bdkbZ 10 /ofudkO;] xq.

khHkwrO;³~X;dkO; ,oa fp=dkO;

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
10-0 mn~n's ;
10-1 çLrkouk
10-2 dkO; çdkj
10-2-1 /ofudkO;
10-2-2 [Link];³~X;dkO;
10-2-3 fp=dkO;
10-3 lkjka'k
10-4 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
10-5 vH;kl ç'u

10-0 mn~n”s ;

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i”pkr~ vki &

 /ofudkO; dk Lo:i rFkk mnkgj.k ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

 /ofudkO; ds Hksnksa dks [Link] le> ldsx a As
 [Link];aX; dkO; dk Lo:i ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
 [Link];aX; dkO; ds Hksnksa dks [Link] le> ldsaxAs
 v/ke dkO; ds vfLrÙo ij fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* ds vfHkçk; dks le> ldsaxAs

10-1 çLrkouk

dfo ds deZ dks dkO; dgk tkrk gSA gekjs laL—r dkO;'kkL= dh ijEijk esa vkpk;ksZa us vius-vius
er ds vuqlkj dkO; ds Hksn fd, gSaA okXnsorkorkj ds :i esa çfl)] dkO;'kkL= ds eeZK vkpk;Z
eEeV us ^dkO;çdk'k* uked vius yksdfç; xzUFk esa& mÙke] e/;e vkSj v/ke uke ls dkO; ds rhu
Hksn fd, gSaA blds ckn pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa yC/ktUek vkpk;Z fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* viuh foospuk-
'kfDr ds vuqlkj ^lkfgR;niZ.k* uked yksdLi`[Link]; xzUFk esa dkO; ds nks Hksn ekurs gSa& mÙkedkO;
rFkk e/;edkO;A fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* us lkfgR;niZ.k ds prqFkZ ifjPNsn esa mÙkedkO; ¼/ofudkO;½ rFkk
mÙkedkO; ds Hksnksa dk lk³~xksik³~x fu:i.k fd;k gS] blds ckn mUgksua s e/;e dkO; ¼[Link];aX;½
vkSj blds Hksnksa dk Hkh foLrkj ls fu:i.k fd;k gS] fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* dkO; esa v/kedkO; dh lÙkk
Lohdkj ugha djrs] ftldk cM+s gh jkspd <ax ls mUgksaus [[Link] fd;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa vki bUghsa
dkO; Hksnksa dk lksnkgj.k v/;;u djsaxAs

