Electricity and its Effect (notations) Physical Quantity Symbols SI unit Voltage (potential V Volt(V) difference) Power P Watt(W) Charge Q Coulomb (C) Work or Energy Ww Joule (J) Resistance R Ohm Q Current | Ampere (A) Resistivity p Ohm metre (Qm)ELECTRICITY a Electricity and its Effect (notations) Physical Quantity Symbols Sl unit Voltage (potential difference) v Volt (Vv) Power P Watt (W) Charge Q Coulornb (C) Work or Energy w Joule (J) Resistance R Ohm (9) Current t Ampere (A) Resistivity Pp Ohm metre (2 m) Current: The rate of flow of charges (Q) through a conductor is called current (I) and is given by. Current = opera or 1=2. The SI unit of current is ampere (A). 4coulomb 1Al _,\couloms: mpere = “T second Electromotive force: The potential difference at the terminals of cells in an open circuit is called electromotive force (emf) and is denoted by letter E. Potential difference Is the work done in bringing a unit charge from one place to another. Work 4 yott yy =—tvouew charge Potential Difference = —oule (J) _ " 1 Coulomb (C) Ohms law: At any constant temperature the current (|) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (V) across it. Mathematically, lV vice-versa Vel or VERT => Rea where R- Resistance, V - Voltage (P.D.), 1 Current po¥ Symbols of a few commonly used components In Circult Diagrams ‘Component Symbol Component Symbol An electric cell se Electric bulb Q Battery of cells Shi A resistance =i Plug key or switch or —7_ | Variable resistance | 7} (open) Oo (Rheostat) or yi Aclosed plug or - +R) = ‘switch —©)-— or —= | Ammeter -@— Awire joint 4+ Voltmeter any [v Wires crossing => | Galvanometer -@= Resistance: Resistance is a property of a Conductor by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electricity through it, Resistance ig measured in Ohms (2). Resistance is a scalar quantity, Conductor: Low-resis tance material which allows the flow of electric current through itis called a conductor. All metals are conductors except Hg and Pb etc. Resistor: High-resistance materials are called resistors. Resistors become hot when current flows through them (nichrome wire is a typical resistor). Insulator: A material which does not allow heat and electricity to pass through it is called an insulator, Rubber, dry wood ete., are insulators. Equivatent Resistance: A single resistance which can replace a combination of resistances such that current through the circuit remains the same is called equivalent resistance. Law of Combination of Resistances in Parallel: If resistance RR, Connected In parallel then the equivalent resistance (R) Is given by Ilehth+l Important Formulae: 1, Coulomb's law p= K*%*92 (Kis constant of proportionality) = St4. R = Resistance; ! = length; resistivity 5. 6. 10. d1. 12. 41 and gz = two electric charges r= distance between two electric charges F= Force w o V = pd. W= work done, Q = Quantity of charge transferred v WaVxa;0=0 VeRal Rao V= pd; R= Resistance, I= current. _RxA A ? = Area of cross section; » = rho, a constant known | Series combination R = Ry + Rp +R -...+R, Parallel combination L-24242.. RRR, Re For equal resistances Rs =n (For series connection) Rp =f (For parallel connection) Rs 3 Rp Rs = Effective resistance in series Rp = Effective resistance in parallel n= number of resistors R = Resistance of each resistor p- we :Power = work _ Energy consumed t time Time We=V* /* 1; Power = potential difference * current * time 2, > (W=PR)> (w=) R P=V* 1; Power = potential difference * current P=! «R ; Power = (current)? x resistance _ {potential difference )* v2 P=— ; Power = R resistance Electric energy = P * f; electric energy = power x timeSymbols of a few commonly used components in Circuit Diagrams Component | Symbol Component | Symbol An electric _ bk Electric @® Cell bulb Battery of fi A cells resistance Plug key or Variable VY switch —C-or ——| resistance | —www0— or eho — (open) (Rheostat) A closed Ammeter plug or —O-or == —@— switch A wire joint ——- Voltmeter —=0)—IMPORTANT FORMULAE Mirror formula where, {= focal length of mirror, u = Distance of the object, v = Distance of the image from pole, Lensformula 9 t= Where, f= focal length of the le ‘om optical centre. Power of lens Pp 1 100 ‘ocallength (inmeters) ” Focallenath (inem) 1 100 “#(m) Hem) size of the imagé nif mn lens = = Magnification by @ la ihe objet Distance of theimage from the opticalcentre |, _¥ istance of the object from the optical contro « Magnification by a lens = REFRACTIVE INDEX + Absolute refractive index (n) of a mediumis the ratio of speed of light in vacuum or air (©) to the speed of ight in the medium (v) ie. ce n-£ v = Refraction of ight is the phenomenon of change in the path of light in going from one medium to another. © _ Ingoing ftom a rarer to a denser medium, ihe ray of light bends towards normal and in going from a denser to a rarer medium, the ray of light bends away from normal. Snell's law of retraction; 1 = 92-1) sine my © NO refraction occurs, when () lights incident normally on a boundary, (ii) refractive indices of the two media in contact are equal. refrac Tofractive index of medium 4 © Refractive index = gy = Ta - -- a nat