phHJ/HGkr gfjbk (;w?; No gfjbk) Xow nfXn?

B-gouk T

gkm Bz L 2H1

Fjkds dk ;zebg

G{ f wek
fJ; gkm ftu ftfdnkoEhnK ~ @Fjkds# d/ ;zebg Bkb gfous eotkT[IfdnK j'fJnK
f;Zy-Xow ns/ FjkdsK d/ B/Vb/ ;zpzXK dh ikDekoh gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. f;Zy fJfsjk; dhnK
d' wjkB FjkdsK (r[o{ noiB d/t ns/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dhnK_) fijVhnK Xkofwe nikdh
ns/ ftnesh ;fseko bJh fdZshnK rJhnK d/ ekoDK, sohfenK ns/ T[jBK d/ gqGktK ~ fJ;
gkm ftu ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;Bw[Zy T[ikro ehsk frnk j?.
Fjkds, noE ns/ T[d/F
Fjhd dk noE j? Fjkds d/D tkbk, s;dhe eoB tkbk, ;kyh GoB tkbk, ;keFh.
Fjkds noph }pkB dk bci j? fi; dk noE j? ;Zuh rtkjh, nZyhI fvZmh iK jZv tosh fw;kb,
;p{s d/ s"o s/ Fkjd noEks Fjkds d/D tkbk s'I pfDnk j? i' bfjzdh gzikph dk Fpd @Fkjdh#
th Fjkds iK rtkjh dk ;wkB nkoEe j?. fJ; soQK Gkt/I nkw tos'I ftu Fjkds d/D dk
noE eufjoh ftu rtkjh d/D s'I th j?, go @Fjkds# Fpd nkgDk fJe ftF/F noE oZydk
j? fi; dk pdb Gkt/I ne;o pfbdkB iK e[opkBh tofsnk iKdk j?, go fJj fgSb/o/ Fpd
g{oh soQK Fjkds d/ s[b BjhI jB. e[opkBh sK fe;/ j'o t;s{ iK ikBto dh th fdZsh ik
;edh j?. fJ;/ soQK pbh dk noE th w{b o{g ftu G/Nk j?, nkgD/ fJFN-d/t ~ G/Nk ns/
pfbdkB dk noE j? pbh d/D iK uVQkT[D dh fefonk. Fjkds dk noE j? nkgDh e[opkBh,
nksw-pbhdkB fe;/ ;Zu iK n;{b dh ;kyh (Fkjdh) nkgDh ikB s/ y/v e/ GoBh. Fjhd e[opkB
ehsk BjhI iKdk j?, e[opkB j[d z k j?, T[j th nkgD/ fBZih fjs ;[nkoE bJh BjhI, ;w/I fe;/ T[u/
o/ we;d bJh, fe;/ T[&Zu/ n;{b bJh.
r[o{ ;kfjp dh Fjkds T[&Zu/ s/ ;[Zu/ n;{b bJh ;h. T[j ;B, Xkofwe n}kdh dk gZy
b?Dk ns/ ipo }[bw s/ nfBnK dh w[ykbcs. fJj d't/I w[ZY s'I jh f;Zy Xow d/ nEtk r[o{
BkBe d/t ih dh f;Zfynk d/ EzwK ftu oj/ jB. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih Xkofwe nk}kdh d/ J/
B/ jkwh ;B fe eJhnK d/ ftuko ftu T[BQK B/ nkgD/ iK fe;/ th wZs ftF/F dk gquko jh BjhI
ehsk. T[j sK jo fe;/ ~ nkgD/ nkgD/ wZs ~ ;jh noEK ftu ikDB ns/ T[; dk gkbD
eoB dh f;Zfynk d/Id/ ;B. J/E'I se fejk iKdk j? fe T[BKQ dh fwose d/j s/ fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB
g?oe
' koK ftu T[BKQ d/ nzfsw ;z;eko pko/ ws G/d j' frnk. fjzd{ dkj ;z;eko eoBk ukj[d z / ;B
ns/ w[;bwkB @nkgD/ gho# ~ nkgDh wo:kdk nB[;ko dcBkT[D bJh pf}d ;B. r[o{ noiB
d/t ih dh Xkofwe ftFkbsk dk ;p{s, T[BKQ d[nkok ;zefbs ehs/ j'J/ r[o{ rqE z ;kfjp jB fi;
ftu f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkBK dh pkDh d/ Bkb fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB GrsK dh ouBk ~ th pokpo doik
fdZsk frnk j?. j[D fJj @Fpd r[o#{ dh @X[o eh pkDh nkJh# ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk @fJe
Unzeko# epho dk @;ktb ;[d z o okwJhnk# ns/ cohd dk @T[m cohdk T[i{ ;kfi ;[pj fBtki r[ikfo#
;G pokpoh s/ ;[GkfJwkB jB.
1
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 2 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

fJ;/ soQK }'o-}[bw ns/ nfBnK d/ fybkc nktk} r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s' b? e/ jh T[mkJh
ik ojh ;h ns/ ;ko/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB ghVs ns/ d[yh iBsk dh jkwh God/ ns/ T[; ~ s;Zbh
d/Id/ nk oj/ ;B. b/feB ikpo ns/ nzBQ/-p'b/, nfXekoh T[gd/F dh nktk} ed'I ;[Dd/ ;B <
nrbk edw sd FKswJh gqsho'X j' ;edk ;h i' FkfJd }kbw dh }who ~ Mzi'V ;e/ iK w}b{w
goik ~ nkgDh w}b{whns dk nfj;k; eoke/ T[Gko Bk ;e/ sK xZN'-xZN u/szB eo ;e/. r[o{
;kfjpkBK dhnK FjhdhnK fJ;/ gk;/ fJe :sB ;B.
r[o{ noiB d/t ih ns/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh Fjhdh ftu brGr 70 ;kb dh ftZE
j?. fJBQK ftu eJh rZbK ;KMhnK ns/ e[M coe th ;B. d't/I FjhdhnK w[be d/ ;opT[&Zu
nfXekoh noEks tes d/ w[rb pkdFkjK d/ j[ew Bkb j'JhnK. r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh jZfsnk
ijKrho B/ eotkJh ns/ T[BQK d/ g's/, n"or z }/p B/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh jZfsnk eotkJh.
ekoB d't/I tko fwb/-i[b/ Xkofwe ns/ f;nk;h ;B. fiZE/ ijKrho dh ekotkJh e[M fjzd{ Xow
fto'Xh sZsK dhnK u[ZeK ns/ nkgD/ g[Zso y[;o' dh prkts ekoB tesh r[Z;/ s'I gqGkfts ;h,
T[&ZE/ n"ozr}/p dh }kbwkBk joes T[; dh ;'uh ;wMh eZNV okiBhsh dk Bshik ;h. r[o{ noiB
d/t ih ~ pkdFkj B/ nzfwqs;o s'I frqcsko eotk e/ nkgD/ ;kjwD/ g/F eoe/ s;hj/ d/D bJh
w[osik ykB d/ jtkb/ ehsk, go r[o{ s/r pjkdo y[d Fjhdh d/D d/ fJokd/ Bkb nkBzdg[o
s'I uZb/ ns/ j"bh j"bh okj ftu ;zrsK ~ ikro{e eod/ j'J/, nkro/ tZb rJ/ ns/ fJ;/ d"okB
d{o j;B npdkb p?m/ n"or z }/p B/ ;[D e/ T[BQK ~ esb eoB dk j[ew ikoh ehsk. fiZE/ r[o{
noiB d/t ih ~ j"bh j"bh s;hj/ d/ e/ Fjhd ehsk frnk, T[&ZE/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo dk ;h;
sbtko d/ fJe' tko Bkb ebw ehsk frnk. d'jK r[o{ ;kfjpkB ~ w"s s'I gfjbK vok Xwek
e/ fJ;bkw ftu nkT[D dh dknts fdZsh rJh ns/ d'jK B/ T[; ~ m[eok e/, w"s ~ y[Fh Bkb
rZb bkfJnk. d'jK FjkdsK d/ i[r gbNkT{ Bshi/ fBeb/.
Xkofwe ns/ f;nk;h gZy
f;Zyh ftu Xow ns/ f;nk;s dk, ghoh ns/ whoh dk, Grsh ns/ Fesh dk, d/r ns/
s/r dk, ;zs ns/ f;gkjh dk ;[w/b j?. f;Zyh fJe pkjow[yh, rshFhb ns/ feqnkFhb Xow j?
fi; ftu e/tb ftneshrs w[esh BjhI pbfe ;otiBe GbkJh dk beF gqXkB j?. fJ; bJh
fBZih BjhI ;ops dk Gbk wzrDk ns/ ;ops d/ Gb/ bJh T[&Zdw eoB dk T[gd/F j?. i/ rZb
fBo'b Xow dh j't/, sK th Xow dh oZfynk eoBk th Xow j?. f;Zy r[o{nK B/ T[; ;wkie
gqpzX dk }'odko yzvB ehsk fi; ftu Xow eow fe;/ fJe tor ftF/F dh niko/dkoh j't/
ns/ Xow dh okyh dk f}zw/tko e'Jh j'o tor j't/ ns/ fJBQK d'jK d/ GoB-g'yD ns/ ;[Zy nkokw
bJh ewkJh e'Jh j'o eo/. f;Zy Xow dk fBFkBk wB[y Z wkso bJh g{oB nk}kdh j?, Xow dh
th ns/ eow dh th, eow eoBk th f;Zy Xow j?. (eow dk noE eow eKv BjhI ;wkfie
s"o s/ bkGekoh eow j?).
d{i/ gk;/ f;nk;s dk noE eh j? < Fpde'FK nB[;ko, okFNo ns/ oki ;zpzXh frnkB
ns/ ebk dk BkT[ f;nk;s j?. oki ;Zsk jfEnkT[D ns/ ekfJw oZyD bJh T[&Zdw, ukbK, Yzr
nkfd bJh ftF/FD f;nk;h tofsnk iKdk j?. id'I f;nk;h ;Zsk ;otiBe GbkJh d/ Xkofwe
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 3 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

beF d/ T[bN uZb/ sK Bshik fJe NeokT[ dh Feb ftu fBebDk e[dosh j?. nfijk NeokT[
Xkofwe th j? ns/ f;nk;h th, feT[Ife oki iK ;oeko Bkb ;zpzX oZyD tkbk jo ezw f;nk;h
nytkT[Idk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkB ns/ ;w[Zuh f;Zy e"w dh tes dhnK ;oekoK Bkb
wB[y
Z h nk}kdh ns/ ;otiBe GbkJh d/ fjZs ftu j'Jh NZeo Xkofwe th ;h ns/ f;nk;h th.
r[o{ noiB d/t ih ns/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh Fjhdh dh rZb eofdnK fJj ;wM
b?Dk }o{oh j? fe fJBQK d/ ekoD Xkofwe th ;B ns/ f;nk;h th. fJj e'Jh fBZih d[FwDh
ekoB o'} fdjkVh ehs/ iKd/ nkw esb BjhI ;B. fJBQK d/ ;jh w[bKeD bJh fJBQK d/ ftFkb
fgS'eV T[&Zs/ Mks wko b?Dh bkGekoh j't/rh.

