)% 3/#)41-2/"% 1",,"% 2/-#)% ,(% 3'(1-2/"% ,"% 3,/0% 0#/#")1% +()0% /)"%
),(00"%+"%,()./"%41'()..'"%")%!/00-"%3'-#-,4.-"%,"%#-0/",%"1%,"%1()1-,#;1-)"01/40-2/"%.'2)"%0%
+"%)#'$'"/,%","')-)"0%+"%.3')(01-2/"%('1-)/,(1#-'"$%!",-()1%,(%3'#)#))-(1-#)%(/%)#)1'4,"%
)"/'#'/0)/,(-'"5% )"11"% 3'(1-2/"% )4.,-."% ,(% )#'3#0()1"% 3'#0#+-2/"$% &(% )#''")1-#)%
3'#0#+-2/"% 3'40")14"% +()0% )"1% ('1-),"% )#'$-)"% 3#/'% ,-(33'")()1% +"/,% ")1'4"0% (/% 0-.)(,%
0#)#'"% *% ,(% 3"')"31-#)% #-0/",,"% "1% ,-4)#/1"$% &-",3,#-1(1-#)% +/% )()(,% #-0/",% 3"''"1%
+-#31-'-0"'%,-()).0%0%,(%3'#0#+-"%+"%,(%&6%(/00-%$-")%0%,-41(3"%+"%,(%3"')"31-#)%2/-0%)",,"%
+"%,(%3'#+/)1-#)$%
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
!
:;0%&)*%:)%,"(')-).%1/"%3/#)"1-)0%#&%(%&#'"-.)%,()./(."%()%(+/,1%01/+")1%1(1"0%-)%)"5%
0#/)+0%01-,,%0/01(-)-).%1/"%+"&-)-1-#"%-)&,/"))"%#&%1/"%3/#)#,#.-)(,%)(1".#'-6(1-#)%#&%/-0%#'%
/"'% '#1/"'% 1#)./"$% :)% !/00-(% 3/#)"1-)% )#''")1-#)% '(-),3% '(1"0% /0"% #&% 0/)/% '"1/#+0% (0%
#-0/(,% +-03,(3% (0% 5",,% (0% 1()1-,"% ()+% '#1-#"% +'-,,0% (-'"+% (1% +"#",#3-).% ('1-)/,(1-#)$% "3%
'(1-).% 3'#)/))-(1-#)% 0/$#'+-)(1"% 1#% '3#)"/'(,% )#)1'#,5% 1/-0% 3'#)"+/'"% #-'1/(,,3%
+-0'".('+0% 1/"% 3'#0#+-)% )#'3#)")1% #&% 03"")/$% 7"()/-).% &#'"-.)% ,()./(."% 3'#0#+3% (0%
3'"0")1"+%-)%1/-0%('1-),"%-0%$(0"+%#)%1/"%&()1%1/(1%(%01/+")1%)())#1%#),3%/"('%$/1%(,0#%0""%
1/"%(33'#3'-(1"%(/+-#;0-.)(,$%7/"%/0"%#&%1/"%#-0/(,%)/())",%")/())"0%5#'1%#)%1/"%3'#0#+3%
#&% 1/"% ,()./(."% 1#% $"% 01/+-"+% $#1/% (1% 1/"% 01(."% #&% -10% 3"')"31-#)% ()+% (1% 1/"% 01(."% #&%
3'#+/)1-#)$%
%
%
<=)>(&#"3.%&'"()
!
"#$%&''&(#! )! *$'+$(! ,&! -.$/0123(&! %#4/542'&6! 7842! '$(9&/1! &/1&/,(! :&'! +$;;<=(&'!
%#4/542'! $(! ,&'! %#4/+$-.$/&'! ,&! -4''4=&! +$:-;2:&/1&#! ;4! -#$/$/+2412$/!
>!%#4/542'&!?!,&!/$'!01(,24/1' !!&'!#(''$-.$/&'6!'82/1&##$=&42&/1"2;'6!'$/1"2;'!/41(#&;"
;&:&/1! >!,$(0'!?! -$(#! ;4! -.$/0123(&! $(! ,2'-$'&/1"2;'! ,&! :01.$,&'! ,8&/'&2=/&:&/1!
-4#12+(;2<#&:&/1!&%%2+4+&'!#!!&'!,&($6!'4/'!,$(1& !!
%&! '$(.421*'6! ,4/'! +&1! 4#12+;&6! 4--$#1&#! 3(&;3(&'! 0;0:&/1'! ,&! #0-$/'&! &/!
,0+#294/1! 4(! -;('! -#<'! +$::&/1! '&! %421! &/! &(''2&! ;4! +$##&+12$/! -.$/0123(&! &/! !'6!
.0#214=&! ,8(/&! ;$/=(&! 1#4,212$/ ! ($(1! ,84)$#,! 3(&;3(&'! -#2/+2-&'! =0/0#4($! 3(2!
%$/,&/1! >!;4!?! :01.$,&! +$##&+129&! #(''&! 3(&;;&! 3(&! '$21! ;4! ;4/=(&! +2);& ! *1! &/'(21&!
+! ! !(,-)(%"#/$)##(%
!
3(&;3(&'!$)'Ⓞ$/'!'(#!;&!+$(-;&!;4/=(&!#(''&,;4/=(&!%#4/542'&!3(2!,01&#:2/&/1!;4!
,0:4#+.&!+$##&+129&!4,4-10&!4(!-!*!&1!4(!&!* !
!
?=)!"##$%&'"()*+"(,&'-.$)$() ?)/)*#'(%'*$0)3!"#3#$)1,(,#5")
)
?=<=):(5"#0$)%"(2&'$$)
)
*/! &(''2&! ;4! :01.$,&! +$##&+129&! 4! 1$(7$(#'! &$-;$210! ;&'! #0'(;141'! ,&! ;84/4;.'&!
+$/1#4'129&! ,(! #(''&! ;4/=(&! :41&#/&;;&! /!01! &1! ,&! ;4! ;4/=(&! +2);&! /!'1 ! */! %$/+12$/!
,&'!$)7&+12%'!&1!,(!/29&4(!,&'!4--#&/4/1'!'$/1!+.$2'2&'!,&'!'1#410=2&'!,8&/'&2=/&:&/1!
3(2! -#292;0=2&/1! '$21! ;&'! ;4+(/&'6! '$21! ;&'! +$/9&#=&/+&'! $)'^);&'! &/1#&! ,&($!
;4/=(&' ! 2&'! '1#410=2&'! ,01&#:2/&/1! ;4! '0;&+12$/! $(! ;4! '0#2412$/! ,&! ;4! :412<#&! )!
&/'&2=/! 1$(1! +$::&! ;4! -#0-4#412$/! ,8&$&#+2+&'6! &1+$! 2&+2! 014/16! ;4! ,2'+(''2$/!
-&#,(#&!3! $4! #0'2,&! -$(#! ;84--#&/4/1! ;4! ,2%%2+(;10! :47&(#&!#! *'1"2;! -;('! %4+2;&!
,84+3(0#2#!;&!:$,&!,84#12+(;412$/!2/&$2'14/1!,4/'!;4!;4/=(&!:41&#/&;;&!$(!,&!+$##2=&#!
(/&!.4)21(,&!4#12+(;41$2#&!4+3(2'&!#!!
!
?=?=)%'0$)$()#5**"#&)3$)"!5**#$(&'0051$)3$) <)$&) ?)
)
!&'! 1#494($! ,&'! -'.+.$;2/=(2'1&'! '(#! ;&! ,09&;$--&:&/1! +$=/212%! .(:42/! 1&/,&/1! )!
:$/1#&#! 3(&! ;&! :0+4/2':&! ,84--#&/12''4=&! &'1! .'#00#% '#+#! ;&! :5:&6! 3(82;! '&!
#4--$#1&!)!;4!;4/=(&!:41&#/&;;&!$(!)!(/&!;4/=(&!01#4/=<#& !6;!'84=21!,$/+!,8&/'&2=/&#!
;4!!'!&/!&$-;$214/1!;&'!-#2/+2-&'!2//0'!&1!;&'!:0+4/2':&'!(/29&#'4($!:2'!&/!7(9#&!
-4#! ;84--#&/4/1! ,4/'! ;84+3(2'212$/! ,&! '4! ;4/=(&! :41&#/&;;& ! 84/'! +&! +4'6! ;&'!
,0:4#+.&'! +$##&+129&'! /&! '4(#42&/1! %42#&! 4)'1#4+12$/! ,&'! .4)21(,&'! 4(,2129&'6!
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
4#12+(;41$2#&'! &1! -#$'$,23(&'! 4+3(2'&'! -4#! ;84--#&/4/1! ,4/'! ;84--#&/12''4=&! ,&! ;4!
;4/=(&! :41&#/&;;& ! 6;! 2:-$#1&! ,&! ;&'! &$-;$21&#! -$(#! &/! 12#&#! -4#12! ,4/'! +Ž/'! +4'6!
-$(#! &/! /&(1#4;2'&#! ;&'! &%%&1'! ,4/'! ,84(1#&' ! 2&11&! 4--#$+.&! -#0,$:2/&! &/! &(''2&!
+.&9!;&'!-.$/012+2&/'!&/'&2=/4/1!;4!!' !
!
?=&=)'$);".%+$)8)"#$'""$)
)
!4! +$##&+12$/! -.$/0123(&! &/! !'! 92'&! ,$/+! )! :$,2%2&#! &1! )! 1#4942;;&#! ;8&/'&:);&!
/&(#$:('+(;42#&! -&#:&114/1! ;84(,212$/! &1! ;4! -.$/412$/!:! &/'&:);&! )! +.43(&! %$2'!
:$,&;0!,&!%45$/!-4#12+(;2<#&!-4#!;4!;4/=(&!:41&#/&;;&!/;&!#(''&!&/!;8$++(##&/+&1 !8&!
