chihokbZlh&132

h&132

[k.M 2
ik'pkR; uhfr'kkL=h; fl)kUr

96
[k.M ifjp;
[k.M 2 Þik'pkR; uhfr'kkL=h; fl)kUrß xzhd vkSj ik'pkR; nk'kZfud jaxeap esa fodflr
dqN eq[; uSfrd fl)kUrksa dh ppkZ djrh gSA ;g pkj bdkbZvksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuesa
fo|kFkhZ vjLrw ds ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=] bekuq,y dk.V ds drZO;ijd uhfr&n'kZu] t‚u
LVqvVZ fey ds [Link] dks le>sxkA bl [k.M dh vfUre bdkbZ bu rhuksa
uhfr'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu gSA
bdkbZ 6 Þln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=% vjLrwß eq[;r% vjLrw ds uSfrdrk&lEcU/kh er dh ppkZ
djrh gSA fo|kFkhZ IysVks] vjLrw vkSj ,Uld‚Ec uSfrdrk dks fdl rjg ln~xq.k ds :i esa
le>rs gSaA ln~xq.k D;k gS\] e/;e [Link] iFk D;k gS\] bl bdkbZ ds vk/kkfjd fpaR;&fo"k;
gSa] vjLrw dSls ln~xq.k dks e/;e ekxZ ds :i esa fdl rjg ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa vkSj vjLrq
ln~xq.k dks e/;e ekxZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djus esa fdruk lQy gksrs gSa\
bdkbZ 7 ÞdrZO;ijd uhfr'kkL=% bekuq,y dk.Vß teZu nk'kZfud bekuq,y dk.V dh
uSfrdrk&fo"k;d le> dh ppkZ djrh gSA ge ;g le>saxs fd ;g uhfr&n'kZu ç—fr esa
drZO;ijd D;ksa gSA fo|kFkhZ dk.V ds uhfr&n'kZu dh O;kogkfjd cqf)] 'kqHk&ladYi] uSfrd
lw= vkSj uSfrd vfHkdYiukvksa dh vo/[Link] dks le>sxkA bl n'kZu dk vk/kkj ;g fopkj
gS fd 'kqHk deZ esa fufgr gksrk gSA deZ 'kqHk deZ gksus ij 'kqHk gS vkSj v'kqHk gksus ij v'kqHkA
bdkbZ 8 Þ[Link] uhfr'kkL=% ts- ,l- feyß fczfV'k nk'kZfud ts- ,l- fey ds
uhfr&n'kZu ds ckjs esa gSA ts- ,l- fey mi;ksfxrkoknh nk'kZfud tsjseh csUFke dh ijEijk esa
gSaA ge ts ,l fey ds [Link] dks tsjseh csUFke ds mi;ksfxrkokn ds fodflr ;k
la'kksf/kr :i dh rjg ys ldrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa] fo|kFkhZ fdlh deZ ds [Link] dks ekius
ds [Link] vkSj ek=kRed [Link] ds ckjs esa le>sxkA bl fopkj dk vk/kkj ;g gS fd
fdlh —R; ;k deZ dks 'kqHk ;k mfpr rHkh dg ldrs gSa] dsoy vkSj dsoy ;fn ;g —R;
vf/kdre yksxksa dks vf/kdre lq[k çnku djrk gSA
bdkbZ 9 Þuhfr'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kaduß bl [k.M dk fpaR;&fo"k;
rhuksa uhfr'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa dh vkykspukRed ijh{kk gSA fo|kFkhZ u dsoy bu uhfr'kkL=h;
fl)kUrksa ds fo#) vkifÙk;ksa dks le>sxk] vfirq bu vkifÙk;ksa ls vius er dh çfrj{kk
dSls djrk gS] ;g Hkh le>sxkA

97
bdkbZ 6 ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=% vjLrw*
:ijs[kk
6-0 mís';
6-1 ifjp;
6-2 thou dSls thuk pkfg,\
6-3 IysVks rFkk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
6-4 vjLrw rFkk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
6-5 th- bZ- ,e- ,Uld‚Ec rFkk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
6-6 lkjka'k
6-7 dqath 'kCn
6-8 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh iqLrdsa ,oa lUnHkZ
6-9 cks/k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj

6-0 mís';
bl v/;k; ds mís';ksa esa fuEufyf[kr fcUnq lfEefyr gSa%

• ekuo O;ogkj esa ln~[Link] dh egÙkk dks le>uk]

• ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk iqujh{k.k
• U;k;laxr] vU;k;laxr( uSfrd] vuSfrd( lnxq.k rFkk voxq.k ¼;k nqxqZ.k½
O;ogkj esa vUrj dks le>uk]
• ln~[Link] ls ije lq[k vkuUn ¼Eudaimonia½ dh çkfIr dh O;k[;k]

*
M‚- fjpk 'kqDyk] lgk;d çk/;kid] vks- ih- ftany Xykscy fo'ofo|ky;] lksuhir] vuqoknd& lqJh
fjadh tknokuh] O;k[;krk ¼n'kZu'kkL=½] ekufodh foHkkx] fnYyh rduhfd fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

98
 • U;k;] la;e] lkgl tSls ln~[Link] dh O;k[;k rFkk ekuo ds vfLrRo esa budh
vifjgk;Zrk dks le>uk]
• vjLrw }kjk fodflr ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dks le>ukA

6-1 ifjp;
uhfr'kkL= dks ekuo ds ÞO;ogkj dk v/;;uß djus ds :i esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA bls
xq.k ;k uSfrd pfj= dk v/;;u djus okyh ,d 'kk[kk ds :i esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA
fdlh dh lgk;rk ¼vko';drk ds le;½ djuh pkfg, D;ksafd] lgk;rk djuk ekuo dh
n;kyqrk rFkk lân;rk ds xq.k dks fn[kkrk gSA ;gh ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dk mís'; gSA ekuo
O;ogkj dks le>uk rFkk mldk fo'ys"k.k djuk vkt ds le; dh vko';drk gSA
uhfr'kkL= dh bl 'kk[kk dks vjLrw rFkk vU; çkphu xzhd nk'kZfudksa }kjk fodflr fd;k
x;k gSA ;g ln~xq.k ij vk/kkfjr uhfr'kkL= gS( ln~xq.k gesa lrr vH;kl ls çkIr gksrs gSaA
;g bdkbZ eq[; :i ls ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= rFkk blds ,sfrgkfld igyw ij çdk'k Mkyrh
gSA bl bdkbZ esa ge vjLrw ds ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ls vkjEHk djrs gq, ¼ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
dk vkjEHk tkuus ds fy,½ vk/kqfud n'kZu esa gq, ifjorZuksa ds lEcU/k esa ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
dks le>us ds fy, th- bZ- ,e- ,Uld‚Ec dk v/;;u djsaxsA
bl bdkbZ dk mís'; bl ckr ls voxr djkuk gS fd IysVks }kjk crk;s x;s ln~xq.k tSls
U;k;] lkgl] vkSj la;e gekjs fy;s fdrus vfuok;Z rFkk [Link] gSaA ledkyhu txr esa
bu vo/[Link] dks ,d ckj fQj ls ns[kus dh rFkk bu ij iqufoZpkj djus dh vko';drk
gSA ;g vo/[Link],a vkt Hkh fdlh lekt rFkk turU= dh vk/kkjf'kyk dh rjg dke
djrh gSaA bu [Link] dh rqyuk rFkk ln~xq.k ds lUnHkZ esa budk voyksdu djds IysVks ;g
pkgrs Fks fd yksx bu [Link] ds egÙo dks ln~[Link] ds :i esa le>sA IysVks yksxksa dks ;g
le>kuk pkgrk Fkk fd Lo;a dks tkuus ds lkFk lkFk fopkjiwoZd deZ djuk Hkh fdruk
[Link] gSA ledkyhu txr esa ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ,d lk/ku dh rjg dke djrk gS
ftldk mi;ksx ekuo O;ogkj esa vuSfrdrk dks le>us ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g dguk xyr ¼Hkzked½ gksxk fd ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dks le>us ds fy;s IysVks rFkk vjLrw
gh ,dek= fopkjd gSaA tSls if'pe esa ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dks le>us ds fy, vjLrw dks
i<+uk vko';d gS] mlh çdkj iwoZ esa dU¶;wf'k;l ¼phuh nk'kZfud½ Hkh [Link] gSaA ln~xq.k
dk vFkZ fdlh O;fä }kjk viuk;s gq, vkn'kZ pfj= ;k [Link] ls gSA ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ds
vf/kdrj nk'kZfud ln~xq.k dks loksZPp rFkk O;kogkfjdKku ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ;|fi

99
budk la;kstu djus ds çdkj esa muds erksa esa fHkUurk gSA ,slk djus ds fofHkUu çdkj gSaA
buesa ls çFke dks ije lq[k ;k vkuUn ¼;wMseksfu;k½ vk/kkfjr ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dgk tkrk
gSA ;s ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dks ije lq[k ¼vkuUn½ ds lEcU/k esa le>rs rFkk ifjHkkf"kr djrs
gSaA ije lq[k ¼vkuUn½ in xzhd n'kZu esa egRo ikrk gS tgk¡ bldk vFkZ vkuUn rFkk
ekuo&mRd"kZ fy;k tkrk gSA blds vuqlkj ln~xq.k euq"; dks ,d ije lq[ke; thou dh
vksj vxzlj djrk gSA

6-2 thou dSls thuk pkfg,\

pkfg,\
mfpr rFkk vuqfpr esa ge dSls vUrj djrs gSa\ mfpr rFkk vuqfpr O;ogkj esa ge dSls
vUrj djrs gSa\ bl rjg ds ç'uksa dh foLr`r le> ds fy;s uSfrd fl)karksa dks le>uk
t:jh gSA ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= bl rjg ds ç'uksa tSls] Þog D;k gS tks ,d dk;Z dks mfpr
dk;Z cukrk gSß] ÞD;k eSa ,d lgh O;fä gw¡ß] ij fopkj djrk gSA ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= fo'ks"k
?kVukvksa] voLFkkvksa ls gh ugha vfirq [Link] thou ls ljksdkj j[krk gS] tSls fd thou esa
lnSo lgh –f"V vkSj lgh deZ djus ds fy, eq>s D;k djuk pkfg,\ blfy, ln~xq.k
uhfr'kkL= esa fdlh ,d vewrZ uSfrd fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij dk;ksZa dk vkadyu ugh fd;k
tkrk gS] cfYd bl vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS fd os ln~xq.k dks fdl çdkj çLrqr djrs
gSaA blls T;knk [Link] ç'u ;g gS fd euq"; dks viuk thou dSls thuk pkfg,\
ln~xq.k uhfr'kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj bl ç'u dk mÙkj ln~xq.k dks vius thou esa viukus esa
fufgr gS] ,d lekt ln~[Link] thou O;rhr djus okys O;fä;ksa ls gh vPNk lekt curk
gSA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] ,d vkSjr ftlds ikl dtZ pqdkus ds fy, :i;s ugh gSa] og viuh
fe= ds ?kj tkrh gS vkSj ogk̐ mldh vyekjh esa cgqr lkjk udn :i;s ns[krh gSA mls
;g Hkh irk gS fd mldh fe= cgqr /kuh ifjokj ls gSA og ;g Hkh tkurh gS fd ;fn og
dqN udn ys ysrh gS rks blls mldh fe= ds thou esa dksbZ çHkko ugh iMsx + kA tc og
vkSjr bl nqfo/kk esa gS fd mls D;k djuk pkfg,] ,slh gh nqfo/kkvksa ls ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
dk ljksdkj gSA mls dSlk thou thuk pkfg,\ gesa ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd pksjh djuk cqjh
ckr gS ysfdu ;gk̐ fn;s x;s mnkgj.k esa] og vkSjr pksjh djds viuk dtZ pqdk ldrh gSA
bl fLFkfr esa og D;k djrh gS\ D;k bl rjg dk thou mlds fy, ,d csgrj fodYi
gksxk\ bl rjg ds [Link] esa ge ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dks ns[krs gSa fd D;ksafd ;g bl
ckr ij fopkj djrk gS fd gesa fdl çdkj dk thou thuk pkfg,A muds vuqlkj ije
lq[k ¼vkuUn½ thou dk mís'; gS rFkk ln~xq.k bls çkIr djus esa ,d lk/ku dh rjg dke

100
djrk gSA ln~xq.k dk vFkZ ;gk̐ mu [Link] ls gS ftlls O;fä dks ije lq[k ¼vkuUn½ ;k
lq[k dh çkfIr gks ldrh gSA
pfj= dk D;k y{k.k gksrk gS\ ge fdlh dh ç'kalk D;ksa djrs gSa\ ln~[Link] ls gh gesa ;g
irk pyrk gS fd dksbZ O;fä dSlk gS ftldh ge ç'kalk djrs gSaA ge O;fä ds ln~xq.k
dh gh ç'kalk djrs gSaA ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd ge fdlh ,slh ckr dh Hkh ç'kalk dj ldrs
gSa tks ç'kalk ;ksX; ugha gksA ge bZekunkjh] lqUnjrk] cqf)] lkgl vkfn dh ç'kalk djrs gSaA
;fn fdlh ds ikl lkgl gS] ge mldh ç'kalk djrs gSa] vkSj vxj muds ikl lkgl ugh
gS rks ge mudk fujknj dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ln~xq.k dk vFkZ mR—"Vrk rFkk Js"Brk
¼[Link]½ ls Hkh gSA mR—"V rFkk mÙke O;ogkj gh ln~xq.k gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i ge egkRek
xk¡/kh] enj Vsjslk dh ç'kalk muds dqN ,sls pfj= ds dkj.k djrs gSa ftUgsa ge Lo;a Hkh
viukuk pkgrs gSaA pkgs og n;k gks] d:.kk gks] çse gks ;k lsok Hkko gks] ge bUgsa vius
O;ogkj esa ykuk pkgrs gSa] blfy, bu [Link] dks tc ge fdlh nwljs ds O;ogkj esa ns[krs
gSa rks ge mUgsa ilUn djrs gSa] mudh ç'kalk djrs gSaA xzhd nk'kZfudksa ds vuqlkj bUgsa
ln~xq.k dgk tk ldrk gS tks gesa ije lq[k dh voLFkk rd igq̐pus esa enn djrs gSa] tks
fd ije 'kqHk] Js;l rFkk [Link] dh fLFkfr gSA
cks/k&ç'u I

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq uhps fn;s x;s fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A
[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- fu;ked uhfr'kkL= D;k gS\
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2- D;k drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= rFkk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= esa dksbZ vUrj gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
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101
3- D;k ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ,d ln~[Link] thou thus esa fo'okl djrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
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4- ledkyhu txr esa ln~[Link] dh D;k çklafxdrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
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6-3 IysVks vkSj ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=

IysVks ¼428&437½ xzhd ijEijk ds loZJs"B nk'kZfudksa esa ls ,d FksA IysVks vjLrw ds xq#
rFkk ,sFksUl esa ,dsMeh ds laLFkkid FksA muds çeq[k xzUFkksa es ,ik̆yk̆th] QhMks] fjifCyd]
ehuks] dkuwu] flEiksft;e 'kkfey gSaA IysVks dk nk'kZfud fparu djus dk ,d [Link] <ax
laokn djuk FkkA laokn fparu dh ,d [Link] ç.kkyh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA IysVks ds
lcls çeq[k xzUFk fjifCyd esa [Link] fopkj foe'kZ laokn ds :i esa gh fd;k x;k gSA
fjifCyd esa ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ij Hkh [Link] laokn fufgr gSaA
6-3-1 ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
IysVks us ^ije lq[k* dsfUær ln~xq.k ij vk/kkfjr uhfr'kkL= dk leFkZu fd;kA ;fn uSfrd
vkpj.k dk loksZPp lk/; vkuUn gS] rc ln~xq.k ije 'kqHk dks çkIr djus ds fy, ,d
lk/ku dh rjg dke djrk gSA IysVks us fjifCyd esa uhfr'kkL= dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks
ije 'kqHk ij vk/kkfjr gSA IysVks }kjk crk;s x;s pkj ln~xq.k gSa%
foosd
la;e
lkgl
U;k;

102
IysVks ds uhfr'kkL= dk mís'; yksxksa dks ije 'kqHk dh çkfIr djokuk Fkk ftls Js;l ;k
[Link] dh voLFkk ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA IysVks us ÞLo;a dks tkuksß ds fy, fopkj&foe'kZ
fd;k] lqdjkr us dgk] Þ,d vijhf{kr thou thus ;ksX; thou ugha gSßA IysVks rFkk
lqdjkr nksuksa gh bl ckr ij fopkj dj jgs Fks fd thou fdl çdkj thuk pkfg,\
fjifCyd dks vf/kdrj yksx ,d jktuhfrd xzUFk gh ekurs gSa tks flQZ jkT; rFkk U;k; ij
gh fopkj djrk gS] tcfd ;g xzUFk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ij Hkh cgqr ls fopkj çLrqr djrk
gSA IysVks us U;k; dks vfUre rFkk lcls [Link] ln~xq.k ekuk gS tks euq"; ds ikl gksuk
pkfg,A
ln~xq.k ij ,d laokn esa IysVks dgrs gSa fd jkT;] leqnk; rFkk n'kZu euq"; dks ln~[Link]
thou thus esa lgk;rk djus esa ,d [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA ln~xq.k ij IysVks ds
vius f'k";ksa ds lkFk fd;s x;s cgqr lkjs laokn feyrs gSaA IysVks ds vuqlkj ,d U;k;'khy
O;fä og gS ftls Lo;a ij fu;a=.k gS vkSj tks viuh bPNkvksa dk nkl ugh gSA
Soul vkRek State jkT; Virtue ln~xq.k

Reason Rational foods Ruler 'kkld Wisdom/Knowledge

çKk@Kku
Spirit thokRek Guardians ¼Soldiers½ Bravery/Courage/Loyalty
laj{kd ¼lSfud½ ohjrk@lkgl@fu"Bk

Appetite lEosx Citizens ukxfjd Temperance la;e

[Link] 1- vkRek] jkT; vkSj ln~xq.k dh =;h ç—fr

vkRek rFkk jkT; ds rhu Hkkxksa ds led{k ln~xq.k ds Hkh rhu Hkkx gSaA cqf) ;k Kku foosd
ds ln~xq.k gSA 'kkld] ;ks)k] rFkk lSfud] tks jkT; dh lqj{kk djrs gSa] os Spirit ¼var% tho½
ds led{k vkrs gSa rFkk ohjrk vkSj fu"Bk ds ln~xq.k lk>k djrs gSaA ;gk̐ bu nksuksa ln~[Link]
dks cjkcj ugha cfYd ,d nwljs ls lEcfU/kr le>k tkuk pkfg,A lSfud] ftUgsa jkT; ds
laj{kd dh rjg Hkh ns[kk tkrk gS] mUgsa bruk lkglh gksuk pkfg, rkfd mUgsa fuMj dgk
tk lds] rFkk mUgsa lekt rFkk jkT; ds çfr fu"Bkoku gksuk pkfg,A ukxfjdksa ds ikl {kq/kk
vkSj ln~xq.k ds :i esa la;e gS] mUgsa vkRe la;fer gksuk pkfg,A

103
;s lHkh ewy ln~xq.k gSa tks O;fä ds thou esa gksus pkfg,A vU; lHkh ln~xq.k bUgha ls
mRiUu gksrs gSaA igyk ln~xq.k lkgl gS] ;g lcls [Link] ln~xq.k gS( /kS;Z] mnkjrk dk
ewy Hkh lkgl esa gh fufgr gSA la;e dk vFkZ larqyu] lkE; cuk;s j[kus ls gSA 'kq)rk]
larks"k] fo'oluh;rk blh ln~xq.k ls vkrs gSaA çKk ls Kku ¼le>½ mRiUu gksrk gSA vfUre
ln~xq.k U;k; gS] ftldk vFkZ fu"i{krk rFkk lR;rk gS] U;k; n;kHkko ds lkFk vkrk gS] bu
lHkh [Link] dh rqyuk esa ln~xq.k vf/kd [Link] gksrs gSaA
fjifCyd esa U;k; dk fopkj ,d cw<s+ O;fä ls laokn ds lkFk 'kq: gksrk gS tgk¡ og dgrk
gS] ÞU;k; dk vFkZ gS fdlh dks dksbZ {kfr u igq¡pkukß] 'kqHk rFkk uSfrdrk ij Hkh blesa
oSpkfjd foe'kZ feyrk gSA U;k; 'kqHk gS D;ksafd bldk [Link] 'kqHk gksrk gS] ;g 'kqHk gS
D;ksafd ;g gesa ,d&nwljs dks gkfu igq¡pkus ls jksdrk gSA fjifCyd esa thoar laokn rFkk
okrkZyki fufgr gSa ¼ftUgsa Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud n;k—".k laokn dgrs gSa½A og ,d vk/kkjHkwr
ç'u iwNrs gSa fd Þgesa vPNk D;ksa gksuk pkfg,ß\ U;k; ,slk ln~xq.k gS ftldk lEcU/k
çR;sd ls gS] lekt ls gSA ,d lekt rc rd v/kwjk gS tc rd og vius ukxfjdksa dks
U;k; dk vk'oklu ugh ns ldrkA U;k;] leUo; esa fufgr gS] ;g lekt dh lcls
ewyHkwr] uSfrd rFkk lkekftd vko';drk gSA

6-4 vjLrw vkSj ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=

vjLrw ¼384&322 BCE½ dks xzhd n'kZu dk lcls [Link] nk'kZfud dgk tk ldrk gSA
vjLrw us rdZ'kkL=] Kkuehekalk] rRoehekalk] uhfr'kkL= rFkk /keZ'kkL= ij vius nk'kZfud
fopkj çLrqr fd;sA vjLrw IysVks dk f'k"; Fkk] mlus IysVks ds çR;;okn dh vkykspuk dhA
vjLrw dks rdZ'kkL= dk tud Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vjLrw us gh lcls igys rdZ djus dh
[Link]) ç.kkyh dks fodflr fd;k ftlesa rdZ rFkk çfrKfIr;ka 'kkfey gSaA mudh
vf/kdrj —fr;k¡ O;k[;kuksa vkSj fVIif.k;ksa ds :i esa jfpr gSA
6-4-1 uhfr'kkL=
ge viuk thou Js"B :i esa dSls th ldrs gSa\ vjLrw ds vuqlkj gesa ;g ç'u ckj&ckj
Lo;a ls iwNrs jguk pkfg,A bl ç'u dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, vjLrw us uhfr'kkL= dh 'kk[kk
ln~xq.k uhfr'kL= dk çfriknu fd;kA fudksesfd;u ,fFkDl esa vjLrw ds fy;s lcls cM+k
ç'u ;gh gS fd ^'kqHk D;k gS*\ ekuork ds fy, ln~xq.k çkIr djuk rFkk ln~[Link] O;fä
cuuk 'kqHk gSA bl ç'u dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, vjLrw us ln~xq.k rFkk O;kogkfjd Kkuij
fopkj fd;kA O;kogkfjd Kku ¼Ýksusfll½ ,d ckSf)d ln~xq.k gS tks fd uSfrd ln~[Link] dks
çkIr djus ds fy; vko';d rFkk [Link] gSA lS)kfUrd Kku blds vykok ,d vU;