r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Fjkds ns/ gqGkt

j}koK ;kb j'J/ nkohnk iksh d/ b'e fjzd[;skB ftu nkJ/. J/E/ t;dhnK ikshnK ~
fiZs e/ nkg th gZe/ s"o s/ J/E/ tZ; rJ/. BthnK ns/ g[okDhnK ;fGnksktK d/ w/b Bkb
J/E/ fjzd{ ;fGnsk dk ftek; j'fJnk i' J/Bh w}p{s ;h fe fJ; s'I pknd nkT[D tkb/ ns/
nkgD/ jh nzdo'I T[m/ ftdo'jh iK ;zgodkJh Xkofwe ns/ ;fGnkukoe sZsK ~ nkgD/ ftu jh
;w'n b?Idh ojh, fi; ekoB fjzd{ ;fGnsk dh fJefjoh j'Id ekfJw ojh, gozs{ id'I nZmthI
;dh Jh;th ns/ T[; s'I pknd fJ;bkw d/ jZb/ Gkos s'I F[o{ j'J/ sK fjzd{ ;fGnsk T[; ~
nkgD/ Bkb fJe ;[o Bk eo ;eh Gkt/I fJ;bkw th fJ; T[&Zs/ jkth Bk j' ;fenk. d' w}p{s
;fGnksktK (iK fJT[I ej' fe d' XowK feT[Ife d't/I nkgD/ nkgD/ wip{s Xkofwe nehfdnK
s/ ekfJw oj/) d/ NeokT[ ftu fjzd{ goik fg; rJh. oki-;Zsk w[;bwkBK d/ jZE ftu ;h,
ns/ T[BQK dk j[ewokB spek Xkofwe eZNVsk dk fFeko ;h. j[ewokB s'I w[okd J/E/ jkewK
d/ Bkb T[BQK d/ Xkofwe nkr{ w[ZbK, w[bkD/, F/y, w[csh, ek}h, ;Z:d, gho th jB. j[ewokB,
i' f;nk;h s"o s/ p/feoe oki-;Zsk d/ wkbe ns/ ikpo ns/ Xkofwe s"o s/ fJ;bkw ~
c?bkT[Dk nkgDk Xow ;wMD tkb/ eZNV p[sfFeB ;B, nkgDh fjzd{ goik ~ ekch dpkn
oj/ ;B ns/ fjzd{ goik nkgD/ xZN frDsh Xow-oZfyne okig{s tor dh jko fgZS'I w}p{o
ns/ p/p;, fBYkb j' e/ ;fjwh j'Jh ;h. y[d ;dhnK s'I bVke{ nytkT[D tkb/ eFZsqh nkgDhnK
bVB woB dhnK otkfJsK G[bk e/ w[;bwkB jkewK d/ tckdko ukeo iK jZNhnK s/ pfjD
tkb/ eFZsqh s'I yZsoh pD u[Ze/ ;B ns/ jkewK dh p'bh ns/ gfjoktk p/-fMie nkgDk oj/
;B. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ T[jBK pko/ d[yh j' e/ fejk L
ysqhnk sK Xow[ S'fvnk wb/S Gkfynk rjh..
f;q;fN ;G fJe toB j'Jh Xow eh rfs ojh.. (gzBk 663)
ns/ pqkjwDK pko/ th L
X'sh fNek s? igwkbh XkB[ wb/SK ykJh..
nzsfo g{ik gVfj es/pk ;ziw[ s[oek GkJh.. (gzBk 471)
j/mb/ d't/I tor sK gfjbK th pqkjwD eFZsqh r[ZN d/ r'b/ jh oj/ ;B ns/ j[D th r'b/
jh ;B.
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 4 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

fJBQK jkbsK ftu Grsh bfjo d/ e[M ;zsK ns/ e[M w[;bwkB ;{chnK B/ fJjBK d' wjkB
;fGnksktK ftukb/ gkV ~ e[M xZN eoB dk :sB ehsk i' ekch BjhI ;h. fJ;/ ekoB r[o{
BkBe d/t ih ns/ T[BQK d/ nfXnksfwe ikBFhBK B/ fJe Bt/I ;op ;KM/ ;wki dk rmB nozfGnk,
fi; ~ f;Zyh, ;zrs gzE nkfd Bkw fwb/. fJ; ftu d'jK XowK d/ ;op gqtkD n;{bK (fitI/
fJ;bkw dh tkjds, pokpoh ns/ iwksl ns/ fjzd{ ws d/ iBw woB, nd?Ps ns/ FoXk Grsh
nkfd) s'I fJbktk e[M Bt/I sZs th ;B (fit/I j[ew Bdo Bkw, Fpd, ihtB-w[esh nkfd) fiBQK
~ d'jK gkf;nK d/ e[M b'eK B/ ;bkfjnk ns/ ngBkfJnk th, go d'jK gkf;nK d/ eZNV gzEhnK
B/ Gog{o w[ykbcs th ehsh. r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ ;w/I she f;Zy gzE dh fJe fdqVQ tZyoh
j'd
I fdZ;D bZr gJh ;h. fJe ;wki d/ o{g ftu n?;k ;zrmB nk u[Zek ;h fe tes d/ jkewK
~ fJ; d/ fJe f;nk;h fJekJh j'D dk MkT[bk g?D bZrk. r[o{ dk FkjkBk ib"n ;h. T[j nkgD/
t;kJ/ BroK ns/ d{o B/V/ f;ZyK dk ;Zuk gksFkj ;h, T[; d/ ;[szso, ftFkb wkfJe ;kXB ;B
ns/ T[; d/ FoXkb{ f;Zy (i' Gkt/I pj[s eoe/ fjzd{nK ftu'I ;B go e[M w[;bwkBK ftu'I th ;B)
r[o{ d/ j[ew s/ nkgDh fizd ikB tkoB ~ nkgDk ;[Gkr ;wMd/ ;B. T[j Fkjh c"i d/
sBykjdko B"eo iK ipod;sh pDkJ/ r[bkw BjhI, pbfe fpB w[Zb d/ @p?yohd dk;o/# ;B i'
@;h;[ tY/ efo p?;B[ dhi? ftD[ f;o ;/t eohi?, ftu ftFtk; oZyd/ ;B. fJ; jkbs ftu fjzd{-
w[;fbw r[o{ d'yhnK dk ;kVk ns/ tes d/ jkewK dh xpokjN e'Jh nihp rZb BjhI, GktI/
r[o{ dh efjDh eoBh sK fJj ;h fe
@@;G[ e' whs jw nkgB ehBk jw ;GBk e/ ;kiB.##
r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Fjhdh dk ekoB
id'I she ijKrho dh s[}fe-ijKrhoh (nksw-eEk) o'FBh ftu BjhI ;h nkJh, f;Zy
fJfsjk;eko r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Fjhdh ns/ s;hfjnK dk w[y d'Fh uzd { Fkj ~ rodkBd/
oj/ feT[Ife T[j nkgDh p/Nh dk foFsk r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih Bkb eoBk Bk wzBD eoe/ r[o{
;kfjp Bkb Bkok} ;h. fejk iKdk fojk fe T[; B/ ijKrho d/ ezB Go e/ r[o{ ih dh
jZfsnk d/ j[ew gqkgs ehs/. fJj th fejk frnk fe r[o{ ih d/ tZv/ Gok fgqEh uzd dk
th pkdFkj ~ GVekT[D ftu jZE ;h. fJj u[rbh eoB tkbh rZb ;jh th j' ;edh j?.
gozs{ fJj uzd{ Fkj e'Jh wkw{bh nfjbeko s'I tZX BjhI j' ;edk ns/ T[; dh iK fgqEth
uzd dh gj[zu pkdFkj she j'D dh pj[s xZN ;zGktBk j?. Bk jh y[;o' dh prkts ftu
r[o{ ;kfjp dk jZE j'D dh ;zGktBk j?. jK, nepo s'I pknd ijKrho dh EK T[; d/ g[Zso
y[;o' ~ sys s/ fpmkT[D dhnK nctkjK e[M fuo s'I row ;B ns/ ikDeko fjzd{nK dh
jwdodh y[;o' Bkb }o{o ;h feT[Ife T[j nkgD/ dkd/ tKr jh wiQp d/ wkwb/ ftu eZNV
BjhI ;h. ijKrho th ftneshrs s"o s/ e'Jh eZNV Bwk}h BjhI ;h, b/feB f;nk;h fyZu'skD
ftu w[;bwkB ;odko ns/ w"bkD/ ;G T[; dh fgZm g{od/ ;B. fJj T[; bJh }o{oh ;h
fe T[j th wiQph eZNVgzEh Bhsh dk j[zrkok Go/.
d{i/ gk;/ w[;bwkBK d/ Xkofwe y/so ftu th fJe f;nk;h dtzd ub fojk ;h. T[go
fejk frnk ;h fe ;{ch ;zsK B/ th fjzd{ GrsK tKr fjzd{ w[;fbw Bcos ~ xNkT[D dk isB
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 5 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