+&'!,&($!+$:-$'4/1&'!;43(&;;&!-#292;0=2&#!-$(#!/&!-4'!=5/&#!;&'!'1#410=2&'!+$=/2129&'!
'-$/14/0&'!:2'&'!&/!7(9#&!-4#!;84--#&/4/1!#!;/&!;$/=(&!-#4123(&!,8&/'&2=/&:&/1!&1!
,8$)'Ⓞ$/'! 4! +$/,(21! ;&'! -.$/012+2&/'! #(''&'6! ,4/'! ;&(#! =#4/,&! :47$#2106! )!
-#4123(&#! '(#! ;4! !'! (/&! +$##&+12$/! >!4#12+(;41$2#&!?! '$(1&/(&! -4#! ;80+$(1& ! 2&11&!
-#4123(&!-$(##421!51#&!42/'2!1.0$#2'0&!3!
0 ! !84(,212$/6! )! ;8092,&/+&6! 7$(&! (/! #<;&! -#2$#2142#&! ,4/'! ;84+3(2'212$/! ,&! ;4! ;4/=(&!
:41&#/&;;&!&1!&;;&!&'1!'1#(+1(#0&!-4#!+&11&!;4/=(&!,8$#2=2/& !=/!-&(1!,$/+!+$/'2,0#&#!
;&'! 4--#&/4/1'! &/! !'! +$::&! ,&'! >!:4;&/1&/,4/1'!?! ,$/1! ;4! >!#00,(+412$/!?! 94! '&!
%42#&!/$/!-4'!-#2$#2142#&:&/1!-4#!;4!,2'+#2:2/412$/!&1!;4!#&+$//42''4/+&!4(,2129&'6!&/!
3(&;3(&! '$#1&! >!%2=0&'!?! -4#! ;4! ;4/=(&! ,8$#2=2/&6! :42'! -4#! ;8&/1#4>/&:&/1!
4#12+(;41$2#& !8&!%4216!;&'!&$&#+2+&'!,&!,2'+#2:2/412$/!&1!,&!#&+$//42''4/+&!4(,2129&'6!
-#0'&/1'! ,4/'! 1$(1&'! ;&'! :01.$,&'! ,&! +$##&+12$/! -.$/0123(&6! -#&//&/1! 1$(1&! ;&(#!
&%%2+4+210!'82;'!'$/1!4''$+20'!)!(/!&/1#4>/&:&/1!4#12+(;41$2#& !
+#''")1-#)%3/#)41-2/"%*%")0"-.)"'")1%+/%&'()*(-0%"1%+/%'/00"!! ?)
!
' !!&'!,2'1$#'2$/'!,(&'!4(!%2;1#4=&!4(,212%!&$&#+0!-4#!;4!+410=$#2'412$/!-.$/$;$=23(&!)!
;8$&(9#&! ,4/'! ;4! ;4/=(&! :41&#/&;;&! '$/1! )&4(+$(-! -;('! ,2%%2+2;&'! )! ,0'2=/&#! &1! )!
#&+12%2&#! 3(&! ;&'! 2/1&#%0#&/+&'! 4#12+(;41$2#&'! 3(26! &;;&'6! -&(9&/1! %42#&! ;8$)7&1! ,8(/&!
$)'Ⓞ$/!92'(&;;& !@&;$/!@ !A&#/'1&2/!/0?BC6!DD1!>! !2;!'84=21!,84:&/&#!;80;<9&!)!
:&11#&! &/! -;4+&! (/! +2#+(21! ,84(1$+$/1#<;&! 3(2! ;(2! -&#:&11&! ,84''$+2&#! ,&'!
:$(9&:&/1'!4#12+(;41$2#&'!4--#2'!&1!:0:$#2'0'!)!;82:-#&''2$/!4(,2129&!#0'(;14/1&!? !
E(1#&:&/1! ,216! &/! 4:&/4/1! ;84--#&/4/1! )! 4#12+(;&#! ,8(/&! %45$/! 4(1#&! 3(&! +&;;&! )!
;43(&;;&! ;84! .4)21(0! '4! ;4/=(&! :41&#/&;;&! &1! )! &/1&/,#&! ;&'! &%%&1'! '$/$#&'! 42/'2!
-#$,(21'6!$/!,0+;&/+.&!(/!:$,&!,&!-#$/$/+2412$/!+$##&'-$/,4/1!)!;4!;4/=(&!01(,20& !
8&!:5:&6!,4/'!;84+3(2'212$/!,&!/82:-$#1&!3(&;;&!1&+./23(&!,8&$-#&''2$/!+$#-$#&;;&6!
;84--#&/4/1! $)'	&! &1! #&-#$,(21! ,84)$#,! ;&'! -$'212$/'! ,&'! 74:)&'! &1! ,(! +$#-'!
2/,23(0&'! -4#! ;&! :$/21&(#! &1! ;&'! 2/1<=#&! &/'(21&! ,4/'! ;&! :$(9&:&/1! /+% ! ;4!
+$,2%2+412$/! ,&'! :$(9&:&/1'! ,&! ;4! ,4/'&! +;4''23(&1 ! 6;! &/! &'1! 42/'2! -$(#! 1$(1&!
+$:-01&/+&! -..'2$;$=23(&!3! (/&! %$2'! 4+3(2'&6! +8&'1! ;&! #0'&4(! ,8.4)21(,&'!
-'.+.$-..'2$;$=23(&'6!3(8$/!4!%$#:0!-4#!;84--#&/12''4=&6!3(2!-#&/,!1$(1!&/!+.4#=&!
&1!#&/,!1$(1!:$(9&:&/1!4(1$:4123(&!&1!2/+$/'+2&/1!/F !A&#/'1&2/6!0??D1 !
G ! !8&/'&2=/&:&/1! ,&'! ;4/=(&'! 01#4/=<#&'! '&! %421! &/! &(''2&6! +$::&! 42;;&(#'6! &/!
:2;2&(! 4#12%2+2&;6! )! ;80+4#1! ,&! 1$(1&! -$''2)2;210! ,&! >!)42/! ;2/=(2'123(&!? ! 84/'! +&'!
+$/,212$/'!;&!%2;1#4=&!4(,212%!,(!#(''&!4=21!&/!-&#:4/&/+& !6;!2:-$#1&!,$/+!,&!:&11#&!
&/!-;4+&!,&'!.4)21(,&'!4#12+(;41$2#&'!3(2!9$/1!'1#(+1(#&#!;&!'$/6!-;(1<1!3(&!'84--;23(&#!
)! &$&#+&#! ;8$(H& ! !&'! .4)21(,&'! 4#12+(;41$2#&'! '$/1! )! ;8092,&/+&! -;('! '14);&'6! :2&($!
+$/1#<;4);&'6!&1!-#0'&/1&/1!(/&!:&2;;&(#&!#0'2'14/+&!)!;82/1&#%0#&/+& !
!
?=(=):#&'%."5&'"()&#*$)
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
)
"#2$#210!014/1!,$//0&!)!;84#12+(;412$/6!;&'!-.$/012+2&/'!&/'&2=/4/1!;4!!'!$/1!1$(7$(#'!
-#510! (/&! &$1#5:&! 411&/12$/! 4($! .4)21(,&'! 4#12+(;41$2#&'! ,&! ;4! ;4/=(&! +2);&! 42/'2!
3(84($!'1#410=2&'!,84--#$$2:412$/!:2'&'!4(!-$2/1!-4#!;&'!4--#&/4/1' !2.43(&!;4/=(&!
-#0'&/1&! (/! &/'&:);&! ,&! :$,&'! -.$/0123(&'! 3(2! #0=2''&/1! (/! >!-#0#0=;4=&!?!
4#12+(;41$2#&6! 4(1#&:&/1! ,216! 2;! &$2'1&! (/&! :2'&! &/! -$'212$/! 4#12+(;41$2#&! ,&! )4'&! 3(2!
1&/,! )! #&'1&#! +$/'03(&/1&! ,8(/! '&=:&/1! ,&! ;4! +.4>/&! -4#;0&! )! ;84(1#& ! 28&'1! -4#!
;82/1	&/12$/! '(#! +&! #0'&4(! ,8.4)21(,&'! -'.+.$-..'2$;$=23(&'! 3(8(/&! ,0:4#+.&!
+$##&+129&!&%%2+4+&!,&9#4216!'&:);&"1"2;6!+$::&/+&# !
"$(#!1#4942;;&#!+&'!.4)21(,&'!4#12+(;41$2#&'!,&!)4'&!$/!&$-;$21&!,&($!4--#$+.&'!3!!
"!!8&/1#4>/&:&/1!&$-;2+21&6!3(8$/!-#4123(&!'(#1$(1!,4/'!;&!+4'!$4!;&'!4#12+(;412$/'!'&!
-#51*&/1!)!(/&!$)'Ⓞ$/!92'(&;;&6!:('+(;42#&!$(!14+12;&!,&!;84--#&/4/1 !84/'!;&!
+4,#&! ,&! +&11&! ,0:4#+.&! ;8&/'&2=/4/1! ,0+$#123(&! ;&! :$(9&:&/1! 4#12+(;41$2#&!
+$:-;&$&6! 4%2/! 3(&! ;84--#&/4/1! -(2''&! #04;2'&#! ;&'! -.4'&'! ,&! ;84#12+(;412$/!
$)'^);&! ,8(/&! %45$/! +$/'+2&/1& ! 6;! &'1! +;42#! 3(82+2! ;84(1$"094;(412$/! &1! ;84(1$"
$)'Ⓞ$/!7$(&/1!(/!#<;&!1#<'!2:-$#14/1 !
"!!8&/1#4>/&:&/1!2:-;2+21&6!-#4123(0!'(#1$(1!,4/'!;&!+4'!$4!;&'!4#12+(;412$/'!'*&/1!