104
çdkj dk Kku gS ftls lHkh fuR; lR;ksa dk fu%Js;l Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA lkgl]
bZekunkjh] fu"Bk] la;e rFkk v[[Link] dqN fofHkUu çdkj ds ln~xq.k gSaA vjLrw us uSfrd
ln~[Link] ds ckjs esa ckr dh] tks bl çdkj gSa%
lkgl
la;e
mnkjrk
xkSjo
lnk'k;rk
vkdka{kk
lR;rk
cqf)erk
bZekunkjh
uezrk
fe=rk
vjLrw us IysVks ds çeq[k ln~[Link] dks bu ln~[Link] esa foHkkftr fd;kA mUgksaus ckSf)d
ln~[Link] dks Hkh tksMk+ ftlesa foosd rFkk lS)kfUrd çKk 'kkfey gSaA
vjLrw dgrs gSa fd ^ge oSls gh curs gSa tSlk dk;Z ge ckj ckj djrs gSa*] rks ,d lq[kh
thou thus ds fy, euq"; dks ln~[Link] ds lkFk thuk rFkk vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A vjLrw dgrs
gSa fd ,d ckj >wB cksyus ls rqe >wBs ugha cuksxs] ;fn rqe ckj ckj >wB cksyksxs rc rqEgsa
>wBk dgk tk;sxk] D;ksafd ;g rqEgkjh ,d vknr cu x;hA blh çdkj ln~[Link] dks vius
thou esa ckj ckj nksgjkdj ln~[Link] dk vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6-4-2 ije lq[k ¼vkuUn½ ¼Eudaimonia½

¼ ½
bl xzhd 'kCn dks vkuUn] 'kqHkrk@Js;l ;k ekuo mRd"kZ Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ln~xq.k vPNs
thou ;k vkuUn dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ln~xq.k dk foijhr nqxqZ.k gSA ;gk¡ ij nks pje
fLFkfr;k¡ gks ldrh gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] U;wurk dk nqxqZ.k rFkk vf/kdrk dk [Link]

105
[Link];k ;fn fdlh dks yqVrk gqvk ns[kdj viuh tku cpkus ds fy, ;fn rqe Hkkx
tkrs gks rks og rqEgkjs vUnj lkgl ds ln~xq.k dh deh dgyk;sxhA ;k fQj ;fn fdlh ds
ikl cUnwd gS vkSj rqe mls fugRFks gh jksdus dk ç;kl dj jgs gks rc ;g lkgl ds
ln~xq.k dh vf/kdrk dgyk;sxhA iqfyl dh lgk;rk ysuk ;gk̐ lcls mfpr gksxk ftlls
rqe vius vki dks rFkk ml O;fä dks Hkh cpk ldrs gksA ln~xq.k Hkh nks pje ds chp
e/;e ekxZ dh rjg dke djrk gSA
ckSf)d ln~xq.k dks fodflr djds o;fä lcls cM+k lq[k çkIr dj ldrk gSA lkgl dk
ln~xq.k dk;jrk rFkk vR;f/kd mrkoyk gksus ds e/; dk ekxZ viukrk gSA vjLrw ds
vuqlkj ckSf)d rFkk pkfjf=d ln~[Link] dks viukuk gh loksZPp 'kqHk gS] rFkk ;gh ije lq[k
dh voLFkk gSA

6-5 th-
th- bZ- ,e-
,e- ,Uldk̆
,UldkEcEc vkSj ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
,fytkcsFk ,Uldk̆Ec ;k fel ,Uldk̆Ec] tSlk fd mUgsa tkuk tkrk gS] chloha 'krkCnh dh
çeq[k nk'kZfud FkhaA og /kkfeZdrk esa fo'okl djus okyh rFkk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=h FkhaA og
uhfr'kkL= rFkk fØ;k n'kZu esa viuh jpukvksa dh otg ls tkuh tkrh gSaA mudh çeq[k
jpukvksa esa muds ys[k Þvk/kqfud uSfrd n'kZuß ¼^Modern Moral Philosophy*½ rFkk
ÞbUVsU'kUlß ¼^Intention*½ 'kkfey gSaA mUgsa yqMfox foV~xsULVkbu dh dqN jpukvksa dk
vuqokn fd;kA
6-5-1 ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=
,Uldk̆Ec us vius ys[k] Þvk/kqfud uSfrd n'kZuß] esa mu fczfV'k uSfrd nk'kZfudksa ds ml
<ax dh vkykspuk dh] ftl rjhds ls os ml le; rd fl)kUrksa dks çfrikfnr dj jgs Fks
tks fd uhfr'kkL= ds fu;e lEcU/kh ladYiukvksa esa [Link] gqvkA ,Uldk̆Ec us ts- ,l-
fey- rFkk bekuq,y dk.V dh vkykspuk lkoZHkkSfed fl)kUrksa ij mudh fuHkZjrk dh otg
ls dh] ftudh vfUre [Link] uSfrd vkpkj ds fu;e esa gksrh gSA ;s uSfrd nk'kZfud
fdlh Hkh rjhds ls ,d nwljs ls vyx ugha FksA mu lHkh ds uSfrd n'kZu esa drZO; dk
ikyu djuk gh dsUæh; fopkj cu x;k gSA ,Uldk̆Ec us] ge fdl rjg uhfr'kkL= rFkk
ln~xq.k dks vc rd ns[krs vk;s gSa] bl ij iqu% ewY;kadu rFkk iqu% fopkj djus dh
vko';drk ij /;ku fn;kA ,Uldk̆Ec ds vuqlkj] gekjh Lo;a dh bPNk'kfä vius vki esa
uSfrd drZO; dk lkFk nsus esa vleFkZ gSA

106
,Uld‚Ec us dk.V ds lkFk&lkFk mfi;ksfxrkokn ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk dhA fczfV'k
uSfrd nk'kZfudksa ij ,Uld‚Ec dh ;g çfrfØ;k Fkh fd os ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd
uSfrdrk dks ns[kus okyk ,d bZ'oj gS vkSj ogh gekjs uSfrd drZO;ksa dk vk/kkj gSA uSfrd
drZO; flQZ nSoh; lÙkk ds lEcU/k esa gh viuk vFkZ ikrs gSaA ;fn ,slk ugha gS rc mUgsa
uSfrd fl)kUrksa ds ,d [Link] rRo ds :i esa drZO; dks NksM+ nsuk pkfg,] rkfd uSfrd
nk'kZfud viuh vko';drk vuqlkj] vfHkçk;] bPNk] lq[k] mís';] deZ] rFkk Hkkouk dh
ladYiuk dk iqu% ewY;kadu dj ldsaA ,Uld‚Ec us drZO;ijd uSfrdrk rFkk [Link]
uSfrdrk nksuksa dk [[Link] fd;kA
cks/k&ç'u II

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq uhps fn;s x;s fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A
[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
D;k ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= bl ckr dk mÙkj nsrk gS fd gesa D;k djuk pkfg,\
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2- vjLrw ds vuqlkj fofHkUu çdkj ds ln~xq.k dkSu ls gSa\
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3- D;k vjLrw rFkk ,Uldk̆Ec ds ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= esa dksbZ vUrj gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
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4- D;k U;k; dks ,d [Link] ln~xq.k ekuk tk ldrk gS\ ;fn gk̐] O;k[;k dhft,A
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107
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6-6 lkjka'k
vHkh rd geus ns[kk fd uhfr'kkL= dks foLr`r rkSj ij nks ls rhu rjg ls le>k tk
ldrk gSA buesa ls ,d rjQ vjLrw }kjk fn;k x;k ije lq[k ;k vkuUn dk [Link]
fl)kUr gS rFkk nwljh rjQ ,Uld‚Ec ds ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dk leh{kkRed laLdj.k
feyrk gSA ledkyhu txr esa dFkuh@djuh@uSfrdrk esa cgqr lkjs mYya?ku ns[kus dks
fey ldrs gSaA dqN dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ge mÙkj&vk/kqfud txr esa jgrs gSa tgk̐ ewY;ksa
dk dksbZ egRo ugha gSA ysfdu ge ftl Hkh txr esa jgrs gSa] D;k ewY; foghu vkSj ln~xq.k
foghu thou dh dksbZ egÙkk@lkFkZdrk gksxhA n'kZu laokn] tks vf/kdrj iq:"k dsfUær
jgk] ogk̐ ,d efgyk nk'kZfud us vk/kqfud n'kZu esa uhfr'kkL= dh leh{kk dhA dbZ
ledkyhu nk'kZfud uSfrd fl)kUrksa ij dke dj jgs gSa] muesa ls dqN ,yslMk;j
eSfduVk;j] ts- dk̆fVa?ke vkSj ts- Mªkboj çeq[k gSaA

6-7 dqath 'kCn

;wMseksfu;k ¼Eudaimonia½ % bl xzhd in dks vkuUn] 'kqHkrk/ Js;l ;k ekuo&mRd"kZ dgk
tk ldrk gSA
Ýksusfll ¼Phronesis½ ¼xzhd in½ % ckSf)d foosdA

6-8 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

vjLrw- fudksesfd;u ,fFkDl- VªkUl- ts ,s ds Fkk̆elu- yUnu% isUxqbu cqDl] 2004-
,Uldk̆Ec- Þek̆MZu ek̆jy fQyk̆lk̆Qhß] fQyk̆lk̆Qh] 33@125% 1&19- [Link]
org/stable/3749051-

ts- Mk̆fjl] ijlUl- Þflpq,'kUl ,.M opqZ ,fFkDlß- ukml] 32@4% 504&530- [Link]
jstor-org/stable/2671873-

,ul] twfy;k- ÞopqZ ,fFkDlß] bu fn v‚DlQksMZ gSUMcqd v‚Q ,fFkdy F;ksjh- ,fMVsM%
MsfoM dk̆i] 2009- DOI: 10-1093/oÛfordhb/9780195325911-003-0019
i‚MdkLV rFkk osc fjlkslsZl

108
[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

6-9 cks/k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k&ç'u I

1- ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=] n'kZu dh ,d 'kk[kk gS tks ln~xq.k dks eq[; ladYiuk ekurh gSA ;g
bl ckr dks le>us dk ç;kl djrh gS fd thou dSls thuk pkfg,A bldk lEcU/k
drZO;ksa ls ugh cfYd xq.k ;k ln~[Link] ls gS tks ,d vPNk thou thus ds fy, vo'; gksus
pkfg,A ;g ekuo thou dks drZO;oknh rFkk [Link] uSfrd n'kZu ds }Un ls le>us
dk ç;kl ugh djrkA blds vuqlkj vkuUn ¼;wMseksfu;k½ loksZPp lq[k dh voLFkk gS]
O;kogkfjd foosd vkuUn dks çkIr djus ds fy, vko';d gSA
2- gk¡] drZO;oknh uSfrd n'kZu rFkk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= esa vUrj gSA fMvk̆UVksykth in xzhd
'kCn fMvk̆u ¼^deon*½ rFkk yksxksl ¼^logos*½ ls feydj cuk gSA çFke] og uSfrd fl)kUr gSa
tks drZO; rFkk uSfrdrk ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSaA blds vuqlkj dqN dk;Z djus pkfg,
D;ksafd os drZO; ds {ks= esa vkrs gSa] tSls fd ÞdrZO; ds fy, drZO;ßA drZO;oknh uSfrd
n'kZu ds ,d çeq[k çfriknd bekuq,y dk.V gSaA
3- gk¡] ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ,d ln~[Link] ls ;qä thou thus esa fo'okl j[krk gSA xzhd
nk'kZfud tSls lqdjkr] IysVks rFkk vjLrw 'kqHk rFkk loksZPp 'kqHk dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh
dksf'k'k dh] mUgksaus ,sls thou ds ckjs esa fopkj djuk 'kq: fd;k tks ln~[Link] }kjk
lapkfyr gksxkA bu lHkh nk'kZfudksa us ln~[Link] dk vyx vyx rjg ls foHkktu fd;k]
ftuesa ls dqN lkgl] la;e] fe=rk] /kS;Z] mnkjrk vkfn gSaA
4- gk¡] ln~xq.k lelkef;d txr esa gekjh lgk;rk djrs gSaA pkgs gekjs O;ogkj esa] vkpj.k
esa] ;k ge fdl rjg ls thou thuk pkgrs gSa] ln~xq.k bu lHkh esa |ksrd@lwpd dk dke
djrs gSaA orZeku le; esa] tgk¡ gesa vU;k;] dk;jrk] LokFkZ rFkk vifjiDork ns[kus dks
feyrh gS] ogk¡ ln~xq.k dh cgqr çklafxdrk gSA Lo;a ij] vius vkpj.k ij /;ku nsus ds
fy, gesa ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ij ykSVus dh vko';drk gSA bldk vk/kkj gS% Lo;a dks tkuks]

109
vius dk;ksZa dh leh{kk djks] viuh xyfr;ksa ij /;ku nksA tc ge vius dk;Z dk rFkk
orZeku le; esa vius vkpj.k dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa rc /;ku nsus vkSj leh{kk djus tSls
rRo vuqifLFkr gksrs gSa] blfy, ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= [Link] vkSj çklafxd Hkh gSA
cks/k&ç'u II

1- ugha] ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ,d uSfrd fl)kUr gS tks O;fä ds pfj= rFkk vkpj.k ij
dsfUær gS uk fd fu;eksa ijA vkuUn ¼Eudaimonia½ dh otg ls dksbZ O;fä uSfrd curk
gSA vjLrw ds vuqlkj ln~xq.k dk çR;; ç—fr }kjk gesa fn;k x;k gS] ln~[Link] gksus dh ç—
frA ln~xq.k euq"; dks vPNs O;ogkj dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
2- vjLrw ds vuqlkj] lkgl dk;jrk rFkk mrkoysiu ds chp dk e/;e ekxZ gSA
dk;jrk lkgl dh deh gS] vkSj mrkoykiu lkgl dh vf/kdrk] nksuksa gh pje fLFkfr gSa
vkSj nksuksa gh cqjh gSaA vjLrw ds 'kCnksa esa] Þlkgl] dk;Z djus ds fy, lgh jkLrs dks ikuk
gSßA lgh dk;Z ges'kk nks pje ds e/; dk ekxZ gksxkA bZekunkjh] Øwj bZekunkjh rFkk mu
ckrksa dks dgus dh vleFkZrk ftUgsa dguk pkfg,] ds e/; dk ekxZ gSA ;gh mnkjrk ij Hkh
ykxw gksrk gSA O;fä rc ln~[Link] curk gS tc og lh[krk gS] rFkk oSlk dke djrk gSA
3- lS)kfUrd :i ls nksuksa gh fl)kUr ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ls lEc) gSaA ,Uld‚Ec us
,d /kkfeZd fo'oklh rFkk ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=h dh rjg dke djuk 'kq: fd;kA mUgksaus
ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dk iqu: ewY;kadu fd;kA ,Uld‚Ec us ;g foospu fd;k fd ;k rks gesa
ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ij fQj ls fopkj djuk pkfg, ;k fQj gesa bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dks
ifjHkkf"kr djuk rFkk le>uk pkfg, tks uSfrd n'kZu esa vuqifLFkr FkkA
4- gk̐] IysVks ds }kjk U;k; dks ,d [Link] ln~xq.k dh rjg ns[kk rFkk fopkjk x;k
gSA bl ln~xq.k dk lcls Js"B igyw ;g gS fd ;g O;fä rFkk lewg nksuksa ij çHkko
Mkyrk gSA IysVks cgqr cqf)eku Fks] fd mUgksaus bls vius vki esa ,d lk/; dh rjg ns[kk]
uk fd fdlh mís'; dks ikus ds fy, ,d lk/ku dh rjgA IysVks ;g ekurs Fks fd fdlh Hkh
lekt dks lkeatL;[Link] rFkk ln~[Link] gksus ds fy, bu ln~[Link] dk gksuk cgqr vko';d gS]
vkSj mu lHkh ln~[Link] esa lcls T;knk [Link] U;k; gSA IysVks ds vuqlkj U;k; fdlh Hkh
lekt rFkk çtkrU= ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA blls ;g lkQ gks tkrk gS fd IysVks vius le;
ds 'kh"kZ nk'kZfudksa esa ls ,d Fks vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgksaus U;k; ij bruk fopkj fd;k
rFkk bls ftruk gks ldrk Fkk] mruk T;knk ls T;knk vuqdwyuh; cukus dk ç;kl fd;kA

110
 uhfr'kkL= % bekuq,y dk.V*
bdkbZ 7 drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL=
:ijs[kk
7-0 mís';
7-1 ifjp;
7-2 [Link] cuke drZO;'kkL=
7-3 ekudh; uhfr'kkL= vkSj drZO;'kkL=
7-4 drZO;'kkL= ds fofHkUu fl)kUr
7-5 bekuq,y dk.V
7-6 dk.V dk drZO;ijd ;k [Link]&fujis{k uhfr&n'kZu
7-7 lkis{k vkns'k
7-8 fujis{k vkns'k
7-9 lkjka'k
7-10 dqath 'kCn
7-11 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ
7-12 cks/k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj

7-0 mís';
çLrqr bdkbZ ds y{; gSa]

• [Link] vkSj drZO;'kkL= ds e/; vUrj dks le>ukA

• drZO;'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dks tkuukA

*
M‚- fjpk 'kqDyk] lgk;d çk/;kid] vks- ih- ftany Xykscy fo'ofo|ky;] lksuhir] vuqoknd& Jh
vk'kqrks"k O;kl] ijke'kZnkrk ¼n'kZu'kkL=½] ,lvksvkbZVh,l] bXuw

111
 • uSfrd vkns'kksa ds vFkZ vkSj egÙkk dks le>ukA
• dk.V ds uhfr&n'kZu dks le>ukA

7-1 ifjp;
^fMv‚UVksyksth* in xzhd inksa ^fMv‚u* vkSj *yksxksl* ds ;ksx ls cuk gSA ftlesa ^fMv‚u*
in] drZO; dks lanfHkZr djrk gS vkSj ^yksxksl*] foKku dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA drZO;ijd ;k
drZO;'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa dk [Link]; fo"k; yksxksa ds —R; gSa] u fd mu —R;ksa ds
[Link] blh dkj.k ls bls xSj&[Link] ¼[Link]½ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g
nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk drZO; vkSj ekuoh; vkpj.k@—R; ds e/; lEcU/k dh mPp egÙkk
crkrk gSA dksbZ —R; uSfrd :i ls 'kqHk@vPNk gS] D;ksafd ;g Lo;a esa 'kqHk@vPNk gS( ;g
'kqHkRo ds dqN fof'k"V igyw j[krk gSA blhfy, dqN dk;Z@—R; drZO; dh ç—fr ds gksrs
gSaA ^drZO; ds fy, drZO;*] ^bZekunkjh Lo;a esa 'kqHk gS* tSls in drZO;'kkL= dks foosfpr
djus okyh dqN vfHkO;fä;ka gSaA vr%] fdlh —R; dks mfpr ;k vuqfpr dkSu fu;r djrk
gS\ drZO;'kkL= ds vuqlkj] mfpr vkSj vuqfpr —R; ds e/; vUrj fu;e ;k fl)kUr
djrs gSaA ^vlR; er cksyks*] ^pksjh er djks*] ^/kks[kk er nks* bR;kfn vfHkO;fä;ka blds vax
gSaA bu fu;eksa dks rhu çdkjksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS% 1½ os fu;e tks dgrs gSa fd
gesa D;k djuk pkfg, ¼drZO;ijd] fof/k] ck/;dkjh½] 2½ fu;e tks dgrs gSa fd gesa D;k
ugha djuk pkfg, ¼fu"ks/k½] 3½ fu;e tks dgrs gSa fd ge D;k dj ldrs gSa ¼vuqeksfnr
ijUrq u rks drZO; vkSj u gh fu"ks/k½A drZO;ijd ;k [Link]&fujis{k uhfr&n'kZu dgrk gS
fd fcuk [Link] ij fopkj fd;s dqN —R;ksa ls nwj jguk ¼u djuk½ gekjk drZO; gSA ;fn
uSfrd fu;e gS fd ^vlR; er cksyks*] rks ;g gekjk drZO; gS fd fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa
ge vlR; u cksysaA drZO;'kkL= vkSj [Link] ekuoh; vkpj.k ;k O;ogkj ds fo'ys"k.k
ds fo"k; esa ,d&nwljs ds fojks/kh gSaA

7-2 [Link] cuke drZO;'kkL=

tSlkfd uke lq>krk gS ^[Link]* fdlh —R; dk ewY; blds ^[Link]* dks ns[kdj
ekirk gSA vusd dbZ tks [Link] dh vkykspuk djrs gSa vkSj drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= dk
leFkZu djrs gSa] os ;g oLrqfu"Brk vkSj lafgrk ;k vkpj.k ds fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij djrs
gSaA dqN vkykspd dgrs gSa fd [Link] vkRefu"Brkokn ;k fo"kf;fu"Brkokn dks vf/kd
çJ; nsrs gSa] tc os ;g dgrs gSa fd fdlh —R; dk mfpr ;k vuqfpr ds :i esa ewY;kadu
muds }kjk mRiUu [Link] dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds foijhr]