ehsk, i' ekch jZd se ;Zu j?. gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE BjhI fe T[BQK d/ fJ;bkwh ftFtk;
ftu e'Jh fYZb nk rJh ;h. T[j gZe/ w[;bwkB ;B Gkt/I Grsh bfjo d/ gqGkt j/m T[jBK
f;ZX/ gqG{ fgnko d/ okj ~ th ;theko fbnk ;h. n;b ftu fJ;bkw dk fizBk gquko ;{chnK
d/ ;zsg[D/ d/ gqGkt Bkb j'fJnk T[&B
Z k w[;bwkB Fk;eK dh ipoh spbhr Bkb BjhI j'fJnk ns/
;{ch th fJe' fij/ BjhI ;B. T[jBK dhnK eJh tZy-tZy ;zgodktK ;B fiBQK ~ f;bf;b/ fejk
iKdk ;h. uko w[Zy f;bf;b/ fJj ;B L fuFsh, ekdoh, ;[joktodh ns/ BeFpzdh. fJBQK ftu'I
w[ekpbsB ;G s'I tZX ;fjBFhb fuFsh ;B ns/ ;G s'I tZX eZNVgzEh ;B BeFpzdh. nepo
fuFshnK dk w[ohd ;h ns/ ijKrho T[&Zs/ tX/ok n;o BeFpzdhnK dk ;h. nepo dh ;[bje[B
Bhsh ~ yk; eo T[; d/ dhB-fJbkjh ~ e[M fBeNtosh dopkohnK ~ SZv ;ko/ w[;bwkB ;odko
ns/ T[b/wk fJe ekcokBk joes ;wMd/ ;B. 1578-86 d"okB nepo d/ fybkc ekpb ns/
fpjko-pzrkb ftu i' prktsK j'JhnK, T[BQK dk fJe w[Zy ekoB w[;bwkBK ftu nepo dh wiQph
gkfb;h fto[ZX Xkofwe i}pk ;h. gqf;ZX nzrq} / fJfsjk;eko ftB;?N
I ;fwE nB[;ko, Bokirh d/
T[jBK ;ko/ gdkofEe ekoBK s'I fJbktk fpjko pzrkb d/ w[;bwkB nepo d/ wiQp pko/ i~B
ns/ fJ;bkw s'I w{j z c/o b?D eoe/ p[oh soQK go/FkB ;B ns/ T[; dh ;[bje[B gkfb;h ~
fJ;bkw Xow fto[ZX ;jh wknfBnK ftu jwbk ;wM e/ T[; ~ Bcos eod/ ;BHHHHHHHns/ T[BQK
dk FZe dk ekoB ;h fe T[j (nepo) g{oh soQK gfss nEtk ekco j' ikt/rk. fJ; ekoD
T[j nepo dh EK ekpb d/ ;{p/dko ~ gZe/ w'wBk dk ;jh B/sk ;wMD bZr/ ns/ T[; ~ nepo
dh rZdh s/ fpmkT[D dk isB eoB bZr. / nepo dhnK nkgD/ nkg ~ w[;bwkB }kjo eoB
dhnK egNh ukbK fe;/ th ;kXkoB ;wM tkb/ wB[y Z ~ X'yk BjhI d/ ;edhnK ;B.##
nepo fJBQK prktsK ~ dpkT[D ftu sK ;cb j' frnk go T[; dk tZvk g[Zso ;bhw
pkd ftu (ijKrho) sys jfEnkT[D bJh J/Bk T[sktbk j' frnk fe ;zB 1591 ftu jh
nctkj c?bh fe ijKrho B/ nkgD/ pkg ~ }fjo d/D dk n;cb isB ehsk ;h. ;zB 1600
Jh;th ftu ijKrho B/ y[Zbw-y[Zbk prkts eo fdZsh. 1602 ftu T[; B/ nepo d/ uj/s/
d';s ns/ ;bkjeko np{b cib dh jZfsnk eotk fdZsh. nepo pVk d[yh j'fJnk. 1604
ftu T[; dk d{;ok g[Zso dkBhnkb tX/o/ BF/ eoB eoe/ wo frnk. j[D fJe g[Zso ;bhw
ofj frnk i' pkrh, Fokph ns/ nchw dk nwbh ;h. dopko ftu okig{s gkoNh d/ bhvo
wkB f;zx ns/ ykB/ nk}w nih} e'ek B/ y[;o' ~ nepo dk ikBFhB pBkT[D bJh isB
ehs/ b/feB ;cb Bk j' ;e/, feT[Ife ;bhw d/ fJe fBeNtosh ;bkjeko F/y cohd B/ (pkd
ftu w[os}k ykB) poQ d/ ;:Zd ghoK s'I cstk fdtkn fdZsk fe sys dk ;jh jZedko ;bhw
jh j?. F/y cohd i' ;bhw d/ j'o th B/V/ j' frnk ;h, BeFpzdh ;{ch gho F/y nfjwd ;ojzdh
dk w[ohd ;h. fJj F/y nfjwd nfs do}/ dk eZNVgzEh ;h i' fjzd{nK ~ ;ys Bcos eodk
;h ns/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih dk d'yh ;h. fJ;B/ w[os}k ykB okjhI r[o{ ;kfjp d/ fybkc ;bhw
d/ ezB Go/ ;B ns/ fJ; B/ pkd ftu r[o{ ;kfjp dh Fjkds T[gozs F[eo wBkT[IfdnK fJe
]s ftu fbfynk ;hL
@@fJBQK fdBK ftu jh i' r'fJzdtkb d/ GqFN j'J/ ekco (noEks r[o{ noiB d/t) ~
esb eo fdZsk frnk j?, fJj pVh tXhnk rZb j?. fJj fjzd{ ekcoK T[&Zs/ Gkoh ;ZN wkoh
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 6 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

rJh j?. T[; ~ fe;/ th ekoB iK pjkB/ Bkb wko d/Dk w[;bwkBK bJh pVk bkGdkfJe fojk
j?.##
nepo fJe ;kb s'I tZX ;zrqfjDh d/ o'r Bkb x[b x[b e/ nes{po 1605 ~ fJ;
ijkB s'I e{u eo frnk. ;bhw ijKrho dh T[gkXh XkoB eoe/ rZdh s/ p?mk. T[; d/ g[Zso
y[;o' B/ prkts ehsh ns/ e[M fjwkfJsh c"i Bkb fJwdkd dh T[whd b? e/ gzikp tZb e{u
ehsk. F/y cohd B/ T[;dk fgZSk ehsk. y[;o' jko frnk, frqcsko j' frnk. ijKrho i' fgZS/
nk fojk ;h, B/ bkj"o gj[zu e/ y[;o' dhnK nZyK eYtk fdZshnK ns/ T[; d/ w[Zy ;kEhnK ~
gF{ dh frZbh yZb ftu wVQtk e/ wotk fdZsk. fJj xNBk 29 ngq?b 1606 dh j?. r[o{ noiB
d/t ih dh frqcskoh dk j[ew e[M fdB pknd ikoh ehsk frnk. ekoD ijKrho dh nkgDh
fbfys nB[;ko fJT[I ;h L
fpnk; dfonk d/ ezY/ r'fJzdtkb ftu noiB Bkwh fJe fjzd{, ceho d/ G/y ftu ofjzdk
;h. pj[s ;ko/ fjzd{nK, pbfe eJh w{oy w[;bwkBK ~ th T[; B/ nkgD/ tsho/ Bkb nkgDk
w[ohd pDk fbnk ;h ns/ T[j T[; d/ dhBh s/ d[fBnkth ojpo j'D dk Yzv'ok fgNd/ ;B. b'e
T[; ~ r[o{ efjzd/ ns/ ;ko/ gkf;nK s'I nk e/ T[; gqsh nkgDh FoXk gqrNkT[Id/. fJj d[ekB
fszB uko ghVQhnK s'I ub ojh ;h. eJh ;kbK s'I w/o/ fynkb ftu ;h fe w?I J/; M{m dh d[ekB
pzd eoK, iK fJ; ~ fJ;bkw d/ x/o/ ftu fbnktK. nkyoeko id'I y[;o' fJ; okj'I bzfxnk,
sK fJ; s[ZS fJB;kB B/ T[; ~ fwbD dk ;[Mkn fdZsk. y[;o' J/E/ mfjfonk ns/ T[j fJ; ~
nk e/ fwfbnk ns/ fJ; s'I wZE/ s/ e/;o dk fNZek b[nkfJnk fi; ~ fjzd{ eFek efjzd/ jB
ns/ F[ZG ;wMd/ jB. id'I fJj (ypo) w/o/ ezBK se gj[zuh sK w?I T[; dh w{oysk ~ ;kc ;wM
frnk. w?I T[; ~ g/F eoB dk j[ew fdZsk ns/ T[; d/ xo-xkN ns/ pZfunK ~ w[osk} ykB
~ d/ fdZsk ns/ T[; dh ikfJdkd }ps eoB ns/ esb eoB dk j[ew fdZsk.
r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Fjhdh
r[o{ ;kfjp ~ nzfwqs;o s'I frqcsko eoe/ bkj"o fbnKdk frnk, pkdFkj B/ y[d w"s
dh ;}k fdZsh. f;Zy ;'fwnK nB[;ko ikgdk j? fe ;}k s/ nwb dokwd eoB bJh ykB B/
wes{b ~ uzd{ Fkj d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsk. T[; B/ r[o{ ;kfjp ~ sZsh b'j s/ fpmkfJnk, sZsh
o/s d/ eVS/ T[BQK dh d/j s/ gtkJ/ ns/ fJ; soQK M[b;/ j'J/ ;oho ~ bkj"o feb/ d/ Bkb
trd/ okth dfonk ftu o'VQ fdZsk.
Fjhdh d/ gfoDkw
r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Fjhdh ~ ne;o f;Zy bfjo dk fJe fJfsjkf;e w'V dZf;nk
j?, i' mhe th j?, feT[Ife fJ; xNBk B/ f;ZyK ~ nfj;k; eotk fdZsk fe f;Zyh dk wkor ;[ykbk
BjhI. fJ; Bt/I ;wki dk p{Nk i' r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ ;w/I dh ;wkfie oZeV ftu bkfJnk
;h, T[j Gkt/I fgSb/ fJe ;" ;kbK ftu w}p{s iVQ cV u[Zek ;h fco th T[; ~ ipo-}[bw
dhnK s/} jtktK ns/ wiQph eZNVgzEh j?tkBhns d/ T[ikV/ s'I pukT[D bJh T[; d[nkb/ ezfvnkbh
tkV pD e/ yb'Dk gt/rk. FKswJh ns/ nfjz;k d/ n;{b pV/ nZS/ jB gozs{ fJj th pjkdoK
~ jh F'Gd/ jB. G/v fBwkDh fi; d/ Bk f;zr jB, Bk Bj[z-dzd fsZy/ jB, nfjz;ktkdh j'D dk
dkntk jk;'-jhDk jh j't/rk. Xow dh oZfynk eoBk Xow j? ns/ fJj Xow th XowhnK B/
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 7 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