,2%%2+2;&:&/1! $)'^);&'6! &'1! %$/,0! '(#! ;4! %4+2;21412$/! &1! ;4! '.'10:412'412$/! ,(!
:410#2&;! -.$/23(& ! "$(#! '&/'2)2;2'&#! ;84--#&/4/1! )! (/&! 4#12+(;412$/! >!+4+.0&!?6!
;8&/'&2=/4/1! (12;2'&! '$(9&/1! ,&'! &$&#+2+&'! '1#(+1(#4($! &1! +&+2! &/! ,0-21! ,8(/&!
+$/,4:/412$/! 3(4'2! =0/0#4;&! -4#:2! ;&'! :01.$,$;$=(&' ! ($(1&%$2'6! 2;! %4(1!
#&+$//4>1#&! 3(&6! -$(#! 4''2:2;&#! +Ž/&'! 4#12+(;412$/'6! ;8&$&#+2+&! '1#(+1(#4;!
+$/'121(&!(/!,2'-$'212%!-#292;0=20 !
0D# # !"#$%"&'()*%(+"&
#
I%.%'(# )*+,# ,-*)# +.*$*01+*# )%')2*3# 45# )%51+*# 62,'7,8("!',25((*"!0 # >%52# 5'#
25((%1?%'*@#+*(#,238)5+,38%'(#4*#),(*#B#,)C5D282#(%'3#+*(#(58-,'3*(#3##
"# +*(# +F-2*(# (%'3# ,22%'48*(# *3# 32F(# 1%5((D*(# *'# ,-,'3@# *++*(# 6%20*'3# 5'# 2D(%',3*52#
)%01+D0*'3,82*#:#
"# +*(# )%008((52*(# (%'3# 3*'45*(# *3# +DHF2*0*'3# 2,112%)?D*(@# *++*(# '*532,+8(*'3# +*(#
05()+*(#4*(#I%5*(#:#
"# +,# +F-2*# (51D28*52*# *(3# 3%5I%52(# +DHF2*0*'3# J#2*32%5((D*#K@# *++*# '*532,+8(*#
+.,),8((*0*'3#4*#+,#0J)?%82*#8'6D28*52*#:#
"#+,#+,'H5*#*(3#4*#6%20*#,18),+*#*3#4*#1%(838%'#,'3D28*52*#:#
"#1%52#+*#2D(%',3*52#',(,+@#+.,82#1,((*#1,2#4*5$#),-83D(@#+*(#-8)2,38%'(#(%'3#+%),+8(D*(#
4,'(#+*#0,(C5* ##
2*(# )%'32,8'3*(# ,238)5+,3%82*(# /+,)8,+83D@# ,'3D28%283D@# 3*'(8%'@# ',(,+83D1# (%'3#
6,)8+*0*'3# %)(*2-,)+*(# *3# 1*5-*'3# 532*# ,((808+D*(# B# +.D3,1*# 4.8'838,38%'# 45# -!*#
/A%5)'%-,# K# (,2,((%-,@# 'DD01 # !,# 4D0,2)?*# )%22*)38-*# C58@# 4F(# +*# 12*08*2# I%52@#
(*'(8)8+8(*#+*(#,112*','3(#B#5'#0%5-*0*'3#1?%',3%82*#62,'7,8(#4.*'(*0)+*@#(*0)+*#
%13808(*2# +.,)C58(838%'# 4*(# -%.*++*(# *3# 4*(# )%'(%''*(@# ,8'(8# C5*# 4*# +*52#
)%,238)5+,38%' #
#
!"#"$%&'()*+#,&-.+/01+$
#
*'#&5((8*@#+,#4D0,2)?*#1D4,H%H8C5*@#C5*++*#C5*#(%83#+,#+,'H5*#D32,'HF2*@#,#3%5I%52(#
)%'(84D2D#+.D+F-*#)%00*#5'#,112*','3#,)386@#0%38-D@#,.,'3#5'#%)I*)386#)+,82#*3#12D)8( #
2.*(3#*'#1+5(#5'#+%)53*52#*$1D280*'3D#C58#D+,)%2*#4*(#,112%$80,38%'(#*'#,11+8C5,'3#
4*(#12%)*((5(#)%H'8386(#4%'3#)*23,8'(#+58#%'3#(*2-8#B#+.,)C58(838%'#4*#+,#!0#*3#4.,532*(#
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
2D(5+3,'3#4*#+,#)%01,2,8(%'#*3#4*#+.8'3*26D2*')*#4*#+,#!0#*3#4*#+,#!' #
2*#(%'3#+B#4*(#(32,3DH8*(#4.,112*'38((,H*#4%'3#+,#)%22*)38%'#1?%'D38C5*#4%83#3*'82#
)%013*#*'#12%1%(,'3#4*(#*$*2)8)*(#4.8083,38%'@#,8'(8#C5*#4*(#*$*2)8)*(#4.%)(*2-,38%'#
*3#4.,',+.(*#2D6+D)?8*( #=2@#B#+.D-84*')*@#).*(3#+.,238)5+,38%'#C58#(*#1253*#+*#08*5$#B#
5'*# 4D0%'(32,38%'# 1D4,H%H8C5*# ,-*)# %)(*2-,38%'@# *$1+8),38%'@# 2*12%45)38%'@#
2*)3868),38%'@# )*,5)%51# 1+5(# C5*# +,# 48()2808',38%'# ,54838-* # *'# 2*-,')?*@# +,#
)%01%(,'3*# 12%(%48C5*@# D)?,11,'3# ,5# )%'32<+*# '*52%05()5+,82*@# 'D)*((83*# 5'#
*'32,>'*0*'3#(1D)868C5*#C58#1*20*33*#5'*#,112%128,38%'#I5(3*#4*(#),2,)3D28(38C5*(#4*#
+,#(.++,)*@#4*#+.,))*'35,38%'#*3#4*(#1,32%'(#8'3%',386(#4*#+,#+,'H5*#)8)+* #
#
2"$3),,+4'0)5$6,)7)*089+$+5$:;<=>;<$
$
!,# 4D0,2)?*# )%22*)38-*# C5*# I*# 12D(*'3*# )%0)8'*# 1%52# +.,112*','3# 4*5$# *'32D*(# ,5#
(8H',+#(%'%2*#3#+,#1*2)*138%'#-8(5*++*#*3#+.D)%53*#/A%5)'%-,@#0??L,1 #!.*$1+%83,38%'#
45# ),',+# -8(5*+@# 2*'45# 1%((8)+*# 1,2# +.%248',3*520@# 1*20*3# 4.%13808(*2# +.,))F(# B# +,#
12%(%48*#4*#+,#+,'H5*#(*)%'4*#,5((8#)8*'#B#+.D3,1*#4*#+,#1*2)*138%'#/%)I*)38-,38%'#45#
32,83*0*'3# 1(.)?%+8'H58(38C5*# 4*(# 8'6%20,38%'(# ,)%5(38C5*(# 1*275*(# 1,2# +.%2*8++*1#
#################################################
0#6+#(.,H83#4*#+.,11,2*8+#,%$-(%@#)%'75#*'#0?+D#1,2#+*(#8'HD'8*52(#45#+,)%2,3%82*#4*#1?%'D38C5*#
*$1D280*'3,+*# B# +,# ^M!;# /6'(38353# 4*(# +,'H5*(# D32,'HF2*(# ^,528)*# (?%2*9# B# +.D1%C5*1 # !*#
12%H2F(#3*)?'%+%H8C5*#(*0)+*#%5-282#4*#'%5-*++*(#1*2(1*)38-*(#4,'(#)*#(*'( #;'#*$*01+*#*(3#
)%'(3835D#1,2#+*#+%H8)8*+#N8'>83)?#D+,)%2D#1,2#>?8+811*#^,238' #
.(//01-$(%&23(%4-$5)0&6&0%70$8%090%-&:)&;/"%<"$7&0-&:)&/)770!! 00$
#
C5.B#)*++*#4*#+,#12%45)38%'#/6**4"),)O#1+5(#*668),)*#C5*#)*+58#%)3*'5#,12F(#+,#(*5+*#
D)%53*1 #
2*33*#4D0,2)?*#)%22*)38-*#2D(5+3*#4*#1+5(8*52(#,',+.(*(#3##
"#,',+.(*#4*#+,#12%(%48*#)%'32,(38-*#45#25((*#*3#45#62,'7,8(#C58#)*2'*#+*(#1?D'%0F'*(#
12%(%48C5*(#4D3*208','3#+,#(1D)868)83D#4*#)?,C5*#+,'H5*#:&
"# ,',+.(*# 4*# +,# 1,2%+*# 8'3*26D2D*# 4*(# 62,')%1?%'*(# 25((8(,'3(# *3# 4*(# 25((%1?%'*(#
62,')8(,'3(# C58# )*2'*# +*(# 48(3%2(8%'(# 12%(%48C5*(# +*(# 1+5(# 3.18C5*(# 1%52# )?,C5*#
H2%51*#4.,112*','3(#:#&
"# ,',+.(*# 4*(# 48(3%2(8%'(# 45*(# ,5# 68+32,H*# ,548386# *$*2)D# 1,2# +,# ),3DH%28(,38%'#
1?%'%+%H8C5*#%1D2,'3*#4,'(#+,#+,'H5*#0,3*2'*++* #
#
2"?"$ 5!."7+$*+$.!$6!,).+$05'+,-&,&+$
$
>%52#6,82*#5'*#,',+.(*#4*#+,#1,2%+*#8'3*26D2D*#I.,8#*'2*H8(32D#+*(#12%45)38%'(#4*#0*(#
,112*','3(@#*3#I..#,8#(D+*)38%''D#4*(#1,32%'(#12%(%48C5*(#4%'3#+,#2D,+8(,38%'#6,538-*#
*(3#2D)522*'3* #
8,'(# +,# 2*')%'32*# 45# 62,'7,8(# *3# 45# 25((*@# ).*(3# (52# +,# 2D,+8(,38%'# 4*(# )%'3%52(#
