F A. Factorization ZATION (Or palgebraic expression can be written as the Th est XP i 3 of writing an algebraic expression as the product of two or more expressions i sions is Fogg proees gp prore ation or the resolutioy i ag factories n of the given expression into its factors. bes produc ressions is called a factor of the given ee bilabial oL al) sale? We know that : (x? — 36) = (x + 6) (x —6). Clearly, (x + 6) as well as (x — 6) is a factor of (x? — 36). hot Monomials Z H.C.F. of monomials = (H.C.F. of numerical coefficients) x (H.C.F. of literal coefficients) CF. of literal coefficients = Product of each common literal raised to the lowest power anplel. Find the H.C.F. of (@) Gab? and 90°? Gi) 180%, 20a°b'c! and 25 atb'e’. olution @ HLC.F. of 6 ab’ and 9 ab? = (ELCF. of 6 and 9) x (H.C.F. of ab? and a°6%) = 3ab*. (ii) H.C.F. of 150%%et, 20a°b‘c* and 25a*b%c° = LCF. of 15, 20, 25) x (H.C.F. of a%'ct, a°b*eF, atbie!) = e Common Factor n contains @ common monomial factor, 5a*b*ct. storisation of an Expression by Taking Out th CaseL When each term of the given expressio) \foran expression of the form ax + bx. Method: We proceed stepwise, as under: Sep1. Find the H.C.F. of all the terms of the given expression. yn by the H.C:F. so obtained. Enclose Siep2, Divide each term of the given expressio the eameats within bracket and keep the common monomial outside the bracket. tample 2. Factorize> , @ 9ab +15b ee (iii) 36a% — 60a*be ‘lution: (i) HLC-F. of Sab and 15b is 3b. So, 3b is a common factor of each term. 1. 9ab + 15b = 3b (3a + 5). (ii) H.C.F. of 6a?, 8b and 4a is 2a. » Gata Bab +.4a niga (Sa ~4bt Bi (ii) HLC.F, of 86% and 60a"be is 120%. n. B6a% — BOa*be = 120% (Ba — Be). (i) 6a? - 8ab + 4a (iv) Gay? + Oxy - 24xy 191(iv) HOF. of 6xy?, 9x2y and 24ry is 329° = Bry (2y + 3x - 8). cs Gay? + Oxy — Day = Say (2y + Case I. Whena polynomial is a common multiplier of each term of the given exp ‘ase II. n i bie+y)- ie, for an expression of the form a (x+y) * sos me for an expr = ‘ke out the common multiplier and use the distributiyg % ‘Method : In this case, we take - Eeumple 3. a 2)-2ya+2) i): ala? + D-Sla 41) Solution: (i) 3x(a + 2b) - 2y(a + 2) = (a + 28) (Bx — 29). (aking oui, (ii) 2a(a? + 1)—3(a? + 1) = (a? + 1) (2a-3). (aking ou wl Example 4. Factorize: @ 6(2a + 3b) - 8(2a + 3b) (ii) xx -y) + 3x*y (x-y) Rey 2(2a + 3b) [3(2a + 3b) 4] Solution : @ 6 (2a + 3b) - 8(2a + 3b) foe biG. o (ii) xy + Bx* yxy) xte-y) [@e-yP + Bry) x(e—y) (a? + y? — Dey + Bry) = xte-y) 2 +9? +29). Example 5. — Factorize : a? (a? + 