nkg jh fBGkT[Dk j? fJ; nfj;k; B/ f;ZyK ~ Xow dh okyh s/ }[bw ns/ nfBnK d/ fybkc
;zrqkw bJh ewopzd j'D bJh gqf/ onk ns/ T[j ghoh s/ whoh dh sbtko XkoB eoB tkb/ r[o{
jfor'fpzd dh nrtkJh ftu ;zs ofjzd/ j'J/ f;gkjh th pDB bZr/. r[o{ d/ pbhdkB B/ f;ZyK
ftu pbhdkB dk ukn Gfonk.
go fi; rZb tZb fJfsjk;ekoK dk fXnkB xZN frnk j? T[j fJj j? fe f;Zy fJfsjk;
ftu fJj w'V nukBe BjhI nkfJnk. idfe jkbks ftu fJj nkT[Dk jh ;h ns/ fJ; dh fsnkoh
th nkozG s'I jh s?n j' rJh ;h. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ u/sktBh d/ fdZsh ;h fe f;Zyh dk okj
;"yk BjhI. T[jBK fejk ;h fe f;o XV dh pkih j?l fJZ}s-wkD Bkb ihDk jh ihtB j? ns/
gqw
/ dh y/v ftu Fkfwb j'D bJh f;o sbh s/ oZye/ nkT[Dk g?d I k j? ns/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih
B/ ;gZFN eo fdZsk fe i/ w/o/ okj s/ nkT[Dk jh j? sK gfjbK woB ep{bDk gt/rk. GkJh wkB
f;zx ih ofus @f;ZyK dh Grs wkbk# ftu fdZshnK e[M ;kyhnK s'I ;gZFN j? fe F;soK dh
f;ybkJh T[BQK B/ jh F[o{ eotk fdZsh ;h, feT[fI e id e'Jh :'Xk T[BQK e'b nkT[d
I k sK T[j T[;
~ ;kfjp}kd/ jfor'fpzd ih d/ Bkb j'D bJh efjzd. / r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp B/ F;so ftfdnk
fgsk r[o{ dh d/y o/y ftu jh gqkgs ehsh. @pz;ktbhBkw/# d/ b/ye e/;o f;zx fSZpo nB[;ko
r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ gfjbK jh efj fdZsk ;h fe T[BKQ dk ;h; bZrDk jh j?. r[o{ ih B/ frqcskoh
;w/I nkgD/ Bkb rJ/ gziK f;ZyK ~ fJj jh efj e/ tkg; G/fink fe ;kfjp}kd/ ~ efjDk fe T[j
jfEnkopzd j' e/ rZdh s/ pj/ ns/ fiZE'I she j' ;e/ fJe tXhnk c"i oZy. /
ikpo je{ws Bkb NZeo j'Dh th e'Jh BthI rZb BjhI ;h. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh th
pkpo Bkb ns/ r[o{ nzrd d/t ih dh jwk:{z Bkb NZeo j'Jh ;h, go T[j d't/I ekfJb j' rJ/
;B. ijKrho th ;wK gk e/ r[o{ jor'fpzd ih dh r[o{sk s'I ekfJb j' frnk ;h.
phHJ/ Gkr^gfjbk (;w?; No gfjbk) Xow nfXn?B gouk^T

gkm Bzpo L 2H2

r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh Fjkds

r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh Fjhdh pko/ e[M efjDk f}nkdk nk;kB j? feT[Ife fJE/ Bk s/
fJ; jZfsnk dh f}zwt / koh pko/ e'Jh G[b/yk j? ns/ Bk ekoBK pko/. d'jK pko/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx
ih dh f;ZXh ns/ ;gZFN rtkjh w"i{d j?. pfuZsq BkNe ftZu T[j fbyd/ jB L
mhefo c'fo fdbhf; f;o gqG g[fo eh:k g:kB..
noEks fdZbh d/ pkdFkj d/ f;o ;oho dk mheo GzB e/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo gqG{ gk;
ub/ rJ/.
fdZbh d/ pkdFkj (n"ozr}/p) B/ fJj jZfsnk feT[I eotkJh iK r[o{ ;kfjp B/ Fjhdh bJh
nkgD/ nkg ~ feT[I g/F ehsk < fJ; dk itkp th ;gZFN j? L
fsbe izR{ okyk gqG sk ek.
ehB' pv' eb{ wfj ;kek.
;kXB jfs fJfs fifB eoh.
;h;[ dh:k go[ ;h B T[uoh.
Xow j/s ;kek fifB ehnk.
;h;[ dhnk go[ f;oo B dhnk. (pfusq BkNe)
fgS' e V
r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Fjkds s'I pkd d/ 70 ;kbK ftZu w[rbK dh oki-;Zsk ftZu
ek\h tkXk j' u[Zek ;h ns/ T[BQK d/ wiQph i'F ns/ eZNVg[D/ ftZu th. t?;/ sK fJ;bkw ftZu
w[ZY s'I jh wiQph i'F ns/ eZNVg[D/ dk }'o fojk ;h. fJ;bkw nB[;ko, @@nZbQk fpBK j'o e'Jh
y[dk BjhI ns/ w[jzwd jh nZbQk dk ;[B/jk d/D tkbk (g?rzpo) j?, fJ; ebw/ T[&Zs/ :ehB oZyD
tkbk w'fwB (JhwkB tkb/) ns/ fJ; ~ Bk wzBD tkbk ekfco (Bk;se) jBl ns/ nZbQk dh
FkB ~ o[FBkT[D bJh w'fwB dk co} j? fe T[j ekcoK dh jfEnko pzd d[BhnK (dkob[ jop)
~ FKsh dh d[BhnK (dko[b ;bkw) ftZu spdhb eoB bJh Xow-:[ZX (fijkd) eoB. fJj
nehdk Gkt/I fyzv/ g[zv/ j'J/, p[Zs gq;s, ikjb noph ;wki ~ fJe w[Zm eoB bJh j}os w[jzwd
B/ nkgDh T[&Zws ~ fdqVQ eokT[Dk }o{oh ;wfMnk j't/, j}os w[jzwd dh tcks s'I pkd fJ;
~ d{;o/ d/FK e"wK ns/ ;fGnksktK ~ fJ;bkw d/ x/o/ ftZu fbnkT[D bJh J/Bh ekw:kph Bkb
tofsnk frnk fe fJe ;dh d/ nzdo jh fJ;bkw ;g/B s'I b? e/ wZX J/Fhnk se fpBK fe;/
tZvh o[ektN d/ c?b frnk go T[; s'I nZr/ gZSw ftZu Jh;kJh ns/ g{op ftZu fjzd{ ns/ uhBh
;fGnksktK B/ fJ; d/ go;ko ~ mbQ gk fdZsh. Gkos T[&Zs/ nZmthI ;dh d/ F[o{ ftZu f;zX
d/ jwb/ s'I fgZS'I wfjw{d riBth d/ b[ZN wko bJh ehs/ XkfVnK she 200 ;kb dh ftZE ;h
ns/ T[; s'I fgS'I th 165 ;kb j'o bzx rJ/ sK fes/ fJ;bkwh Mzvk fdZbh s/ M[fbnk ns/
c/o th w[;bwkB Fk;eK ns/ w[cshnK ~ nkgD/ gfjb/ n;{bK ~ e[M fYZbk eoBk fgnk.
8
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 9 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

fJ;bkwh cstk sK fJj ;h fe ekcoK ~ w'fwB pDkT[, i/ Bk pDB sK wko w[ek fdT[, BjhI
s/ r[bkw pDk bT[, BjhI s/ xZN' xZN T[BQK dh XB ;zgsh s/ ep}k eoe/ T[BQK d/ o'}h d/
;kXB y'j bt'. fjzd[;skB d/ ftFkb T[gikT{ w?dkBK T[&Zs/ ep}k eoB s'I pknd w[;bwkB
Fk;eK ~ wfj;{; j'fJnk fe fJ; T[gikT{ Xosh dk g{ok bkG b?Dk j? sK ;koh iBsk ~ wko
w[ekT[Dk sK dkBkJh BjhI j't/rh. ;' Bhsh fJj ngBkJh rJh fe ;ysh s' ezw b? e/ th i'
fJ;bkw ep{bD' fJBekoh j'D sK T[jBK T[&Zs/ pdb/ ftZu Gkoh N?e; bk fdT[ ns/ nkgD/
g[okD/ Xow T[&Zgo ubd/ ofjD fdT[. ;' fjzd{nK d/ wzdo YkT[D, dpkn j/m fbnk e/ iK
bkbu d/ e/ w[;bwkB pDkT[D d/ Bkb Bkb ofjzd/ fjzd{nK s/ i}hnK, :ksok eo s/ N'b N?e;
bkJ/ rJ/. e[M okjs ;{chnK d/ wB[Zyh J/esk ns/ FfjBFhbsk d/ gquko eo e/ th fwbh.
e[M w[;bwkB ;[Gkn eoe/ th FfjBFhb j'J/, go nfij/ xZN jh ;B. gzdoQthI ;dh ftZu
eFwho ftZu }?Bb-nkpdhB d/ Fk;B dh nZXh ;dh ns/ ;'bQthI ;dh ftZu nepo dk gzikj
;kbk oki jh fJ; dhnK w[Zy fw;kbK jB.
ijKrho Fokph ns/ ;Beh fe;w dk fJB;kB ;h. fJe gk;/ T[; dh p/ofjwh ns/
p/feoeh dhnK ejkDhnK fJfsjk; ftZu fwbdhnK jB, fit/I fpBK SkDphD d/ r[o{ noiB
d/t ih dh jZfsnkl d{i/ gk;/ T[; d/ fJB;kc dh wFj{oh j?. r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Fjhdh
d/ Bkb T[j T[BQK d/ pkb-pZfunK dh frqcskoh dk B'fN; BjhI b?d I k. r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih fpBK
o'e N'e f;ZyK ~ jfEnkopzd eod/ jB. pknd ftZu T[BQK ~ e?d ehsk iKdk j?, ns/ c/o poh
eoe/ T[BQK Bkb fwZsosk eo bJh iKdh j?.
n"orz }/p fJj' fijk BjhI ;h. T[j eZNV ;[B z h w[;bwkB ;h, Fhnk ns/ ;{chnK ~ th Bcos
eoB tkbk. nkg FoQk dk gZek gkepk} Bwk}h ns/ n?F fJFos dk fto'Xh ;h, ns/ fjzd[;skB
~ dko[b;bkw pDkT[D s/ fdqVQ ;h. sys jkf;b eoB bJh nkgD/ GoktK ~ sK FkjijkB B/
th wotkfJnk ;h, go n"or z }/p B/ sK nkgD/ pkg ~ th Bk pyfFnk ns/ T[j th i/bQ ftZu
x[b x[b e/ wfonk. fjzd{nK s/ :ksok eo sK FkjijkB B/ jh d[pkok bk fdZsk ;h n"or z }/p
B/ iihnk th c/o bk fdZsk. fjzd{ wzdoK ~ YjkT[D dk ezw sK T[; nkgDh r[ioks dh rtoBoh
d/ ;w/I s'I jh F[o{ eo fdZsk ;h. sys s/ pfjD s'I pkd fJ; ezw ftZu s/}h fbnKdh rJh.
fjzd{nK dh ;oekoh B"eohnK ftZu Gosh pzd ehsh rJh ns/ fJ;bkw d/ gquko bJh ;ysh tZX
rJh. fto'X ftZu ikNK ns/ ;fsBkwhnK dhnK prktsK j'JhnK, go e[ub fdZshnK rJhnK.
nepo d/ ;w/I s'I tckdko pD/ okig{s tckdko jh pD/ oj/. i'Xg[o d/ okm'oK s'I fpBK fe;/
B/ f;o Bk u[Zfenk. dZyD ftZu wokm/ T[&Zm/ go T[&Zsoh Gkos dh fjzd{ iBsk p/p;h dh jkbs
ftZu tX/o/ d[yh j' ojh ;h. e'Jh pKj cVB tkbk BjhI ;h fdZ;dk.
f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkB ~ pd s'I pdso j[d z / jkbs B/ fuzfss ehsk. r[o{ jfo okfJ ih B/
n"orz }/p d/ fybkc T[; d/ tZv/ Gok dkok dh e[M ;jkfJsk ehsh, fJj fJ; bJh th fe T[j
sys dk ikfJi jZedko ;h, go f}nkdk fJ; eoe/ fe T[j wiQph s"o s/ eZNV BjhI ;h gozs{
dkok ;cb Bk j' ;fenk, ns/ ;wokN n"or z }/p jh pfDnk. T[; ~ id'I r[o{ ;kfjp dh dkok
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 10 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