0%'3,'3(,4*()*'4,'3(# C5*# +.%'# %)(*2-*# )?*9# +.,112*','3# +*(# 48(3%2(8%'(# +*(# 1+5(#
3.18C5*(#2*1D2,)+*(#(5)I*)38-*0*'3#B#+.%2*8++*@#*3#%)I*)38-*0*'3#(52#+.8'3%'%H2,00* #
E8'(8@#+,#0%'3D*#4*#-D#,#5'#(3,353#4866D2*'3#4,'(#+*(#4*5$#+,'H5*( #
*'# 62,'7,8(@# 5'# 0%5-*0*'3# ,()*'4,'3# 4*# -D# 2*)%5-2*# 12*(C5*# *$)+5(8-*0*'3# +*(#
(.++,)*(# ,))*'35D*(# *3# *(3# ,((%)8D# B# 5'*# 8'3*'38%'# D'%')8,38-*# 4D3*208'D*# 3# '%'"
,)?F-*0*'3#,#C5*(38%' #
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
*'#25((*@#(%'#(3,353#*(3#,532* #!,#-D#,()*'4,'3*#(.%)(*2-*@#)%00*#*'#62,'7,8(@#(52#
4*(# (.++,)*(# ,))*'35D*(@# 0,8(# DH,+*0*'3# (52# 4*(# (.++,)*(# '%'",))*'35D*( # @52# +,#
(.++,)*#12D)D4,'3#+.,))*'35D*@#1,2#*$*01+*@#+,#0%'3D*#4*#-D#(*0)+*#J#12D1,2*2#K@#*'#
+,# )25(C5,'3@# +,# )?53*# 2D,+8(D*# (52# +,# (.++,)*# ,))*'35D*# (58-,'3* # !,# 0%'3D*# 4*# -D#
1%522,83# (.8'3*212D3*2@# 4,'(# )*# ),("+B@# )%00*# 1,238*# )%'(3835,'3*# 45# )%'3%52#
4*()*'4,'3 # *3,'3# ,54838-*0*'3# 8'3DH2D*# 4,'(# 5'# H*(3*# 4*()*'4,'3# H+%),+@# *++*# *(3#
8')%'()8*00*'3#,)35,+8(D*#1,2#+*(#,112*','3(#25((%1?%'*(#B#)?,C5*#6%8(#C5.8+(#%'3#B#
2D,+8(*2#5'#)%'3%52#4*()*'4,'3#*'#62,'7,8( #
6+# (*0)+*2,83# 4%')# C5*# +*(# 48(3%2(8%'(# %)(*2-D*(# 4,'(# +*(# 12%45)38%'(# 4*(#
,112*','3(#2D(5+3*'3#4.5'*#8'3*26D2*')*#C58#(*#12%4583#B#+.D3,1*#45#2*1D2,H*#,548386 #
$
2"!"$#6&40-040'&7$*+$.$!66,)6,0!'0)5$!9*0'01+$%$'+7'7$*+$6+,4+6'0)5$
$
>%52# 532*# B# 050*# 4*# ),2,)3D28(*2# +*(# 0%4,+83D(# 4*# +.,112%128,38%'# ,54838-*@# I.,8#
*66*)35D#+*(#3*(3(#4*#1*2)*138%'#B#1,2382#4.5'#)%215(#)%'(3835D#4*#1?2,(*(#B#(.'3,$*#
'*532*# %4# +.8'3%',38%'# ,-,83# 5'# 2<+*# 48(38')386 # >,2# *$*01+*@# ="2"& 07-& 2"/-$& 2()/&
="/$7>&?&="2"&07-&2"/-$&2()/&="/$7& &?&="2"&07-&2"/-$&2()/&="/$7&!&??&="2"&07-&2"/-$>&
=()/&="/$7>&?&="2"&07-&2"/-$& &=()/&="/$7& &?&="2"&07-&2"/-$&!&=()/&="/$7&!&/)?%8$#
84*'38C5*# 1%52# +*# 25((*# 3# ="2"& ()13(#& %"& /"*(-()>& ?& ="2"& ()13(#& %"& /"*(-()& & ?&
="2"&()13(#&%"&/"*(-()&!&??&="2"&()13(#>&""&/"*(-()>&?&="2"&()13(#& &""&/"*(-(& &
?&="2"&()13(#&!&""&/"*(-()&!1 #
0'# # !"#$%"&'()*%(+"&
#
!*(#1?2,(*(#D3,8*'3#4.,)%24#+5*(#*3#2*128(*(#*'(583*#4,'(#5'*#(%23*#4.8012%-8(,38%'#
48,+%H,+* &
!*#0,3D28,5#(%'%2*#,#D3D#12%1%(D#B#4*5$#H2%51*(#4.,5483*52(#3##
01# ,5483*52(# ',386(# /25((%1?%'*(# *3# 62,')%1?%'*(1# '*# )%'',8((,'3# 1,(# +,# +,'H5*#
C5.8+#(.,H8((,83#4.,',+.(*2#:#
'1# ,5483*52(",112*','3(#/62,'7,8(,25((*#+,'H5*#D32,'HF2*1 #
!*(# ,5483*52(# 4*-,8*'3# 84*'3868*2# +*# 0%5-*0*'3# 3%',+# 2D,+8(D# )%00*# 0%'3,'3# %5#
4*()*'4,'3@#*'#+*#1+,7,'3@#(8#1%((8)+*@#(52#C5,32*#'8-*,5$ #E#3832*#4.*$*01+*#I*#+*52#,8#
4%''D#+*(#)%'3%52(#0D+%48C5*(#4D)283(#1%52#+*#62,'7,8(#1,2#> #8*+,332*#/0?PP,#:#0?PB1#
*3# 1%52# +*# 25((*# 1,2# * # A2.9H%5'%-,# /0?P+# :# 0?B?1 # 6+(# 1%5-,8*'3# (..# 2*1%23*2# (8#
'D)*((,82* # 6+# 6,++,83# *'68'# )?%8(82# 4,'(# 5'*# +8(3*# 12D1,2D*# B# )*3# *66*3# 5'# 0%4*#
/4D)+,2,386#,#8'3*22%H,386#,#801D2,386#,#*$)+,0,3861#%5#5'*#,338354*#D'%')8,38-*#C5*#+*#
)%'3%52#D-%C5,83#1%52#)?,)5'#4.*5$ #
#
2"2"$3),697$-,!5&!07$7)9'07$!9/$,977)6()5+7$
$
!*(# 1?2,(*(# 45# )%215(# 62,'7,8(@# (%508(*(# ,5$# ,5483*52(# 25((%1?%'*(@# D3,8*'3#
2D,+8(D*(#*((*'38*++*0*'3#(*+%'#L#)%'3%52(#3##
Q# 5'*# 0%'3D*# 6%23*# /C5*(38%'@# )%'38'5,38%'# 0,I*52*@# *$)+,0,38%'# ,()*'4,'3*1# R#
D-%+5,'3#,53%52#4*(#'8-*,5$#'"L#:#
Q#5'*#0%'3D*#6,8)+*#/)%'38'5,38%'#08'*52*1#R#'8-*,5$#'"G#:#
Q#5'*#)?53*#4*#68',+83D#R#'8-*,5$#'"0#:#
Q#5'*#)?53*#4*#)%00,'4*0*'3@#4.8'3*22%H,38%'#%5#4.*$)+,0,38%'#R#'8-*,5$#L"0 #
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
!*#4D1%58++*0*'3#4*(#2D(5+3,3(#4.84*'3868),38%'#1*2)*138-*#0%'32*#1+5(8*52(#6,83( #
!,# 6%23*# 0%'3D*# '"L# *(3# 3%5I%52(# 2*)%''5*# )%00*# 3*++* # ='# 1*53# )*1*'4,'3#
4866D2*')8*2#4*5$#),( #E#+,#68'#,)(%+5*#4*#+,#1?2,(*#)*33*#0%'3D*#*(3#2DH5+8F2*0*'3#
,((%)8D*# /4,'(# +*(# 4*5$# H2%51*(# 4.,5483*52(1# B# 5'*# 0,2C5*# 4.,66*)38-83D# /6%23*#
D0%38%'@#6%23#D3%''*0*'3@#*3)>1 #@52#+*52(#()?D0,(#*(3#2*1%23D*#5'*#0%'3D*#)25(C5*@#
4D1,((,'3# (%5-*'3# +*# '8-*,5# L # E# +.8'3D28*52# 4*# +,# 1?2,(*# +*(# ,5483*52(# 25((*(#
1*27%8-*'3#+,#0%'3D*#)%00*#0%8'42*#*3#4808'5*'3#(,#2*12D(*'3,38%'#H2,1?8C5*#1,2#
2,11%23# B# +,# 2D,+8(,38%'# %)I*)38-*0*'3# %)(*2-,)+* # >%52# 3%5(@# +,# 0%'3D*# *$1280*@#
4,'(#)*#),("+B@#5'*#84D*#4.8',)?F-*0*'3 #
!,# 2*)%'',8((,')*# 4*# +,# 0%'3D*# '"G# -,28* # !*(# ,5483*52(# 45# 12*08*2# H2%51*# %'3#
3*'4,')*# B# '*# 1,(# +58# ,3328)5*2# 4*# (3,353# 48(38')3@# 8+(# +.8')+5*'3# ,+%2(# 4,'(# +,#
)%'38'5,38%'#0,I*52*#%5#4,'(#+,#68',+83D#C58#(58-*'3 #!*(#,5483*52(#45#(*)%'4#H2%51*#
/,112*','3(1#+,#2*)%'',8((*'3#08*5$@#0,8(#8+(#+,#2*12D(*'3*'3#H2,1?8C5*0*'3#)%00*#