329
10-2 dkO; çdkj

fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* lkfgR;niZ.k ds prqFkZ ifjPNsn esa dkO; dk foHkktu djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd&
vFk dkO;Hksnekg&
dkO;a /[Link];³~X;a psfr f}/kk ere~A
dkO;& /ofu vkSj [Link];aX; Hksn ls nks çdkj dk gksrk gSA
;|fi fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* ds iwoZorhZ eEeV] vkuUno/kZukpk;Z vkfn vkpk;ksZa us dkO; ds tks rhu Hksn
fd, gSa mldk dkj.k mudk dkO;y{k.k gSA eEeVkfn vkpk;ksaZ dk dkO;y{k.k mÙke] e/;e vkSj v/ke
dkO; Hksnksa esa O;kIr gks ldrk gS] fdUrq fo'oukFk dk dkO;y{k.k ^okD;a jlkReda dkO;e~* v/ke dkO;
esa O;kIr ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd v/ke dkO; esa jl dh fLFkfr ugha cu ldrh] bl fo"k; dks ikB ds
vUr esa vFkkZr~ fp=dkO; fu:i.k çlax esa foLrkj ls Li"V fd;k tk,xkA
10-2-1 /ofudkO;
fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* us /ofudkO; dk fu:i.k djrs gq, dgk gS fd&
r= &
okP;kfr'kf;fu O;³~X;s /ofuLrRdkO;eqÙkee~ AA1AA
okP;knf/kdpeRdkfjf.k O;³~X;kFksZ /oU;rs·fLefUufr O;qRiÙ;k /ofuukZeksÙkea dkO;e~ A
vFkkZr~ okP;kFkZ dh vis{kk O;³~X;kFkZ ds vfr'k; peRdkjdkjh gksus ij /ofu dkO; gksrk gSA bls mÙke
dkO; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ^/oU;rs vfLeu~ bfr /ofu%* bldk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd blesa O;³~X;kFkZ /ofur
gksrk gS] vr% ;g /ofu dkO; dgk tkrk gSA
bl çdkj /ofudkO; ds y{k.k dks crkdj fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* /ofudkO; ds Hksnksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa&
HksnkS /ousjfi }koqnhfjrkS y{[Link]/kkewykSA
vfoof{krokP;ks·U;ks foof{krkU;ijokP;'pAA2AA
r=kfoof{krokP;ks uke y{[Link] /ofu%A y{[Link] okP;efoof{kra ckf/krLo:ie~A
foof{krkU;ijokP;LRofHk/kkewy%] vr% ,ok= okP;a foof{kre~A vU;ija O;³~X;fu"Be~A v= fg okP;ks·FkZ%
Lo:ia çdk'k;Uuso O;³~X;kFkZL; çdk'kd%A ;Fkk çnhiks ?kVL;A vfHk/kkewyL; cgqfo"k;r;k i'pkfUuns'Z k%A
/ofudkO; ds nks Hksn gSa vfoof{krokP;/ofu vkSj foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofuA bu nksuksa Hksnksa dks Øe'k%
y{[Link]/ofu vkSj vfHk/kkewy/ofu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vfoof{krokP;/ofu vFkkZr~ y{[Link]/ofu esa
okP;kFkZ vfoof{kr jgrk gS] D;ksfa d blesa y{;kFkZ foof{kr jgrk gS blfy, bls vfoof{krokP;/ofu dgk
tkrk gSA foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu esa tks vU;ijokP; gS mlesa ^vU;ij* dk vFkZ O;X;fu"B gksxk vr%
;g cks/k gksrk gS fd tgk¡ O;aX;fu"B vFkok O;aX;ijd okP;kFkZ foof{kr jgrk gS ogk¡
foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu vFkkZr~ vfHk/kkewy/ofu gksrh gSA bl Hksn esa okP;kFkZ vius Lo:i dks çdkf'kr
djrk gqvk O;aX;kFkZ dk çdk'kd gksrk gS tSls nhi ?kV dk çdk'kd gksrk gSA nhi vius dks çdkf'kr
330
djrk gqvk ?kV dks çdkf'kr djrk gS mlh rjg okP;kFkZ vius dks çdkf'kr djrk gqvk O;aX;kFkZ dks
çdkf'kr@vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA
vfoof{krokP;/ofu ds Hksn
vfoof{krokP;/ofu rFkk foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu uke ls /ofudkO; ds nks Hksn djus ds i'pkr~ fo'oukFk
^dfojkt* loZçFke vfoof{krokP;/ofu dk Hksn djrs gSaA ;|fi foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu dk Hksn igys
crk;k tk ldrk Fkk ij fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* us ^lwphdVkgU;k;* dk lgkjk ysrs gq, dgk gSa fd&
vfHk/kkewyL; cgqfo"k;r;k i'pkfUunsZ'k%]
foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu dk fo"k; cgqr O;kid gS ,oa vfoof{krokP;/ofu dk fo"k; vYi gS] blfy,
igys vfoof{krokP;/ofu ds Hksnksa dh ppkZ djuk gh U;k;laxr gS&
vfoof{krokP;L; Hksnkokg&
vFkkZUrja l³~Øfers okP;s·R;Ura frjL—rsA
vfoof{krokP;ks·fi /ous}Sfo/;e`PNfrAA3AA
vfoof{krokP;ks uke /ofujFkkZUrjl³~ØferokP;ks·R;UrfrjL—rokP;'psfr f}fo/k%A
;= Lo;euqi;qT;ekuks eq[;ks·FkZ% Lofo'ks"k:is·FkkZUrjs [Link]] r= eq[;kFkZL;
Lofo'ks"k:ikFkkZUrjlaØferRoknFkkZUrjlaØferokP;Roe~A
vfoof{krokP;/ofu ds nks Hksn gSa& ¼1½ vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;] ¼2½ vR;UrfrjL—rokP;A blesa
vFkkZUrjlaØferokP; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fo'oukFk us dgk gS fd&
^;= Lo;euqi;qT;ekuks eq[;ks·FkZ% Lofo'ks"k:is·FkkZUrjs [Link]] r= eq[;kFkZL;
Lofo'ks"k:ikFkkZUrjlaØferRoknFkkZUrjl³~ØferokP;Roe~*
bldk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd tgk¡ eq[;kFkZ Lo;a vuqi;qDr gksus ds dkj.k fdlh fo'ks"k vFkZ dks mifLFkr
djs rks eq[;kFkZ dks vius ls fdlh fo'ks"k vFkZ esa laØe.k djus ds dkj.k bls ^vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;*
dgrs gSaA vc vki ds le{k fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* lEer vFkkZUrjlaØferokP; dk mnkgj.k çLrqr fd;k
tk jgk gS&
;Fkk&
dnyh dnyh] djHk% djHk%] dfjjktdj% dfjjktdj%A
Hkqouf=r;s·fi fcHkfrZ rqykfenew#;qxa u pew#–'k%AA
v= f}rh;dnY;kfn'kCnk% ikSu#Dr;fHk;k lkekU;dnY;kfn:is eq[;kFksZ ckf/krk
tkMî[Link]'k"VdnY;kfn:ieFkaZ cks/k;fUrA tkMîk|fr'k;'p O;³~X;%A
dnyh dnyh gh gS djHk djHk gh gS '[Link].M Hkh '[Link].M gh gS] bl lalkj esa dksbZ ,slh oLrq
ugha gS tks bl e`xu;uh ds Å#;qxy dh lekurk j[k ldsA