gqfs jwdodh dk gsk bZrk fe T[; B/ r[o{ jfo okfJ ih ~ dopko ftZu jk}o j'D bJh fejk.
r[o{ ih nkg sK Bk rJ/, nkgD/ tZv/ g[s Z o okw okfJ ih ~ G/fink go T[; B/ iBsk d/ gZy ftZu
vND dh pikJ/ eokwksK ftyk e/ ns/ r[opkDh d/ rbs noE eoe/ pkdFkj ~ y[F eo fbnk.
r[o{ ;kfjp T[; ~ f;Zyh ftZu'I S/e e/ nkgD/ gzi ;kbk S'N/ p/N/ r[o{ jfofeqFB ;kfjp ~ r[o{ rZdh
d/ e/ nkg gob'e f;Xko rJ/. r[o{ jfofeqFB ih ~ th n"or z }/p B/ fdZbh dopko ftZu p[bkfJnk
go T[BKQ dk th pkdFkj ~ fwb/ fpBK jh ;[ortk; j' frnk. r[o rZdh s/ j[D r[o{ s/r pjkdo
;kfjp 43 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu p?m. /
;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp ih dh Fy;hns
pkp/ pekb/ G'o/ ftZu T[BQK d/ sg dhnK ;kyhnK ns/ T[BQK dh t?okrwJh pkDh s'I ne;o
fJj Bshik eZY fbnk iKdk j? fe r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp ih, r[o-rZdh s'I gfjbK, fJe
fJeKstk;h sgZ;th jh ;B. go n;b ftZu fJT[I BjhI ;h. p/FZe T[j d[fBnkth iZ;, neKfynk
iK wjkBsk dh fJZfSnk s'I T[&Zgo ;B, go T[j d[BhnK s'I T[gokw BjhI ;B. u"dK ;kb dh T[wo
ftZu T[jBK eoskog[o d/ :[ZX ftZu sbtko d/ i"jo ftyk e/ jh nkgD/ r[o{ fgsk s'I s/r pjkdo
dh T[gkXh gqkgs ehsh ;h. (T[BQK dk gfjbk BkT[I fsnkr wZb dZf;nk iKdk j?) ns/ pkp/ pekb/
fBtk; d"okB nkgDhnK gfotkfoe b'VK tZb g{ok fXnkB d/D d/ Bkb Bkb nkb/ d[nkb/ r[owfs
dk gquko th eod/ oj/ ns/ fJ;/ no;/ ftZu T[j gquko fjZs wkbt/ ns/ pKro ftZu dh j[d z /
j'J/ d{o g{op d/ god/FK ftZu gquko bJh rJ/. fJ; d"o/ d/ d"okB T[BQK ~ fJe tko frqcsko
eoe/ fdZbh fbikfJnk frnk, go nkgD/ FoXkb{ i? f;zx dh }wkBs s/ SZv fdZsk frnk. T[j
pV/ mozw/ tkb/ go gZe/ fJokd/ tkb/ ;B. id'I r[o{ jfor'fpzd ~ r[o rZdh r[o{ s/r pjkdo
ih ~ SZv e/ T[BQK d/ 14 ;kbK d/ Gshi/ r[o{ jfo okfJ ih ~ d/D dk c?;bk ehsk sK T[jBK
fgqEh uzd iK Xho wZb tKr fto'X BjhI ehsk, pbfe r[o{ fgsk dh oik nZr/ ;h; fBtkfJnk,
gozs{ id r[o{ jfofeqFB ;kfjp ih B/ T[BQK ~ nkgDk nfXnksfwe tko; pDkfJnk sK fyV/ wZE/
r[fonkJh dh f}zwt/ koh ep{bh ns/ fBGkJh. Xho wZb d/ fJe w;zd B/ T[BQK s/ r'bh ubkJh fi;
d/ itkp ftZu T[BQK d/ ;/te wZyD Fkj B/ Xho wZb dk e?Ig b[N fbnk go r[o{ s/r pjkdo
B/ ;kok wkb tkg; eo fdZsk. nzfwqs;o wZEk N/eD rJ/ sK whD/ w;zdK B/ jfowzfdo nzdo
Bk ikD fdZsk, go nkg u[Zg ukg pkjo gfoeowk ftZu jh nodk; eo e/ w[V nkJ/ s/ pekbk
th SZv fdZsk ns/ tZyok Bro wky'tkb uZe BkBeh t;k e/ gquko ikoh oZfynk ns/ S/sh jh
c/o gquko d/ bzw/ d"o/ s/ g{op ~ fBeb rJ/ fi; d"okB okik okw f;zx d/ Bkb n;kw dh
w[fjzw ftZu T[; dk ;kE fdZsk. fJ; no;/ ftZu n"or z }/p dhnK tXhehnK ftZu fdB'I fdB tkXk
j[d
z k t/y T[j tkg; gzikp gos/.
eFwhoh gzfvsK dk tcd ns/ Fjhdh
j/mb/ rohp tor d/ fjzd{nK dh fJe tZvh frDsh sK ;fji/ jh w[;bwkB pD u[e Z h
;h. T[sb/ tor, pqkjwD ns/ yZsoh nkfd jh nkgD/ XowK s/ vN/ j'J/ ;B. n"ozr}/p dk ftuko
;h fe i/ fjzd{ Xow d/ r[o{, pqkjwD fe;/ soQK w[;bwkB pDk bJ/ ikD sK pkeh d/ fjzd{ th
S/sh jh ep{b b?Dr/. ;' pqkjwDK ~ yk; s"o s/ ;ysh dk fBFkBk pDkfJnk ikD bZrk yk;
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 11 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