5'*#+8H'*#3*'4,'3#-*2(#+.?%289%'3,+*@#-%82*#+DHF2*0*'3#4*()*'4,'3* #
!*(# )?53*(# 3%',+*(# (%'3# )8*'# 2*)%''5*(@# 0,8(# +,# )%52)*# 4*# 68',+83D# *(3# (%5-*'3#
8'3*212D3D*#1,2#+*(#,5483*52(#25((*(#45#12*08*2#H2%51*#)%00*#(8H'*#4.8',)?F-*0*'3#
1?2,(38C5*@# -%82*# )%00*# 0,2C5*# 4.?D(83,38%' # S5,'3# ,5$# ,5483*52(# 45# (*)%'4#
H2%51*@# +*# (*'(# ,84,'3@# 8+(# 84*'3868*'3# )%22*)3*0*'3# +,# )%52)*# 4*# 68',+83D# )%00*# 5'#
,)?F-*0*'3 # ^,8(@# C5,'4# 8+# (.,H83# 4*# ()?D0,38(*2# (,# 2D,+8(,38%'@# +*(# ,5483*52("
,112*','3(# 25((%1?%'*(# 8'3*'(868*'3# +,# 2*12D(*'3,38%'# H2,1?8C5*# 4*# +,# )?53*#
*'3*'45*#3#4D)53#+%),+8(D#1+5(#?,53@#1*'3*#1+5(#)25(C5* #
.(//01-$(%&23(%4-$5)0&6&0%70$8%090%-&:)&;/"%<"$7&0-&:)&/)770!! 0G$
#
6+#(*0)+*2,83#4%')#C5*#+*(#,5483*52(#25((*(#/H2%51*#0#*3#'1@#2*1%23,'3#(52#+*#62,'7,8(#+,#
),3DH%28(,38%'# ,54838-*# 4*# +*52# +,'H5*# 0,3*2'*++*@# '*532,+8(*'3# +*(# 0%'3D*(# 3%',+*(#
C58#'*#(%'3#1,(#(835D*(#*'#68'#4*#1?2,(*@#*3#8'3*212F3*'3#+*(#0%'3D*(#68',+*(#)%00*#
0,2C5*# 4.,66*)38-83D # !*(# )?53*(# 68',+*(# (%'3@#B#)?,C5*#6%8(@#8'3*'(868D*(#4,'(#+*52(#
2*12D(*'3,38%'(#H2,1?8C5*( #
#
2"("$3),697$,977+$7)9'07$!9/$-,!54)6()5+7$
$
8,'(#+*#)%215(#25((*#12%1%(D#,5$#,5483*52(#62,')%1?%'*(@#I.,8#2*H2%51D#4*(#D'%')D(#
2D,+8(D(#,-*)#L#)%'3%52(#4*#-,+*52#B#1*5#12F(#(*0)+,)+* #
!*# 4D1%58++*0*'3# 4*(# 2D(5+3,3(# 4.84*'3868),38%'# 1*2)*138-*# 0%'32*# C5*# +*(#
62,')%1?%'*(# %'3# 5'*# 3*'4,')*# 8'-*2(*# B# )*++*# 4*(# 25((%1?%'*(# (%508(# ,5# 050*#
3*(3 #
!*(#)?53*(#3%',+*(#(%'3#'*532,+8(D*(#C5,'4#+,#-D#'*#4*()*'4#1,(#32%1#),(#%5#C5,'4#
+,# )?53*# '*# 0,2C5*# 1,(# 5'*# 68'# 4*# 1?2,(* # !*(# )?53*(# )25(C5*(# *3# ),((*(# (%'3#
2*)%''5*(# )%00*# 0,2C5*(# 6%23*(# 4.,66*)38-83D# /,H2*((8-83D@# )%54*28*@# (D)?*2*((*@#
48(3,')*@#*3) 1 #
!*(# 0%'3D*(# (%'3# )8*'# 2*)%''5*(@# 0,8(# +*52(# 2*12D(*'3,38%'(# H2,1?8C5*(# (%'3#
(%5-*'3# 1+5(# )25(C5*(# *3# ,33*8H'*'3# 5'# '8-*,5# 1+5(# ?,53# 1,2# 2,11%23# ,5$# 32,)D(#
%)I*)386(#%)3*'5(#1%52#+*(#D'%')D(#68H52,'3#4,'(#+*#3*(3#4*#1*2)*138%' #
6+# *(3# 8'3D2*((,'3# 4*# '%3*2# C5*# +*(# 2D,+8(,38%'(# J#4%53*5(*(#K# /)*++*(# 4%'3# +,#
2*)%'',8((,')*#*(3#8')*23,8'*1#(%'3#+*#1+5(#(%5-*'3#2,'HD*(#1,2#+*(#,5483*52(#62,'7,8(#
4,'(#+,#)+,((*#4*(#)%'3%52(#0%'3,'3( #
2*(# )%'(3,3,38%'(# *$1+8C5*'3# +*# 0D),'8(0*# 4*(# *22*52(# %)(*2-D*(# ,8'(8# C5*# +*52#
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
3D',)83D #*++*(#4D0%'32*'3#C5*#+,#)%22*)38%'#12%(%48C5*#'.,#C5.B#H,H'*2#B#*$1+%83*2#
+,#-8(5,+8(,38%'#45#(8H',+#(%'%2*#C58#2*0D48*#,5$#8'(5668(,')*(#4*#+,#),3DH%28(,38%'#
,54838-* #
#
2"#"$%)*).+7$!4)97'089+7$%$7"..!*++$!44+5'$
$
!.,',+.(*# )%'32,(38-*# 4*# +.8'3*2,)38%'# 4*# +,# -D@# 4*# +.8'3*'(83D# *3# 4*# +,# 452D*# *'#
62,'7,8(#*3#*'#25((*#/A%5)'%-,@#0??L)@#'DDL#:#A%5)'%-,#K#"# @#0???1#0%'32*#C5.,5#
'8-*,5# ,)%5(38C5*# +*(# 1,32%'(# 4*()*'4,'3(,0%'3,'3(# 2*12D(*'3*'3# 5'*# J#,2)?83*)"
352*#K#C58#1*53#532*#2,184*0*'3#4D)283*#)%00*#(583#3#
Q#*'#62,'7,8(#+,#0%'3D*#(*#6,83@#*'#2FH+*#HD'D2,+*@#1*'4,'3#5'*#-%.*++*#/*++*#*(3#4%')#
-%),+8C5*1@#,+%2(#C5*#+,#)?53*#(*#2D,+8(*#1*'4,'3#+,#)%'(%''*#(*5+*#%5#1*'4,'3#+,#
(DC5*')*#)%'(%''*#T#-%.*++* #
Q# *'# 25((*# +,# 3*'4,')*# %)(*2-D*# *(3# 8'-*2(*# 3# +,# 0%'3D*# (.*66*)35*# 1*'4,'3# +,#
)%'(%''*# ,+%2(# C5*# +,# )?53*# 1*53# (*# 6,82*# 1*'4,'3# +,# -%.*++*# (*5+*# %5# 1*'4,'3# +,#
(DC5*')*#)%'(%''*#T#-%.*++* #
2*(#4866D2*')*(#'%3D*(#*'32*#+*#25((*#*3#+*#62,'7,8(#4D(8H'*'3#4*5$#6,83(#12%(%48C5*(#
48(38')3(# C58# J#)%'(3258(*'3#K# +*(# )%'3%52(# 3# +*# H*(3*# (.++,)8C5*# *3# +*# H*(3*#
4.,))*'35,38%' # 6+# *(3# )+,82# C5*# )*(# H*(3*(# ,11,238*''*'3# ,5$# ,53%0,38(0*(#
12%(%48C5*(# 1280,82*(# 4.,)C58(838%'# 45# +,'H,H* # 6+(# D)?,11*'3# 4%')@# +%2(# 4*# +,#
12%45)38%',1*2)*138%'# 4*# +,# 1,2%+*@# ,5# )%'32<+*# )%'()8*'3# 4*(# +%)53*52( # !,#
0L# # !"#$%"&'()*%(+"&
#
-8(5,+8(,38%'# 45# (8H',+# (%'%2*# *(3# 5'# 12%)D4D# 1D4,H%H8C5*# 84D,+# C58# ,((52*# +,#
2*)%'',8((,')*#,4DC5,3*#*3#+*#6**4"),)O#*668),)* #
!*(#4866D2*')*(#4*#2D,+8(,38%'#4*#(.++,)*"3.1*#*'#62,'7,8(#*3#*'#25((*#1*5-*'3#532*#
12D(*'3D*(#)%00*#(583#3#
#
>977+# :,!5&!07#
Q#2I#/PD#U1# Q#2I#/+D#U1#
Q#,33,C5*#6%23*# Q#,33,C5*#4%5)*#
Q#8'3*'(83D#*3#3%'#4D)2%8((,'3(#3# Q#8'3*'(83D#*3#3%'#(%53*'5(#3#
"# ,)(*')*# 4*# 1,+8*2# (52# +,# )%52)*# "# )%52)*# 4.8'3*'(83D# ,5# 1,+8*2# 4*# 452D*#
4.8'3*'(83D## 2*12D(*'3,'3#0,GR0,'#45#'%.,5#-%),+8C5*##
"#(%00*3#4.8'3*'(83D#(%83#4D3,)?D#-*2(#+*# "# (%00*3# 4.8'3*'(83D# (%83# )*'32D@# (%83#
4D)53@#(%83#)*'32D## 4D3,)?D#-*2(#+,#68'##
"# 48(1*2(8%'# 4*# -D# 2*)%5-2,'3# I5(C5.B# +,# "# '*33*3D# 4*# -D# 0,8'3*'5*# I5(C5.B# +,# 68'#
0%838D#4*#+,#-%.*++*# -%),+8C5*#
Q#-%.*++*#481?3%'H5D*## Q#-%.*++*#J#152*#K##
# /8'(3,)8+83D#45#380)2*1# /(3,)8+83D#45#380)2*1#
#
='#1*53#()?D0,38(*2#)*(#4866D2*')*(#4*#+,#6,7%'#(58-,'3*#3#