112
^drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL=* esa vkRefu"Brk dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gS; vius drZO;ksa vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds vuqlkj vkpj.k djks] lafgrk ds fu;e ds vuqlkj —R; djksA –"VkUrr%]
tc vki vius lkFkh ls fo'okl?kkr djrs gSa vkSj mlds lansg djus ij vki vlR; cksyrs
gSa fd vki mls vk?kkr ugha igq¡pkuk pkgrs FksA [Link] ds –f"Vdks.k ls] bls mfpr
dgk tk;sxk D;ksafd vlR; cksyus dk [Link] lkFkh dks vk?kkr u igq¡pkuk gSA bl çdkj
[Link] fdlh —R; dk ewY; ;k vkSfpR; blds [Link] ls ekirs gSaA fdlh —R; dk
o`gn 'kqHk ml —R; ds [Link] ;k Qy dks /;ku esa j[kdj fo'ysf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
tcfd drZO;'kkL= esa ;g uSfrd nkf;Ro vkSj fu;eksa ls lEcfU/kr gS( uSfrd fu;eksa ds
vuqlkj —R; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mijksä mnkgj.k esa] ^drZO;'kkL=h* bls vuqfpr dgsaxs
D;ksafd vUrr% vki u dsoy vius lkFkh dks /kks[kk ns jgs gSa] vfirq vlR; u cksyus ds
fl)kUr dk Hkh vfrØe.k dj jgs gSaA vr% drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ds vuqlkj] vkidks vius
lkFkh ds lkeus vius vijk/k dks Lohdkj djuk pkfg, pkgs fQj mlds vkidks {kek djus
dk volj U;wu gks vkSj vkidk oSokfgd lEcU/k lekIr gks tk,A
^drZO;ijd fl)kUr* [Link] dk egRo ugha gS] vfirq vfHkçk; ;k uh;r dk gSA ge D;k
djrs gSa vkSj dSls djrs gSa dh vis{kk ds fcuk] tks vuqfpr gS og vuqfpr gSA fcuk bl
rF; dh vis{kk ds fd vlR; cksydj vki vius oSokfgd&lEcU/k dks cpk ldrs gSa] vki
fo'okl?kkrh gSa ;fn vki vius lkFkh ds çfr fo'okl?kkr djrs gSaA vki fo'okl?kkrh Hkh gSa
vkSj vlR;oknh HkhA
[Link] uhfr'kkL= vkSj ewY;ijd uhfr'kkL= ds lkFk] ;s fl)kUr Hkh cgqr yksdfç; gSa]
drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ekudh; uhfr'kkL= dk [Link] ?kVd gSA vkidk fof/k ds vuqlkj
dk;Z djuk ;k u djuk] fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk ;k u djuk] gh [Link] gSA vkidk —
R; rHkh mfpr gksxk tc uSfrd fl)kUr ¼uSfrd fu;eksa@ifjikfV;ksa½ ls esy [kkrk gksA
[Link]] vki fu/kZu gSa vkSj Hkw[ks ej jgs gSaA vki vius fy, Hkkstu ugha [kjhn ldrsA
vki ns[krs gSa fd lM+d ij ,d O;fä vius #i;ksa ds çfr ykijokg gSA vki tkurs gSa fd
;fn vki mlls /ku pqjk ysrs gSa] vki Lo;a ds fy, Hkkstu [kjhn ldrs gSa vkSj vki Hkw[kksa
ugha ejsaxsA drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ds vuqlkj] Hkw[k ls ejus dh voLFkk esa Hkh vkidks #i;s
ugha pqjkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd pksjh djuk xyr gSA
bl fl)kUr dh vkykspuk vR;Ur dBksj vkSj çfrcU/kdkjh gksus ds vk/kkj ij dh xbZ gSA
vki vlR;&lEHkk"k.k] pksjh ;k /kks[kk ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g uSfrdrk ds fu;eksa ds
fo#) gSA tks mfpr gS ogh djsaA ;fn vkidk vlR;&lEHkk"k.k fdlh dks ykHk igq¡pk
ldrk gS] rks Hkh vki vlR; ugha cksy ldrs] D;ksafd ;g uSfrd :i ls vuqfpr gSA fdlh
—R; dh uSfrdrk fu;e vk/kkfjr gksrh gS] ftls ^nkf;Ro* Hkh dgrs gSaA ge ,d vkSj
113
mnkgj.k ysrs gSa] vki vius dk;kZy;&lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk fdlh çkstsDV ij dk;Z dj jgs
gSa] vkSj vkius cgqr vf/kd ;ksxnku ugha fn;k gSA vkids vf/kdkjh us vkidks çkstsDV dh
çLrqfr ds fy, dgkA vki tkurs gSa fd vkids lgdehZ çLrqfr ds le; mifLFkr ugha
gksaxsA blfy, vki çkstsDV dk vf/kdrj Js; Lo;a ysus dk fu'p; djrs gSa] D;ksafd vkidks
inksUufr dh vko';drk gSA drZO;'kkL=h dgsaxs fd vkius vuqfpr fd;k gSA fdlh Hkh
ifjfLFkfr esa vlR;&lEHkk"k.k vuqfpr gSA vlR;&lEHkk"k.k ls vkius uSfrd fu;e dk
mYya?ku fd;k gS] vr% ;g —R; vuqfpr gSA
nkf;Ro vkSj drZO;ksa dk lHkh fLFkfr;ksa ls fujis{k :i esa ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bls
le>us ds fy, ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gSa] vki U;k;k/kh'k gSa vkSj vkidh vnkyr esa ,d
eqdnek vkrk gS] ftlesa vkidks ,d O;fä ¼tks dHkh vkidk fe= Fkk ysfdu mlus vkidks
/kks[kk fn;k Fkk½ ds fdlh dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa [Link]; djuk gSA ml O;fä dks nks"kfl) djds
vkids ikl cnyk ysus dk volj gSA ysfdu vkidks viuh ml O;fä ds lEcU/k esa iqjkuh
leL;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij [Link]; ugha ysuk pkfg,A U;k;k/kh'k ds :i esa vkidk nkf;Ro lR;
dks lkeus ykus dk gSA viuh 'kfä dk ç;ksx djds vius fe= dks {kfr igq¡pkus ij]
U;k;k/kh'k ds :i esa vkidk drZO; Nyk tk;sxkA
cks/k&ç'u I

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq fn;s x;s LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- drZO;ijd&uhfr'kkL= ;k [Link]&fujis{k uhfr'kkL= D;k gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
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2- D;k [Link] vkSj drZO;'kkL= ds e/; dksbZ vUrj gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
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114
3- D;k drZO;'kkL= drZO;] nkf;Ro ls dksbZ lEcU/k j[krk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks O;k[;k
dhft,A
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7-3 ekudh; uhfr'kkL= vkSj drZO;'kkL=

ekudh; uhfr'kkL= uhfr n'kZu dk vax gS] tksfd mfpr ;k vuqfpr —R; D;k gS] ij ppkZ
djrk gSA ekudh; uhfr'kkL= eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä fd;k tkrk gS] drZO;'kkL= vkSj
ç;kstuoknh fl)kUrA buesa ls çFke] —R; dks fuEu djus ds fy, ewY;ksa dk lgkjk ugha
ysrk] tcfd ckn okyk ysrk gSA ekudh; uhfr'kkL= dks le>us ds fy, vf/kdka'k nk'kZfud
vf/k&uhfr'kkL= vkSj vuqç;qä uhfr'kkL= esa Hksn djrs gSaA vf/k uhfr'kkL= uSfrd Hkk"kk vkSj
uSfrd rF;ksa ds vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk dk v/;;u gS] tcfd vuqç;qä uhfr'kkL= gekjh
O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa ds {ks= esa uSfrd fl)kUrksa ds ç;ksx dk v/;;u gSA

7-4 drZO;'kkL= ds fofo/k fl)kUr

;g HkyhHkkafr Li"V gks x;k gS fd drZO;'kkL= [Link] vkSj mlds fl)kUrksa ds fo#)
gSA drZO;'kkL=h ds fy,] tks Hkh uSfrdr% fuf"k) gS og Lohdk;Z ugha gks ldrk] fQj pkgs
blds [Link] fdrus Hkh ykHkdkjh ;k mi;ksxh gksaA dksbZ —R; fdlh uSfrd fu;e ds laxr
gksuk pkfg,] mlds vlaxr ughaA lHkh drZO;'kkL=h Lohdkjrs gSa fd ^'kqHk* ;k ^'kqHkRo* lalkj
dk oLrqfu"B xq.k gS vkSj uSfrd drkZ ds ikl bls igpkuus dh lkeF;Z gksuh pkfg, vkSj
[Link]&fujis{k gksdj uSfrd fl)kUrksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A
drZO;ijd fl)kUrksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks :iksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS% fØ;k
drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= vkSj fu;e drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL=A fØ;k&drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL=
oS;fäd —R;ksa vkSj mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ¼lUnHkksZa½ dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, drZO;ijd fu;eksa
dk vuqç;ksx djrk gSA fu;e&drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= oS;fäd —R; ;k mldh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
¼lUnHkksZa½ ij fopkj fd;s fcuk lkoZHkkSfed :i ls uSfrd fu;eksa dk vuqç;ksx djrk gSA
[Link]] fØ;k&drZO;'kkL= bl ij fopkj djsxk fd D;k t‚u dk fLeFk dh gR;k
djuk vuqfpr Fkk ;k ugha] fu;e&drZO;'kkL= dgsxk fd gR;k djuk vuqfpr gSA

115
drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ds ç[;kr leFkZd bekuq,y dk.V FksA muds uhfr&n'kZu us
vk/kqfud uhfr&n'kZu ij xgjk çHkko MkykA

7-5 bekuq,y dk.V ¼1724&1804½

bekuq,y dk.V ik'pkR; n'kZu ds bfrgkl esa ,d [Link] nk'kZfud gSaA Kkuehekalk]
rÙoehekalk] uhfr n'kZu] lkSUn;Z'kkL= lEcU/kh muds fopkj O;kid:i ls [;kr vkSj ppkZ
ds fo"k; jgs gSaA muds [Link] dk;Z] fØfVd v‚Q I;ksj jhtu] fØfVd v‚Q çSfDVdy
jhtu] fØfVd v‚Q ttesaV vkSj xzkmUModZ Qksj esVkfQftDl v‚Q e‚jYl gSaA

7-6 dk.V dk drZO;ijd ;k [Link]&fujis{k uhfr&n'kZu

dk.V ds vuqlkj] vkids —R;ksa dk uSfrd ewY; dsoy rHkh gS] tc os vkids drZO; ;k
nkf;Ro ls esy [kkrs gSa vkSj drZO; drZO; ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dk.V dh ekU;rk gS
fd uSfrd —R; lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd lafgrkvksa@fu;eksa tSlsfd vlR; er cksyks] /kks[kk er nks
vkfn] ds [Link] gksus pkfg,A O;fä;ksa dks vius fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk pfg, vkSj vius
drZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A vusd yksx bls vUriZzKk Lo:i ekurs gSa] tSls fd ge
vUrrZe esa tkurs gSa fd D;k uSfrd gS ;k D;k vuSfrd gSA ge tkurs gSa fd gesa vlR;
ugha cksyuk pkfg, ;k /kks[kk ugha nsuk pkfg, ;k fdlh dh gR;k ugha djuh pkfg,A ysfdu
dk.V dgrs gSa] fd eqík ;gh lekIr ugha gksrk] ;g ;gk¡ çkjEHk gksrk gS D;ksafd gesa Lo;a ds
fy, dksbZ viokn ugha cukuk pkfg,A
uSfrd :i ls vPNk gksus ds fy, vkidks dqN fof'k"V fu;eksa dk vuqlj.k djuk iM+rk gSA
drZO;'kkL= dh lykg gS fd lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fu;eksa dh vogsyuk ugha djuk pkfg,]
dk.V dgrs gSa fd /keZ vkSj uSfrdrk ,d&nwljs ls laxr ugha gSa] vkSj mfpr ,oa vuqfpr
ds e/; Hksn djus ds fy, gesa ^rdZ'kfä* ;k ekuoh; cqf) dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A dk.V
ds vuqlkj uSfrdrk fLFkj gSA mUgksaus nks çdkj ds —R;ksa ds e/; vUrj fd;k gS%
og —R; tks gesa uSfrdr% djuk pkfg,]
og —R; tks ge fcuk fdlh uSfrd rdZ'kfä@cqf)] lafgrk ds djrs gSaA

7-7 lkis{k vkns'k

bls le>us ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSa( ;fn vkidks fdlh ijh{kk dks mÙ[Link] djus dh
bPNk gS] rks vkidks i<+kbZ ^djuh pkfg,*A ;fn vki /kuoku gksuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks

116
dBksj ifjJe vkjEHk dj nsuk pkfg,A dk.V bUgsa lkis{k vkns'k dgrk gSA ;s dqN fof'k"V
vkns'k gSa ftudk ikyu djuk pkfg,] ;fn vki ;g dqN ikus dh bPNk j[krs gSaA –
"VkUrr%] ;fn vki Hkw[ks gSa vkSj viuh Hkw[k ls NqVdkjk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks dBksj ifjJe
dh vko';drk gSA
vke Hkk"kk esa vkns'k funsZ'k dks lanfHkZr djrs gSa] os crykrs gSa fd dSls dksbZ dk;Z djuk
pkfg,A dk.V lkis{k vkSj fujis{k vkns'k esa vUrj djrs gSaA lkis{k vkns'k mu
fu;eksa@vkKkvksa@funsZ'kksa dks lanfHkZr djrs gSa tks dgrs gSa fd ;fn dqN ikuk pkgrs gSa rks
mlds fy, D;k djuk pkfg,A –"VkUrr%] ;fn dksbZ /kuoku gksuk pkgrk gS] rks lkis{k
vkns'k mlls dgsxk fd ukSdjh çkIr djks ;k dBksj ifjJe djksA ;fn vki vPNs vad
pkgrs gks] rks v/;;u djksA lkis{k vkns'k vkils dgsxk ;k funsZ'k nsxk fd ;g djksA vr%
;g mu yksxksa ij ykxw gksrk gS tks dksbZ y{; çkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] ;fn vki vPNs vad
çkIr ugha djuk pkgrs ;k /kuoku ugha gksuk pkgrs] vkidks bu lkis{k vkns'kksa dks ekuus dh
drbZ vko';drk ugha gSA blfy, tSlkfd uke lq>krk gS ;s vius Lo:i esa lkis{k gksrs
gSaA uSfrdrk fujis{k vkns'k ds {ks= esa vkrh gS] u fd lkis{k vkns'k dsA vk/kqfud
drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= dk n'kZu dk.V us vius fujis{k vkns'k dh vo/[Link] ds ek/;e ls
fn;kA

7-8 fujis{k vkns'k

dk.V ds fy,] fujis{k vkns'k os vkKk,a gSa ftUgsa viuh bPNkvksa ls fujis{k :i esa ^ikyu
djuk vko';d gS*A ,slk blfy, D;ksafd uSfrd nkf;Ro ekuoh; cqf) ;k O;kogkfjd cqf)
ls fuxfer gksrs gSaA fujis{k vkns'k gekjs uSfrd nkf;Ro gSa vkSj mudk fLFkfr&fujis{k :i
esa vuqlj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dk.V ds vuqlkj] blls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rk fd vki
uSfrd gksuk pkgrs gSa ;k ugha] vkidks fujis{k vkns'kksa dh vkKkvksa dk vuqlj.k djuk iM+rk
gSA os vkidh vkdka{kkvksa vkSj bPNkvksa ls LorU= gSaA
muds vuqlkj] vkidks lnSo mfpr vkSj vuqfpr D;k gS] tkuus ds fy, /keZ dh vko';drk
ugha gksrh] tc vki viuh ^cqf)* ek= ds mi;ksx ls ;g dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA mUgksaus bu
vkns'kksa ds rhu lw= fn,] çFke ds vuqlkj]
Þml lw= ds vuqlkj dk;Z djks ftlds ckjs esa rR{k.k vki vlaxrkvksa ls jfgr lkoZHkkSfed
fof/k cukus dk ladYi dj ldsaAß
çFke lw= lkoZHkkSfedrk ls lEcU/k j[krk gS] vkidk —R; vkSj mldk Lo:i lkoZHkkSfed
:i ls ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lw= in fu;e ;k fl)kUr ¼fdl rjg dk;Z fd;k tkuk
117
pkfg,½ dks] tcfd lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fof/k ml —R; dks lanfHkZr djrh gS tks leku
ifjfLFkfr esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr%] dk;Z djus ls iwoZ] ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd vkids
dk;Z dk D;k lw= gS\ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] esjs fdlh fof'k"V <ax ls dk;Z djus ds ihNs D;k
dksbZ lkekU; fu;e gSA
bls Li"V rkSj ij le>us ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA eku yhft,] vkius ijh{kk esa de
vad çkIr fd, vkSj vkidh eka us vkils iwNk fd vkius ijh{kk dSlk çn'kZu fd;kA vkius
vlR; cksyk fd vkius vPNk çn'kZu fd;k gSA vc] ,d ck/kk ;g gS fd vadi= ij eka ds
gLrk{kj dh vko';drk gSA vki tkurs gSa fd eka vius dke ij tkus ls igys dbZ
dkxtkrksa vkSj pkSdksa ij gLrk{kj djrh gSa] vki viuk vadi= mu dkxtkrksa vkSj pkSdksa ds
chp esa j[k nsrs gSaA vo'; gh ;g ek¡ ls lkeuk djus ls cpus ds fy, gS] D;ksafd vkius
iwoZ esa ek¡ ls vius vadksa ds ckjs esa vlR; cksyk gSA vk'p;Ztud :i ls] tc vki okil
vkrs gSa] ikrs gSa fd vkids vadi= ij gLrk{kj gks x;s gSaA
vkidh eka tYnh esa Fkh vkSj ;g ns[k u ldha dh dkxtksa ds chp esa vkidk vadi= Hkh
FkkA vkius viuh eka ls vlR; cksyk vkSj mUgsa /kks[kk Hkh fn;k gSA ;g —R; uSfrdr%
vuqfpr Fkk vkSj bl —R; ¼vlR; cksyus vkSj /kks[kk nsus½ dks djus ls] vkius
vlR;&lEHkk"k.k vkSj /kks[kk nsus dks lkoZHkkSfed cuk fn;k gSA vkSj vkius ;g felky cuk
nh fd çR;sd O;fä dks /kks[kk nsuk pkfg, vkSj vlR; cksyuk pkfg,A ;fn vki ;g djus
ds ;ksX; gSa] rks çR;sd ;g djus ds ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,A blfy, dk.V dk ekuuk gS fd
vki vius dk;Z dk viokn ugha cuk ldrs gSaA
uSfrd fu;e fdlh ij Hkh vkSj lcds fy, ykxw gksrs gSaA bls le>us ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k
ysrs gSaA vkidk HkkbZ fnokfy;k gS vkSj og vkids fuokl esa fNik gSA vki ekeys dh
xEHkhjrk dks le>rs gSa vkSj vius HkkbZ ls vius fuokl ij lqjf{kr eglwl djus dks dgrs
gSaA blh chp vkidks Kkr gksrk gS fd iqfyl mldh ryk'k esa gS vkSj iqfyl us ryk'kh
vfHk;ku 'kq# dj fn;k gSA dqN le; i'pkR vkids ?kj dh ?kaVh ctrh gS] vk'kkuqdwy
iqfyl vkbZ FkhA ;g tkudj fd vki mldh cfgu gSa] iqfyl us vkils lEidZ djus dk
fopkj fd;kA vkius iqfyl ls vlR; cksyk fd vkidk HkkbZ vkids fuokl ij ugha gSA
iqfyl ds vkus dk vuqeku dj vkidk HkkbZ Hk;Hkhr gks x;k vkSj mlus ?kj ls Hkkxus dk
fu'p; fd;k vkSj HkkxkA dqN {k.k i'pkr~ iqfyl us mls ns[kk vkSj idM+ fy;k vkSj
dkjkxkj esa cUn dj fn;kA
vc dk.V ds vuqlkj] vki vius HkkbZ dh ijs'kkuh ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA D;ksafd ;g vkids
vlR; cksyu ls vkjEHk gqvk] vkSj ?kfVr gqvkA ;fn vkius iqfyl dks lR; crk;k gksrk]