eoe/ eFwhoh pqkjwD i' nkgDh ftdtsk eoe/ T[&Zsoh Gkos d/ fjzd{nK ftZu ;BwkfBs ;B.
eFwho dk rtoBo ;?c ykB dot/F ;[Gk dk ns/ ;[bje[zB Fk;e ;h. ;zB 1671 ftZu
n"orz }/p B/ fJcsyko ykB ~ F/o ncrkB dk fyskp d/ e/ eFwho dk ;{p/dko pDkfJnk. T[;
B/ pkdFkj dh Bhsh nB[;ko dwB ueo ubk fdZsk. eFwhoh gzfvs d[yh j' e/ gzfvs feogk
okw dh nrtkJh j/m i' gfjbK jh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp ih ~ ikDdk ;h, nBzdg[o nk
e/ co:kdh j'J/. r[o{ ;kfjp ;ko/ jkbks s'I ikD{ jh ;B. T[jBK ftuko ehsk fe e[opkBh s'I
fpBK Xow BjhI pu ;edk. go fjzd{nK dk wB'pb J/Bk fro u[Zek ;h fe T[jBK ftZu'I e'Jh
wjkB B/sk nZr/ BjhI ;h nk fojk. d{i/ gk;/ FoB nkJ/ dhB d[yh dh ;jkfJsk eoBk T[BQK dk
nkgDk Xow ;h, fit/I fe r[opkDh d/ tke jB L
i' ;ofD nkt? fs;[ ezfm bkt? fJj[ fpod[ ;[nkwh ;zdk. (gzBk 544)
ns/
woD[ w[D;k ;{fonk je[ j? i' j'fJ wofB gotkD'..
;{o/ ;/Jh nr? nkyhnfj dorj gktfj ;kuh wkD'.. (gzBk 579-80)
ns/
;{ok ;' gfjukBhn? i[ bo? dhB e/ j/s.
g[oik g[oik efN wo? epj{ B Skv? y/s[.. (gzBk 1105)
;' pVh ;'u ;wM s'I pkd, nkgD/ ;kfjp}kd/, r[o{ r'fpzd okfJ ih dh ;bkj Bkb r[o{
s/r pjkdo B/ fjzd{nK dk fsbe izR{ pukT[Dk nkgDh f}zw/tkoh ;wMd/ j'J/, r[o-rZdh ;kfjp}kd/
~ ;"gI e/ Fjkds d/D bJh nBzdg[o ;kfjp s'I fdZbh sZe e{u ehsk. o;s/ ftZu ;zrsK ~ fBoG?n
j'D dk gkm gVQkT[Id/ j'J/ j"bh j"bh rJ/. gsk bZrD s/ fe pkdFkj sK fdZbh ftZu j? BjhI
ns/ fe;/ w[fjzw s/ frnk j'fJnk j?, T[j fdZbh s'I nZr/ wEok ns/ nkro/ tZb ub/ rJ/. T[Xo
pkdFkj ~ id ypo fwbh fe r[o{, pkdFkj dh eZNV Xkfowe Bhsh ~ u?bzi eoe/ T[; dh
}who ~ tzrkoB bJh fBefbnk j?, sK T[; B/ r[o{ ih ~ cV e/ esb eoB dk j[ew ikoh
eo fdZsk. r[o{ ;kfjp ~ nkro/ d/ B/V/ frqcsko eoe/ fdZbh fbnKdk frnk ns/ uKdBh u"Ie
ftZu fJeZmh j'Jh GhV d/ ;kjwD/ Fjhd eo fdZsk frnk. T[; s'I gfjbK T[BQK ~ fJ;bkwh FoQk
w[skfpe fszB pdb dZ;/ rJ/ - iK s/ nkgDh ghoh d/ ;p{s ti'I eokwks ftykT[, iK fJ;bkw
ep{b eo', BjhI s/ woB bJh fsnko j' ikT[. r[o{ ih dk T[&Zso ;h.
w'fj woB/ ek ukT[ j? HHHHHH
Fjkds d/ Bshi/
r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp ih dh Fjkds wB[Zysk d/ fJfsjk; ftZu nkgDh fw;kb nkg
j?. nkgD/ Xow bJh, d/F bJh iK T[&u Z nkdoFK bJh sK nB/eK FjhdhnK j[zdhnK ojhnK jB,
go fe;/ d{i/ d/ Xow ;zeN ~ d{o eoB ykso nkgDh wo}h Bkb w"s ep{bD tkb/ r[o{ s/
r pjkdo ;kfjp ih j'J/ jB. tkeJh T[jBK @ehB' pv' eb{ wfj ;kek#. n?vh tZvh ;kwokih
skes T[jBK fJeZfbnK B/ tzrkoh, wkB' fJj efjzfdnK fe @fBZs E'V fdb/, p/p;, ew}'o b'eK
s/ nkgDk Xow pdbD bJh nkgDh skes dk o'np ftykT[D tkfbnK dh skes d/yd/ jK.
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 12 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

pkdFkj B/ }'o n}wkfJnk go r[o{ ;kfjp B/ jZ;fdnK jZ;fdnK @;h; dhnk go f;oo Bk dhnk.#
T[jBK gqkD d/ fdZs/ go Xow dh nkB ekfJw oZyh. T[jBK dh Fjkds eFwhoh gzvsK s/ nfj;kB
BjhI ;h, pbfe ;kX{nK j/s ;h, T[; ;op ;KM/ Xow fjs fi; ftZu @Bk e' p?oh Bkjh fprkBk#,
fi; ftZu fe;/ T[&Zs/ th XZek p/fJB;kch jz[zdk t/y, vN yb'Dk nkgDk y[d dk Xow ;wfMnk iKdk
j?.
fJ; Fjhdh dh c"oh gqfsfeqnk iBsk ftZu rw ns/ r[Z;/ dh GktBk ;h. b'e sqkj sqkj
eo T[m/ @j? j? j? ;G ifr GfJU#. go fJj r[Z;k p/p;h ns/ vo d/ j/m dfpnk j'fJnk ;h.
e'Jh o"bk Bk fgnk, e'Jh fJsoki Bk j'fJnk. jK fJZek d[Zek o'; dk gqrNktk j'D dk f}eo
fJfsjk; ftZu j?, fit/I fe fdZbh d/ e'stkb yPkik npd[bk dk B"eoh SZv e/ nkBzdg[o r[o{ r'fpzd
f;zx ih dh FoB ftZu nkT[Dk ns/ Fjkds s'I brGr fJe ;kb pkd ikwk w;fid s'I pkjo
fBebd/ n"or z }/p T[&Zs/ fJe f;Zy dk Bkekw jwbk. fJ;/ vo s'I B\os dk iBw j'fJnk. b'eK
ftZu pkdFkj ns/ T[; dh oki ;Zsk d/ fybkc B\os ftZu tkXk j'fJnk.
gozs{ fJj n;o nkw b'eK s/ j'fJnk, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih s/ BjhI. pkb r[o{ B/ pV/
moQw z / Bkb nkgD/ fgsk r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp dk efNnk ;h; ;theko ehsk, pVh rzGhosk
Bkb T[; dk ;;eko ehsk ns/ pV/ i/o/ Bkb j'oBK ~ j"I;bk fdZsk.
id GkJh i?sk B/ ;koh tkosk ;[DkJh ns/ dZf;nk fe Fjhdh t/b/ t/yD tkfbnK ftZu
f;Zy sK eJh }o{o j'Dr/, gsk BjhI feT[I e'Jh fBZso e/ nZr/ sK nkfJnk BjhI ;h, sK T[;/ rzGhosk
Bkb r[o{ ;kfjp B/ fejk fe w?I f;ZyK ~ nfij/ pDk fdnKrk fe fJeZbk f;Zy jikoK dh GhV
ftu p/-gSkDk Bk oj/. fJj ykb;/ dh f;oiBk tZb ;ze/s ;h.
r[o{ ;kfjpkB tZb'I FKswJh Yzr Bkb }[bw dk Nkeok eoB dk fJj d{ik T[gokbk ;h
i' fiZE'I se }kbw dk ;zpzX j? Bkekw fojk. n"or z }/p d/ }[bw j'o tZX rJ/. j[D fjzd{ wzdoK
d/ Bkb f;ZyK d/ r[od[nko/ th Ykj/ ikD bZr. / r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ~ :ehB j' frnk fe nekb
g[oy tZb'I fdZs/ @Xow ubktB ;zs T[pkoB# d/ fwFB ~ g{ok eoB bJh @d[FN ;GB e' w{b
T[gkoB# }o{oh ;h, @;zsk wkBT[# d/ Bkb Bkb @d[FNk vkBT[# th oZph fJB;kc dk nzr j?.
gqfjbkd ~ skoD bJh joDkeF d[FN ~ wkoBk jfo bJh }o{oh j' frnk ;h. fJ; bJh
@u{z eko n} jwk jhbs/ do r[}Fs. jbkb n;s p[odB p FwFho d;s.#
T[BQK nkgD/ dkdk r[o{ dh oDBhsh ~ ;[oihs jh BjhI ehsk, ykb;k e"w ~ f;Zyo she
gj[uz kfJnk.
T[Xo f;ZyK ~ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh f}zdk fw;kb Bkb T[jBK ns/ T[BQK s'I gfjb/
r[o{ ;kfjpkB d[nkok fdZsk fBoG?sk dk }o{oh ;pe fJe d?th r[D d/ o{g ftZu fdqVQ j' frnk.
fi; okj s/ r[o{ nkg s[o e/ ftykT[Idk j? T[; T[&s Z / s[oB'I f;Zy feT[I fMie/. j[D f;ZyK ~ vo
dh EK Fjhdh dk ukn uVQB bZrk.
fJj BthI ;fgfoN f;ZyK ftZu jh BjhI, ;ko/ fjzd[;skB ftZu c?bh. d{o'I d{o'I fjzd{, yk;
eoe/ doV/ ik oj/ torK ftZu'I, f;ZyK d/ f;o bZE ;zs f;gkjhnK dh c"i ftZu Gosh j' e/ r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ Mzv/ EZb/ iwQk j'D bZr/, f;o sbh s/ Xo, @w[fj woB/ dk ukT[ j?, @rkT[Id/
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 13 Xow nfXn?B^ gouk T

j'J/ 1699 dh ft;kyh tkb/ fdB fBZsoB tkb/ ;{ofwnK ftZu fJBQK jh torK d/ e[M d{o-d[okv/
j;sBkg[o, fpdo ns/ d[nkoek s'I nkJ/ f;Zy pD/. r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh Fjhdh Bkb ghVh
ik ojh, p/;jkok j'Jh iBsk ftZu fJe BthI f;nk;h Xkofwe u/sBk dk nkozG j'fJnk. efj
;ed/ jK fe fJfsjk; d/ roG ftZu ykb;/ dk gqtF / Btzpo 1675 ftZu j' frnk fi; B/ ;wK
gk e/ 30 wkou 1699 ~ nkBzdg[o ftZu iBw fbnk.
gkm Bz H L2H3

2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
2.3.8

2.3.1

2.3.2

14
phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 15 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T

2.3.3
phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 16 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T
phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 17 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T

2.3.4
phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 18 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T
phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 19 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T

State within State'

phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 20 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T

My dear Lord Rippon,

I think it would be politically dangerous to allow the
ar rangemen t of S ikh temp les t o fall int o t h e hands of a
Committee emancipated from Govt. control and I trust your
Excelleancy will assist to pass such orders in the case as will
enable to continue the system which has worked out successfully
for more than thirty years. Believe me -
S i ml a Yours sincerely
8 August, 1881 R.E. Egerton,
Lt. Governor, Punjab
phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 21 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T