331
;gk¡ ukf;dk ds m#;qxy dh rqyuk fdlh Hkh oLrq ls ugha dh tk ldrh] ;fn m#;qxy dh rqyuk
xq.k/keZ esa dqN lekurk j[kus okys dnyh@jEHkkr# ls djsa rks og dnyh vFkkZr~ vR;Ur'khry gh gS]
D;ksafd mlesa m".kRo dk vHkko gS ¼tcfd ukf;dk ds t³~?kçns'k esa 'khryrk ds lkFk m".krk Hkh jgrh
gS½A ;fn mlh m#;qxy dh rqyuk djHk ls djsa rks og djHk vR;Ur âLo gSA ;fn m#;qxy dh rqyuk
dfjjktdj vFkkZr~ gkFkh ds lwaM ls djsa rks og dfjjktdj vFkkZr~ vR;Ur dBksj gh gS vr% e`xu;uh
ds m#;qxy dh rqyuk fdlh Hkh oLrq ls ugha dh tk ldrhA çLrqr i| esa nwljh ckj ç;qDr fd,
x, ^dnyh* ^djHk* ^dfjjktdj* in vius eq[;kFkZ dks NksM+dj fo'ks"k vFkZ esa laØfer gks jgs gSaA ;gk¡
nqckjk ç;qDr gq, inksa esa iqu#Dr nks"k dh dYiuk ugha djuh pkfg,] D;ksafd iqu#Drnks"k ,d gh in
dk nks ckj ç;ksx gksus ij ,d gh vFkZ dk cks/k djkus dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS ;gk¡ rks nwljh ckj ç;qDr
^dnyh* vkfn in nwljs vFkZ esa vFkkZr~ vFkkZUrj esa laØfer gks jgs gSaA bl i| esa dnyh vkfn inkFkksaZ
ls tMrk dk vkf/kD; crkuk O;aX; gSA
vR;UrfrjL—rokP;/ofu dk fu:i.k djrs gq, fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* dgrs gSa fd &
;= iqu% LokFkaZ loZFkk ifjR;tUuFkkZUrjs [Link]] r= eq[;kFkZL;kR;UrfrjL—rRoknR;UrfrjL—
rokP;Roe~A
fu%'oklkU/k bokn'kZ'pUæek u çdk'krsA
v=kU/k'kCnks eq[;kFksZ ckf/krs·çdk'k:ieFkaZ cks/k;fr] vçdk'kkfr'k;'p O;³~X;%A vU/kRokçdk'kRo;ks%
lkekU;fo'ks"kHkkokHkkokUukFkkZUrjlaØferokP;Roe~A
vFkkZr~ tgk¡ in vius eq[;kFkZ dks loZFkk NksM+dj fdlh nwljs vFkZ ¼eq[;kFkZ ls loZFkk vlEc)½ dks
mifLFkr djrk gS] ogk¡ eq[;kFkZ dk vR;Ur frjLdkj gksus ls vR;UrfrjL—rokP; gksrk gSA
;gk¡ niZ.k dks vU/kk dgk x;k gS] vU/kk gksuk pw¡fd psru dk /keZ gS] vr% vpsru oLrq niZ.k dks vU/kk
dguk mfpr ughaA ^vU/k* in ls –f"Vfoghurk dk vFkZ] niZ.k esa loZFkk ckf/kr gksus ls çdk'kjfgr vFkZ
dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ ^vU/k* in us vius –f"Vfoghurk :ih okP;kFkZ dk loZFkk ifjR;kx dj
çdk'kjkfgR; vFkZ dks çdV fd;k gS vr% ;g vR;UrfrjL—rokP;/ofu gSA vçdk'k@efyurk dh
vfr'k;rk dks crkuk O;aX; gSA ;gk¡ ^vU/k* in ds nksuksa vU/kRo vçdk'kRo :i vFkksaZ esa lkekU;fo'ks"kHkko
dk fu;e ykxw ugha gksxk D;ksafd nksuksa vFkZ loZFkk ¼psru?kfVr vpsru?kfVr gksus ds dkj.k½ vlac) gSa]
pwf¡ d ;gk¡ okP;kFkZ dk vFkkZUrj esa laØe.k ugha gksrk cfYd vR;UrfrjLdkj gksrk gS vr% ;g
vR;UrfrjL—rokP; dk mnkgj.k gSA
vfHk/kkewyk/ofu esa y{[Link]/ofu dk Hkze vkSj mldk fuokj.k