2a) — ab (a? + 2a) + b? (a? + 2a) Solution : a? (a? + 2a) — ab (a? + 2a) + b? (a? + 2a) = (a? + 2a) (a? ab + b), Example 6. Factorize: (2a + 3b)? — 4a (2a + 3b) + 5b (2a + 3) Solution ; (2a + 3b) — 4a (2a + 3b) + 5b (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b) — 4a (2a + 3b) + 5b (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b) ((2a + 3b) — 4a + 5b) = (2a + 3b) (8b — 2a) = (2a + 3b) {2 (4b -a = 2 (2a + 3b) (4b -a) wu TT REERCSE Hae Factorize : Bry ~ dz 2. 9bx? + 15b% 3. 4a — Gab? + Bab 5x? + 1523 20 5. e422 ae 6. a% —a*b?_b? 28a"b*e~ 42ab%2 8. oxy - Gay? + oye 9. 10xty + 15xy? - 251) 18x"y ~ 2Axyz 11. 270°b3- 4501p? 12, 4(a +b)-6(a+bF 2a(Se + By) — 5b (Bx + by) 14. Be(p + 93) + 4 . (a + b)— Ly xb + y)— Bety (e+) 7) + 4y (B+ 9%) 15. 8(8a—2by - 10130 sone. ant 4(8t— 29) 4.6 @y— 30) = a (Be —25) —b¢ar-2) ~eP-dle- :a(b~eF— : a(da ~ b) + 25 (4a ab) 90 4-8 =ab—eF +4 ») ) 20. mime + ny)? + mn (m+ ny) +n (ma+m) FACTORIZATION OF AN EXPRESsI J 10 terms and b common from last two (Taking (© +d) common from both the17 yoke yo? V yl ‘ gale f atlon? umple gdution + ample 4, Sdution : trample 6. Solution Xoample 6, “ution : SOLVED EXAMPLES —$— Factorle Wy tnyeay~x (iil) Pb ay ax xy We have ¢ WW Poyrayne (Wry ~ ba by ~xa (iv) yx~ya~ax 402+ bx ba 8 Mey xm yee ty) le tyalesy)(e~1), (i) xy-batby=xa 29-24 + by — ba = xy ~a) + bly ~ a) = (y ~a)(x +b) yee oxy ~ a + ay = xle-y) ~ale~y) # (ey) (e~a), io) yx Yanan eas dx ba = yea) ~ale-a)+b(e-a)=(e-a)(y-a+b), Factorize : W) Vax tay taty W lextayexty os (i) Pataxgy WW P+ exe 11 +x) + ay (14x) = (142) (1439), Sel) + Met I= (x4 1)? +1), Factorize : () Gab ~b* + 12a0 ~ 2be () Gab ~b* + 120 = 2be (i) Smt Bmn ~ 10m + 16n = (Gab + 12ac) ~ (b? + 2be) = Gath + 2c) - b(b + 2c) = (b + 2c) (6a -b). (ii) 6m*~8mn-10m +16n = (m*— 10m) ~ (8mn - 167) = Gm(m ~ 2) ~ 8n(m 2) = (m ~ 2) (6m ~ Bn). Factorize : (a* ~ b*) ¢ + (b? =?) a, We have : (a? ~ b4) ¢ + (b*~ 02) a= ate ~ bie + bia ~ cla = (ae ~ ca) + (b*a — be) = ac (a~c) +b? (a~c) = (a-c) (ac + b*), Factorize : Wx—t—axytxty-1 (i) ax—(ax+ by + ax + aby + by We have : @) a-xt—xytxty-1 = G-x)-Gy-y)+e-1) = xx-1-ye-N+e-1 = (x-Vt-y+D. ii) —(ax + by)? + a’x + aby + by eee = (ax + by) —(ax + by) + (a’x + aby) = (ax + by) (ax + by? + alax + by) = (ax +by)(1-(ax+ by) +a] = (ax +by)(1+a-ax-by). Factorize : (xt + 2x)* ~ Ste! + 2x)— ye? + 28) + 3y- (x2 4 2x)? — B(x? + 2x) — yx? + 2x) + By [Get + 2x) — Box? + 2x) — bye? + 2x) ~ By wah 4 2x) gt 4 2a = 8) = yO + Da 9) = GF + Bx 8) B=. apee oe 2, 5ab-10b—Ta +14 Factorize : 1. Bay + 20r~ 4, Sax — Gay - Bby + dor £ sey 6. Bab - Ghe - Bax + box 5 a2 ing Gar + lle 8. xytte-Dy-1 7 ateob(14a)ee 10, »?