# # &5((*# # # # # -2,'7,8(#
#
#
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
#
#
*'#)*#C58#)%')*2'*#+.,))*'3@#+*(#*'(*8H','3(#(*#+8083*'3#32%1#(%5-*'3#B#'*#(%5+8H'*2#
C5*#(,#6%')38%'#*3#(,#48(328)538%'@#(,'(#*$1+8)83*2#(,#2D,+8(,38%'#1?%'D38C5*@#2D(5+3,'3*#
,)%5(38C5*# 4*# +.8'3*2,)38%'# 4*# +,# -D@# 4*# +.8'3*'(83D# *3# 4*# +,# 452D* # 2.*(3# )*33*#
8'3*2,)38%'# C58# ,((52*# 5'*# 12%D08'*')*# 4*# +,# (.++,)*# ,))*'35D*# 1,2# 2,11%23# ,5$#
(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*( #2*33*#12%D08'*')*#4*#+,#(.++,)*#,))*'35D*#(.*66*)35*#4,'(#
+*# 25((*# /()?8(3%-83)?@# 0?PC#:# A%'4,2O%@# 0?BB1# *3# +*# 62,'7,8(# /8*+,332*@# 0?PP)# :#
N8%+,'4@# 0?+C#:# 88# 228(3%# K# V82(3@# 0??B#:# ^,238'@# 0???1# 1,2# 5'*# )%0)8',3%82*#
(1D)868C5*#3#
#
>977+$ :,!5&!07#
(.++,)*#,))*'35D*#
D #(1*)32*#/380)2*1# 0 #452D*#
0 #8'3*'(83D# ' #-D#
' #452D*# G #8'3*'(83D#
G #-D# #
(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*(#
Q#822DH5+,283D#4*(#(.++,)*(# Q#2DH5+,283D#4*(#(.++,)*(#
Q#)?,'H*0*'3#4*#380)2*# Q#(3,)8+83D#4*#380)2*#
.(//01-$(%&23(%4-$5)0&6&0%70$8%090%-&:)&;/"%<"$7&0-&:)&/)770!! 0C$
#
*'#62,'7,8(@#+*(#(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*(#C58#12D)F4*'3#+.,))*'35D*#6%20*'3#5'*#(583*#
4%'3#+*(#),2,)3D28(38C5*(#(%'3#+,#2DH5+,283D#/452D*#*3#8'3*'(83D#DH,+*(@#-D# 0%'%3%'*#*3#
1+,3*1# *3# +,# (3,)8+83D# 4*# 380)2* # *'# 25((*@# *++*(# (.%2H,'8(*'3# ,53%52# 4*# +.,))*'35D*#
(5)8((,'3#4.801%23,'3(#)?,'H*0*'3(#C5,'383,386(#*3#C5,+83,386( #
6+# *(3# )+,82# C5*# +.%2*8++*# 4.5'# ,112*','3# 4D)53,'3# %5# 45# '8-*,5# 0%.*'# /25((*# %5#
62,'7,8(1# '.*(3# 1,(# ),1,)+*# 4*# 48()2808'*2# +*(# (1D)868)83D(# 12%(%48C5*(# 8'328'(FC5*(#
4*#+,#(.++,)*#*3#4*#+.,))*'3#4,'(#+,#+,'H5*#)8)+*@#(1D)868)83D(#C5*#+.,',+.(*#)%'32,(38-*#
0*3#*'#D-84*')* #!,#-8(5,+8(,38%'#45#(8H',+#(%'%2*#1*53#,+%2(#532*#*$1+%83D*#)%00*#
5'# 12%)D4D# 4*# 48()2808',38%'# 6,)8+*# *3# *668),)*# 4,'(# +,# 1*2)*138%'# )%00*# 4,'(# +,#
12%45)38%'# :# 0,8(# *++*# '*# 4*-8*'3# -D283,)+*0*'3# ,4I5-,'3# C5*# 1,2# 5'*# 2D6+*$8%'#
484,)38C5*# *3# 5'*# *$1D280*'3,38%'# ,4,13D*(# B# 4*(# 15)+8)(# (1D)868C5*(# /A%5)'%-,@#
0??L,1 #
#
2","$%&'()*+$4),,+4'01+$6,)6)7&+$
$
!,#4D0,2)?*#)%22*)38-*@#)%'75*#1%52#(*'(8)8+8(*2#+*(#,112*','3(#,5$#(1D)868)83D(#45#
H*(3*# (.++,)8C5*# *3# 45# H*(3*# ,))*'35*+@# (511%(*# 4*(# *$*2)8)*(# -,28D(# 2*H2%51D(# *'#
(D28*(#1%52#6,)8+83*2#5'*#12%H2*((8%'#)505+,38-*#4*(#(,-%82"6,82*#*3#4*(#?,)8+*3D( #%*#
4%''*2,8# 8)8@# B# 3832*# 4.*$*01+*@# 5'*# (D28*# )%01+F3*# )%'75*# 1%52# +.,112*'38((,H*#
,((8(3D#1,2#+.%248',3*52#45#62,'7,8(#*3#45#25((*#+,'H5*(#D32,'HF2*( #
$
#&,0+$*+7'05&+$!9#69*.04$,977)6()5+$!66,+5!5'$.+$-,!5&!07$.!5-9+$&',!5-),+#
#
*$ #0 #@*'(8)8+8(*2#+.,112*','3#B#+,#(3,)8+83D#45#380)2*#-%),+8C5* #
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
>2%'%')*2#5'*#(.++,)*#%5-*23*#*'#2D,+8(,'3#+*#0%4F+*#)2%8((,'3#3#
"#,33,C5*#4%5)*@#
"#)%52)*#4.8'3*'(83D#*'#1,+8*2#2*)%5-2,'3#5'*#0%838D#/%5#1+5(1#4*#+,#-%.*++*@#
"#-D#1+,3*#*3#'*33*0*'3#(%53*'5*#I5(C5.B#+,#68'#4*#+,#-%.*++*@#
"#800%)8+83D#4*(#%2H,'*(#,238)5+,3%82*(#I5(C5.B#+,#68'#4*#+WD08((8%' #
#
*$ #' #@*'(8)8+8(*2#+.,112*','3#B#+,#2DH5+,283D#(.++,)8C5*#45#62,'7,8( #
0 #>2%'%')*2#5'*#(D28*#4*#(.++,)*(#%5-*23*(#/1,2%+*#2D83D2D*#4*#3.1*#-"&#&-"&#&-"1#*'#
DH,+8(,'3#+*52#452D*@#+*52#8'3*'(83D@#*3#*'#%)(*2-,'3#5'*#1,26,83*#0%'%3%'8*#4*#
+,#-D#(52#3%53*#+,#(DC5*')*#12%'%')D* #
' #=)3*'82#5'*#)%52)*#4.8'3*'(83D#*'#J#1,+8*2#K#%5#*'#J#)%++8'*#K#B#1*'3*(#DH,+*(#
/,33,C5*#4%5)*1 #
G #^,8'3*'82#+,#'*33*3D#4*#+,#+8H'*#3%',+*#I5(C5.B#+,#68'#4*#+,#-%.*++* #
L #2%51*2#+,#-%.*++*#*'#1+*8'*#3*'(8%' #
#
*$ #G #@*'(8)8+8(*2#+.,112*','3#B#+.,))*'3#4*#452D* #
0 #>2%'%')*2@#*'#DH,+8(,'3#+.8'3*'(83D#*3#*'#%)(*2-,'3#5'*#1,26,83*#0%'%3%'8*#4*#+,#
-D# (52#3%53*#+,#(DC5*')*#12%'%')D*@#5'*#(D28*#4*#(.++,)*(#%5-*23*(#C58#6%20*'3#
5'*# 5'83D# 4%'3# +,# 4*2'8F2*# *(3# ,))*'35D* # E))*'35*2# +,# 4*2'8F2*# (.++,)*# *'#
+.,++%'H*,'3# 4*# '# 6%8(# *'-82%'# 3%53# *'# )%'38'5,'3# [Link],+8(*2# +*(# (.++,)*(# '%'"
,))*'35D*(#*'32*#*++*( #
0P# # !"#$%"&'()*%(+"&
#
' #&D,+8(*2#5'*#,33,C5*#4%5)* #
G #E5H0*'3*2#+,#+%'H5*52#4*#+,#4*2'8F2*#(.++,)*#(,'(#+,#2*'6%2)*2#1,2#2,11%23#,5$#
(.++,)*(#12D)D4*'3*( #
L #=)3*'82#5'*#)%52)*#4.8'3*'(83D#*'#J#1,+8*2#K#2*)%5-2,'3#+,#0%838D#/%5#1+5(1#4*#+,#
-%.*++*#*'#,++%'H*,'3#+,#4*2'8F2*#(.++,)* #
C #^,8'3*'82#+,#'*33*3D#4*#+,#+8H'*#3%',+*#I5(C5.B#+,#68'#4*#+,#-%.*++* #
#
*$ #L #E112*'42*#B#1%(*2#5'*#C5*(38%'#(801+*#*'#)%0)8','3#B#+,#68',+*#,))*'35D*#5'#
,++%'H*0*'3#-%),+8C5*#*3#5'#0%5-*0*'3#3%',+#,()*'4,'3 #
>2%'%')*2#5'*#(D28*#4*#(.++,)*(#%5-*23*(#,-*)#5'*#8'3%',38%'#0%'3,'3*#3#
"#0,8'3*'82#+,#2DH5+,283D#4*(#(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*(@#).*(3"B"482*#DH,+8(*2#+*52#