dHkh-dHkh vfHk/kkewyk/ofu esa y{[Link]/ofu dk Hkze gksus yxrk gS] ftldk fujkdj.k fo'oukFk
^dfojkt* fuEu iafDr;ksa esa djrs gSa&
;Fkk&
Hkze /kkfeZd! folzC/k% l 'ok| ekfjrLrsuA
xksnkunhdPNdq¥~tokfluk –Irflagus AA

332
v= ^Hkze /kkfeZd&^ bR;rks [Link]; fof/k% ç—rs·uqi;qT;ekur;k [Link]"ks/ks i;ZoL;rhfr
foijhry{[Link]'k³~dk u dk;kZA ;= [kyq fof/kkfu"ks/kkoqRiRL;ekukoso fu"ks/kfo/;ks% i;ZoL;rLr=So
rnolj%A ;= iqu% ç[Link];kZykspusu fof/kfu"ks/k;ksfuZ"ks/kfo/kh voxE;srs r= /ofuRoesoA
çLrqr i| esa dksbZ /kkfeZd xksnkojh unh ds rV ds ikl cxhps esa çfrfnu iq"i rksMu+ s tkrk gS] ogha ij
,d dqyVk L=h dk ?kj gS tgk¡ mldk miifr mlls feyus ds fy, çk;% tkrk jgrk gSA L=h ds
cxhps esa mlds }kjk ikfyr ,d dqÙkk gS tks [Link] th ds igq¡pus ij HkkSadk djrk gS ftlls [Link]
th dqN ?kcjkrs Hkh gSaA L=h us [Link] th dks dqÙks ls Hk;Hkhr gksrs ns[kk gSA og fopkjrh gS fd [Link]
th ;gk¡ çfrfnu vkrs gSa ;fn fdlh fnu bUgksua s esjs miifr dks esjs lkFk ns[k fy;k rks {ks= esa esjh
cnukeh gks tk;sxhA vr% mlus viuh cqf) dk ç;ksx djrs gq, dgk fd [Link] th! vc vki bl
m|ku esa vkjke ls ?kweks] Qwy rksM+ks] D;ksafd vkidks ges'kk ijs'kku djus okyk tks ¼esjk½ dqÙkk Fkk vkt
mls blh xksnkojh ds rV ij gh viuk fBdkuk cukdj jgus okys [kw¡[kkj 'ksj us ekj MkykA
bl i| ls ^Hkze* ¼?kweks½ bl fof/k :i vFkZ lss ^ek Hkze* ¼er ?kweks½ bl fu"ks/k :i O;³~X;kFkZ dh mifLFkfr
gksrh gSA i| dh okD;;kstuk ,slh gS ftlls vkikrr% y{[Link]/ofu dh vk'kadk gksus yxrh gS D;ksafd
ml dqyVk L=h ds fy, ^Hkze* dk /kweuk vFkZ loZFkk vuqi;qDr gS] ftlls ^Hkze* ls ^ek Hkze* bl fu"ks/k:i
vFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA vr% ;gk¡ foijhrlEcU/k ls y{[Link] gksus dk Hkze lglk gks jgk gS fdUrq
fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* dgrs gSa fd ;gk¡ y{[Link] dh vk'kadk ugha djuh pkfg, D;ksafd y{[Link] dk volj
ogha gksrk gS tgk¡ okP;kFkZ vuqiiUu gksrs gh ¼vR;Ur 'kh?kz½ fof/k fu"ks/k:i vFkZ esa vkSj fu"ks/k fof/k:i
vFkZ esa ifjofrZr gksrs yxrk gS ;gk¡ rks fLFkfr vyx gS vr% y{[Link] dk volj gh ugha gS D;ksfa d ;gk¡
dk okP;kFkZ loZFkk miiUu gS ¼u fd 'kh?kz ckf/kr½ tc ge okP;kFkZ cks/k ds ckn oDrk vkfn ds oSf'k"Vî
ls çdj.k dh i;kZykspuk djrs gSa rc gekjs lkeus ml dqyVk L=h dk /kkfeZd ds Hkze.k dk fu"ks/k
djus ds fy, dqÙks dk [kw¡[kkj 'ksj }kjk ekjk tkuk :i ;kstukRed dFku dk irk pyrk gS] rc tkdj
^Hkze* ls ^ek Hkze* :i O;³~X;kFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gS] vr% ;gk¡ vfHk/kkewy /ofu gSA vfHk/kkewy/ofu
vkSj y{[Link]/ofu esa ijLij Hksn fl) djus ds fy, fo'oukFk ,d dkfjdk m)`r djrs gSa&
rnqDre~&
Dofpn~ ck/;r;k [;kfr% Dofpr~ [;krL; ck/kue~A
iwoZ= y{[Link] L;knqÙkj=kfHk/kSo rqAA
dgha eq[;kFkZ dk ck/k gksus ij [;kfr vFkkZr~ vUo;cks/k gksrk gS vkSj dgha vUo;cks/k ds ckn gh
eq[;kFkZ& ck/k gksrk gS] igyh fLFkfr esa y{[Link]/ofu dk çlax gS vkSj nwljh fLFkfr esa vfHk/kkewy/ofu
dkA
foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu ds Hksn
tSlk fd vki dks igys crk;k tk pqdk gS fd /ofudkO; ds nks Hksn gSa& vfoof{krokP;/ofu vkSj
foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu] bles vfoof{krokP;/ofu dk çlax] fo"k; dh vYirk ds dkj.k igys gh
fu:fir gks pqdk gS] vc /ofudkO; ds nwljs Hksn foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu dk fu:i.k gksuk 'ks"k gS] vr%
vc fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* ds vuqlkj /ofudkO; ds bl nwljs Hksn dk fu:i.k fd;k tk jgk gS&
foof{krkfHk/ks;ks·fi f}Hksn% çFkea er%A