- (2b +a) + 2ab 9. b8-ab(1-a)-a" 42, x-1-(e-1P +4~-4, I. x-2-G@~-2F +ar-20 13. bic-d-aid-0) + 5c - 5d 14. ab(ct+d)-ated -b* cd [Hint : ab (2 + #)- a? cd - = ab — ated - Bred + abd? = ac (be— ed = abe! +ab d—ared — BP ed ad) — bd (bc—ad)) ab Gt sy) +ay (a? +8) wy ab (x? + y*) —xy (a? + b2) fax + by? + (6x -ay [Hint :(ax + by)? + (br — ay = 02x? + 07)? + Dabry + Bx? + ay? — abry aos Bets By +05") 18. afa+b-c)—be 19. ala-2b-c)+2be 20. 3x*- Gxt 2x9 + 4x? + x-2 (Hint : (8x5 — 6x!) — (2x° — 4x°) + 2)] 21. 20+2b-3cx—3br+2e-3ax [Hin = (2a —3ax) + (2b — 3bx) + (2c— Bex) = a2 — 3x) + b (2 — Bx) +c (2—3x)] 22. cBt+bieat+1 FACTORIZING THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES ‘The algebraic expressions of the form (a — b?) can be factorized by using the formula (a? 8") = (+b) (a-b). SOLVED EXAMPLES Examplel. Factorize: @ 16x" 25y# i) (22-50) (iii) G-x) Solution : @ 6-2 = (42) — Gy? = (Ax + 5y) (4x —5y), fii) as ie * 50) = 2G? — 25) = 2ix? — 5) = Oe + 5) (x5). -x) = N= 221) = xe + 1) (2-1), Example2. Factorize : : @ 1- 6432 — Sy Gi) 16(a + 65 - 91a - 35¥ = P= ((8e— 5997 = 12 (24x - 40y¥ : (1 2 BAe 405) {1 ~ (24x — 4059) tip 16a + 6b} — Ka — 3p) geet etic ¥ = (4a + 6B) — t9(a— 35)}2 {4a + 6) + 3 (a 35)) (4 (a + 68)-3 Mia +245 + 3a ~ 96) (4a + 245 - 3a + (7a + 158) (a + 330), Gan dea) a Solution: (i) 1-64 (ar— 5 olFactorize ¢ ae 5 () 2a" 82a (i [ot : 7 ( 6 any hee yt mele = p)® ” ai + ) i>) (iv) (0.0081 0,00168%, +) gah 32 - . x (i) 2a = 82a 2a (at — 16) = 2a Katy 4) w = 2a a" 44) (a? 4) : Ya (a? +4) (a? 2 2a (a +4) (a4 2) (a2), — a eee (3 w o-oo (ay x) -(@ mM tl 625 3 +o|fer-2 26 26 x) 0 2 2 f(z, 2) (32 2 (= += —e Z (G a)(3 HG) I} . (2-2) by Way ay) (iv) (0.00810 - 0.0016b*) = (0.09a"?? - (0.0467? = (0.09a? + 0.040) (0.09a? — 0.046?) = (0.09a? + 0.0467) {(0.3a)? - (0.26) = (0.09a? + 0.046%) (0.3a + 0.26) (0.3a - 0.26) Example 4. Factorize : @ x2-a?+4a-4 (ii) 1-2ab - (a? +B?) (iii) at(b+c)-( +e” (iv) a(a—1)-b-D Solution = @ x2-a?+4a—4 = xt-(a?-4a+4) 2_(a-2) {x +(a-2)) (x-(@-2)) (e+a-2)@-a+2) 1-2ab —a?-b* = 1—(a? + b?+ 2ab) p-(a+by = (1+ (a+b) (1-@ +) (+a+b)(1-a-b)- (iii) at(b+e)- Or = (+e) (a?-( +0 +o at +o a-O+Ol (b +c) (a+b +0) (a-b-2- gta ot +b a Gat—-b9—@~B) faa by(a—b)~(a—b)= (ab) (a+ B-D- " " (ii) 1-2ab - (a? +b?) wu " (iv) ala--b6-Y Example 6 uate t mes (gror - 25 vy 08.5" -(1.8" = 950000. Soluti. i yp — (26)? = (O75 + 96) (076 ~ 26) = 1000 x 950 950 i * oo is _ 4.6)! = (98:6 + 18) (98,6 ~ 1.6) = 100 x 97 = 9700" i 5. /oo EXERCISE CRE eg eae 3, 36y?