452D*#*3#+*52#8'3*'(83D@#,1+,382#+,#-D#:#
"# 2D,+8(*2# +.,))*'35D*# 68',+*# *'# )%0)8','3# 5'# ,++%'H*0*'3# *3# 5'# 0%5-*0*'3#
,()*'4,'3#4*#-D #
&*0,2C5*(#3#
0 # E3382*2# +.,33*'38%'# 4*(# ,112*','3(# (52# +*# 6,83# C5*# +*# (8H',+# (%'%2*# D3,+%'# 1*53#
12D(*'3*2#+*(#-,28,'3*(#(58-,'3*(#3#
"# +.8'3*'(83D# 4*# +,# 4*2'8F2*# (.++,)*# 1*53# +DHF2*0*'3# ,5H0*'3*2# 1,2# 2,11%23# B#
)*++*#4*(#(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*(#:#
"# +,# )%52)*# 4.8'3*'(83D# ,# (%5-*'3# 5'# (%00*3# C58# *(3# +%),+8(D# -*2(# +,# 68'#
-%),+8C5* #
' #6'(8(3*2#,512F(#4*(#,112*','3(#(52#+*#6,83#C5*#+,#-D#0%'3*#1*'4,'3#+,#-%.*++*#*3#'%'#
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
1*'4,'3# +,# )%'(%''* # !,# 0%'3D*# ,# 5'*# 6%20*# )%'),-*@# +,# )25(C5*28*# 4*# +,# 1*'3*#
,()*'4,'3*#,5H0*'3*#-*2(#+,#68' #
#
*$ #C #E112*'42*#B#12%'%')*2#5'*#2D1%'(*#(801+*#*'#)%0)8','3#B#+,#68',+*#,))*'35D*#
5'#,++%'H*0*'3#-%),+8C5*#*3#5'#0%5-*0*'3#3%',+#4*()*'4,'3 #
>2%'%')*2#5'*#(D28*#4*#(.++,)*(#%5-*23*(#,-*)#5'*#8'3%',38%'#4*()*'4,'3*#3#
"#0,8'3*'82#+,#2DH5+,283D#4*(#(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*(@#).*(3"B"482*#DH,+8(*2#+*52#
452D*#*3#+*52#8'3*'(83D@#,1+,382#+,#-D#:#
"# 2D,+8(*2# +.,))*'35D*# *'# )%0)8','3# 5'# ,++%'H*0*'3# *3# 5'# 0%5-*0*'3#
4*()*'4,'3#4*#-D #
&*0,2C5*(#3#
E3382*2#+.,33*'38%'#4*(#,112*','3(#(52#+*(#(1D)868)83D(#(58-,'3*(#45#(8H',+#(%'%2*#
D3,+%'#3#
"# !.8'3*'(83D# 4*# +,# 4*2'8F2*# (.++,)*# *(3# '*33*0*'3# 1+5(# 6,8)+*# C5*# )*++*# 4*(#
(.++,)*(# 12D)D4*'3*( # !,# )%52)*# 4.8'3*'(83D# *(3# *'# 1*383# J#1,+8*2#K# %5# *'#
J#)%++8'*#K#B#1*'3*(#DH,+*( #
"# !.D-%+538%'# 4*()*'4,'3*# 4*# -D# )%012*'4# 62DC5*00*'3# 5'# 8'3*2-,++*#
4*()*'4,'3# ,((*9# 801%23,'3@# 2D,+8(D# 1*'4,'3# +,# )%'(%''*@# *3# 5'*# )?53*# (,'(#
)25(C5*28*@# (%5-*'3# J#1+,3*#K# 1*'4,'3# +,# -%.*++* # !,# +8H'*# 3%',+*# H,24*# (,#
'*33*3D#I5(C5.B#+,#68'#4*#+,#-%.*++* #
$
$
.(//01-$(%&23(%4-$5)0&6&0%70$8%090%-&:)&;/"%<"$7&0-&:)&/)770!! 0B$
#
#&,0+$*+7'05&+$!9$69*.04$-,!54)6()5+$!66,+5!5'$.+$,977+$.!5-9+$&',!5-),+$
#
*$ #0 #@*'(8)8+8(*2#+.,112*','3#B#+.8'(3,)8+83D#45#380)2*#-%),+8C5* #
>2%'%')*2#5'*#(.++,)*#6*20D*#*'#2D,+8(,'3#+*#0%4F+*#4D)2%8((,'3#3#
"#,33,C5*#)25(C5*@#)%52)*#4.8'3*'(83D#B#(%00*3#1+,)D#,5#4D)53#4*#+,#-%.*++*@#
"# -D# J#,)(%2)D*#K@# J#4D(3,)8+8(D*#K# 1,2# +,# )%'(%''*# C58# 6*20*# +,# (.++,)*@#
2*+J)?*0*'3#4*(#%2H,'*(#,238)5+,3%82*(#4F(#+*#4D)53#4*#+.D08((8%' #
#
*$ #' #@*'(8)8+8(*2#+.,112*','3#B#+.822DH5+,283D#(.++,)8C5*#45#25((* #
0 #>2%'%')*2#5'*#(D28*#4*#(.++,)*(#6*20D*(#/1,2%+*#2D83D2D*#4*#3.1*#-"2&#&-"2&#&-"21@#
*'#2D,+8(,'3#4*(#)%'32,(3*('#4*#452D*@#4.8'3*'(83D#*3#4*#-D ##
' #=)3*'82#5'*#)%52)*#4.8'3*'(83D#(,'(#1,+8*2@#+%),+8(*2#+*#(%00*3#,5#4D)53#-%),+8C5*#
/,33,C5*#)25(C5*1 #
G #&*+J)?*2#+,#+8H'*#3%',+*#*'#050*#3*01(#C5*#+.8'3*'(83D#/4DH2,4,38%'#-%),+8C5*1 #
#
*$ #G #@*'(8)8+8(*2#+.,112*','3#B#+.,))*'3#4*#6%2)* #
0 # >2%'%')*2# 5'*# (D28*# 4*# (.++,)*(# 6*20D*(# /6%20,'3# 5'*# 5'83D# 4%'3# +,# 12*08F2*#
(.++,)*#*(3#,))*'35D*1#*'#2D,+8(,'3#5'*#,33,C5*#6%23* #
' # &*'6%2)*2# +.8'3*'(83D# 4*# +,# 12*08F2*# (.++,)*# *'# 1+,7,'3# +*# (%00*3# ,5# 4D)53#
-%),+8C5* #
G #!*(#(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*(#C58#(58-*'3#(%'3#'*33*0*'3#1+5(#)2F-*(#*3#(*#2D,+8(*'3#
,-*)#5'*#6,8)+*#8'3*'(83D #
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
L # !,# +8H'*# 3%',+*# )%00*')*# B# (*# 4DH2,4*2# ,-,'3# +,# 68'# 4*# +,# -%.*++*# ,))*'35D*# *3#
2*(3*#8')*23,8'*#(52#+*(#(.++,)*(#'%'",))*'35D*(#4%'3#+*(#-%.*++*(#(5)8((*'3#5'*#32F(#
6%23*#,))%00%4,38%'#)%'(%','38C5* #
#
*$ # L # E112*'42*# B# 1%(*2# 5'*# C5*(38%'# (801+*# *'# )%0)8','3# 5'# 2*'6%2)*0*'3#
-%),+8C5*# *3# 5'# 0%5-*0*'3# 3%',+# ,()*'4,'3 # 2%00*')*2# 1,2# +*# 2.3?0*# -"2& #& -"-& #&
"#$@#*'(583*#1,((*2#,5$#2.3?0*(#-,28D(#3#"#$&#&-"2&#&-"2$,#-"2&#&"#$&#&-"2 #
>2%'%')*2#5'*#(D28*#4*#(.++,)*(#6*20D*(#,-*)#5'*#8'3%',38%'#0%'3,'3*#3#
"# 2D,+8(*2#5'*#,33,C5*#6%23*#:##
"# 12%'%')*2#+*(#-%.*++*(#'%'",))*'35D*(#*'#+*(#2D458(,'3#*3#*'#2D,+8(,'3#5'*#6%23*#
,))%00%4,38%'#)%'(%','38C5*#:#
"# 2*'6%2)*2#+W,))*'35D*#68',+*#:#
"# 2D,+8(*2# 5'*# 6%23*# 0%'3D*# )%'(%','38C5*# (58-8*@# 1*'4,'3# +,# -%.*++*@# 1,2# +,# -D#
,()*'4,'3*#/0%'3D*#)%'-*$*1@#1+,3*@#%5#*')%2*#4*()*'4,'3* #
#
*$ # C # E112*'42*# B# 12%'%')*2# 5'*# 2D1%'(*# (801+*# *'# )%0)8','3# 5'# 2*'6%2)*0*'3#
-%),+8C5*#*3#5'#0%5-*0*'3#3%',+#4*()*'4,'3 #2%00*')*2#1,2#+*#2.3?0*#-"2&#&-"-&#&
"#$@#*'(583*#1,((*2#,5$#2.3?0*(#-,28D(#3#"#$&#&-"2&#&-"2$,#-"2&#&"#$&#&-"2 #
#################################################
'# >%52# 6,)8+83*2# )*3# *$*2)8)*@# +*(# ,112*','3(# 62,')%1?%'*(# 1%522,8*'3# *$1+%83*2@# *'# +*#
2*'6%27,'3@#+*#2.3?0*#4.,+3*2',')*#4*#(.++,)*(#45#62,'7,8(#4,'(#5'*#12%'%')8,38%'#*$12*((8-*@#