333
vlay{;Øeks ;= O;³~X;ks y{;ØeLrFkkAA4AA
foof{krkU;ijokP;ks·fi /ofujlay{;ØeO;³~X;% lay{;ØeO;³~X;'psfr f}fo/k%A
vFkkZr~ çFker% foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu Hkh nks çdkj dh gS& ¼1½ vlay{;ØeO;³~X;] ¼2½
lay{;ØeO;³~X;A bleas tks igyk Hksn vlay{;ØeO;³~X; gS og ;|fi jl] Hkko] jlkHkkl] HkkokHkkl]
Hkko'kkfUr]HkkolfU/k vkSj Hkko'kcyrk vkfn Hksn ls vusd çdkj dk gks tkrk gS rFkkfi fo'oukFk ^dfojkt*
us foHkkokfn [Link] rFkk jlkfndk;ksaZ dh çrhfr esa ikSokZi;Z:i Øe dk Kku u gksus :i lk–'; ls
mudk vlay{;Øe jlkfn:i ,d gh çdkj ekuk gS&
r=k|ks jlHkkokfnjsd ,ok= x.;rsA
,dks·fi Hksnks·uUrRokr~ la[;s;LrL; uSo ;r~ AA5AA
mDrLo:iks Hkkokfnjlay{;ØeO;³~X;%A v= O;³~X;çrhrsfoZHkkokfnç[Link]~ Øeks·o';efLr
fdUrwRiyiR='krO;frHksnoYyk?kokUu lay{;rsA ,"kq jlkfn"kq ,dL;kfi p
HksnL;kuUrRokRla[;krqe'kD;Roknlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofuukZe dkO;esdHksnesoksDre~A rFkkfg& ,dL;So
Ük`³~xkjL;Sdks·fi laHkksx:iks Hksn% ijLijkfy³~xuk/kjikupqEcukfnHksnkr~ çR;sda p foHkkokfnoSfp«;kr~
la[;krqe'kD;%] dk [Link] losZ"kke~A
vlay{;ØeO;³~X; dk fo"k; bruk O;kid gS fd ;fn bldk Hksn fd;k tk, rks [Link] lEHko ugha gS]
blfy, fo'oukFk dgrs gSa&
tSls Ük`³~xkj jl gh igys nks çdkj dk gS& laHkksx vkSj foçyEHkA mles laHkksxÜk`axkj Hkh& ijLij
vkfy³~xu] v/kjiku] pqEcu vkfn Hksn ls vusd çdkj dk gksrk gSA bu lHkh Hksnksa esa dqN u dqN
fofp=rk rks jgrh gS vr% budk i`Fkd~-i`Fkd~ Hksn fd;k tk ldrk gS] ij fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* tkurs
Fks fd ,sls esa vuUrHksnksa dh dYiuk djuh gksxh] blfy, ^'kri='kri=HksnuU;k;* ls mUgksua s lcdk
,d gh Hksn ekuk] tSls dey ds lkS iÙkksa dks Øfedr;k ¼,d ds Åij ,d½ j[kdj fQj mles lwbZ ls
Nsn djds mUgsa ;gk¡-ogk¡ fc[ksjus ds i'pkr~ dksbZ O;fDr tkuuk pkgs fd fdl iÙks esa lwbZ us igys Nsn
fd;k gS rks og O;fDr ugha tku ldrk] ;|fi mu iÙkksa esa i=Hksnu dk Øe rks gS ysfdu 'kh?kzrko'k
ml Øe dks tkuuk lEHko ugha gSA Bhd ;gh fl)kUr vlay{;ØeO;³~X; esa Hkh ç;qDr gSA blesa Hkh
foHkko] vuqHkko vkSj O;fHkpkjh :i [Link] ls jlkfn:i dk;Z dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS] fdUrq blesa
dkj.k-dk;Z ds ikSokZi;Z ds Øe dk Kku ugha gks ikus ls bls vlay{;ØeO;³~X; dgrs gSaA
vlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu ds fu:i.k ds i'pkr~ fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* lay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu dk fu:i.k
djrs gq, mlds rhu Hksn djrs gSa&
'kCnkFkksZHk;'kDR;qRFks O;³~X;s·uqLokulfUuHksA
/ofuyZ{;ØeO;³~X;fL=fo/k% dfFkrks cq/kS%AA6AA
Øey{;[Link]:iks ;ks O;³~X;LrL; 'kCn'kDR;qn~HkoRosu] vFkZ'kDR;qn~Hkosu] 'kCnkFkZ”kDR;qn~Hkosu p
=Sfo/;kRlay{;ØeO;³~X;ukEuks /ous% dkO;L;kfi =Sfo/;e~A