— 121 4. 4902, 9 Factorize : 2, 9a 26 1 edbt , “Uy, -81 ae 2 ao g. 160? 3 f 16 ~% 5. (a+b -36 : " 11. (Bm n= (m — ny ans 10, 1-«@-% ; % aa pyr 9a- bY 14, 9+ yP - 162.» yt 13. 16la + ; 7 12, Gre QyF-Ar- HE yp-4a- 17. a?=2ab + bt (a - BY? - 25 (a 4b) 16, 98% + : gr hoa $e eee 9. xt-mt+omn— 90 . 1g, feat dan) being 23, 480%? -3 s1b* 32. edb 26. 32x?—72y? -Slx 25, 9b°- 14 ae . ab’c — abc* apt 50sty — 82)" af, a Aad" se x x +3) — 16 +9) *. 1-0.49¢" xi -y?= Sy - 162* [Hint :x°-)?- peu 16et oat P+ Bie + GE) == ATT ayp- 2 gf. 0.0324x* — 0.00646" 2 afl (Using the identity (a?—b*) = (a +6) (a ~b), evaluate each of the following : (i) 822-18* (ii) (15.8 - (0.2 (ii) (0.8 - (0.2 & . 3V%fo1) 4y zy° 4) 18x 7.8 - 2.7% 2.7 ) (7) -(23) 4) (c4) -(«5 wo) 73-27 * FACTORIZATION OF PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIALS Ss sthe algebraic expressions ofthe form a* + b+ 2ab or a +b?—2ab can be factorized by using “the formulae a? +b? +2ab = (a+b)? and a* + b*— 2ab = (a-b). ‘Example 1. Factorize: (i) a? + 14a +49 (ii) 25 — 30x + 9x? (iii) 92° -— 12xyz® + 4x2y* ‘it 32p | 64, i) Be, Se a4 (o)2x? + 89" aJExy (vi) Am? + 3-1 @ a? + 14a + 49 = a?+494 14a =a? + 7? + 2a) (7)=(a+ (ii) 25 -30x + 9x? 25 + 9x? — 30x 5? + (Bx)! — 265) (9x) = 92! 4 dry — 1Dxy2e5 = (Be)? + (2ay2)? — 2828) (2ay?) = (2° 20°F ou (5 — 3x). (iii) 92" = 12ey%e + Ax2yt (iv) ee 2 4 et Mate 5 Bip f10r" , 22 9q° 3 og 3q (vy) Dak + By? : 4{(2) s1rsa(se @ -4(2+) () BF + BY Bir tee ee ay (im +(2)-atams(2) « (am = 2 Ga (3) -sem(2) = (2-3) A 2 9 (i) amt +S a2sTrinomials of the Form (x? + px + g) # . inomial of the form x* + px + q, ‘i % We find two numbers a and b such that 2 xtt(at die ab Mypett @ e(eta)+b (x +a) Fax + dy +ab (+a) (x 4b) aq = +a) (4D), whore p =a4b and g =ab, a Factorize :x" + 10x + 24, atte Bind two numbers with sum = 10 and produet = 24 tte! “Gjearly, stich numbers are 6 and 4, : : cat 10x 424 34 6x de 4 2d axle g 6) + 40x +6) = (2 +6) (244), Thus, x* + 10e +24 = (x46) (x44), ye3. Factorize : x? — 15x + 56, at Find two numbers with sum =— 15 and product = 56. Clearly, such numbers are~ 8 and—7. AEE = a Br Te +56 = ale 8)— Tx -8)=(e-8)e—7), Thus, x*-15x+56 = (8) (¢—7), sample’. Factorize : (2a ~ 36) — 7(2a ~ 3b) — 30, aintion: 2a 36)" 7(2a ~ 38) — 30 ' = 2? 