118
rc vkidk HkkbZ vius —R; ds fy, [Link]% mÙkjnk;h gksrkA vki mÙkj nsus ls euk dj
ldrh Fkh; vki fo"k; cny ldrh FkhaA vkius vlR; cksydj lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fu;e dk
mYya?ku fd;k gSA
dk.V dk nwljk lw= bl ckr ij /;ku dsfUær djrk gS fd euq"; ds lkFk fdl rjg
O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A muds 'kCnksa esa]
Þbl rjg —R; djks fd ekuork dks] pkgs vius fy, ;k vU;ksa ds fy,] lk/; ds :i esa
O;ogfjr djks] u fd ek= lk/ku ds :i esaAß
dk.V ds er esa ge oLrqvksa dks lnSo lk/ku ds :i esa ç;ksx djrs gSaA isu dk mi;ksx
fy[kus ds fy, gks ldrk gS] vr% isu dqN fy[kus dk lk/ku ek= gSA isu fy[kus ds lk/;
dks fl) djus ds dkj.k lk/ku gqvkA ge L;kgh [kRe gks tkus ij isu Qsad nsrs gSa] D;ksafd
vc ;g isu vkids lk/; dks fl) ugha dj ldrkA dk.V dgrs gSa oLrqvksa dk bl rjg
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ij euq";ksa dk ughaA euq"; ^Lo;a esa lk/;* gSA fdlh Hkh euq";
dks fdlh mi;ksx ds fy, oLrq dh rjg ugha O;ogfjr fd;k tk ldrkA blds foijhr]
euq"; Lo;a esa lk/; ¼Lor% lk/;½ gSA euq"; Lo;a ds fy, vkSj ^Lo;a esa* vfLrRo j[krk gSA
dk.V us ;g dHkh ugha dgk fd ge ,d&nwljs dks lk/ku ds :i esa mi;ksx ugha djrs gSaA
ge euq"; gSa vkSj ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSa] ge ,d&nwljs ij Hkjkslk djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] vki Hkkstu esa eka ds ikd&dkS'kY; dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] D;ksafd og vkids fy, [kkuk
idkrh gSaA vius firk dk /ku Vîw]'ku 'kqYd ds fy, mi;ksx djukA ysfdu gesa ,d&nwljs
dks lk/ku ek= ds fy, mi;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A ge euq"; gSa] ckSf)d gSaA gesa vU;ksa dks
vius ykHk ds fy, ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A tc vius fdlh lk/; dh iwfrZ ds fy, fdlh O;fä
dks lk/ku ds :i esa O;ogfjr djrs gSa] ge ml O;fä dh bPNk] LorU=rk] çKk vkSj
rdZ&cqf) dk vfrØe.k djrs gSaA ;fn vki ,slk djrs gSa] rks vki dk.V }kjk crk;s x;s
f}rh; lw= ;k vkns'k dk vfrØe.k djrs gSaA uSfrd lR; lkoZHkkSfed gSa vkSj blds fy,
vkidks fdlh bZ'oj ds 'kklu dh vko';drk ugha gSA
fujis{k vkns'k dk vfUre vkSj r`rh; lw= dgrk gS]
Þml lw= ds vuqlkj dk;Z djks fd vki lkoZHkkSfed fof/k ds fo/kk;d cu ldksß
dk.V ;gk¡ Lej.k djokrs gSa fd gj ml {k.k tc ge dk;Z djrs gSa] ge —R; vkSj dk;Z
djus ds çR;; vkSj ç—fr esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA ge bls lkekU; cukrs gSa vkSj gekjs le{k
lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fof/k ;k fu;e ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dk fodYi lnSo gksrk gSA dk.V
dk uhfr n'kZu ^ladYi LokrUR;Z* ij vk/kkfjr gSA vkids —R; lkoZHkkSfedrk j[kus pkfg,]
119
os Lo;a esa lk/; vkSj Lok;Ùk gksus pkfg,A dk.V ds vuqlkj] ;fn vki vius lkFkh dks
HkkoukRed] 'kkjhfjd] ekufld /kks[kk nsrs gSa vkSj cgqr vklkuh ls bl /kks[ks dks mlls fNik
ys tkrs gSaA rc vki ^vlR; cksyus* vkSj ^/kks[kk nsus* ds dk;Z dks lkoZHkkSfed cukrs gSaA rc
lcds }kjk ;g dk;Z djus ij vkidks vlqfo/kk ugha gksuh pkfg,A
dk.V ;g ns[kdj vk'p;Zpfdr Fks fd yksx fdl gn rd /kekaZ/k gSaA mUgksaus lkspk fd ;g
og le; gS tc yksxksa dks vius /kkfeZd fo'oklksa dks tyk nsuk pkfg,] bZ'oj dks 'kqHk ds
mPpre vfHkHkkod ds :i esa ns[kuk can dj nsuk pkfg,A vr% /keZ dh çHkqlÙkk dks
rdZcqf) ls LFkkukUrfjr dj nsuk pkfg,A os dgrs gSa fd lHkh /keksZa esa ;g vUrfuZfgr gS fd
dSls uSfrd thou thuk pkfg,A blfy, mUgksaus fujis{k vkns'k dh vo/[Link] çLrqr dh
ftls çFker% mudh iqLrd xzkmUModZ Q‚j esVkfQftDl v‚Q e‚jYl esa [Link] fd;k x;kA
fujis{k vkns'k ds vuqlkj] fdlh O;fä dks ml lw= ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg, ftls
mlh le; lkoZHkkSfed fof/k ;k fu;e cuk;k tk ldsA bldk vf/kdka'k /keZ vfHkHkk"k.k
djrs gSa] tSls ^vlR; er cksyks*] ^/kks[kk er nks*] ^dk;Z djks ftls [Link] djus esa leFkZ gks*
vkfn dFkuA dksbZ Hkh /keZ euq"; dk lk/ku:i esa mi;ksx djus dh f'k{kk ugha nsrkA
;s vkns'k ^niZ.k* gSa] tks crkrk gS fd dSls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ;g vkidk ckSf)d vkRe gSA
'kqHk djus dk ladYi ^'kqHk ladYi ;k 'kqHksPNk* dgykrk gSA 'kqHk ladYi dh vo/[Link] dks
le>us ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA vki cl dk bartkj dj jgs gSa vkSj ns[krs gSa fd
,d efgyk dk ilZ lM+d ij fxj x;k gSA vki ;g ns[k ldrs gSa D;ksafd vius ilZ ls
eksckby fudkyrs le; mldk ilZ lM+d ij fxj x;k FkkA o`gn fcUnq ;g gS fd vki bl
fLFkfr esa D;k djsaxs\ blfy, vkius ilZ mBkus vkSj ml efgyk dks nsus dk fu'p; fd;kA
vkius ,d vtuch dh lgk;rk D;ksa dh\ vkius ;g blfy, fd;k D;ksafd vki ml efgyk
dh utjksa esa vPNk fn[kuk pkgrs Fks] vkius ;g blfy, fd;k D;ksafd dqN O;fä ;g ns[k
ik jgs FksA blfy, vkius lgk;rk dh D;ksafd vki vU; yksxksa ds ewY;kadu dk ik= ugha
cuuk pkgrs FksA
dk.V ds vuqlkj] bl rjg ds —R; 'kqHk ladYi ls çsfjr ugha gSaA 'kqHk ladYi ds vUrxZr
fd;s tkus okys —R; vius vki esa 'kqHk gSa vkSj os fdlh vkSj gsrq ;k cnys esa dqN ikus gsrq
ugha fd;s tkrsA 'kqHk ladYi og gS tks vki vius uSfrd rdZcqf) vkSj çKk ds vuqlkj
djrs gSaA vkidks nwljksa ds dFku] bZ'oj vkSj /keZ ds dFku ds vuqlkj dk;Z ugha djuk
pkfg,A vkidks uSfrd fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A uSfrd fu;e vkidh çKk
vkSj uSfrd rdZcqf) ls fu%l`r gSaA

7-9 lkjka'k
120
çLrqr bdkbZ esa geus ekudh; uhfr'kkL= ds foLr`r {ks= dks tkuus dk ç;kl fd;k] ;gk¡
geus ;g le>us dk ç;kl fd;k fd drZO;ijd uhfrn'kZu dk ekudh; uhfr'kkL= ds
foLr`r {ks= esa D;k LFkku gSA geus ;g le>us dk ç;kl fd;k fd uSfrd vkns'k D;k gSa
vkSj ;g Hkh fd lkis{k vkSj fujis{k vkns'k ds e/; D;k Hksn gSA ;g lc bu ç'uksa ds cks/k
ds fy, Fkk fd ge dSls vPNs cu ldrs gSa\ vkSj dSls uSfrd thou ds jkLrs ij ç'kLr gks
ldrs gSaA
cks/k&ç'u II

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq fn;s x;s LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- bekuq,y dk.V dkSu Fks\ D;k os ,d uhfr nk'kZfud Fks\
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2- fujis{k vkns'k vkSj lkis{k vkns'k esa D;k vUrj gS\
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3- uSfrd fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dh gesa D;k vko';drk gS\
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7-10 dqath&'kCn

121
drZO;'kkL= % ^fMv‚UVksyksth* in xzhd inksa ^fMv‚u*] tks nkf;Ro dks lanfHkZr djrk gS vkSj
^yksxksl*] tks foKku dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] ds ;ksx ls cuk gSA drZO;ijd fl)kUr dk
[Link]; fo"k; yksxksa ds —R; gSa] u fd mu —R;ksa ds [Link]
fujis{k vkns'k % fujis{k vkns'k uSfrd nkf;Ro gSa vkSj os ifjfLFkfr&fujis{k ikyuh; gSaA
lkis{k vkns'k % lkis{k vkns'k mu fu;eksa@vkns'kksa@funsZ'kksa dks lanfHkZr djrs gSa tks crkrs gSa
fd ;fn ge dqN bfPNr djrs gSa] rks gesa D;k djuk pkfg,A
'kqHksPNk ;k 'kqHk ladYi % 'kqHk —R; djus dk ladYiA

7-11 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

dk.V] bekuq,y- xzkmUModZ Q‚j esVkfQftDl v‚Q e‚jYl- VªkLa ysfVM ckbZ i‚y Xok;j ,.M
,ysu oqM- U;w ;‚dZ% dfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 1998-
dk.V] bekuq,y- fØVhd v‚Q çSfDVdy jhtu- VªkLa ysfVM ckbZ esjh xzsxj- dSfEczt% dSfEczt
;wfuoflZVh çsl] 2015-
i‚MdkLV ,oa v‚uykbu lanHkZ
[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

7-12 cks/k&ç'uks
k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj
cks/k&ç'u I

1- fMv‚UVksyksth ¼drZO;'kkL=½ in xzhd inksa fMv‚u vkSj y‚ftd ls cuk gS] tks Øe'k%
drZ~rO; ;k nkf;Ro vkSj foKku dks lanfHkZr djrs gSaA ;g fopkj/kkjk n'kZu esa drZO; vkSj
ekuoh; vkpj.k@—R; dh uSfrdrk ds e/; lEcU/k dks egÙkk çnku djrh gSA dksbZ —R;
uSfrdr% 'kqHk gS D;ksafd ;g Lo;a esa 'kqHk gS( ;g fdlh uSfrd fu;e ds vuqlkj lEikfnr
fd;k tkrk gSA
2- [Link] vkSj drZO;'kkL= ekudh; uhfr'kkL= ds vUrxZr nks fHkUu fl)kUr gSaA ,d
vksj tgk¡ igyk dgrk gS fd fdlh dk;Z dh uSfrdrk mlds [Link] dks ns[kdj fuf'pr

122
dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj ogha ckn okyk] ekuoh; vkpj.k ds fo'ys"k.k esa uSfrd fu;eksa] drZO;ksa
vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrk gSA
3- gk¡] drZO;'kkL= dk drZO;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa ds lkFk lEcU/k gS] D;ksafd bldk ekuuk gS fd
;fn dksbZ O;fä drZO;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djsxk ¼la{ksi esa ;fn og uSfrd
fu;e dk ikyu djsxk½] rks og dk;Z ç—fr esa 'kqHk ;k vPNk gksxkA
cks/k&ç'u II

1- bekuq,y dk.V teZu nk'kZfud FksA gk¡] mUgsa uhfr nk'kZfud ds rkSj ij Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA Kkuehekalk] rÙoehekalk ds vykok mUgksaus uhfr n'kZu ij i;kZIr ys[ku fd;k gSA
okLro esa] drZO;'kkL= muds gh dkj.k Loh—r gSA
2- gk¡] fujis{k vkns'k vkSj lkis{k vkns'k esa vUrj gSA iwoZorhZ lkoZHkkSfed fujis{k —R;ksa
ls lEcU/k j[krk gS] tcfd i'pkrorhZ mu fof'k"V y{;ksa ls ftUgsa vki vius fy, r;
djrs gSa] ;fn vki dqN çkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks mu funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk
gSA
3- gesa uSfrd fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;s ç—fr esa lkoZHkkSfed gSa]
;g 'kqHk dks /kkj.k djrk gS vkSj mfpr —R;ksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrk gSA

123
bdkbZ 8 ,l- fey*
[Link] uhfr'kkL=% ts- ,l-
:isj[kk
8-0 mís';
8-1 ifjp;
8-2 [Link]
8-3 [Link] ds çk:i
8-4 ts- ,l- fey dk mi;ksfxrkokn
8-5 lkjka'k
8-6 dqath 'kCn
8-7 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ
8-8 cks/k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj

8-0 mís';
çLrqr bdkbZ esa ge fuEufyf[kr eqíksa dh ppkZ djsaxs]

• O;fä dks fdl rjg deZ djus pkfg, vkSj fdlh deZ dks uSfrd ;k vuSfrd cukus
okyk rRo D;k gS] ç'uksa ds mÙkj esa çLrqr rdZ]
• [Link] D;k gS vkSj [Link] ds fofHkUu çk:iksa dh O;k[;k]
• 'kkL=h; [Link] vFkok t‚u LVqvVZ fey ds mi;ksfxrkokn ij fo'kn [Link]
8-1 ifjp;

*
lqJh lqjfHk mfu;ky] fo|kokpLifr 'kks/kd] n'kZu dsUæ] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh]
vuqoknd& M‚- fot; dqekj] n'kZu foHkkx] ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ egkfo|ky;] fnYyh

124
uSfrd n'kZu dk dsUæh; ç'u ;g gS fd O;fä dk vkpj.k dSls gksuk pkfg,A thou ds
çR;sd {k.k esa ge ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs jgrs gSa tcfd gesa ;g [Link]; ysuk
gksrk gS fd bl ifjfLFkfr esa uSfrd :i ls dSlk vkpj.k mfpr gSA okLro esa fu;ked
uhfr'kkL= uSfrd vkpj.k ds ekudksa dh [kkst djrk gSA ge çk;% 'kqHk vFkok v'kqHk D;k gS
vkSj thou thus dk dkSu lk <+ax uSfrd :i ls mfpr vFkok vuqfpr gS tSls ç'uksa ds
lEcU/k esa fu;ked [Link]; ysrs gSaA uSfrd O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy;s fofHkUu fl)kUrksa dk
fodkl fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu fl)kUr uSfrd deZ ds laca/k esa fofHkUu çdkj ds fu;eksa
vFkok ekudksa dks çLrqr djrs gSaA fu;ked uhfr'kkL= ewyr% nks foLr`r Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr
gS; drZO;oknh vkSj mís';oknhA drZO;oknh fl)kUr dk eq[; mís'; mu fu;eksa dks tkuuk
gS tks ekuoh; vkpj.k dk iFk&funsZ'ku djrs gSa] tcfd mís';oknh fl)kUr dqN fof'k"V
deksZa dk ewY; fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa vkSj mu ewY;ksa dks lk/; ds :i esa n'kkZrs gSaA drZO;oknh
–f"Vdks.k drZO; dks mu fu;eksa ds vuqlj.k ds vuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS] tcfd
ç;kstuoknh –f"Vdks.k drZO; ;k deZ dks ml deZ ds [Link] ds vk/kkj ij ifjHkkf"kr
djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA blfy, ç;kstuoknh –f"Vdks.k dks [Link] Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fofHkUu fu;ked fl)kUrksa ds vUrj dks le>us ds fy,] fuf"Ø; bPNke`R;q dk mnkgj.k
ysrs gSaA ÞD;k fuf"Ø; bPNke`R;q uSfrd gS\ß bl ç'u ds mÙkj lEcU/k esa fofHkUu fl)kUrksa
us fHkUu&fHkUu ;qfä;ka çLrqr dhaA eku ysrs gSa fd drZO;oknh vkSj [Link] nksuksa bls
uSfrd :i ls vLohdk;Z ekurs gSa] ijUrq bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd os leku eqís ds fy,
leku ;qfä çLrqr dj jgs gSa] cfYd] muds rdZ dh vk/kkjHkwfe vyx&vyx gSA pw¡fd
drZO;oknh dk ekuuk gS fd fdlh ds thou dks lekIr djuk vUrfuZfgr :i ls xyr gS
blfy, muds vuqlkj fuf"Ø; bPNk&e`R;q xyr gS fQj pkgs dksbZ O;fä ihM+k esa gh D;ksa u
gksA muds fy, vius ;k fdlh vU; ds thou dks lekIr djuk vkUrfjd :i ls xyr gS
blfy, ;g uSfrd :i ls vLohdk;Z gSA nwljh vksj] [Link] ;gh fu"d"kZ fHkUu uSfrd
fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij fudkyrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] fuf"Ø; bPNk&e`R;q uSfrd :i ls
blfy, vLohdk;Z gS D;ksafd bldh oS/krk blds vusd nq:i;ksx ysdj vkrh gS vFkok
bldh oS/krk loksZÙke [Link] mRiUu ugha djrh gSA vr% fofHkUu fl)kUr uSfrd deZ djus
ds fy;s fHkUu&fHkUu fu;eksa vFkok vkn'kksaZ dks çLrqr djrs gSaA
;g bdkbZ [Link] uhfr'kkL= ij dsfUær gSA [Link] uhfr'kkL= dk ekuuk gS fd
fdlh deZ ds mfpr ,oa vuqfpr gksus dk fu/kkZj.k ml deZ ls mRiUu [Link] ds vk/kkj
ij fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh [Link] bu dsUæh; fopkj dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd fdlh Hkh
deZ dk uSfrd ewY;kadu bl rF; ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og deZ fdruk 'kqHk [Link]

125
mRiUu djrk gS vkSj fdrus v'kqHk [Link] dks nwj djrk gSA vr% [Link] –f"Vdks.k
ls] uSfrd :i ls mfpr deZ og gS ftldk [Link] 'kqHk gksA
fey ds mi;ksfxrkokn dh foospuk dh i`"BHkwfe fufeZr djus ds mís'; ls bl bdkbZ dk
vkjEHk [Link] vkSj mlds fofHkUu çdkjksa ds O;k[;k çLrqr djus ls gksxkA

8-2 [Link]
[Link] fu;ked uhfr'kkL= dk og çdkj ftlds vuqlkj fdlh deZ ds fy, uSfrd
:i ls [Link] mlds }kjk mRiUu [Link] gSA fdlh deZ ;k —R; ds uSfrd ewY;kadu esa
mlds }kjk mRiUu [Link] gh eq[; :i ls [Link] gSA [Link] ekurs gSa fd fdlh
deZ ds ckjs esa [Link] gS fd og fdl rjg dk [Link] Hksn mRiUu djrk gS] vFkok
mlls fdl rjg ds [Link] mRiUu djus dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gSA ;|fi] dHkh&dHkh
ge fdlh —R; ds }kjk mRiUu [Link] ds ckjs esa fuf'pr ugha gksrs gSa] rc Hkh] ge gekjs
Lo;a ds iwokZuqHko ;k vU;ksa ds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij ml —R; ds [Link] dk iwokZuqeku dj
ldrs gSaA tc ge fdlh —R; dk uSfrd ewY;kadu djrs gSa vFkok ge D;k fd;k tk;s bl
ij fopkj djrs gSa] rc ge ml lexz vUrj tks dksbZ —R; iSnk djrk gS ;k iSnk dj
ldrk gS] dks ns[krs gSaA
[Link] dk er gS fd uSfrdrk dk mís'; lexz:i ls 'kqHk [Link] mRiUu djus okys
—R;ksa dks djus esa gekjk iFk&funsZ'ku djuk gSA ;g lEHko gS fd dkSu ls —R; lexz 'kqHk
[Link] ykrs gSa] bl ij erHksn gks ldrk gSA ysfdu bl fopkj ij lgefr gS fd ge
fdlh —R; dk uSfrd ewY;kadu; fd og —R; 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk] ml —R; ds [Link] ds
vk/kkj ij dj ldrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ —R; lexz 'kqHk@dY;k.k dks mRiUu djus esa vlQy
gS rks og —R; v'kqHk gS vU;Fkk 'kqHkA fofy;e 'k‚ [Link] djrs gSa] ÞxSj&[Link];ksa ls
[Link];ksa ds Hksn dk dkj.k mudk ;g vkxzg gS fd 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk dks fuf'pr djus
ds fy,] gekjs —R;ksa ds [Link] ls fHkUu vU; dqN Hkh [Link] ;k vko';d ugha gSß ¼'k‚
2006% 5½A
ge mu dqN [Link] ds ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa] ftUgsa [Link] n'kkZ;saxsA tSls]
bZekunkjh ds —R; csbekuh ds —R;ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd lexz 'kqHk [Link] mRiUu djsaxsA
nku'khyrk ds —R; ges'kk 'kqHk [Link] mRiUu djsaxsA nwljksa dks ¼funksZ"k yksxksa dks½ gkfu
igq¡pkus dh ctk;] gkfu u igq¡pkuk vf/kd 'kqHk [Link] mRiUu djsxkA bu [Link] ls
;g le>k tk ldrk gS fd fdlh —R; ds leLr [Link] bls fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa fd —R;
'kqHk gS ;k v'kqHkA

126
gekjs —R; ;k uSfrd —R; djus ds gekjs [Link]; ges'kk [Link] –f"V ls çHkkfor gksrs
gSaA funksZ"k dks ugha lrkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g —R; ml O;fä dks lrkus ls igys dh
voLFkk ls oafpr dj nsxkA t:jreanksa dh lgk;rk djuh pkfg, D;ksafd ;g muds thou
esa dY;k.k vkSj lq[k yk;sxkA ;g rdZ fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;fn ge [Link] –f"V
ls fdlh —R; dk fo'ys"k.k dj jgs gksrs gSa] rc ge ikrs gSa fd v'kqHk ;k vuqfpr —R;ksa dk
[Link] vfuok;Zr% v'kqHk gksrk gSA ysfdu] gesa fdlh —R; ds uSfrd ewY;kadu ds fy, Lo;a
—R; ij fopkj djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA ge fdlh —R; ds 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk
dk fu/kkZj.k mlds }kjk mRiUu [Link] ls djrs gSaA
pfy, lgk;rk&çkIr vkRegR;k ¼assisted suicide½ ds lUnHkZ esa fopkj djsa vkSj ns[ksa fd
[Link] fdl çdkj blds i{k ;k foi{k esa rdZ çLrqr djrs gSaA eku ysrs gSa fd fdlh
Hkh O;fä ds vuko';d d"Vksa dks de ls de fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl vk/kkj ij]
[Link] ds <kaps ls] lgk;rk&çkIr vkRegR;k dk eqík vf/kd –<+ tku iM+rk gSA vusd
O;fä;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd lgk;rk&çkIr vkRegR;k vius vki esa ¼vkarfjd ;k rkfRod :i
ls½ vuqfpr gS( ;g ml fLFkfr esa Hkh vuqfpr gS tcfd O;fä dk d"V blls de gksrk gks
;k O;fä Lo;a e`R;q pkgrk gksA ;gka rd fd [Link] Hkh bl ckr ls lger gks ldrs
gSa fd lgk;rk&çkIr vkRegR;k vuqfpr gS fdUrq mudk ,slk ekuus dk vk/kkj nwljk gksxkA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] muds fojks/k dk dkj.k blds nq:i;ksx dk gksuk gks ldrk gS ;k muds
fojks/k dk dkj.k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS D;ksafd bldh oS/krk ds QyLo:i chekj ;k viax Hkh
vius vki dks nwljs ds Åij cks> le>rs gq, bldk oj.k djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr gks
ldrs gSaA ,slk ekuus dk rkfdZd vk/kkj ;g gksxk fd lgk;rk&çkIr vkRegR;k dh Loh—fr
lokZf/kd 'kqHk [Link] mRiUu ugha djrh gSA
vf/kdka'k [Link] rdZ djrs gSa fd gesa 'kqHk [Link] dks c<+kuk pkfg,A blds ihNs
fopkj ;g gS fd vf/kd 'kqHk mRiUu djuk de 'kqHk mRiUu djus ls csgrj gSA ^'kqHk* dk
lEcU/k dsoy deZ ls gh ugha gS cfYd fu;e] uhfr] ç[Link] vkSj eukso`fÙk;ksa ¼laLdkjksa½ ls Hkh
gSA çk;%] 'kqHk çfrQy dks çlUurk ;k lq[k ;k dY;k.k ds :i esa le>k tkrk gSA bl
vFkZ esa dqN fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj ,sfiD;wfj;l lq[koknh uhfr'kkL= dks fodflr djus ds
dkj.k vkjfEHkd [Link] nk'kZfud gSA ,sfiD;wfj;l laxr [Link] dh lhek vkRek ¼Lo½
rd lhfer djrs gSaA vr% mUgsa vgaoknh [Link] dk tud dgk tkrk gSA vgaokn ds
vuqlkj O;fä dks 'kqHk dks çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,] ysfdu 'kqHk og gS tks Lo;a ds fy, 'kqHk
gS] u fd lHkh ds fy, ¼lkekU;½ 'kqHkA bl çdkj dk [Link] ^vgaokn* vFkok
^O;fä&fo'ks"k [Link]* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA O;fäoknh ;k O;fä&fo'ks"k
[Link] dk ekuuk gS fd fdlh O;fä dks bl ckr ij fparu djuk pkfg, fd fdlh —

