MODERN VIDYO NIKETAN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL SECTOR 88, FARIDOBOD FULL WAVE RECTIFIER INVESTIGATORY PROJECT D1 Vin Vout ne ce 38 D3 g Da Name: Tanishka Dimri Board Roll no.: +> 2024-25MODERN VIDYA NIKETAN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL SECTOR 88, FARIDABAD CBSE Affiliation Code: Certificate This is to certify that TANISHKA DIMRI of Grade XII with CBSE Roll number has successfully completed her investigatory project work entitled "Full wave rectifier" during the academic year 2024-25 towards partial fulfilment of credit for the PHYSICS PRACTICAL evaluation of AISSCE 2025 and submitted a report of the same as compiled here with. Her efforts are appreciated. Internal examiner External examinerAcknowledgment I would like to thank my Physics teacher for his constant guidance, motivation, moral encouragement and sympathetic attitude towards this project. I would also like to extend my gratitude towards the lab attendant, my parents and everyone who has helped me in completing this project successfully.AIM: To construct and study the working conditions of a full wave INTRODUCTION: 1, RECTIFIER: A rectifier is an electrical device that (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC and power transmission systems. It is a combination of Diodes and Resistors either in series or in parallel It gives appropriate output to be used in DC combination 2, FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: While this method may be suitable for low power applications it is unsuitable to applications which need a “steady and smooth" DC supply voltage. One method to improve on this is to use every half-cycle of the input voltage instead of every other half-cycle. The circuit which allows us to do this is called a Full Wave Rectifier. Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an output voltage or current which is purely DC or has some specified DC component.Full wave rectifiers have some fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier counterparts. The average (DC) output voltage is higher than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has much less ripple than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother output waveform. Vs- Vmsinwt i.c., sinusoidal input voltage In a Full Wave Rectifier circuit two diodes are now used, one for each half of the cycle. A is used whose secondary winding is split equally into two halves with a common centre tapped connection, (C). This configuration results in each diode conducting in turn when its anode terminal is positive with respect to the transformer centre point C producing output during both half cycles, twice that for the half wave rectifier as it is 100 percent efficient. The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power diodes connected to a single load resistance (RL) with each diode taking it in tum to supply current to the load. When point A of the transformer is positive with respect to point C, diode Dl conducts in the forward direction as indicated by the arrows When point B is positive (in the negative half of the cycle) with respect to point C diode D2 conducts in the forward direction and the current flowing through resistor R is in the same direction for both half-cycles. As the output voltage across the resistor R is the phasor sum of the two waveforms combined, this type of full wave rectifier circuit is also known as a “bi- phase” circuitCOMPARISION CHART PARAMETERS: HALP-WAVE Rectification efficienc: Ripple factor [Transformer utilization factor | 0.286 | o.en2 Voltage regulation | Good Better Fundamental frequency of|Eqral to supply| Double of supply frequency.2f tipple | frequency L4l4 Number of diodes Vary from 2 to 44 in case of bridge rectifier Peak inverse v 2Vs DC output voltageApplication of full wave rectifier: To provide full wave rectification, usually as a first step to convert AC power to DC. * Car alternator Any cell phone charger Laptop/tablet charger Power bank Any other switching supply: alarm, charger. Bluetooth device charger, Lan/router supply etc « Audio power supply in pre amp and power amplifier Any video device Lead battery charger LED driver. any LED lamp over 10 watts in general 4 Characteristics of Full Wave Rectifier: ee5 Advantages of Full Wave Rectifier: You can use four individual power diodes to make a full wave bridge, readymade bridge rectifier components are available off-the-shelf in a range of different voltage and current sizes that can be soldered directly into a PCB circuit board or be connected by spade connectors. The full-wave bridge rectifier gives us a greater mean DC value with less superimposed ripple while the output waveform is twice that of the frequency of the input supply. Therefore, increase its average DC output level even higher by connecting a suitable smoothing capacitor across the output of the bridge circuit. The advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier are that it has a smaller AC ripple value fora given load and a smaller reservoir or smoothing capacitor than an equivalent half-wave rectifier circuit. The fundamental frequency of the ripple voltage is twice that of the AC supply frequency 100Hz where for the half-wave rectifier it is exactly equal to the supply frequency 50Hz. The amount of ripple voltage that is superimposed on top of the DC supply voltage by the diodes can be virtually eliminated by adding a much-improved a-filter to the output terminals of the bridge. Low-pass filter consists of two smoothing capacitors of the same value and a choke or inductance across them tointroduce a high impedance path to the alternating ripple component. Altemative is to use an off the shelf 3 terminal voltage regulator IC, such as a LM78xx where "xx" stands for the output voltage rating for a positive output voltage or its inverse equivalent the LM79xx for a negative output voltage which can reduce the ripple by more than 70dB Datasheet while delivering aconstant output current of over | amp. Ttis the basic component to get DC voltage for the components which operates with D.C voltage. One can describe its working as a full wave rectifier project. It is the heart of the circuit. Full wave rectifier uses the diode bridge, Capacitors are used to get rid of ripples. Based on the requirement of D.C voltage.WORKING: When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step down the 240V main supply to 12V. It has a capability of delivering 700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across the secondary is the RMS value. The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. The four diodes labelled D! to D4 are arranged in "series pairs” with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes DI and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the loadOBSERVATION & CONCLUSION: The output frequency of fall wave rectifier is equal to two times of input frequency f o/p=2 f /p. i an * z Rectified Output WaveformBIBILOGRAPHY: ® NCERT TEXTBOOK © [Link] * [Link] * WWW [Link] *® ALL IN ONE REFERENCE GUIDETHANK YOU