2.3.5
phHJ/HHGkr gfjbk (;w?;No gfjbk) 22 Xow nfXn?B-gouk T

2.3.6

2.3.7

2.3.8
1. Teja Singh, Ideals and Institution of Sikhism
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) Xow nfXn? B
gouk T
gkm Bzpo L 2H4

whoh ghoh

whoh ghoh dh ftukoXkok dk f;ZXk ;zpzX ;qh jfor'fpzd ih Bkb i'fVnk iKdk j?. T[BQK dk
iBw i{B 1595 JhH ftZu nzfwqs;o fib/Q d/ fgzv tvkbh ftu j'fJnk. fJj r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/
fJeb"s/ g[Zso ;B ns/ fJBQK dh wksk dk BK rzrk d/th ;h. jfor'fpzd ih pugB s'A jh pV/ j'Djko
;B. T[BQK B{z pj[s ;kohnK GkPktK dk frnkB ;h. fejk iKdk j? fe GkJh p[ZYk ih B/ T[BQK B{z
Xkofwesk dk frnkB fdZsk ;h ns/ Bkb jh T[BQK B{z tZy tZy P;soK dh tos'A eoBh f;ykJh ;h.
T[dkjoD ti'A x'V^;tkoh eoB, fPeko y/vD, x[bD s/ j'o wodkBhnK y/vK y/vD dk nfGnk;
nkw eotkfJnk iKdk ;h. jfor'fpzd ;kfjp d/ r[o{ ekb dk ;wK 1606 s'A 1645 JhH sZe ;h ns/
T[j w[rb ;wokN ijKrho d/ ;wekbh ;B.
whoh ghoh d/ phi f;Zy fuzsB ftu gqkgs ;B. ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh nzdobh rtkjh
d/ nkXko s/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJj phi Grs pkDhekoK ftu th gqkgs ;B. fJ; d/ Bkb jh
f;Zy ;kfjs ftu nfij/ ;ze/s gqkgs jB fiBQK s'A ;kfps j' iKdk j? fe gzit/A r[o{ noiB d/t ih
‘whoh ghoh* d/ ;zebg d/ gqekPB gqsh u/szB ;B. GkJh r[odk; ih gzuw gksPkj d/ ;G s'A
BIdheh f;Zy nky/ ik ;ed/ jB ns/ T[jBK dh u/sBk B/ th wjkoki dh fJ; ebk dk nfj;k; eo
fbnk ;h. T[BQK d[nkok fbyh fJe tko fi; dk f;Zy Xow d/ wjkB Pjhd s/ ftdtkB GkJh wBh
f;zx ih B/ Nhek ehsk j'fJnk j?, ftu gzuw gksPkj jI{o d/ ;w/A dhnK nfijhnK xNBktK dk
fIeo j? i' fJ; rZb tZb fXnkB fdtkT[AdhnK jB fe fJ; f;XKs dk gq'rokw gfjbK s'A jh ;h ns/
gq'rokw d/ gqekPB tk;s/ e/tb ;w/A dh T[vhe ehsh ik ojh ;h. fJ; tko ftu fJe xNBk dk
fIeo fJ; soQK j? fe fJe tko GkJh u{jV BK dk f;Zy gzuw gksPkj jI{o gk; nkfJnk s/
T[gd/P wzfrnk. r[o{ ih B/ T[gd/P fdZsk, “Xow dk :[ZX eoBk Xow j?, i' rohpK B{z ;skJ/ T[;
Bkb :[ZX eoBk, efbnkD j't/rk.@ fJ; s'A gsk bZrdk j? fe whoh s/ ghoh bJh gfjbK s'A jh y/s
tkj^;ztko e/ fsnko ehsk ik fojk ;h. Xow :[ZX dk gquko b'eK d/ fdbK ftu Gfonk ik fojk
;h. fJ;/ tko dh 28thA gT[Vh ftu GkJh ;hrko{ ns/ GkJh i?sk ih BK d/ d' f;ZyK dk fIeo ehsk
frnk j? fe id fJjBK B/ r[o{ xo d/ d'yhnK fto[ZX jfEnko u[ZeD bJh nkfrnk wzrh sK gzuw
gksPkj jI{o B/ c[owkfJnk, “n;K i' P;so geVB/ j?fB, jfor'fpzd dk o{g XkoB eo geVB?
j?fB. ;wK eb:[r dk tosDk j?. P;so dh ftfdnk eo who dh whoh fyZu b?Dh j? s/ Ppd dh
gqhs ;wM eo gho dh ghoh fyZu b?Dh j?.@ fejk iKdk j? fe nfijk ;[B/jk jh r[o{ noiB d/t ih
B/ nkgDh Pjhdh s'A gfjbK r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp B{z G/fink ;h. T[; B{z g{oh soQK P;soK Bkb
P[P'fGs j' e/ rZdh s/ p?mDk ukjhdk j? ns/ nkgDh g{oh :'rsk Bkb ;?Bk oZyDh ukjhdh j?. fJ;

23
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 24 Xow nfXn? B ^gouk T

;[B/j/ B{z fJfsjk; ftu fJ; soQK ;zGkfbnk j'fJnk j? L

jfor'fpzd r[o gk;, pj[o ikfJ ;G jh ej'.

efoU g[zB nodk;, pj[ s[oeB e' :[ZX eo'.

fiE'A sZe fJBQK PpdK dk ;zpzX j? fJj d't/A Ppd who ns/ gho noph w{b s'A nkJ/ jB.
who noph d/ nwho Ppd d/ ;zy/g ti'A tofsnk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ Pkpfde noE jB L jkew,
j[ew eoB tkbk, ;?Bkgsh. gho th noph w{b dk Ppd j? ns/ fJ; dk noE gowkswk Xow dk
T[gd/P d/D tkbk, Xkofwe B/sk d/ jB. S/t/A gksPkj jI{o ;kfjp ;qh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih d/ t/b/
fco w[rb oki dhnK tXhehnK B{z iBsk ;fjB eoh ik ojh ;h. w[rb oki dhnK tXhehnK dk
;gPN gqrNktk gzuw gksPkj ;kfjp ;qh r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Pjhdh ftu'A j[zdk j?. fJ; t/b/
fco b'V ;h fe ‘pkpotkDh* tkbh ;[o f;XKse dh EK nwbh o{g ftu ;kjwD/ fbnKdh ikt/. fJ;
ekoi B{z g{ok eoB bJh S/t/A gksPkj jI{o ;qh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp B/ jfEnko pzd j'D dk c?;bk
ehsk.
fJ; soQK id r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih B{z r[fonkJh fdZsh ikD bZrh sK gozgok nB[;ko w;zd
;/bh N'gh s/ wzih b? nkfJnkL
r[o wzso g'Eh, i'T{ ;/bh N'gh ;kE.
wkbk wzih gKu J/, Xo fsB fBtk:' wkE.

go r[o{ ih B/ fJj otkfJsh fuzBQ gfjBD s'A fJBeko eo fdZsk ns/ ;/bh N'gh dh EK
r[fonkJh XkoB eoB t/b/ whoh ghoh dhnK d' sbtkoK XkoB ehshnK. T[jBK fejk fe fJe
sbtko who dh j'tr / h i' ;z;kfoe ftfPnK dh nrtkJh dk gqshe j't/rh ns/ d{ih gho dh i'
nfXnkswe ofjB[wkJh dk fuzBQ j't/rh. fJ; soQK 1606 JhH B{z nodk; eo e/ S/t/A gksPkj jI{o
B{z gZr pzBtkJh rJh ns/ ;zrsK B{z j[ewBkw/ fby e/ G/i/ rJ/ fe uzr/ x'V/ ns/ P;so r[o{ d/
dopko bJh G/i/ ikD. fJ; s'A e[M fdB pknd jh nekb sys dh BhAj oZyh rJh ns/ T[; d/
nzdo 12 c[N Z T[u/ EV/ dk fBowkD GkJh p[ZYk ih ns/ GkJh r[odk; ih B/ eotkfJnk. id
fBPfus fdB *s/ fJj EVk fsnko j' frnk sK S/tA/ gksPkj jI{o ;qh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih Pkjh
p;so XkoB eo sys *s/ fpokiwkB j'J/ ns/ T[BQK d/ fJe gk;/ GkJh p[ZYk ih ns/ d{i/ gk;/ GkJh
r[odk; ih p?m/. S/tA/ gksPkj jI{o j[D fJ; sys s/ p?m e/ f;ZyK d/ ;?fBe s/ okiBhfse
wkwfbnK ftu okjB[wkJh eoB bZr/. jfowzdo ;kfjp ftu sK T[j Xkofwe s/ nfXnkswe r[o{ d/
o{g ftu ezw eod/ ns/ nekb sys s/ nfXnksw d/ Bkb Bkb ;?fBe B/sk d/ o{g ftu th ezw
eod/. r[o{ ih B/ ;?Bk dk rmB th ehsk ns/ wkM/, wkbt/ ns/ d[nkp/ d/ 500 B"itkBK B{z nkgDh
;?Bk ftZu Gosh eoe/ ns/ fJjBK B{z gzi ifEnK, fiBQK d/ w[yh fpXh uzd, ghok;k, i/mk, g?Vk ns/
bzrkj ;B, ftu tzv fdZsk. fJ; s'A fpBk g?Ad/ yK d/ nXhB fJe gmkBK dh N[eVh th ekfJw
ehsh. nekb s\s ;kfjp s/ r[o{ xo d/ YkvhnK who npd[Zbk ns/ BZEk wZb okjhA tho o; dhnK
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 25 Xow nfXn? B ^gouk T

tkoK dk rkfJB ehsk iKdk. fJBQK d[nkok T[; t/b/ rkJh iKdh fJe wPj{o tko fi; ftu whoh s/
ghoh d/ |oIK pko/ pj[s tXhnk Yzr Bkb dZf;nk j?, fJfsjk; ftu fJ; soQK ;zGkbh gJh j?L

d' sbtkoK pZXhnK, fJe who dh fJe gho dh.

fJe nIws dh, fJe oki dh, fJe okyh eo/ tIho dh.
fjzws pkoK e'N rVQ dotkik pby pyho dh.
eNe f;gkjh Bhb Bb, wko d[PNK eo/ srho dh.
gZr s/oh, eh ijKrho dh.