127
R; ds [Link] Lo;a ml ij vFkok mlds fdlh lewg tSls ifjokj ;k fe=ksa ij dSlk çHkko
MkysaxsA bl lEcU/k esa] uSfrd mfprrk ;k uSfrd 'kqHk fdlh O;fä&fo'ks"k ;k lhfer lewg
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blds foijhr] lkoZHkkSfed [Link] ekurk gS fd fdlh O;fä dks
;g fparu djuk pkfg, fd fdlh —R; ds [Link] ls lHkh lfEefyr i{kksa ij D;k çHkko
iM+rk gSA uSfrd 'kqHk lHkh çHkkfor O;fä;ksa ij iM+us okys çHkkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA lHkh
leku:i ls [Link] gSa] vkSj çR;sd dks lHkh O;fä;ksa ¼ftUgsa leku ekuk tkrk gS½ ds 'kqHk
;k mi;ksfxrk@dY;k.k dks leku egRo nsuk pkfg,A pwafd mi;ksfxrkokn ;k lkoZHkkSfed
[Link] ekurk gS fd fxus x;s O;fä;ksa dks leku ekuk tkuk pkfg,] rc ;g fopkjuk
[Link] gS fd fdUgsa fxuk tkuk pkfg, ;k fdUgsa uSfrd çfLFkfr çnku dh tkuh pkfg,
¼fd fdu ij uSfrd nk;jk ykxw gksrk gS½A ;g tkuuk jkspd gS fd çeq[k mi;ksfxrkoknh
tSls tsjseh csUFke vkSj ihVj flaxj dk ekuuk gS fd lHkh laosnuxzkgh ;k laKkoku ¼laosnu
ds cks/k esa leFkZ½ çkf.k;ksa dks uSfrd çfLFkfr çnku dh tkuh pkfg,] bl vk'k; esa fd
uSfrd drkZ dk nkf;Ro mu lHkh çkf.k;ksa ds çfr gS ftUgsa lq[k vkSj nnZ dk vuqHko gksrk
gSA
mi;ksfxrkokn dk çFke O;ofLFkr :i tehZ csUFke }kjk çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA 'kkL=h;
[Link] ¼mi;ksfxrkokn½ dh ekU;rk gS fd mi;qä uSfrd O;ogkj dHkh Hkh fdlh dks
nq%[k ugha igqapkrk cfYd lq[k ;k ^mi;ksfxrk* dks c<+krk gSA blfy,] mi;ksfxrkokn dk
vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUr mi;ksfxrk dk fl)kUr gS vFkkZR uSfrd :i ls mfpr deZ og gS tks
çHkkfor oxZ ds mi;ksfxrk ;k dY;k.k ds lEcU/k esa loksZÙke lexz [Link] mRiUu djsA
tehZ csUFke ds vuqlkj] mfpr —R; ;k uhfr og gS] ^tks vf/kdre O;fä;ksa ds fy,
vf/kdre lq[k mRiUu djs*] vFkkZr~ lHkh çHkkfor oxksZa ds vf/kdre lnL;ksa ds fy, lq[kçn
;k dY;[Link] gksA fdUrq ç'u mBrk gS fd ge ;g dSls tkus fd dkSu lh oLrq&fLFkfr
ewY;oku gS vkSj dkSu lh ugha\ mi;ksfxrkokn dgrk gS fd lHkh laKkoku ;k laosnuxzkgh
thoksa dk lq[k vFkok dY;k.k gh ewY;oku oLrq gSA tehZ csUFke ekurs gSa fd 'kqHk lq[k dh
vuqHkwfr ;k laosnu vkSj nq%[k dk vHkko gSA tcfd vU; 'kkL=h; mi;ksfxrkokfn;ksa tSls fd
ts- ,l- fey ds vuqlkj] 'kqHk og gS tks ewY;oku ekufld voLFkkvksa dks [Link] esa
çksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj ekufld voLFkk,a fcuk lq[kçn gq, Hkh ewY;oku gks ldrh gSaA og
mPp ,oa fuEu lq[kksa ds oxhZdj.k dks Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSaA ¼ts- ,l fey ds mi;ksfxrkokn
dh fo'kn ppkZ vkxkeh ifjPNsn esa dh tk;sxh½A
cks/k&ç'u I

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq uhps fn, x, fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

128
 [k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- [Link] D;k gS\
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2- mi;ksfxrkokn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A mnkgj.k çLrqr dhft,A
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8-3 [Link] ds çk:i

[Link] ds dbZ çk:i gSa tks bl dsUæh; fopkj ls tqM+s gq, gSa] fd fdlh —R; ;k deZ
ds 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk ds :i esa ewY;kadu ds fy;s lcls [Link] ml —R; dk [Link] gSA
çpfyr <ax ls] [Link] ds nks eq[; :i gSa & deZ [Link] vkSj fu;e [Link]
deZ [Link] dk eq[;&[Link]; fo"k; og —R; gS tks ml —R; dh uSfrd fLFkfr
fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, lexz 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk [Link] mRiUu djrk gSA
fue; [Link] dk eq[; [Link]; fo"k; os fu;e gSa ftuds vuqç;ksx ls dksbZ —R;
lexz 'kqHkrj [Link] mRiUu djsxkA
deZ [Link] ekurk gS fd fdlh Hkh deZ ds mfpr ;k vuqfpr gksus dk fu/kkZj.k ml
deZ dh mi;ksfxrk ds ewY;kadu ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bldk vFkZ gS fd uSfrd :i ls
mfpr deZ og gS tks çHkkfor i{k ds vf/kdka'k lnL;ksa ds dY;k.k ;k ykHk lEer [Link]%
loksZÙke [Link] mRiUu djrk gSA tc dHkh O;fä ds le{k deksZa esa pquko dk volj vkrk
gS rks mls deZ ds mlh fodYi dks pquuk pkfg, tks çHkkfor i{k ds lHkh vFkok vf/kdre
lnL;ksa ds fy, lEHkkfor loksZÙke [Link] ys dj vk,A vr% deZ mi;ksfxrkokn mi;ksfxrk
fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij oSdfYid deZ ds ewY;kadu vkSj pquko dh vxzfyf[kr çfØ;k dk
fu/kkZj.k djrk gS% fofHkUu oSdfYid deksZa tSls fd x1] x2] x3 vkfn dh igpku djrs gSaA
fQj mu oSdfYid deksZa ds lEHkkafor [Link] tSls fd x1 ds [Link]] x2 ds [Link]

129
vkfn dh igpku djrs gSaA deZ dk pquko vkSj ewY;kadu ewyr% mi;ksfxrk fl)kUr ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA deZ ds mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dk [Link]; djus ds Øe esa gesa vusd
ckrksa tSls fd lHkh miyC/k deksZa vkSj muds [Link] dk Kku gksuk pkfg,A fQj çR;sd
miyC/k deZ dk ewY; fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A O;fä dks dkSu ls deZ ls loksZÙke
lEHkkfor [Link] feysaxs dk [Link]; djus gsrq fofHkUu miyC/k deksZa ds e/; rqyuk djuh
pkfg,A vc pw¡fd fdlh Hkh O;fä ds lHkh lEHkkfor fodYiksa dk Kku ugha gks ldrkA
blfy, ;gka O;fä vius iqjkus vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij loksZÙke fodYi dk pquko dj ldrk
gSA
;|fi deZ [Link] çFke –f"V esa cM+k vkd"kZd yxrk gS fdUrq blds dqN leL;k
tud fufgrkFkZ Hkh gSaA ;fn vki dgrs gSa] ^^lk/; lk/ku dks U;k;ksfpr ugha fl) dj
ldrk** rks vki xSj&[Link] dks Lohdkj dj jgs gksrs gSaA ,sls vusd deZ gSa ftUgsa
vusd yksx vuqfpr ekurs gSa fdUrq [Link] mUgsa fcYdqy mfpr ekurk gS vFkok
ck/;dkjh rd ekurk gSA eku yhft, ,d fpfdRld ik¡p ,sls yksxksa dh fpfdlk dj jkg
gS] ftUgsa thou gsrq vaxnku dh vko';drk gSA mlh le; dksbZ mÙke LokLF; vkSj 'kjhj
okyk O;fä lkekU; ijh{k.k ds fy, fpfdRld ds ikl vkrk gSA vpkud ls] fpfdRld
lksprk gS fd ;fn eSa bl LoLFk O;fä ds vaxksa dks fudkydj mudk çR;kjksi.k mu ik¡p
ejhtksa esa dj nw¡] rks os ik¡p O;fä;ksa dks thounku fey tk;sxkA bl çfØ;k esa ml LoLFk
O;fä dh e`R;q gks tk;sxkA fØ;k [Link] fpfdRld ds [Link]; ds vkSfpR; dks fl)
djus esa ugha fgpfdpk;sxkA ysfdu lkekU; rkSj ij] O;fä bls vkSfpR;[Link] —R; ugha ekusaxs
deZ [Link] dh leL;k dks fu;e [Link] dh lgk;rk ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fu;e [Link] O;fäxr —R;ksa ij /;ku dsfUær ugha djrk gS] vfirq mu fu;eksa ;k
fl)kUrksa dh [kkst ;k jpuk djus dk ç;kl djrk gS] ftuls fdlh lekt esa vf/kdre
yksxksa dks lexz 'kqHk [Link] çkIr gksaA
fu;e [Link] ekurk gS fd gesa dksbZ —R; 'kqHk gS ;k v'kqHk bldks mi;ksxrk ds
fl)kUr ls çkIr fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij r; djuk pkfg,A blfy,] ;fn ge ,d fu;e
cukrs gSa fd ÞvlR; lEHkk"k.k v'kqHk ;k vuqfpr gS vkSj gesa vlR; lEHkk"k.k ugha djuk
pkfg,ß rc uSfrd drkZ dk vLR; lEHkk"k.k blfy, ugha djuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g mldk
O;fäxr ojh;rk ¼p;u] rjthg½ gS cfYd ;g ml fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gS ftldk ikyu
lekt ds lexz 'kqHk ds fy, djuk pkfg,A ;g O;fäxr —R; ds ckjs esa u gksdj fu;e
;k ekU;rk ds ckjs esa gS ftldk lexz dY;k.k ds fy, ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fu;e
[Link] blds ikyu gsrq nks rjhdksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa]

130
1½ uSfrd drkZ dks fHkUu&fHkUu fu;eksa dk ewY;kadu fdlh fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr esa djuk
pkfg, vkSj ml fu;e ;k ekU;rk dks ykxw djuk pkfg, ftlls leLr loksZÙke [Link]
çkIr gksaA
2½ fdlh fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr gsrq çFke pj.k/rjhds ls çkIr fu;e dk ikyu O;fä dks
fcuk ;g lksps djuk pkfg, fd dksbZ oSdfYid —R; blls csgrj [Link] ns ldrk gSA
[Link]] ;fn vlR; lEHkk"k.k vuqfpr gS] ;g fu;e gS rks O;fä dks vlR; lEHkk"k.k
ugha djuk pkfg,] pkgs vlR; lEHkk"k.k csgrj [Link] nsA
bl çdkj] fu;e [Link] ds vuqlkj] gesa 'kqHk [Link] nsus okys O;fäxr —R;ksa dks
djus ds ctk;] mu fu;eksa dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg,] ftuds vuqlj.k ls 'kqHk [Link]
mRiUu gksaA
cks/k&ç'u II

/;krO;% d½ vius mÙkj gsrq fn, x, fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- [Link] ds çk:i dkSu dkSu gSa\
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2- deZ [Link] dks foLrkj ls ifjHkkf"kr djsaA
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3- fu;e [Link] dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA fu;e [Link] esa ç;qä nks [Link] dks Li"V
djsaA
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131
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8-4 ts- ,l-

,l- fey dk mi;ksfxrkokn
t‚u LVqvVZ fey csUFke ds [Link] FksA csUFke ds dqN fopkjksa fo'ks"kdj ^lq[k dh ç—
fr ds lEcU/k esa* ls vlger gksrs gq, Hkh os csUFke ds cM+s ç'kald FksA csUFke dk ekuuk Fkk
fd lq[kksa ds e/; dsoy ek=kRed vUrj gksrk gS] u fd [Link] tcfd fey lq[kksa esa
[Link] vUrj dks Hkh Lohdkjrs gSaA fey ds uhfr&n'kZu dk fo'kn [Link] mudh iqLrd
;wfVfyVsfj;fuTe ¼1861½ esa feyrk gSA bl iqLrd dk mís'; uSfrdrk ds vk/kkj ds :i esa
mi;ksfxrk fl)kUr ds vkSfpR; dks fl) djuk gSA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj] deZ mlh
vuqikr esa 'kqHk ;k mfpr gSa ftl vuqikr esa os lexz ekuoh; lq[k dks c<+krs gSaA blfy,]
fey deksZa ds [Link] ij cy nsrs gSa] u fd vf/kdkjksa ;k uSfrd lEosnukvksa ijA
fey ;g LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa fd uSfrdrk dk y{; vfLrRo dh fof'k"V
voLFkk dks mRiUu djuk gSA fey ;g rdZ djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa fd 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk ds
:i esa deksZa dk fo'ks"khdj.k i;kZIr ugha gS] vfirq gesa ml ¼;k mu½ rRoksa dks [kkstus dh
vko';drk gS] tks deksZa dks uSfrd ç—fr ¼'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk; mfpr vkSj vuqfpr½ çnku
djrs gSaA yksx fey ls bl ckr esa lger ugha gks ldrs gSa fd D;k gS ;k D;k gksuk pkfg,]
ftlds vk/kkj ij uSfrd deksZa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fey dgrs gSa fd deksaZ dk
lkjrRo mi;ksfxrk gS] tksfd ekuoh; vfLrRo ds fy, vko';d gS vkSj fdlh deZ dks
uSfrd ewY;kadu ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA
bl HkzkfUr ds fo#) fd mi;ksfxrk lq[k dh fojks/kh gS] fey mi;ksfxrk dks lq[k ds :i esa
vkSj nnZ ;k nq%[k ds vHkko ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA bl rjhds ls
mi;ksfxrk ds fl)kUrks dks vf/kdre lq[k ¼çlUurk ;k vkuUn½ dk fl)kUr Hkh dgk tk
ldrk gSA bl fl)kUr dk ekuuk gS fd ÞdksbZ —R; ;k deZ ml vuqikr esa mfpr gSa
ftlesa os çlUurk dks c<+krs gSa] vkSj ml vuqikr esa vuqfpr ftlesa os çlUurk ds O;qRØe
dks mRiUu djrs gSaA çlUurk dk fufgrkFkZ gS lq[k] vkSj nq%[k dk vHkko] vkSj vçlUurk dk
fufgrkFkZ gS nnZ] vkSj lq[k dk vHkkoß ¼fey 1996% 210½A bl –f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] nnZ ;k
nq%[k dk ifjgkj vkSj lq[k dh [kkst Lor% lk/; gS vkSj Lo;a esa okafNr gSA
fey ds fo#) lkekU; vkifÙk ;g gS fd dsoy lq[k dks thou dk y{; Lohdkjus dk
rkRi;Z gS thou ds vFkZ dks lq[k esa vipf;r dj nsukA fey bldk mÙkj nsus ds fy,
ekuoh; lq[k vkSj i'kqvksa ds lq[k esa [Link] Hksn djrs gSaA os bl fcUnq ij cy nsrs gSa fd

132
ekuo vius mPprj {kerkvksa@ladk;ksa ds vH;kl ls lq[k çkIr djrk gS vkSj mu ladk;ksa
ds iYyou ds fcuk os ges'kk vlarq"V jgsaxsA vr%] ekuo ds fy, lq[k mldh mPprj
ladk;ksa ds dk;ksaZ dks |ksfrr djrk gSA bl çdkj] fey lq[k dh [Link] dks dsUæ esa
j[kdj vius mi;ksfxrkokn dk lw=hdj.k djrs gSaA
og dgrs gSa]
^^lq[kksa ds e/; [Link] ds vUrj ls esjk D;k rkRi;Z gS] vFkok og D;k gS tks ,d lq[k
dks nwljs lq[k dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ewY;oku cukrk gS] ek=k esa egr ds gksus ds flok;]
bldk ,d gh lEHkkfor mÙkj gS] dsoy lq[k ds :i esaA nks lq[kksa esa ls] ;fn dksbZ ,d lq[k
gS ftldks nksuksa lq[kksa dk iwoZ esa vuqHko djus okys lHkh ;k muesa ls vf/kdrj yksxksa ds
}kjk] pquko gsrq fcuk fdlh uSfrd ck/;rk ds] ojh;rk nh tkrh gS] ogh okaNuh; lq[k gSA
;fn mu nksuksa esa ls ,d dks nksuksa ls l{ke rjhds ls çR;{kr% ifjfpr yksxksa }kjk ;g
tkurs gq, Hkh fd ;g egr vlarks"k mRiUu djsxk] ojh;rk nh tkrh gS] vkSj os bldk
[ojh;rk dk] ifjR;kx fdlh Hkh ml lq[k dh ek=k ds fy, ftldk miHkksx djus esa os
leFkZ gSa] ugha djsaxs] ge ojh; vkuUn dks] bldh rqyuk esa ek=k dh y?kqrk Lohdkjrs gq,]
[Link] mPprk ds dkj.k ds vk/kkj ij vkSfpR;[Link] fl) dj ldrs gSa]ß ¼fey 2015%
122½A
blds vfrfjä fey fo'okl djrs gSa fd fdlh uSfrd —R; ds ewY;kadu dk vkn'kZ iSekuk
blesa lfEefyr ;k blls çHkkfor lHkh O;fä;ksa ds lq[k dk fopkj.k gS] vkSj u fd vdsys
drkZ ds Lo;a ds lq[k dk [Link] blfy,] fdlh dks Hkh vius lq[k dks vU;ksa ds lq[k ls
mPprj ugha ekuuk pkfg,A fey yksxksa ds lq[k ds ewY; dks ekU;rk nsus ds lUnHkZ esa lHkh
euq";ksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj; fQj pkgs /kuh gks ;k fu/kZu] dkyk gks ;k xksjk] dk leFkZu
djrs gSaA
fey uSfrd —R;ksa dks djus gsrq ç[Link]@vfHkç[Link] ij Hkh ckrphr djrs gSaA og nks
çdkj dh ç[Link] dk mYys[k djrs gSa& cká ,oa vkUrfjdA cká çsjuk lkekU; ç—fr dh
gS] ftls fdlh Hkh vU; uSfrd <kaps ls lEcfU/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA [Link]] ?kfu"Bksa
dk ncko] nSoh; vkns'k] ;k lkekftd vuuqeksnu bR;kfnA nwljh vksj] tc dksbZ O;fä
fdlh ifjfLFkfr&fo'ks"k dk lkeuk djrk gS] rks vkUrfjd ç[Link] mldh Lo;a dh vUr'psruk
vkSj vkUrfjd Hkkouk ls mn~Hkwlr gksrh gSA fey ds fy,] vkUrfjd ç[Link] cká ç[Link] ls
vf/kd çHkkoh gS] D;ksafd blds cht ç[Link]= esa mifLFkr gSaA vkUrfjd ç[Link] ls çk—frd
uSfrd –f"V fodflr gksrh gS vkSj yksx çk—frd :i ls uSfrd ck/;rk dk vglkl djrs

133
gSaA fey us ;g fn[kkus dk ç;kl fd;k fd mi;ksfxrk lq[k ds lkgp;Z ds lkFk euq"; ds
vUnj gh etcwr uSfrd vk/kkj cukrh gS ¼fey 2015% 140&147½A
vr%] fey rdZ djrs gSa fd mi;ksfxrkokn uSfrd ewy ekuoh; ç—fr] vf/kd fof'k"V rkSj
ij mudh lkekftd ç—fr esa] esa gh fufgr gSA fey fopkjrs gSa fd lekt dks yksxksa esa bl
uSfrd vfHkeq[krk dks f'k{kk tSls fofHkUu ek/;eksa ls eukjksfir vkSj çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A

bl rjhds ls fey us viuh iqLrd ;qfVfyVsfj;fuTe esa mi;ksfxrk ds uSfrd fl)kUr ij

rdZ fd;k gSA bl fl)kUr dh vkykspuk ds çfrmÙkj esa fey us u dsoy tsjseh csUFke ds
ewyHkwr fl)kUrksa ds i{k esa rdZ fd;k] vfirq csUFke ds fl)kUrksa dh lajpuk] vFkZ] vkSj
vuqç;ksx esa [Link] lq/kkj Hkh fd;sA ;|fi mPpre 'kqHk dh okLrfodrk vkSj ç—fr ds
lEcU/k esa vlekI; fooknksa ds dkj.k uhfr&n'kZu dh çxfr lhfer gqbZ gS] fQj Hkh fey dks
çkr%osyk esa gh çrhr gks x;k Fkk fd çR;sd O;fä bl ckr ij lger gks ldrk gS fd
ekuoh; —R;ksa ds [Link] muds uSfrd ewY;ksa esa [Link] ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA
cks/k&ç'u III