334
vFkkZr~ lay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu ds Øe'k%& 'kCn'kfDrewy/ofu] vFkZ'kfDrewy/ofu vkSj
mHk;”kDR;qRFkewy/ofu uked rhu Hksn gSaA vlay{;Øe dk O;aX;kFkZ tgk¡ jlkfn:i jgrk gS] rks ogha
lay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu esa O;aX;kFkZ oLrq:i vkSj vy³~dkj:i jgrk gSA lay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu ds çFke
Hksn 'kCn'kfDrewy/ofu dks fo'oukFk us nks çdkj dk crk;k gS& ¼1½ 'kCn”kDR;qn~HkooLrq/ofu] ¼2½
'kCn”kDR;qn~Hko vy³~dkj/ofuA
r=&
oLRoy³~dkj:iRokPNCn”kDR;qn~Hkoks f}/kkA
vy³~dkj'kCnL; i`Fkxqiknkuknuy³~dkja oLrqek=a x`ársA
'kCn”kDR;qn~HkooLrq/ofu &
r= oLrq:i% 'kCn”kDR;qn~Hkoks O;³~X;ks ;Fkk&
ifFkd! uk= lzLrjefLr eukd~ çLrjLFkys xzkesA
mUuri;ks/kja oh{; ;fn olfl r}lAA
v= lRFkjkfn'kCn”kDR;k ;|qiHkksx{keks·fl rnkLLosfr oLrq O;T;rsA
çLrqr i| esa ^mUuri;ks/kj* in esa O;¥~tuk gS mUuri;ks/kj dk vFkZ meM+rk gqvk es?k vkSj mHkjk gqvk
[Link] nksuksa gks ldrs gSa] blds nwljs vFkZ dh çrhfr ls ukf;dk dk ifFkd ds çfr vkeU=.k O;Dr
gksrk gS fd ;fn rqe esjs bl ;kSou dk miHkksx djus esa leFkZ gks rks ;gk¡ jgksA bl dFku esa dksbZ
vyadkj ugha gS dsoy ;kSouksi;ksx gsrq vkeU=.k:ioLrq O;f¥~tr gks jgh gSA pw¡fd ;g oLrq
^mUuri;ks/kj* 'kCn dh 'kfDr ls O;Dr gks jgh gS] vr% ;g 'kCn”kDR;qRFkoLrq/ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
'kCn”kDR;qn~Hko vy³~dkj/ofu &
vy³~dkj:iks ;Fkk&
nqxkZyf³~?krfoxzg% euflta laehy;aLrstlk
çks|æktdyks x`ghrxfjek fo"oXo`rks HkksfxfHk%A
u{k=s'k—rs{[Link] fxfjxqjkS xk<ka #fpa /kkj;u~
xkekØE; foHkwfrHkwf"krruw jktR;qekoYyHk%AA
bR;knkSA

v= ç[Link]; mekukeegknsoh-oYyHk-Hkkuqnos uke-u`[Link] f}rh;kFkZlwfpreç[Link];

ikoZrhoYyHkL; [Link])a ek çlk³~{khfnfr bZ'ojHkkuqnos ;ks#iekuksies;Hkko% dYI;rs rn= mekoYyHk
mekoYyHk bosR;qieky³~dkjks O;³~X;%A
mDr i| dk ç[Link] vFkZ mek uked egkjkuh ds ifr Hkkuqnos uked jktk dk [Link] gS fdUrq okD;
esa ^mHkkoYyHk* in mek-uked jkuh ds ifr ¼vFkkZr~ Hkkuqnos jktk½ dk cks/k djkus ds lkFk mek vFkkZr~