1,2#*$*01+*#3#J#^8(D2,)+*#X#K #
0+# # !"#$%"&'()*%(+"&
#
>2%'%')*2#5'*#(D28*#4*#(.++,)*(#6*20D*(#,-*)#5'*#8'3%',38%'#4*()*'4,'3*#3#
"#2D,+8(*2#5'*#,33,C5*#6%23*@##
"# 12%'%')*2# +*(# -%.*++*(# '%'",))*'35D*(# *'# +*(# 2D458(,'3# *3# *'# 2D,+8(,'3# 5'*#
6%23*#,))%00%4,38%'#)%'(%','38C5*@#
"#2*'6%2)*2#+.,))*'35D*#68',+*#*'#1+,7,'3#+*#(%00*3#4.8'3*'(83D#,5#4D)53#4*#+,#
-%.*++*@#
"#+,#-D#4*()*'4#1*'4,'3#+,#-%.*++*#/D-83*2#4*#4*()*'42*#1*'4,'3#+,#)%'(%''*1 #
!,#)?53*#*(3#)25(C5*@#+,#68'#*(3#12*(C5*#8',548)+* #
$
("$3)54.970)5$
$
!.*668),)83D# 4*# +,# -8(5,+8(,38%'# ,# D3D# D-,+5D*# *3# )%'6820D*# 1,2# 4*# '%0)2*5$# 3*(3(#
(1D)8,+*0*'3#)%'75(#B#)*3#*66*3 #8*5$#H2%51*(#4.,112*','3(#*'#-!*#%'3#D3D#3*(3D(#3#
,-*)#+*(#12*08*2(#).*(3#+,#)%22*)38%'#1?%'D38C5*#J#32,4838%''*++*#K#C58#,#D3D#538+8(D*#*3#
,-*)# +*(# (*)%'4(# +,# 0D3?%4*# )%'(8(3,'3# B# 6,82*# 84*'3868*2# +*# H*(3*# (.++,)8C5*# *3# +*#
H*(3*#,))*'35*+#,-*)#+*#(511%23#4.5'#(8H'*#-8(5*+ #!*(#2D(5+3,3(#%)3*'5(#0%'32*'3#C5*#
+*(#,112*','3(#45#(*)%'4#H2%51*#%'3#2D,+8(D#4*(#,112%$80,38%'(#12%(%48C5*(#B#1*5#
12F(# 84*'38C5*(# *3# (3,)+*(@# 0,'86*(3*0*'3# 0%8'(# 2DH8*(# 1,2# +*52# +,'H5*# 0,3*2'*++* #
2*)8# *(3# 4.801%23,')*#3# %'# )%'(3,3*# *'# *66*3# C5*# +.,112*','3# C58# 0,>328(*# 5'*#
1*2)*138%'#*3#5'*#12%45)38%'#I5(3*(#4*#+,#(.++,)*#*3#4*#+.,))*'35,38%'#8'3FH2*#*'(583*#
',352*++*0*'3#+*(#H*(3*(#12%(%48C5*(#1+5(#)%01+*$*(#4*#+,#+,'H5*#)8)+* #
E# '%3*2# C5*# +,# 12,38C5*# 4*# )*33*# 0D3?%4*# )%22*)38-*# *(3# 6,)8+83D*# C5,'4# *++*# *(3#
0*'D*# 1,2# 4*(# *'(*8H','3(# C58# %'3# 2*75# 5'*# 6%20,38%'# *'# 1?%'D38C5*# *3# *'#
1(.)?%+8'H58(38C5* #
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
#
M,+8',#A%5)'%-,#
;'8-*2(83D#!%0%'%((%-#4*#^%()%5#,#-,)5+3D#4*(#+,'H5*(#D32,'HF2*(#*3#4*(#D354*(#2DH8%',+*(#
8D1,23*0*'3#4*#62,'7,8(#
G0"0@#!%0%'%((%-(O.#12%(1*O3@#00?0?'#^%()%5#
3D+ #/D?C1#?G?#DG#BG#
YH)%5)'%-,Z66+ 0(5 25[#
#
#
%&'&()*+),!
#
A*2'(3*8'@#F #/0??D1#3#=3$7$(#(8$&(;&%(+090%-&"%:&&1-$+$-$>#^%()%\@#F,5O,#>5)+8(?*2( #
A*2'(3*8'@#@ #/0?BC1#3#*'(*8H'*0*'3#4*#+,#12%'%')8,38%'#25((*#,5$#D32,'H*2( #'%#E #!*%'38*-@#
F #@,0%5H+%-,#/*4( 1@#("&23(%4-$5)0&0-&#)0%70$8%090%-&:0&#"&2/(%(%1$"-$(%*&^%()%5@#
^M;@#C"P0 #
A%'4,2O%@#! #/0?BB1#3#+$7-,90&23(%4-$5)0&:)&/)770&9(:0/%0 #^%()%5@#>2%(-D3)?D'8D #
A%5)'%-,@# M # /0??L,1#3# 2%22*)38%'# 12%(%48C5*# ,((8(3D*# 1,2# +.,11,2*8+#;F6(=F #'%#+1$0%107&
23$#(#(8$5)07@#+ #^%()%5@#^M;@#0DG"000 #
A%5)'%-,@# M # /0??L)1#3# >2%(%48*# )%'32,(38-*# *3# 8'3*26D2*')* # '%# M # A%5)'%-,# /D4 1@# ("%8)0&
;/"%<"$706&"7201-7&-34(/$5)07&0-&"22#$5)47@#^%()%5@#^M;@#?C"0DB #
A%5)'%-,@#M #/'DDL1#3#!.,))*'35,38%'#*'#62,'7,8(#*3#*'#25((*#3#*66*3#4*#082%82 #'%#($%8)$7-$17&
"%:&'%-0/1)#-)/"#&.(99)%$1"-$(%*&')##0-$%&(;&%(71(-&+-"-0&,%$+0/7$-$*#G@#'0"GL #
A%5)'%-,@# M @# ],24,)?8',@# 6 @# ]%)?D+D-,@# * # K# ((.18'*@# E # /0???1#3# >2%(%48*#
)%'32,(38-*#45#25((*#*3#45#62,'7,8(#3#0%4D+8(,38%'#,)%5(38C5*#4*#+,#(.++,)*#,))*'35D* #'%#
.(//01-$(%&23(%4-$5)0&6&0%70$8%090%-&:)&;/"%<"$7&0-&:)&/)770!! 0?$
#
^ #@O%2%?%4%-#/*4 1@#("&23(%4-$5)0&:"%7�&7$7-,90&#$%8)$7-$5)0*&^%()%5@#E((%)8,38%'#
6'3*2',38%',+*# 4*(# 12%6*((*52(# 4*# +,# +,'H5*# 25((*# *3# 4*# +,# +833D2,352*@# ;'8-*2(83D# 4*#
+.,0838D#4*(#1*51+*(@#0?C"'0P #
A%5)'%-,@#M @#(,2,((%-,@#E #/'DD01#3#(0&./"%<"$7&2()/&:4*)-"%-7>&%4-3(:0&:0&;/"%<"$7>&
^%()%5@#I.()?,H,#2?O%+, ##
A2.9H%5'%-,@#* #/0?P+1#3#+(%7&0-&$%-(%"-$(%&:0&#"&#"%8)0&/)770>#^%()%5@#&%5((O8H#6,9.O #
A2.9H%5'%-,@# * #/0?B?1#3#6'3*2,)38%'#(D0,'38C5*#4*(#D'%')D( #'%#E #!D%'38*-#/D4 1@#+$%-"/0&
:)&-0/-0 #^%()%5@#F,5O,#>5)+8(?*2(@#B+"?D #
8*+,332*@#> #/0?PP,1#3#!*(#48$#8'3%',38%'(#4*#),(*#45#62,'7,8( #030&./0%13&10+$0- #^!"0@#0"0L #
8*+,332*@#> #/0?PP)1#3#!.,))*'3#68',+#*'#62,'7,8(#3#,))*'3#4.8'3*'(83D@#,))*'3#4*#?,53*52@#,))*'3#
4*# 452D* # 6'# > # 8*+,332*@# +-):$07& $%& ./0%13& "%:& .(92"/"-$+0& =3(%0-$17@# (?*# V,H5*@#
^%53%'@#PC"P+ #
8*+,332*@#> #/0?PB1#3#!,#'5,')*#4*#(*'(#1,2#+.8'3%',38%' #030&./0%13&10+$0- #^!6"G@#0"0+ #
88#228(3%@#E #K#V82(3@#8 #/0??B1#3#!.,))*'35,38%'#'%'"*01?,38C5*#*'#62,'7,8(#3#(32,3DH8*(#*3#
1,2,0F32*( # 6'& % # >*22%3# /*41@# =(#$23(%$0& 2()/& '+2%& .3%"8$ # >,28("^%'32D,+@#
!.V,20,33,'@#B0"0D' #
^,238'@# > # /0???1#3# !.8'3%',38%'# *'# 1,2%+*# (1%'3,'D* & 10+)0& ;/"%<"$70& :0& #$%8)$7-$5)0&
"22#$5)40@#6I"'@#CB"BC #
()?8(3%-83)?@# ! @# ]%I*-'8O%-# I @# E+,O28'(O.# I # /0?PC1#3& ("& 2"/(#0*& #)"/-$1)#"-$(%& 0-& #"&
20/102-$(%& #^%()%5"!D'8'H2,4@#F,5O,#>5)+8(?*2( #
N8%+,'4@# - # /0?+C1#3# (07& 7-/)1-)/07& 7$##"*$5)07& :)& ;/"%<"$7># >,28(@# 2?,018%'# ,# M*'F-*@#
@+,3O8'* #
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])
© Publications linguistiques | Téléchargé le 21/12/2021 sur [Link] (IP: [Link])