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq fn, x, fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- fey ^çFke fl)kUr* dh vo/[Link] ls D;k le>rs gSa\
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8-5 lkjka'k
;g bdkbZ uSfrd n'kZu ds ,d fl)kUr mi;ksfxrkokn dk fooj.k çLrqr djrh gSA
mi;ksfxrkokn og fu;ked uSfrd fl)kUr gS tks dgrk gS fd fdlh —R; dh uSfrdrk dk
fu/kkZj.k mlds }kjk mRiUu [Link] ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA blds nks çk:i gSa: fØ;k
[Link] rFkk fu;e [Link] fØ;k [Link] mu [Link] fl)kUrksa dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS] ftuds vuqlkj uSfrd —R; og gS tks fd ¼[Link] vFkok lkekU;½ mi;ksfxrk dks
vf/kdre ds Lrj ij ys tkrk gSA ogha] fu;e [Link] mu [Link] fl)karksa dks

134
lanfHkZr djrk gS] ftuds vuqlkj uSfrd —R; og gS tks ml fu;e ¼fu;ekoyh½ ds vuqlkj
gksrk gS tks ;fn lkekU; vFkZ esa le>s rks] mi;ksfxrk dks vf/kdre ¼[Link] vFkok lkekU;½
Lrj ij ys tk,A ;g bdkbZ LVqvVZ fey }kjk çLrqr mi;ksfxrkokn dk fooj.k nsrh gSA
fey mi;ksfxrkokn dk [Link] vf/kdre lq[k fl)kUr ds :i esa djrs gSaA blds vuqlkj]
^^deZ mlh vuqikr esa mfpr gS ftl vuqikr esa og lq[k dks c<+krk gS vkSj ml vuqikr esa
vuqfpr gS ftlesa lq[k ds O;qRØe dks c<+krk gSA lq[k vkuUn vkSj nq%[k ;k nnZ ds vHkko
dks yf{kr djrk gS] vkSj nq%[k ;k vçlUurk nnZ vkSj lq[k ;k vkuUn dh deh dks yf{kr
djrh gSßA fey pw¡fd [Link] lq[k dh ckr djrs gS blfy, mudk fl)kUr csUFke ds
ek=kRed mi;ksfxrkokn ds foijhr [Link] mi;ksfxrkokn ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

8-6 dqath 'kCn

[Link] % mRiUu [Link]] ;gk¡ blls rkRi;Z fdlh deZ ls mRiUu vfUre [Link] gSA
mi;ksfxrk fl)kUr % blds vuqlkj] uSfrd :i ls mfpr dk;Z ogh gS tks lHkh çHkkfor
O;fä;ksa ds fy, mi;ksfxrk vFkok dY;k.k ls lEc) loksZÙke lexz [Link] mRiUu djsA

8-7 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

Mªkboj] twfy;k- d‚fUlDosfU'k;fyTe- yanu% jkmVyst] 2011-
tSdc] t‚ukFku- MkbesU'kUl v‚Q e~jy fQy‚lksQh% ,u bUVªksD'ku Vq esVk,fFkDl ,.M
e‚jy lkbdksy‚th- teZuh% CySdosy ifCyf'kax] 2002-
fey] t‚u LVqvVZ- Þ;qfVfyVsfj;fuTeß] bu ekdZ fQfyi ¼,fM-½] v‚u fycVhZ]
;qfVfyVsfj;fuTe ,.M vnj ,Llst- v‚DlQksMZ% v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 2015-
fey] t‚u LVqvVZ- ;qfVfyVsfj;fuTe] bu t‚u ,e- j‚Clu ¼,fM-½] dysfDVM oDlZ v‚Q
t‚u LVqvVZ fey] o‚y- 10- VksjUVks% ;qfuoflZVh çsl@ yanu % jkmVyst ,.M dsxu i‚y]
1969[1861]-
eks;j] Mhu ¼,fM-½- n jkmVyst dEisfu;u Vq ukbUVhUFk lsUpqjh fQy‚lksQh- dukMk%
jkmVyst] 2010-
ysUMqvk] jl 'ksQj ¼,fM-½- ,fFkdy F;ksjh% ,u ,UFkksy‚th- v‚DlQksMZ% CySdosy ifCyflax]
2007-

135
osLV] gsujh vkj- ¼,fM-½ n Cysdosy xkbM Vq fey*l ;wfVfyVsfj;fuTe- v‚LVªsfy;k% CySdosy
ifCyf'kax] 2006-

8-8 cks/k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k&ç'u I

1- [Link] fu;ked uhfr'kkL= dk og çdkj gS ftlds vuqlkj fdlh deZ ds fy,

uSfrd :i esa [Link] mlds }kjk mRiUu [Link] gSaA dksbZ deZ mfpr gS ;k ugha ;k djus
;ksX; gS ;k ugha bldk fu/kkZj.k mRiUu [Link] ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vf/kdka'k [Link]
ekurs gSa fd gesa 'kqHk [Link] dks c<+kus okys deZ djus pkfg,A [Link] dk ljyre
:i 'kkL=h; ¼lq[koknh½ mi;ksfxrkokn gSA 'kkL=h; mi;ksfxrkokn ds vuqlkj] fdlh deZ ds
mfpr vFkok vuqfpr gksus dk fu/kkZj.k bl rF; ls gksrk gS fd ml deZ ds QyLo:i
fo'o esa nq%[k dh vis{kk vf/kdre lq[k dk çlkj gksrk gS ;k ughaA
2- mi;ksfxrkokn [Link] ds ,d :i gS tks mi;ksfxrk ds fl)kUr dks ekurk gS]
vFkkZr~ uSfrd 'kqHk —R; og gS tks lHkh çHkkfor i{kksa dh mi;ksfxrk ;k dY;k.k ls lEc)
loksZÙke lexz [Link] dks mRiUu djrk gSA
mi;ksfxrkokn dk çfl) mnkgj.k] Vª‚yh dk gSA dYiuk dhft, fd dksbZ Vª‚yh fdlh iVjh
ij c<+ jgh gS] ftl ij ik¡p etnwj gSaA vki ehyksa nwj fu;a=.k d{k esa gSa] vkSj vki ,d
fLop ls Vª‚yh dks nwljh iVjh ij yk ldrs gSa] ftl ij ,d etnwj gSA D;k vki fLop
nck;saxs\ ,d O;fä dh e`R;q ik¡p dh e`R;q dh vis{kk Bhd gS] rc ;fn vkidks pquuk iM+s
rks vkidks fLop nckdj e`R;qvksa dks de djuk pkfg,A ;g mi;ksfxrkoknh [Link] dk ,d
mnkgj.k gSA
cks/k&ç'u II

1- nks çdkj ds [Link] gSa( fØ;k [Link] vkSj fu;e [Link]

2- deZ [Link] ekurk gS fd fdlh Hkh deZ ds mfpr ;k vuqfpr gksus dk fu/kkZj.k
ml deZ dh mi;ksfxrk ds ewY;kadu ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bldk vFkZ gS fd uSfrd :i
ls mfpr deZ og gS tks çHkkfor i{k ds vf/kdka'k lnL;ksa ds dY;k.k ;k ykHk lEer [Link]%
loksZÙke [Link] mRiUu djrk gSA tc dHkh O;fä ds le{k deksZa esa pquko dk volj vkrk
gS rks mls deZ ds mlh fodYi dks pquuk pkfg, tks çHkkfor i{k ds lHkh vFkok vf/kdre
lnL;ksa ds fy, lEHkkfor loksZÙke [Link] ys dj vk,A vr%] deZ mi;ksfxrkokn mi;ksfxrk
fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij oSdfYid deZ ds ewY;kadu vkSj pquko gsrq vxzfyf[kr çfØ;k dk
136
fu/kkZj.k djrk gS% fofHkUu oSdfYid deksZa tSls fd x1] x2] x3 vkfn dh igpku djrs gSaA
fQj mu oSdfYid deksaZ ds lEHkkafor [Link] tSls fd x1 ds [Link]] x2 ds [Link]
vkfn dh igpku djrs gSaA deZ dk pquko vkSj ewY;kadu ewyr% mi;ksfxrk fl)kUr ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA deZ ds mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dk [Link]; djus ds Øe esa gesa vusd
ckrksa tSls fd lHkh miyC/k deksZa vkSj muds [Link] dk Kku gksuk pkfg,A fQj çR;sd
miyC/k deZ dk ewY; fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A O;fä dks dkSu ls deZ ls loksZÙke
lEHkkfor [Link] feysaxs dk [Link]; djus gsrq fofHkUu miyC/k deksZa ds e/; rqyuk djuh
pkfg,A ;g çrhr gksrk gS fd fdlh Hkh O;fä ds lHkh lEHkkfor fodYiksa dk Kku ugha gks
ldrkA blfy, ;gka O;fä vius iqjkus vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij loksZÙke fodYi dk pquko
dj ldrk gSA
3- fu;e [Link] ekurk gS fd gesa dksbZ —R; 'kqHk gS ;k v'kqHk bldks mi;ksfxrk ds
fl)kUr ls vkSfpR; çkIr fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij r; djuk pkfg,A drkZ dks mu fu;eksa ds
ç;ksx ls] ftudk Lohdj.k loksZÙke [Link] mRiUu djrk gS] [Link]; djuk pkfg, fd fdlh
ifjfLFkfr esa D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ç'u ;g ugha gS fd dkSu&lk —R; vf/kdre
mi;ksfxrk mRiUu djsxk] cfYd ;g gS fd dkSu&lk fu;e ;k ekU;rk vf/kdre mi;ksfxrk
;k dY;k.k mRiUu djsxkA fu;e [Link] esa vUrfuZfgr f}&pj.k çfØ;k fuEuor gS%
1½ uSfrd drkZ dks fHkUu&fHkUu fu;eksa dk ewY;kadu fdlh mi;ksfxrk ds fl)kUr ds
vk/kkj ij djuk pkfg,; fdlh O;fä dks fu;eksa dk ewY;kadu bl vk/kkj ij djuk pkfg,
fd fdl fu;e ls lHkh çHkkfor i{kksa gsrq leLr loksZÙke [Link] çkIr gksrk gSA
2½ fdlh ifjfLFkfr&fo'ks"k esa] fdlh —R; dk 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk ds :i esa ewY;kadu çFke
pj.k esa vkSfpR;[Link] fl) uSfrd fu;eksa dks –f"Vxr j[krs gq, djuk pkfg,A fdlh fof'k"V
ifjfLFkfr gsrq çFke pj.k@rjhds ls çkIr fu;e dk ikyu O;fä dks fcuk ;g lksps djuk
pkfg, fd dksbZ oSdfYid —R; blls csgrj [Link] ns ldrk gSA
cks/k&ç'u III

1- fey us viuh iqLrd ;qfVfyVsfj;fuTe esa vk|ksikar ÞçFke fl)kUrß dh vo/[Link]

vkSj uSfrdrk ds ewy dh ppkZ dh gSA bl vo/[Link] dh lgk;rk ls] fey dgrs gSa fd
fdlh —R; dks 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk ds :i esa fo'ksf"kr dj nsuk i;kZIr ugha gS] ;|fi] dqN vkSj
gksuk pkfg, tks bu —R;ksa dks uSfrd pfj= çnku djrs gSa] vkSj tks bl rF; dk Hkh dkj.k
gS fd D;ksa Þ'kqHkß vkSj Þv'kqHkß tSls in çFke LFkku ij çfr/ofur gksrs gSaA yksx bl ckr
ij lger ugha gks ldrs gSa fd uSfrdrk dk ;g lkjHkwr fl)kUr D;k gS] vkSj ;g D;ksa
bruk fo'ks"k gSA vr%] mUgksaus] viuh iqLrd esa bl ewy dks igpkuus dk ç;kl fd;k&
137
ftls mi;ksfxrk dk fl)kUr dgrs gSa& vkSj fQj ;g fn[kk;k fd D;ksa ;g uSfrd ewy
vlk/kkj.k vkSj ekuo ds :i esa gekjs vfLrRo ds dsUæ esa gSA

138
bdkbZ 9 uSfrd fl)kUrksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu*
:ijs[kk
9-0 mís';
9-1 ifjp;
9-2 çeq[k uSfrd fl)kUr% ,d voyksdu
9-3 mi;ksfxrkokn dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
9-4 drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
9-5 ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
9-6 lkjka'k
9-7 dqath 'kCn
9-8 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ
9-9 cks/k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj

9-0 mís';
bl bdkbZ ds fuEufyf[kr mís'; gSa%

• çeq[k uSfrd ¼fu;ked½ fl)kUrksa] tSls mi;ksfxrkokn] drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= rFkk

ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dh vk/kkjHkwr fo"k;&oLrq rFkk iwoZekU;rkvksa dks le>uk]
• uhfr'kkL= ds bu fl)kUrksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk]
• uhfr'kkL= ds bu fl)kUrksa dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k djukA
9-1 ifjp;

*
M‚- eks- bukeqj jgeku] lgk;d çk/;kid] n'kZu foHkkx] çslhMsUlh fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk] vuqoknd&
lqJh fjadh tknokuh] O;k[;krk ¼n'kZu'kkL=½] ekufodh foHkkx] fnYyh rduhfd fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

139
;g bdkbZ eq[; :i ls fu;ked uhfr'kkL= ds vHkh rd ds [Link] fl)kUrksa] ln~xq.k
uhfr'kkL=] mi;ksfxrkokn] rFkk dk.V ds drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ds vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k
ij dsfUær gksxhA ;s fl)kUr uhfr'kkL= ds çeq[k fl)kUr gSa ftUgksaus dbZ ;qxksa rd ekuo
efLr"d ij muds dk;ksZa ds fy, dkj.k çnku djds viuk çHkqRo LFkkfir fd;k gSA gekjs
—R;ksa ds fy, bu fl)kUrksa }kjk fn;s x;s dk;Z&funsZ'kd fu;e] gesa dqN ç'uksa] tSls D;k
lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr gS\ fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa ;g dSls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk;s fd 'kqHk
D;k gS vkSj D;k v'kqHk\] vkSj] blh ls lEcfU/kr] O;kid ç'u fd lekt esa 'kkfUriwoZd
thou dSls ft;k tk;s\] vkfn dks dks le>us esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA 'kkfUriwoZd thou thuk
lh/ks bl ckr ls lEcfU/kr gS fd ,d O;fä dh rjg rFkk ,d lekt ds :i esa vPNk
dSls cuk tk,\
bu fl)kUrksa ij vkykspukRed&çfrfcEcu ls gesa ,d csgrj thou thus ds fy,
dk;Z&funsZf'kr fu;eksa dks iwufuZfeZr rFkk iquoZ~;ofLFkr djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA

9-2 çeq[k uSfrd fl)kUr% ,d voyksdu

uhfr'kkL= ds lHkh fl)kUr bl ç'u dk mÙkj nsus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa% ,d O;fä dks ,d
,slh fLFkfr esa dSls dke djuk pfg, ftl fLFkfr esa vU; Hkh 'kkfey gksaA ,d LorU= drkZ
ds dk;Z ges'kk bl uSfrd ewY;kadu ds v/khu jgrs gSa fd og dk;Z lgh gS ;k xyr@'kqHk
gS ;k v'kqHkA uSfrd fl)kUr dk;Z& funsZ'kd fu;e çnku djds gekjs dk;ksZa dk fu/kkZj.k
djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA [Link];k gesa mlh çdkj —R; djus pkfg, ftlls lexz
mi;ksfxrk vf/kdre gks ¼lkekU; lUnHkZ esa mi;ksfxrkoknh fl)kUr½A ,d '[Link] lekt
dh LFkkiuk ds fy, gekjs —R;ksa dk uSfrd ewY;kadu vko';d gSA ml lekt esa] ftlesa
vuSfrd ;k cqjs O;fä;ksa dh Hkjekj gksxh] yksxksa dk thou '[Link] ugha gksxk D;ksafd blls
tkylkth] Hkz"Vkpkj] pksjh gR;k vkfn vfu;fU=r gks tk;saxsA O;fäxr rkSj ij gesa mu
fl)kUrksa dks le>us dh t:jr gS tks gesa ,d vPNk O;fä cukus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
vr: gesa uSfrd fl)kUrksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus rFkk le>us dh t:jr gS ftlls O;fä ds
vkpj.k dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldsA
uhfr'kkL= ds ,d fl)kUr ds :i esa mi;ksfxrkokn ;g –f"Vdks.k viukrk gS fd fdlh Hkh
—R;@uhfr@dkuwu@fu;e dh mik;ksfxrk gh dksbZ dk;Z 'kqHk gS ;k v'kqHk] dks fu/kkZfjr
djus dk vk/kkj gksuk pkfg,A fdlh dk;Z ;k uhfr ls mith mi;ksfxrk dh ç—fr dks gh
mlds uSfrd ewY;kadu dk vk/kkj ekuuk pkfg,A fdlh —R; dk uSfrd [Link]; Lo;a —R;
ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk] vfirq ml —R; }kjk mRiUu 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk [Link] ls gksrk gSA
bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj] gesa fdlh —R; ds lexz fu"iknuksa ;k —R; ds [Link] ;k —R;
140
ds ckjs esa ewY;&[Link]; nsus gsrq bl —R; dks ftu çfrQyksa ikfjr djuk iM+rk gS mu
lexz çfrQyksa] dk ewY;kadu djuk pkfg,A ;g –f"Vdks.k —R; dk Lo;a esa dksbZ ewY; ugh
ekurk gSA lR; cksyus ds [Link]:i tks Hkh 'kqHk gksrk gS mlls brj Hkh mldk varHkwZr
¼Lo;a esa½ ewY; gks ldrk gSA mi;ksfxrkoknh <kaps esa 'kqHk rFkk v'kqHk dks le>uk bls lq[k
rFkk nq%[k ls tksMu+ k gSA fdlh dk;Z dk 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk gksuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS
fd ml —R; ls fdruk lq[k ;k nq%[k çkIr gksrk gSA tsjseh csUFke] t‚u LVqvVZ fey rFkk
gsujh fltfod bl fl)kUr ds çeq[k çfriknd gSaA
uhfr'kkL= dk drZO;ijd fl)kUr ;g çfrikfnr djrk gS fd uSfrd ekun.M ;k fu;e gh
lcls vf/kd [Link] gSaA uSfrd drkZ ds drZO;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, uSfrd
[Link] rFkk fu;eksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bekuq,y dk.V] tks bl fl)kUr ds çeq[k
leFkZd gSa] dgrs gSa fd fdlh —R; ;k uhfr dk uSfrd ewY;kadu] iwoZ ifjHkkf"kr
uhfr&fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg, uk fd ml —R; ds [Link] ;k çfrQyksa ds
vk/kkj ijA blds vykok ;g fl)kUr ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd vius drZO; dk ikyu djus ds
vykok fdlh ckgjh rRo/ç[Link] ds fy, drZO; dk fuokZg djuk ckSf)d ugha gksrk gSA
ÞdrZO; ds fy, drZO; dk ikyuß bl fl)kUr dk ,d eq[; er gSA uSfrd fu;e] Þ>wB
cksyuk xyr gSß] fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa xyr gksxk pkgs og >wB fdlh dh tku cpk
ldrk gSA ifjfLFkfrtU; ;k [Link] Lo:i feyus okys ykHk fdlh —R; ds uSfrd [Link];
esa [Link] ugh gSaA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fdlh —R; dk uSfrd ewY;kadu djus esa ml
—R; dks djus gsrq O;fä dk vfHkçk; ¼bjknk½ ,d vfuok;Z dkjd gSA
[Link] nksuksa fl)kUrksa ds foijhr] tgka uSfrd [Link]; ysus ds fy, —R; ;k uhfr dk
vkadyu fd;k tkrk gS] ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ;g ekurk gS fd eq[; :i ls O;fä ds pfj=
vkSj mlds ckn mlds —R; dk ewY;kadu djuk vko';d gSA ,d vPNk O;fä cuus ds
fy, rFkk vPNs —R; djus ds fy, U;k;fç;] bZekunkj] lR;oknh] lkglh vkSj nwljksa ds
çfr n;kyq gksuk] tSls pkfjf=d [Link] dks fodflr djuk pkfg,A >wB cksyuk] /kks[kk nsuk]
vkSj fo'okl?kkr vkfn [Link] dks fdlh ds pfj= esa iYyfor&iqf"ir gksus ls grksRlkfgr
djuk pkfg,A ;g uSfrd –f"Vdks.k ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ;fn lekt esa vPNs pfj= ds
O;fä gSa] og lekt varr% ,d vPNk lekt cusxkA ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=h O;fä ds uSfrd
pfj= dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, muds vkUrfjd [Link] ij vf/kd /;ku dsfUær djrs gSa uk
fd cká [Link] ijA
lHkh fu;ked fl)kUrksa dk mís'; O;fä;ksa ds deksZa rFkk pfj= dks funsZf'kr djds ,d
vPNs lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA ysfdu bu fl)kUrksa dks vkykspuk dk lkeuk Hkh djuk

141
iM+k gSA vkxs vkus okys ifjPNsnksa esa ge mijksä lHkh uhfr'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa dk
vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djsaxsA
cks/k&ç'u I