7x—30, where x = (2 — 3p) = x*-10x+3x—30 {+ 10 and -3 are two numbers whose sum =~ and product =~ 30] = x(e-10)+3@—10) = (10) (+3) = (2a —3b - 10) (2a — 3b +3) [+ x= (2a-3b)] ++ (2a — 3b)’ — 7(2a - 3b) - 30 = (2a — 3b ~ 10) (2a - 3b + 3). factorization of Trinomials of the Form (Ax? + Bx + C) Tofactorize a trinomial of the form Ax* + Bx + C, we find two numbers a and b such that a +t=Bandab = AC. We now proceed as in the above case. The following examples will make the ideas more clear. * Eample5. Factorize : 8x2 + 11x + 10. lution: Find two numbers with sum = 11 and produet = (8 x 10) = 30. Such numbers are 6 and 5. Bx + Lie 4 10 = 8x? + Gx + Sx-+10=3x(e +2) 450 +2)=(x42)(Bx45). Thus, 3x? + 11x +10 = (x +2) (8x45). Bample 6. Foctorize : x? + 2x3. “tion Find two numbers with sum = 2 and product = 8 x (-3)=- 24. Clearly, such numbers are 6 and — 4. 8x2 + 2x-3 Bx? + Gx — 4x —3 = 2x (4x +8)—1 (4x +3) = (4x +8)(2x—-D. Beam 4 8xt42e-3 = (4x +3) (2x-D. ple 7, Solu; Factorize : 14x? - 23x + 8. 13 “Mion Find two numbers with oum =~ 29 and preduet = (14 8)= 112 Clearly, such numbers are - 16 and ~7. : fe Ms 28 ¢ 4 8 = Mx? 16x — Te +8 = 2x (7x -8)~1 (Tx -8)= (18 Mx? 23x 48= (Ix-8) (2-1). —8)(2e-D. 197ae ‘a ize : 12x? -x - 35. it 7 Hamels 8. Fae eee inbora with sum =~ Land product = 12x (~95) . olution : ind two Clearly, such numbers are — 21 and 2 -36 : = 12x? 21x + 20x a 12? =x = 35 : jede 1) + O(dx 7) = (Ae 7) (Bx +6), Wd 35 = (Ax — 7) (Bx + 6) Example 9. Factorize : 16 - 8x ~ 16°. a Solution: Find two numbers with sum = — 8 and product = 15 x (~16) = ~ 249, Clearly, such numbers are~20and 12, 15 -8r- 16? 15 - 20x + 12x ~ 162’ 5(3 — 4x) + 4x (8 - 4x) = (3-42) (5 + 4x), wv 15-8r- 16x? = (8-44) (5 + 4x). Example 10. Factorize : 4p* - 8pq - 59°. Solution: Find two numbers with sum = — 8 and product = 4 x (-5) =— 20, Clearly, such numbers are 2 and ~ 10. ++ 4p? 8pq-5q? = 4p? + 2pq- 10pq - 5q* = 2pl2p + q)—5q (2p +g) = (2p +g) (2p ~5q), en _ EXERCISE 14D ee Factorize : 1. 2+18r481 2 at—14a +49 3 48+ 12049 4. 9x 24x 516 5. 16+ 56x + 49x? 6. 9-302 + 2528 7 9a'r*— 6pigir? + p* [Hint : 9¢4 rh — Gp g? 1? + p* = (8q"2)?— 2 x 3g? x pt + (ph! 8. Op 167" , 24pr 9. 1264902 saz q m qm ea A 10. 2024495? rap U1. + 22¢+ 85 12, x? 10x +24 — + 9 13. m*—3m—40 M4. 42-72 15. p*—7p-120 16. 16-172 +27 17. a*+5a~104 18. 3x? + 11x +10 19. 6x?+ 7-3 20. 32? d2-4 21, 72-x-x BB Bday — 40" Dilint : 2° 31y— 40? = 38 Bry + Bry 40s, since — 40 = — By x 5) ‘Bxty + Llxy + by (@-bP-5(a-b) +6 (a 3b - 4 (@-3b)-21 3 -2%-(-2)-44 9 7+10(+y)-80497 PAERCise gem Were MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose the correct option in each of the following : 1. Te @By2=? a ee ; a: (b) (7x — 9y) (7 + 9y) > eae @ 7e—3y) (& + 3y) Je ow 198 wv