GkJh r[odk; ih B/ th nkgDh 26thA tko dh fJZe gT[Vh ftZu f;Zy PoXkb{nK dh S/t/A
gksPkj jI{o dh fJ; Bhsh pko/ j?okBh dk fIeo fJ; soQK ehsk j?L “gfjb/ r[o{ wzdo ftu
p?fmnk eod/ ;B, gozs{ toswkB r[o{ fJe ;EkB *s/ BjhA ofjzd/. fJ; s'A gfjbK r[o{nK d/ doPB
bJh pkdPkj nkg nkT[Ad/ ;B gozs{ fJ; r[o{ B{z pkdPkj B/ feb/Q ftu e?d eo fdZsk ;h. gfjb/
r[o{ rZdh *s/ p?m e/ f;ZyK d/ Xkofwe ekoiK ftu okjB[wkJh eod/ ;B, gozs{ fJj r[o{ e[Zs/ oZydk
j? s/ fPeko y/vdk j?.@ id PoXkb{ f;ZyK B/ nkgD/ Pze/ dk fJIjko ehsk sK r[o{ ih B/ T[jBK dk
Pzek Bftos eoB bJh fejk fe T[j i' e[M eo oj/ jB f;ZyK d/ Gb/ bJh jh eo oj/ jB. T[jBK
fejk fe whoh jw/PK ghoh d/ nXhB ofj e/ wkBtsk d/ fjsK bJh ;wki ftZu fefonkPhb oj/rh.
T[jBK fJj th fejk fe T[j fJj ekoi fe;/ d[fBnkth fJZSk d/ nXhB BjhA eo oj/ ;r'A ;opZs d/
Gb/ bJh eo oj/ jB. f;Zy Xow d/ w{b ;'fwnK ftu ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp s/ d;w rqzE ;kfjp B{z
wzfBnk iKdk j?. whoh ghoh d/ n?bkBBkw/ t/b/ d;w rzqE ;kfjp ti{d ftu BjhA ;B. f;Zy Xow d/
r"D ;'fwnK ftu GkJh r[odk; ih dhnK ouBktK B{z pj[s T[¤u ;EkB gqkgs j?. GkJh ih B/ nkgDh
fJZe ouBk ftu r[o{nK d/ gho o{g B{z fXnkB ftu oZyd/ j'J/ S/t/A gksPkj jI{o ;kfjp ;qh r[o{
jfor'fpzd ih B{z “Gkoh@ ;zfrnk fdZsh j'Jh j?. fJ; “Gkoh@ dk G/d gksPkj jI{o d/ “dfb
GziB@, “;{owk@ ns/ :'Xk j'D ftu j? go fJj fszB/ r[D goT[geko d/ fpzd{ Bkb pZM/ j'J/ jB. r[o{
f;yKdo{ j? ns/ T[; B/ nkgD/ Ppd ns/ eow okjhA wkor doPB B{z T[ikro eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ;
;zdoG ftu GkJh r[odk; d/ fJj Ppd jBL
gzi fgnkb/ gzi gho, Smw[ gho[ p?mk r[o Gkoh.
noi[B ekfJnk gbfNe/, w{ofs jfor'fpzd ;tkoh.
ubh ghVh ;'Yhnk o{g fdyktfD tko' tkoh.
dfb GziB r[o ;{owk tZvk :'Xk pj[ goT[gekoh.

;' ;gPN j? fe r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih B/ ‘whoh s/ ghoh* dh x'PDk eoe/ f;Zy f;XKs dh fJZe
gos ;kjwD/ fbnKdh j? Bk fe fe;/ tZyo/ f;XKs dh BhAj oZyh j?,. vkH joh okw r[gsk B/ fJj
rZb gotkB ehsh j'Jh j? fe S/t/A gksPkj B/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d[nkok irkJh rJh i'fs B{z jh
gqitbZs eoB ftu fjZ;k gkfJnk j?, coe e/tb n?Bk j? fe fJ; ftukoXkok ftu sbtko dh
uwe Pkwb eo fdZsh. go r[o{ ih d[nkok nfXnkswe ns/ d[fBnkth PeshnK B{z fJeo{gsk d/D
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 26 Xow nfXn? B ^gouk T

d/ pkti{d th edh whoh B{z ghoh *s/ Gkoh BjhA j'D fdZsk ns/ fJ; f;XKs d/ XkoB s'A pknd th
T[j nkgD/ Xkofwe eosZtK dh gkbDk fB:fws o{g ftu eod/ oj/. T[go'es ekoiK d/ cb;o{g
f;ZyK B{z T[; soQK dk g[Bo ihtB gqkgs j'fJnk, fi; soQK toyk o[Zs ftu pB;gshnK B{z fwbdk
j?.@
r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s'A b? e/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih sZe fe;/ th r[o{ ;kfjp B{z nfij/ n?bkBBkw/
dh Io{os BjhA gJh feT[Afe fe;/ th w[rb pkdPkj B/ ed/ f;Zy ;wki d/ nfXekoK B{z jVZg eoB
dh e'fPP jh BjhA ehsh. r[o{ nwodk; ih B/ f;Zy ;zrsK B{z wzih f;;Nw okjhA iE/pzd ehsk.
eJhnK B{z fJj gqpzX tZv/ oki ftu S'N/ oki d/ pokpo BIo nkT[Adk ;h ns/ eJhnK B{z fJj
nepo d/ 22 ;{fpnK Bkb fwbdk i[bdk fd;dk ;h. go fe;/ pkdPkj B/ fJ; ftu e'Jh dyb
BjhA fdZsk. fco r[o{ okw dk; ih B/ wzih f;;Nw dh EK w;zd f;;Nw ukb{ ehsk. eJhnK B{z fJj
f;;Nw th fJe pokpo dh je{ws BIo nkT[Adk ;h go fJ; ftu th fe;/ pkdPkj B/ e'Jh dyb
nzdkIh BjhA ehsh. fJ;/ eoe/ fe;/ r[o{ ;kfjp B/ th who pDB d/ n?bkB BjhA ehs/. go id'A
ijKrho B/ fpBK tikj f;oc fJe Xkofwe ;kV/ ekoB r[o{ noiB d/t ih B{z Pjhd eo fdZsk sK
fJj fJe xN frDsh d/ GkJhuko/ d/ wZ[Yb/ nfXekoK B{z y'jD dh ;G s'A tZvh u[D"sh ;h. fJjh
ekoB ;h fe r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp B{z gho d/ Bkb Bkb who pDB dk th n?bkB eoBk fgnk. fJ;
we;d bJh jh nekb sys ekfJw ehsk ns/ jfEnkopzd c"iK yVhnK ehshnK, Gkt/A ijKrho
S/sh jh jkbks B{z skV frnk ;h fJT[A T[; B/ r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp Bkb fwZsosk ekfJw eo bJh
;h. fwZsosk ekfJw eoB dk d{;ok wsbp f;ZyK d/ w[ZYb/ nfXekoK dh ;[oZfynk dh rozNh ;h.
fJ; eoe/ r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp th PKs j' rJ/ ns/ d't/A fXoK dk Neokn BjhA j'fJnk. f;ZN/
ti'A r[o{ ;kfjpkB th w[rb je{ws B{z wkBsk fdzd/ oj/ ns/ nkgD/ Bt^f;oi/ ;wki dh ;[szsosk
th poeoko oZyd/ oj/ ;B. n"ozrI/p B/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih B{z fpBK tikj Pjhd eo fdZsk sK r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx ih th jfEnkopzd j' e/ izr d/ w?dkB ftu nk e/ yVQ rJ/. Gkt/A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih
dh jfEnkopzd Bhsh dh f;ZXh NZeo n"ozrI/p Bkb BjhA j'Jh ;r'A ;EkBe gjkVh okfinK Bkb jh
j' rJh ;h. fJ; dk th Gkt fJjh ;h fe T[BQK B/ r[o{ ih dhnK izrh fsnkohnK B{z n"ozrI/p dh
je{ws Bkb'A gfjbK nkgDh je{ws bJh ysok wzB fbnk ;h. fJ; bJh n"ozri/p Bkb j'D tkbk
Neok gjkVh okfinK Bkb j' frnk. r[o{ ih nBzdg[o ;kfjp fty/ nkgD/ ykb;/ dh ;[szsosk B{z
ekfJw oZye/ ftuod/ ;B id'A fe fpbk;g[o (efjb{o) dk okik nBzdg[o ;kfjp B{z nkgDh Xosh
;wMdk ;h. T[j ukj[zdk ;h fe iK sK r[o{ ih nBzdg[o ;kfjp B{z SZv ikD s/ iK fco fJ; EK dk
fJe goik d/ s"o *s/ N?e; ndk eoB. fJj rZb \kb;/ dh ;[szso j;sh d/ fto[ZX ;h. fJ; bJh
r[o{ ih B/ nfijk eoB s'A fJBeko eo fdZsk ns/ f;ZNk nkg;h jfEnko pzd Neokn d/ o{g ftu
fBefbnk. fgS'A fJj Neokn w[rb je{ws d/ nfXekohnK Bkb th j'fJnk, go ikgdk j? fe
w[rb nfXekohnK fiBQK ftu wZ[y s"o *s/ ;ofjzd dk rtoBo ns/ izw{ d/ c"idko ;B, Bkb
Neokn n"ozrI/p dh Bhsh s'A Ujb/ ik e/ iK T[;dh ikDekoh s'A p}?o jh j'fJnk ;h. fJjh ekoB
;h fe id'A r[o{ ih B/ n"ozrI/p B{z IcoBkw/ okjhA ;ko/ jkbks s'A ikD{ eotkfJnk ;h sK T[; B/
fi; soQK r[o{ ih dhnK rZbK s'A ekfJb j' e/, dZyD nkT[D dk ;Zdk fdZsk ;h, T[; s'A fJjh GktBk
gorN j[zdh j?. fit/A fe fgZS/ th dZf;nk frnk j? fe r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ns/ n"ozrI/p d/ ;zpzXK
phHJ/ H Gkr^gfjbk (;w? ; No gfjbk) 27 Xow nfXn? B ^gouk T

B{z do;kT[D bJh icoBkwk ns/ ‘pkp/ e/ pkpo e/ d'T{* tkbk Ppd nfjw d;skt/I jB. fJBQK s'A
xN' xN fJj rZb Io{o ;kps j[zdh j? fe r[o{ ih ns/ n"ozrI/p ftueko fJe yk; fe;w dk
nkg;h ftPtk; ekfJw j' u[Zfenk ;h. w[rb nfXekohnK d/ jwfbnK ekoB id'A fJ; ftPtkP B{z
;ZN tZih sK r[o{ ih B/ IcoBkw/ okjhA n"ozrI/p B{z fJ; ftPtkP fPeBh pko/ ikD{ eotkfJnk.
fJ; ;G e[M d/ fgS/ ghoh ns/ whoh dk f;XKs jh ezw eo fojk ;h. whoh d/ XkoB eoB dh
B"ps T[d'A jh nkT[Adh j? id'A je{ws w[ZYb/ nfXekoK B{z e[ubD dh e'fPP eodh j?. nfXeko ;jh
;bkws ofjD sK whoh XkoB eoB dh th b'V BjhA ofjzdh. r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp tb'A ghoh Bkb
whoh XkoB eoB dk n?bkB r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh Pjkds dk gqsheow ;h.

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