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq fn;s x;s fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- fdlh dk;Z ds uSfrd ewY;kadu ds fy, mi;ksfxrkokn dk D;k fl)kUr çLrqr djrk gS\
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2- mi;ksfxrkokn rFkk drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= esa vUrj dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A
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9-3 mi;ksfxrkokn dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu

tsEl jspy ¼2012½ ds vuqlkj] uhfr'kkL= ds fl)kUr ds :i esa] mi;ksfxrkokn dks blds
rhu dsUæh; fcUnqvksa }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSA çFke] fdlh —R; dk uSfrd ewY;kadu
djus ds fy, ml —R; dk flQZ [Link] gh [Link]; gksrk gSA nwljk] fdlh —R; ds
[Link] dk vkadyu bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og —R; xq.k rFkk ek=k ds lUnHkZ esa
fdruk lq[k rFkk nq%[k mRiUu djrk gSA rhljk] [Link] dk ewY;kadu djrs gq, çR;sd
O;fä ds lq[k rFkk nq%[k dks cjkcj ekuuk pkfg, ¼jspy] 2012% i`- 110½A lq[k rFkk nq%[k
dk ewY;kadu esa fdlh O;fä dh lekt esa fLFkfr] oxZ] tkfr] /keZ] fyax] bR;kfn ds vk/kkj
ij dksbZ HksnHkko ugha gksuk pkfg,A
csUFke ds vuqlkj uSfrdrk dk eq[; mís'; [Link] txr dks ftruk lEHko gks mruk
lq[ke; cukuk gSA bl fl)kUr dh ;g 'krZ gS fd ;fn fdlh O;fä dks uSfrd :i ls 'kqHk
cuuk gS rks mls fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa vius dk;Z ds [Link]:i vf/kdre lq[k çnku
djuk gksxkA vf/kdre lq[k dk vFkZ gS fd drkZ ds —R; ls vf/kd ls vf/kd O;fä;ksa dks
142
lq[k dh çkfIr gksuh pkfg,A blds vykok uSfrd :i ls 'kqHk gksus ds fy, fdlh Hkh —R;
dks nq%[k ls T;knk lq[k mRiUu djuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk ml —R; dks cqjk ekuuk pkfg,A
fey ds vuqlkj lq[k lk/; gS] ftldh bPNk dh tkuh pkfg,] rFkk blds vykok çR;sd
oLrq dh bPNk bl lk/; dks çkIr djus ds fy, dh tkuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,]
Hkkstu ds fy, esjh bPNk esjh Hkw[k dks feVk;sxh ysfdu Hkkstu djus ls vUrr% eq>s lq[k dh
çkfIr gksxhA vU;Fkk] Hkw[k dh voLFkk ls nq%[k dh çkfIr gksxh ftlls gesa cpuk pkfg,A
jspy dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,] bl fl)kUr dh çFke vkykspuk ;g gS fd D;k uSfrdrk ds
fy, flQZ lq[k gh ek;us j[krk gS\ blds vykok] D;k ge vius —R;@uhfr;ksa@fu;eksa dk
dsoy bl vk/kkj ij ewY;kadu dj ldrs gSa fd og fdruk lq[k rFkk nq%[k çnku djrs gSa\
mnkgj.k ds fy,] D;k dqN Nk=ksa ds lewg }kjk u;s Nk=ksa ls nqO;Zogkj djuk] mUgsa
çrkfM+r djuk lgh gS\] D;ksafd ;g mUgs lq[k nsrk gS\ D;k U;k;ky; esa >wB cksyuk vPNk
;k mfpr gksxk D;ksafd ;s vf/kdre yksxksa dks lq[k igq¡pk;sxk\ bu ç'uksa dk egRo bUgsa
myV dj ns[kus ls Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA D;k og lc dqN ftlls vf/kdre çlUurk
;k lq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gS] og uSfrd :i ls lgh ;k 'kqHk gS\ bl rjg rks ,d funksZ"k
O;fä dks ekjuk Hkh ,d vPNk —R; dgk tk;sxk ;fn blls vf/kdre O;fä;ksa dks lq[k
dh çkfIr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ ij ,d vkSj mnkgj.k fn;k tk ldrk gS tks vf/kdrj
mi;ksfxrkokn ds fojks/k esa fn;k tkrk gSA eku yhft, ,d O;fä fdlh ifjokj ds ckFk:e
esa >kadrk gS ysfdu ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; dks bldh tkudkjh ugha gSA ,slk djus ls
ml O;fä dks tSlk Hkh lq[k çkIr gks jgk gks] og fdlh dks uqdlku ugh igq¡pk jgk gS] uk
gh fdlh dks bl ckr dk Kku gSA ;g —R; ml O;fä ds fy, vf/kdre lq[k mRiUu
djrk gS] tc rd fd og O;fä idM+k ugha tkrk gSA vc ç'u ;g vkrk gS fd D;k bl
—R; dks ,d vPNk —R; ekuuk pkfg,\ mi;ksfxrkokn ds leFkZd bl ç'u dk mÙkj
ldkjkRed nsaxsA ;fn ge ;gk¡ ij U;k; dh vo/[Link] rFkk O;fä dh futrk ds vf/kdkj
ds guu dh ckr ugha Hkh djrs gSa rc Hkh 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk dh gekjh lkekU; le> bl —R;
dks xyr ;k cqjk gh Bgjk;sxhA
mijksä [Link] ckr ls lEcfU/kr] mi;ksfxrkokn ds fojks/k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd
O;fä dk thou cgqr lkjs dkjdksa ls cuk rFkk funsZf'kr gksrk gS] vkSj muesa ls gh ,d
vkuUn@lq[k gksrk gSA lq[k dks vf/kdrj ekuoh; —R;ksa ds fy, ,dek= funsZ'kd rÙo
ekuuk bls vR;f/kd çeq[krk nsuk gSA O;fä ds thou ls tqMs+ vU; dkjd tSls U;k;]
lR;] vf/kdkj mi;ksfxrkoknh <k¡ps esa xkS.k yxrs gSaA dksbZ ;g vkifÙk dj ldrk gS fd
U;k; ;k vf/kdkj tSls ewY; dh LFkkiuk Hkh vUrr% ,d lq[ke; lekt dh vksj gh ys
tkrh gSA ;g eqík lEHko gSA ysfdu U;k; fdlh Hkh lekt esa bl ckr ij fopkj fd;s
143
fcuk O;kIr gksuk pkfg, fd blds [Link] ls vf/kdrj yksxksa dks lq[k dh çkfIr gksxh ;k
ughaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d cqjs vijk/kh dks dBksj ltk feyuh pkfg, pkgs ml ?kVuk ls
vf/kdre yksxksa dks nq%[k igq¡p ldrk gksA
mi;ksfxrkokn ds fojks/k esa yxk;s x;s vkjksi] fd ;s Þvf/kdreß ds fu;e dk leFkZd gS]
dks U;k; rFkk vf/kdkj ds mYya?ku dk eqík mBkdj fl) dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj
ij] ;fn fdlh ns'k esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gS vkSj mlls vf/kdre yksxksa dks
lq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gS] rks mi;ksfxrkoknh nk'kZfudksa dks bls xyr dgus esa dfBukbZ gksxhA
bl rjg dh ifjfLFkfr rc vkSj tfVy gks tkrh gS tc cgqla[;d rFkk vYila[;d lkfcr
djus ds fy, yksxksa dh la[;k ¼mi;ksfxrkokn esa yksxksa dh la[;k ek;us j[krh gS½
[Link]] Øe'k% 60 rFkk 40 gksA 'kqHk rFkk v'kqHk dk uSfrd [Link]; cgqla[;d ds i{k esa
gksxk D;ksafd mudh la[;k vf/kd gksxhA ;gk¡ eq[; ç'u ;g gS fd D;k uSfrdrk; D;k
fdlh —R;] ?kVuk ;k uhfr 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk gksuk] flQZ la[;k ij fuHkZj djrh gS\ ijUrq]
dksbZ çfrdwy —R; tks mu 40 yksxksa ij foijhr çHkko Mkysxk] xyr gksxkA mi;ksfxrkokn
vius fl)kUr esa bu eqíksa dks lek;ksftr ugha djrk gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA
lkekU; rkSj ij ge mi;ksfxrkoknh –f"Vdks.k dks [Link] le>rs gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g
gS fd fdlh —R; ds uSfrd ewY;kadu ds fy, ml —R; dk [Link] ek;us j[krk gSA ;fn
fdlh —R; dk [Link] nq%[k ls T;knk lq[k nsus esa vlQy gksrk gS] rc ml —R; dks
v'kqHk ekuuk pkfg,A ;fn [Link] ls vf/kdre O;fä;ksa dks lq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gS] rc
og —R; ,d 'kqHk —R; gSA gkykafd veR;Z lsu tSls nk'kZfud us bl –f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu
fd;k gS fd fdlh —R; dks djus ls igys mlds [Link] ds ewY;kadu dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA lsu dgrs gSa fd fdlh —R; ds udkjkRed [Link] ls cpus ds fy, gesa ml —R; ls
lEcfU/kr [Link] dk iwokZuqeku ¼tks ge vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSa½ dj ysuk pfg, vkSj
mlds ckn ml —R; dks djus ;k uk djus dk [Link]; ysuk pkfg,A fdlh —R; ds Lo;a ds
ckjs esa uSfrd [Link]; ysus ds fy, bl ckr ij fopkj djuk t:jh gS fd og —R;
[Link]:i D;k çnku djsxkA ysfdu bl fl)kUr ds fo:) vkifÙk ;g gS fd [Link]
gh ,dek= dkjd ugha gS ftlds vk/kkj ij ewY;&fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A cgqr lkjs
ekeyksa esa] —R; vius vki esa gh mfpr ;k vuqfpr gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh
cPps dks çrkfM+r djuk xyr gS pkgs blls fdlh Hkh rjg dk [Link] çkIr gksA
lq[k ds lEcU/k esa mi;ksfxrk dks vf/kdre djus dk –f"Vdks.k mi;ksfxrkokn dks ,d
lkis{koknh fl)kUr cukrk gSA fdlh Hkh lgh ;k 'kqHk —R; dks lHkh ifjLFkfr;ksa esa
lkoZHkkSfed :i ls lgh ;k 'kqHk ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA eku yhft,] dksbZ dk;Z ^v* vPNk
—R; gS] D;ksafd fdlh fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa ;g nq%[k ls T;knk vf/kdre lq[k çnku djrk gSA
144
ogh dk;Z ^v* fdlh vyx ifjfLFkfr esa vf/kdre lq[k ugha Hkh çnku dj ldrk gSA
blfy, bls 'kqHk dk;Z ugh ekusaxsA fdlh fo'ks"k —R; dk lUnHkZ vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vk/kkj
ij vyx&vyx ewY; fu/kkZj.k gks ldrk gSA gR;k] Ny&diV] Hkz"Vkpkj] /kks[kk nsuk] >wB
cksyuk vkfn dks [Link] :i ls xyr ;k v'kqHk ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] ;s vf/kdre yksxksa dks
vf/kdre lq[k ns ldrs gSaA
cks/k&ç'u II

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq fn;s x;s fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- nk'kZfud mi;ksfxrkokn dh [Link] ç—fr dh vkykspuk D;ksa djrs gSa\
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2- mi;ksfxrkokn dks lkis{koknh D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\
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9-4 drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu

drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL=] mi;ksfxrkokn ds vleku] çkFkfed :i ls 'kq) cqf) ls funsZf'kr
uSfrd drZO;ksa dks çeq[krk nsrk gSA mi;ksfxrkokn] tSlk fd Åij crk;k x;k gS]
mi;ksfxrk dks O;kid lq[k rFkk nq%[k ds lUnHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
bekuq,y dk.V] tks drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ds [Link] leFkZd gSa] dk fopkj gS fd uSfrd
fu;e ;k fl)kUr Lor% lk/; gSaA bu fu;eksa ds vuqlkj drZO; dk ikyu djuk fdlh
vU; mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ugha gksuk pkfg,] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ÞdrZO; ds fy, drZO; dk
ikyuß] blds vykok vkSj dqN ughaA dk.V us bldh O;k[;k fujis{k drZO;kns'k ¼;k
vkns'k½ ¼Categorical Imperatives½ rFkk vH;qxr ¼[Link]{k( [Link] dh vis{kk okys½
drZO;kns'k ¼Hypothetical Imperatives½ esa vUrj djds dh gSA [Link]{k drZO;kns'k ml

145
çdkj ds Þpkfg,ß gSa] tks ,d O;fä viuh bPNkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ç;ksx djrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn eSa vPNs çkIrkadksa ds lkFk ijh{kk esa ikl gksuk pkgrk gw¡ rks eq>s
i<+us esa [kwc esgur djuh pkfg,A ;k fQj] vxj eSa ugh pkgrk gw¡ fd eSa dksjksuk ok;jl ls
laØfer gks tkÅa rks eq>s 'kkjhfjd nwjh dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A bu dk;ksZa dk
Þpkfg,&LoHkkoß ¼should-ness or ought-ness½ O;fä dh mu bPNkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS
ftuls og dqN çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA dk.V ds vuqlkj] Þpkfg,&LoHkkoß uSfrd ck/;rk
dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS] vkSj ;g fo"kf;fu"B ugha gks ldrk rFkk ;g O;fä ds thou esa
bPNkvksa ds cnyus ds lkFk cny ugha ldrk gSA mUgsa ç—frr% ^fujis{k* gksuk pkfg,] gesa
mudk vuqlj.k fcuk fdlh O;fäijd bPNkvksa ds djuk pkfg,A fujis{k vkns'k fu:ikf/kd
¼unconditional½ gksuk pkfg,] rFkk mudk ikyu fdlh vkSj mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, ugha
djuk pkfg, cfYd blfy, djuk pkfg, D;ksafd og Lo;a esa lk/; gSA >wB ugh cksyuk
pkfg,] bl mnkgj.k esa >wB cksyuk blfy, fuf"k) ugh gS D;ksafd blls nwljksa dks gkfu
gksxh ;k muds lkFk fo'okl?kkr gksxk] ysfdu dk.V ds fujis{k vkns'k ds lUnHkZ esa] >wB
cksyus dh vuqefr gh ugha gS D;ksafd ;g vius vki esa ,d cqjk —R; gSA fdlh Hkh ckSf)d
;k rdZlaxr O;fä dks fdlh Hkh ifjLFkfr esa >wB ugha cksyuk pkfg,A
dk.V ds n'kZu esa uSfrd fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa lw=okD; ¼maxim½ dsUæh; Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA dk.V dk çFke lw=okD; uSfrd fu;eksa esa oLrqfu"Brk ykuk gS] tSlk fd ge
igys Hkh dg pqds gSa fd uSfrd fu;e O;fäijd ugha gks ldrs gSaA çFke lw=okD; O;fä
dks mu uSfrd fu;eksa ds vuqlkj —R; djus dh ekax djrk gS] ftudk og ,d lkoZHkkSfed
fu;e dh rjg ikyu dj ldsA mnkgj.k ds fy,] rqeus vius fe= ls ,d oknk fd;k
ysfdu mls iwjk djus dh rqEgkjh dksbZ bPNk ugha gS] vkSj vUrr% rqeus og oknk rksM+
fn;kA vc ç'u ;g gS fd D;k bl fu;e dk ikyu fd;k tk ldrk gS fd nqfu;k esa
çR;sd O;fä@fe= dks oknk rksM+uk pkfg,\ ;fn ge bl fu;e dk ikyu ugha dj ldrs
gSa rks ge bl uSfrd fu;e dks lw=okD; ugha eku ldrs gSaA blfy, gesa ;g —R; ugha
djuk pkfg,A
blh çdkj] O;fä dks >wB ugha cksyuk pkfg,] mUgsa lR; cksyuk pkfg,( yksxksa dks /kks[kk
ugha nsuk pkfg,] fdlh csdlwj dh gR;k ugha djuh pkfg,] vkfn dks uSfrd fu;e eku
ldrs gSa rFkk budk ikyu buds mYya?ku fcuk] lkoZHkkSfed :i ls gksuk pkfg,A blds
vykok bu drZO;ksa dk ikyu djus dk ladYi fdlh vkSj mís'; dh çkfIr ugha gksuk
pkfg,] vfirq flQZ bu drZO;ksa ds ikyu ds fy, gh gksuk pkfg,A fdlh O;fä dh lgk;rk
blfy, ugha djuh pkfg, D;ksafd og dqN —ik pkgrk gS ;k mls yksxksa dh enn djuk
ilan gSA bu nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa enn djuk O;fäijd@fo"kf;fu"B ladYi ls çsfjr gSA

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ij D;k gks ;fn fdlh dks ,slh —ik ikus dh dksbZ bPNk uk gks vkSj uk gh fdlh dks enn
djuk ilan gks\ D;k rc Hkh enn djuk fdlh ds O;fäijd ladYi ftruk gh ck/;dkjh
gksxk\ dk.V ds erkuqlkj ,slk ugha gksxkA bl çdkj] ;fn fdlh dh enn djuk uSfrd
drZO; ekuk tkrk gS] rks O;fä dks bldk ikyu djuk pkfg, pkgs mlesa dksbZ
O;fäijd@fo"kf;fu"B rRo gks ;k uk gksA mUgsa vius drZO; dk ikyu flQZ] ÞdrZO; ds
fy, drZO;ß dh Hkkouk ls djuk pkfg,A
bl lUnHkZ esa dk.V ds fojks/k esa] eq[; ç'u ;g gS fd ;fn lR; cksyuk] ftldk lHkh dks
,d uSfrd drZO; ds :i esa ikyu djuk pkfg,] fdlh funksZ"k dh gR;k ds :i esa [Link]
gksrk gS] rc D;k gksxk\ lp cksyuk ;k fdlh funksZ"k dh tku cpkuk] buesa ls fdls
çkFkfed drZO; dgk tk ldrk gSA dk.V dk uhfr'kkL= [Link] ugha gSA yksxksa dk
;g er gks ldrk gS fd fdlh Hkh ifjLFkfr esa >wB ugh cksyuk pkfg, pkgs blls fdlh
funksZ"k dh tku pyh tk,A >wB uk cksyus ds drZO; dk ikyu djds ge uSfrd fu;e dk
vuqlj.k dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu D;k ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd og O;fä gR;k dk nks"kh ugha
gS\ de ls de] ml O;fä us bl çdkj ls ml ?kVuk esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS ftlls fdlh
funksZ"k O;fä dh tku pyh x;hA blfy, ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd tc O;fä uSfrd nqfo/kk
dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS ml lUnHkZ esa dk.V dk drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= leL;k dks leqfpr
:i ls laKku esa ugha ysrkA
uSfrd fu;e çfrikfnr djrs le; —R; ds [Link] ij fopkj uk djuk uhfr'kkL= ds bl
–f"Vdks.k ds fy, leL;kRed gks ldrk gSA bl leL;k dks ge Hkkjrh; egkdkO;
egkHkkjr esa vtqZu rFkk —".k ds chp gq, laokn ls le> ldrs gSaA —".k vtqZu dks ;g
le>kus dk ç;kl dj jgs Fks fd ,d {kf=; ;k ;ks)k leqnk; dk lnL; gksus ds ukrs
vtqZu dk ;g drZO; gS fd oks ;q) djs pkgs ;g mlds vius yksxksa ds fo:) gh D;ksa uk
gksA mls [Link] dh fpark ugha djuh pkfg,A nwljh rjQ] vtqZu dks ;q) djus ls ladksp
gks jgk Fkk D;ksafd mls ;g iwokZuqeku Fkk fd ;q) ls cM+h la[;k esa funksZ"k yksxksa dh tku
tk;sxhA vtqZu ;q) ds [Link] dks igys ls Hkkai x;s Fks rFkk bl çdkj ds ;q) dks
vuqfpr eku jgs Fks ftlls cM+h la[;k esa funksZ"k yksxksa dh tku dh gkfu gksxhA mijksä
mnkgj.k ;g fn[kkrk gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh Hkh deZ ds uSfrd fu/kkZj.k ls igys
mlls lac) [Link] ij fopkj djuk vko';d gksrk gSA euq"; gksus ds ukrs ge vusd
lhekvksa ls f?kjs jgrs gSa] vkSj gekjk vofLFkr gksuk ¼Situatedness½ ¼gekjk fdlh ifjos'k]
O;oLFkk] okrkoj.k vkfn esa fLFkr gksuk½ muesa ls ,d gSA uSfrd [Link]; ysus ds fy, ;k
thou dh fofHkUu ifjLFkfr;ksa esa —R; djus ds fy, fdlh uSfrd fl)kUr dks fu"i{k :i
ls ykxw ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifjLFkfr dk ewY;kadu rFkk lac) dkjd rFkk —R; ls

147
lac) [Link]] uSfrd [Link]; ysus ds fy, [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA [Link] ds çfr [Link]
mnklhurk dHkh&dHkh gekjs d`R;ksa dks vuSfrd cuk nsrh gSA
[Link]; uhfr'kkL= ds fo:) vkykspuk dk ,d vkSj eqík fdlh uSfrd —R; dks djus dh
ç[Link] dk gksuk gSA ekuo dks vius drZO; dk ikyu flQZ drZO; ikyu ds fy, djuk
pkfg, vkSj fdlh ds fy, ughaA dk.V us ,sls fdlh Hkh rRo ls cpus dk ç;kl fd;k gS
tks fdlh uSfrd —R; dks fo"kf;fu"B cukrk gSA fdlh drZO; dk ikyu djus ds fy,
vyx&vyx ç[Link] gks ldrh gSA dksbZ ekuork ds ukrs yksxksa dh lgk;rk djrk gS; fdlh
dks lp cksyus ls dksbZ ykHk fey ldrk gS] ugha rks og ,slk ugha djsxkA dk.V ds
erkuqlkj bu —R;ksa dks ge uSfrd ugha dg ldrs gSa] D;ksafd uSfrd fl)kUr O;fäijd
ugha gks ldrs rFkk ;s O;fäxr ojh;rk ij fuHkZj ugha dj ldrsA ,d O;fä dks ekuork
ds çfr çse gS] blfy, og t:jrean dh lgk;rk djds vius drZO; dk ikyu djrk gSA
ysfdu mudk D;k ftUgsa ekuork ls çse ugha gS ;k os bl çdkj ds dk;Z ugha djrs\ mu
yksxksa dk D;k ftUgsa drZO; ikyu ls dksbZ ykHk ugha fey jgk gS\ rc] lS)kfUrd :i ls
mUgsa vius drZO; dk ikyu uk djus dk ftEesnkj ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA blfy,] lHkh
rdZlaxr euq";ksa ds fy, ,d lkoZHkkSfed <kaps dh LFkkiuk ds fy, dk.V us drZO; dk
ikyu djus ds fy, bu lHkh O;fäxr çkFkfedrkvksa ij jksd yxkus dk ç;kl fd;kA
dk.V dgrs gSa fd fdlh vU; ç[Link] ds fcuk drZO; dk ikyu flQZ drZO; ds fy, djuk
gh ckSf)d gSA uSfrd :i ls —R; djus ds fy, foosd gh gekjk çkFkfed çsjd vk/kkj
gksuk pkfg,A dk.V çse] n;k] rFkk lEcU/kijd —R;kssa dks vkdfLed ekurk gS] rFkk
Hkkoukvksa ls çHkkfor bu —R;ksa dks 'kqHk ladYi ds —R; ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ç'u
;g mBrk gS fd D;k euq"; vius thou dh fofHkUu ifjLFkfr;ksa esa bruk
vçHkkfor@mnklhu gks ldrk gS fd og flQZ foosd ls çsfjr gksdj uSfrd [Link]; ys lds\
,d O;fä ml fLFkfr esa viuh ek¡ rFkk ,d vtuch ds thou dks leku ewY; dSls ns
ldrk gS tc nksuksa Mwc jgs gksa vkSj cpkus okyk flQZ ogh ,d gh O;fä gks vkSj og nksuksa
esa ls fdlh ,d dh tku gh cpk ldrk gSA T;knkrj [Link]; nk'kZfud ;g er nsaxs fd
mls viuh ek¡ dks cpk ldrk gS] ysfdu ek¡ dks cpkus dk mldk ;g [Link]; ml O;fä dk
viuh ek¡ ds lkFk ek¡&iq= ds lEcU/k ij fuHkZj ugha gksuk pkfg,A nks euq";ksa ds thou dk
ewY; leku le>uk pkfg,A rdZlaxr ;k ckSf)d gksus dk vFkZ gS fd çR;sd euq"; Lo;a
lk/; gS] ;g dk.V ds nwljs lw=okD; dk lkj gSA ysfdu leL;k vc Hkh ogh gS fd euq";
fdl gn rd vius lEcU/kksa] laosnukvksa] Hkkokuqjkxksa] vuqdEik] lUnHkZxr okrkoj.k dh
mis{kk djus esa l{ke gS] tks] rdZ ds vykok] gekjs uSfrd [Link]; ds fuekZ.k esa dkQh gn
rd ;ksxnku djrs gSaA

148
dk.V ds f}rh; lw=okD; us vk/kqfud ekuo vf/kdkjksa dks vkdkj nsus esa dkQh ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA çR;sd euq"; dks Lo;a dks rFkk çR;sd vU; O;fä dks ges'kk ,d lk/; ds :i esa
ns[kuk pkfg,] rFkk dsoy ,d lk/ku ds :i esa dHkh ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A ;g lw=okD;
ekuo dk varHkwZr ewY;] mldk ekuo gksuk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk
fd dk.V ds n'kZu esa O;fäiu] O;fä gksuk ¼personhood½ euq"; ds rdZlaxr gksus ds vk/kkj
ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g lw=okD; O;fä dks 'kks"k.k ls cpkuk lqfuf'pr djrk gS
rFkk muds dY;k.k ds fy, ^ladYi* ds ç;ksx dks c<k+ok nsrk gS] vf/kdkjksa dk lEeku
djrk gS rFkk gkfu igq¡pkus ls jksdrk gSA ekuo dks Lo;a lk/; ds :i esa ns[kuk lk/; ds
lkezkT; ¼Kingdom of Ends½ dh vksj vxzlj djrk gS] tks fd dk.V ds r`rh; lw=okD; dk
mís'; gSA
;|fi ;g lw=okD; lekt esa euq"; ds O;kid dY;k.k dh ckr djrk gS] ysfdu lHkh dks
,d lk/; ds :i es ns[kuk dqN vlgt gSA gesa lekt ds fy, n.M ugha nsuk pkfg,A
dk.V us n.M nsus ds mi;ksfxrkokn ds rdZ dk [[Link] fd;k gS D;ksafd og vijkf/k;ksa ds
lkFk] vU; O;fä;ksa ds lq[k ds fy, ,d lk/ku ek= ds :i esa O;ogkj djuk gksxkA dk.V
ds erkuqlkj n.M dh vo/[Link] U;k; ls lEcfU/kr gS] vkSj gesa n.M dk [Link]; djuk
pkfg, tks vijk/k ds fy, mfpr gSA rks Þvk̐[k ds cnys vk̐[kß dk.V ds n.M dh
vo/[Link] dks le>us ds fy, mi;qä fl)kUr gSA ;gk̐ ;g ç'u fd;k tk ldrk gSml
fLFkfr esa dSls [Link]; ysaxs ;fn vijk/kh Lo;a viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk f'kdkj gks] fdlh us
xyrh ls fdlh funksZ"k dh gR;k dj nh gks\ D;k ge mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fdlh vU;
fl)kUr ls ewY;kadu dj ldrs gSa\ ;k fQj dsoy vijk/k dks ns[kdj gh ge mUgsa ltk
nsaxs] tks mUgksaus fdlh ifjfLFkfr ;k lUnHkZ ls fujis{k gksdj fd;k\ bl çdkj ds ç'u gesa
;g fopkj djus ij foo'k djrs gSa fd dk.V uhfr'kkL= us lHkh uSfrd eqíksa dks lek;ksftr
ugha fd;k gSA
cks/k&ç'u
k&ç'u III

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq fn;s x;fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- fujis{k vkns'k ;k drZO;kns'k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
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149
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2- [Link]; drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ds fo:) çeq[k vkykspukvksa dk la{ksi esa [Link] dhft,A
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9-5 ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu

mi;ksfxrkokn rFkk dk.V dk drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= bl ç'u ds bnZ fxnZ dsfUær gS fd
uSfrd :i ls —R; dSls fd;k tk, ;k og D;k gS tks ,d —R; dks 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk cukrk
gS\ ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= çkphu dky ls gh ;g ç'u iwNrk vk jgk gS] tSlkfd jspy fy[krs
gSa] Þpfj= ds dkSu ls xq.k fdlh O;fä dks vPNk O;fä cukrs gSa\ß ¼jspy% 2012] i`- 157½A
deZ&funsZf'kr rRoksa dks <wa<us dh vis{kk] mUgksaus mu ln~[Link] dh [kkst dh tks O;fä dks
'kqHk cukrs gSaA IysVks us ln~[Link] dks euq"; ds ckgj uk ifjHkkf"kr djds muesa vkH;arj gh
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA ln~[Link] dk fuokl euq"; ds vUnj gh gksrk gSA mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj
drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= —R;ksa dk 'kqHk o v'kqHk gksuk uSfrd drZO;ksa esa rFkk —R; ds [Link]
esa <wa<us dk ç;kl djrs gSaA fjifCyd esa IysVks dgrs gSa fd ;fn euq"; ln~[Link] gksxk rks
mlds —R; 'kqHk gksaxsA IysVks vkSj vjLrw nksuksa dk ;g er gS fd euq"; dh 'kqHkrk —R;ksa
dks ns[kdj fu/kkZfjr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn ;g ,d ln~xq.k gS] rks bls çR;sd —R; esa
vknru rFkk lrr :i ls gksuk pkfg,A ge fdlh gR;kjs dk ,d 'kqHk —R; ns[kdj mls
vPNk ugh eku ldrs gSaA vU; uSfrd fl)kUr O;fä dks vPNk bUlku cukus esa ;k
ln~[Link] dk fodkl djus ij fopkj ugha djrs gSaA os bl ckr ij /;ku nsrs gSa fd uSfrd
[Link]; ysrs le; gesa D;k lkspuk pkfg,] gesa fdl çdkj deZ djuk pkfg,] vkSj fdlh deZ
dks 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fdl çdkj mldk vkadyu rFkk uSfrd fu/kkZj.k
djuk pkfg,A ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= fofHkUu çdkj ds ln~[Link] dh ckr djrk gS ftUgsa euq";
dks fodflr djuk pkfg, ftlls 'kqHkrk ls fdlh —R; dks djuk vYidkfyd ugha cfYd
mudh vknr gksuh pfg,A ,fytkcsFk ,Uld‚Ec ¼1958½ ds vuqlkj ledkyhu le; esa
ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dh vogsyuk dh x;h gS] vkSj ,slk yxrk gS fd ftUgksaus
bldk vuqlj.k djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS oks Hkh ewy fl)kUr ls HkVd x;s gSaA gesa ,d ckj
fQj mlh –f"Vdks.k ij okil tkus dh vko';drk gS tks xzhd nk'kZfudksa] fo'ks"k :i ls
vjLrw us fodflr fd;k gSA
150
IysVks bl ç'u dk mÙkj fd ln~[Link] dSls cu ldrs gSa] ;g dgdj nsrs gSa fd vkRek ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa ¼foosd] lkgl] la;e½ ds chp lkeatL;@larqyu gksuk pkfg,A vjLrw us
lkeatL; dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dk ç;kl ;g dgdj fd;k gS fd ln~xq.k nks [Link] ;k
[Link] ds e/; dk fcUnq gS& ftuesa ls ,d pje voLFkk gS rFkk nwljk vi;kZIr gSA vjLrw
us bl e/;fcUnq dks Þ[Link] fu;eß uke fn;k gSA rks ;g dguk fd lkglh gksuk ,d
ln~xq.k gS] vjLrw ds vuqlkj bldk vFkZ gksxk] fd fdlh O;fä dks mrkoyk ugha gksuk
pkfg, tks fd ykijokgh dk dkj.k gksxk; rFkk fdlh dks dk;j Hkh ugha gksuk pkfg,A ;g
çR;sd ln~xq.k ij ykxw gksrk gSA IysVks us bl eqís ij xgu fopkj fd;k gSA IysVks ds
vuqlkj ln~[Link] gksus ds fy, vkRek dks lkeatL; dh voLFkk esa jguk gksxk tgk¡ foosd]
lkgl] rFkk la;e lkFk&lkFk gksaA IysVks lkeatL; dh bl fLFkfr dks vjLrw ds Þ[Link]
fu;eß dks çkIr djus ds fd, ,d 'krZ ds :i esa j[ksaxsA IysVks ds vuqlkj ekufld
lkeatL; dh fLFkfr çkIr gks tkus ij O;fä fu;r :i ls 'kqHkrk ls —R; djsxkA
bl fl)kUr ds fo:) eq[; vkykspuk ;g O;k[;k uk dj ikuk gS fd fdlh ln~xq.k dks
ln~xq.k D;ksa ekuk tkuk pkfg,\ lR;rk dks ln~xq.k D;ksa ekus\ fdlh Hkh ln~xq.k dks
ln~xq.k D;ksa dgk tk,\ mi;ksfxrkokn ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh rqjUr ;g O;k[;k nh tk;sxh fd
mi;ksfxrkokn ds vuqlkj fdlh dk;Z dks 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk D;ksa ekusaxsA [Link]; uhfr'kkL= dk
vuqlj.k djus okys Hkh uSfrd [Link]; ds fy, fu;eksa dks vk/kkj ekusaxsA ysfdu ln~xq.k
uhfr'kkL= ds lEcU/k esa bl lEcU/k esa O;k[;k vi;kZIr gSA vr% bl uSfrd fl)kUr }kjk
n;kyqrk@lkgl@lR;rk dks ln~xq.k ekuus dk dksbZ etcwr vk/kkj ugha fn;k x;k gSA
blds vykok] cgqr ls yksxksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ln~xq.k Lo;a esa ewY;oku ugha gksrs gSa] os
ewY;oku blfy, gksrs gSa D;ksafd os lekt ds [Link] dY;k.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSa
¼mi;ksfxrkokn½] ;k fQj os drZO;&ikyu esa lgk;rk djrs gSa ¼drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL=½A tSls
fd] nwljksa ds çfr n;k ,d ln~xq.k gS D;ksafd ,slk djds ge lekt dY;k.k dks c<+krs gSaA
cgqr yksx bl –f"Vdks.k dks viukrs gSa fd fjifCyd esa IysVks us varr% ;g dgk gS fd
U;k; ,d ln~xq.k ds :i esa Lo;a esa rFkk tks [Link] ;g ykrk gS ml :i esa Hkh ewY;oku
gSA
ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dh ,d vU; vkykspuk ;g dh tkrh gS fd tc O;fä uSfrd nqfo/kk esa
gksrk gS rc ;g uSfrd fl)kUr ekxZn'kZu ds fy, cgqr de gh fopkj çnku djrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d O;fä lp cksyus rFkk pqi jgus ds chp nqfo/kk esa gks ldrk gS] lp
cksyus ls og nwljs O;fä dh Hkkoukvksa dks nq%[k igqapk;sxk vkSj pqi jgdj og n;kyq rFkk
d:.kke; cu tk;sxkA nks ln~[Link] ds e/; Vdjko dh fLFkfr esa O;fä ln~xq.k dh
çkFkfedrk dk pquko dSls djsxk\

151
9-6 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ esa geus fofHkUu uSfrd –f"[Link] dk vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k djus dk ç;kl
fd;k gSA ;gk¡ ge dg ldrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh fl)kUr nks"kghu vkSj vkykspuk ds ijs ugha
gSA çR;sd fl)kUr dh viuh etcwrh gS vkSj çR;sd fl)kUr us n'kZu ds bfrgkl ij vius
fpUg vafdr fd;s gSaA bu –f"[Link] ds fcuk uhfr'kkL= esa ledkyhu fodkl lEHko ugha
FkkA vkykspuk dk y{; fdlh fl)kUr dks frjL—r djuk ugha gksuk pkfg,A vkykspuk,a
fl)kUr ds leL;kRed igyqvksa dks fn[kkrh gSa vkSj vo/[Link] dh dfe;ksa dh iwfrZ djus
dk ç;kl djrh gSaA lHkh vkykspukvksa ds ckotwn] dksbZ Hkh bu fl)kUrksa ds 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk
;k mfpr vkSj vuqfpr ds Hksn dh le> esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku dks udkj ugha ldrk gSA
cks/k&ç'u IV

/;krO;% d½ mÙkj gsrq fn;s x;s LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn;s x;s mÙkj ls dhft,A
1- ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dk fo"k; uhfr'kkL= ds vU; –f"[Link] ls fdl rjg fHkUu gS\
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2- ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= ds fo#) eq[; vkykspukvksa dh laf{kIr ppkZ dhft,A
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9-7 dqath 'kCn

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu % fdlh vo/[Link]@fl)kUr dk vkykspukRed ijh{[Link]
uhfr&n'kZu % uhfr&n'kZu uSfrd thou esa fu;e@fu;e&fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa gSA uhfr&n'kZu
ds dqN laxr ç'u gSa( uSfrd fl)kUr D;k gSa\] bu uSfrd fl)kUrksa dks LFkkfir djus dk
vk/kkj D;k gS\
152
9-8 vU; lgk;d v/;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ
CysdcuZ] ,l- ,fFkDl% v osjh 'k‚VZ bUVªksMD'ku- v‚DlQksMZ% v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl]
2003-
xzkge] th- ,V F;ksjht v‚Q ,fFkDl- yanu ,.M U;w ;‚dZ% jkmVyst] 2004-
iksTesu] ,y- fMLdofjax jkbV ,.M jkax- csYe‚UV] lh,% oMLoFkZ] 1990-
js'ksYl] ts-] ,.M js'ksYl] ,l- fn ,yhesUV~l v‚Q e‚jy fQyksl‚Qh- 7- U;w ;‚dZ] 2012-
lsu] ,- ds- fn vkbfM;k v‚Q tfLVl- gkoZMZ% gkoZMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 2009-
flUgk] ts- v eSU;qvy v‚Q ,fFkDl- dsYdêk% flUgk ifCyds'ku gkml] 1962-

9-9 cks/k&ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k&ç'u I

1- mi;ksfxrkokn fdlh —R; ds 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk ds :i esa ewY;kadu dk vk/kkj mi;ksfxrk

dks cukrk gSA bl fl)kUr ds leFkZdksa us mi;ksfxrk dks lq[k ds inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
gSA mUgksaus fl)kUr fn;k gS fd ;fn dksbZ —R; vf/kdre O;fä;ksa esa nnZ@nq%[k dh vis{kk
lq[k/çlUurk mRiUu djrk gS] rc ;g —R; 'kqHk ekuk tk;sxk vU;Fkk] bls v'kqHk ekuk
tk;sxkA
2- mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj drZO;'kkL= ds e/; eq[; vUrj ;g gS fd mi;ksfxrkokn dgrk gS
fd dksbZ —R; 'kqHk gS ;k v'kqHk ;g fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, ml —R; ds [Link] dks
fo'ysf"kr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA nwljh vksj] drZO;'kkL= crkrk gS fd fdlh —R;
ds ckjs esa uSfrd [Link]; cukus ds fy, gesa Lo;a —R; dh ijh{kk djus dh vko';drk gSA
blds vykok] mi;ksfxrkokn lq[k vkSj nq%[k ds inksa esa mi;ksfxrk ds ç'u ij dsfUær gSA
drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= fdlh drZO; }kjk mRiUu nq%[k ;k lq[k dh vis{kk ls jfgr drZO;
dh vo/[Link] ij dsfUær gSA
cks/k&ç'u II

1- mi;ksfxrkokn [Link] gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh —R; ds uSfrd ewY;kadu esa ml —

R; ls mRiUu [Link] dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA dksbZ —R;@uhfr@fu;e 'kqHk gS ;k v'kqHk
;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og —R; [Link] ds :i esa fdruk nq%[k ;k lq[k

153
mRiUu djrs gSA mi;ksfxrkokn ds fo#) vk{ksi ;g gS fd ;g fl)kUr bl ckr dks
utjankt djrk gS fd —R; vius vki esa 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk gks ldrk gSA —R;ksa dk Lo;a esa
ewY; gks ldrk gSA blds vfrfjä] [Link] lnSo fdlh —R; dk vkSfpR; fl) ugha dj
ldrs gSaA [Link]] yksx fdlh funksZ"k dks {kfr igq¡pkus esa çlUurk çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
ysfdu fdlh funksZ"k dks {kfr igq¡pkuk vius vki esa v'kqHk ;k cqjk gSA
2- mi;ksfxrkokn }kjk çnÙk uSfrd fl)kUr gS fd dksbZ —R; 'kqHk gS ;fn ;g vf/kdre
O;fä;ksa esa vf/kdre çlUurk mRiUu djrk gS] vU;Fkk bls v'kqHk ekuk tk;sxkA bl
lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa us vkifÙk çLrqr dh gS fd ;fn ,slk gS rks fdlh —R; ds ckjs esa dksbZ
uSfrd [Link]; cukus esa dksbZ ,d:irk ugha gksxhA dksbZ —R;&fo'ks"k fdlh ,d ifjfLFkfr esa
'kqHk dgk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g nq%[k dh vis{kk lq[k mRiUu dj ldrk gS] ysfdu leku
—R; fdlh fHkUu ifjfLFkfr esa v'kqHk ekuk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g lq[k dh vis{kk nq%[k
mRiUu djrk gSA vr%] 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk ifjfLFkfr&fuHkZj gSa vkSj bl çdkj lkis{kA
cks/k&ç'u III

1- dk.V fujis{k vkns'k dks uSfrd nkf;Ro dh le> esa çLrqr djrk gSA fujis{k vkns'k]
lkis{k vkns'k ds fy, vuqç;qä fdlh O;fä dh bPNk ;k fdlh vU; lk/; dh iwfrZ ij
fuHkZj ugha gSaA fujis{k vkns'k dh ç—fr gS ^vkidks bls djuk pkfg,* fcuk bl vis{kk ds
fd dksbZ bls djus dh bPNk djrk gS ;k ughaA ;fn uSfrd fu;e fdlh —R; dks nkf;Ro
ds rkSj ij çLrqr djrs gSa] rks bls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fujis{k vkns'k fu#ikf/kd ¼'krZjfgr½
vkSj viokn&jfgr gSaA fdlh dks Hkh fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa mudk vfrØe.k ugha djuk
pkfg,A
2- dk.V ds drZO;'kkL= ds fo#) ,d çeq[k vkifÙk ;g gS fd ;g fl)kUr uSfrd
nqfo/kkvksa ds lEcU/k esa vlafnX/k :i ls lgh ugha gSA tc nks uSfrd drZO;ksa esa la?k"kZ gksrk
gS] tSls lR; cksyuk ;k funksZ"k dk thou cpkuk esa ls dkSu&ls drZO; dks ojh;rk feyuh
pkfg,] ;g fl)kUr bl rjg ds ç'uksa ds lEcU/k esa eq[;r% ekSu gS] ;k ge dg ldrs gSa
fd ;g gekjk iFk&funsZ'ku ugha djrh gSA ,d vU; [Link] vkifÙk ;g gS fd dk.V dk
fujis{k vkns'k gesa drZO; dh iwfrZ esa mRiUu [Link] ls lEcfU/kr fdlh Hkh fpark ij fopkj
djus ls jksdrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj gesa fdlh —R; ds çklafxd fufgrkFkksaZ dks ns[kus dh
vko';drk gksrh gS( vU;Fkk] gekjs ,d —R; ls vusd udkjkRed [Link] mRiUu gks ldrs
gSaA
cks/k&ç'u IV

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1- ln~xq~.k uhfr'kkL=] eq[;r%] mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj drZO;ijd uhfr'kkL= ls [Link]% fHkUu
ç'u iwNrk gSA ;g iwNus ds ctk; fd fdlh —R; dks D;k gS tks vPNk ;k cqjk cukrk gS]
;g mu pkfjf=d [Link] ds ckjs esa iwNrk gS tks fdlh O;fä dks vPNk ;k cqjk cukrs gSaA
blfy,] ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dk eq[; y{; uhfr'kkL= ds vU; nks –f"[Link] ls fHkUu gSA
vU; [Link] vUrj ;g gS fd ln~xq~.k uhfr'kkL= uSfrd ewY;kRed [Link]; cukus ds fy,
fdlh —R; ds vdsys –"VkUr dks çkFkfedrk ugha nsrk gS] tSlkfd vU; nks fl)kUr djrs
gSaA ;g ln~xq.k dks fLFkj ¼vknru½ Lohdkjrk gSA ge fdlh ,d fd;s x;s vPNs —R; ds
vk/kkj ij fdlh O;fä dk ewY;kadu vPNs O;fä ds rkSj ij ugha dj ldrs gSaA gks ldrk
gS og is'ksoj vijk/kh gks] vkSj mlus vPNk dk;Z la;ksxo'k fd;k gksA
2- ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL= dh eq[; vkykspuk ;g gS fd varr% ln~xq.k dks ln~xq.k D;ksa
Lohdkjuk pkfg,A gesa n;kyqrk ;k bZekunkjh dks ln~xq~.k D;ksa Lohdkjuk pkfg,\ ln~xq.k
uhfr'kkL= bl ç'u dk dksbZ leqfpr mÙkj ugha nsrk gSA

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