335
ikoZrh ds oYyHk Hkxoku~ f'ko dk Hkh cks/k djrk gSA blds ckn 'yksd ds vU; in Hkh tks mekoYyHk
¼Hkkuqnos jktk½ ds fo'ks"k.k gSa os Hkh f'ko ds i{k esa laxr gks tkrs gSa fdUrq f'koijd vFkZ ;gk¡ ç[Link]
ugha gS fdUrq bu nksuksa vFkksaZ esa peRdkj gSA vr% bu nksuksa vFkksZa dh çklf³~xdrk lekIr u gks tk,
blfy, nksuksa esa miekuksies; Hkko dh dYiuk djds& ^mekoYyHk mekoYyHk bo* :i esa miek
vy³~dkj O;³~X; ekusx a As vr% bl i| esa miek vy³~dkj O;³~X; gSA
fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* bldk ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ^;Fkk ok* dgrs gq, çLrqr djrs gSa&
vfer% lfer% çkIrS#Rd"kSZgZ"kZn çHkks!A
vfgr% lfgr% lk/kq;'kksfHkjlrkeflAA
v=kfer% bR;knkofi'kCnkHkkokn~ fojks/kkHkklks O;³~X;%A O;³~X;L;ky³~dk;ZRos·fi
czkã.[Link];k;kny³~dkjRoeqip;ZrAs
bl i| esa ^vfer%* ^lfer%* rFkk ^vfgr%* ^lfgr%* 'kCnksa esa fojks/k O;Dr gksrk gS] D;ksafd tks ^vfer* gS
og ^lfer* dSls\ tks ^vfgr* gS og ^lfgr* dSls\ vr% ;gk¡ fojks/kkHkkl vy³~dkj /ofu gSA /ofu
blfy, D;ksafd ;gk¡ fojks/k dk okpd ^vfi* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ugha gSA ;fn ;gk¡ ^vferks·fi lfer%*] vkSj
^vfgrks·fi lfgr%* tSlk ç;ksx gksrk rc rks ;g fojks/k okP; gks tkrk] fdUrq ^vfi* 'kCn dk ç;ksx u
gksus ls fojks/k okP; ugha O;aX; gS vr% ;gk¡ fojks/kkHkklkyadkj /ofu gSA
oLrqr% tc vyadkj 'kCnkFkZ :i 'kjhj esa jgdj ç/kku jl:i vFkZ dks mi—r djrk gS rc mls
vyadkj dgk tkrk gS] fdUrq ;gk¡ rks vyadkj /ofu:i gS vr% ;gk¡ og vy³~dk;Z gS u fd vyadkjA
bl fo"k; dks fo'oukFk Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;|fi okP; n'kk esa gh miekfn] vyadkj in
okP; gSa u fd O;aX; n'kk esa fdUrq ;gk¡ ^czkã.[Link];k;* ls vyadk;Z:i esa fLFkr miekfn dks vyadkj
dgk tk ldrk gSA tSls fdlh ckS)fHk{kq dks czkã.k blfy, dg fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd og ckS) lEçnk;
esa nh{kk ysus ls igys czkã.k Fkk] blh çdkj miekfn] /ofu vFkkZr~ vyadk;Z :i esa gksus ds igys
'kCnkFkZ:i 'kjhj esa jgus ds dkj.k vyadkj :i ls tkus tk pqds gSa vr% ckn esa muds gh /ofun'kk
esa çkIr gks tkus ls mUgsa vyadkj in ls lacksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu &
lay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu ds 'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu uked Hksn dk fu:i.k djus ds ckn fo'oukFk ^dfojkt*
blds nwljs Hksn& vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu dk fu:i.k djrs gSa&
oLrq oky³~—frokZfi f}/kkFkZ% lEHkoh Lor%AA7AA
dos% çkS<ksfDrfl)ks ok rfUuc)L; osfr "kV~A
"kfM~HkLrSO;ZT;ekuLrq oLRoy³~dkj:id%AA8AA
vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hkoks O;³~X;ks ;kfr }kn'kHksnrke~A
Lor%lEHkoh vkSfpR;kn~ cfgjfi lEHkkO;eku%A çkS<ksDR;k fl)%] u RokSfpR;suA
vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko uked lay{;Øe/ofu ds ckjg çdkj gSaA bl Hksn esa tks vFkZ O;¥~tuk ls O;Dr gksrk
gS og nks :i esa ik;k tkrk gS& oLrq:i vkSj vy³~dkj:iA ;g vFkZ Hkh vk/kkj dh –f"V ls rhu
336
çdkj dk gksrk gS& ¼1½ Lor%lEHkoh] ¼2½ dfoçkS<ksfDrfl)] ¼3½ dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)A tks vFkZ
yksd e;kZnk esa lEHko gS og Lor% lEHkoh vFkZ dgrkyk gSA tks vFkZ yksd lhek esa u ?kVs cfYd dfo
mls viuh çfrHkk ds cy ij dkO; esa fl) dj ns mls dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vFkZ dgk tkrk gSA
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) vFkZ og gksrk gS ftls dfo Lo;a fl) u djds vius dkO; esa [Link] uk;d
vkfn dh çfrHkk ds cy ls fl) djokrk gS] vFkkZr~ ftl dFku dks dfo Lo;a fl) u djds vius
dkO; esa fuc) uk;d vkfn dh çfrHkk ls fl) djrk gSA vr% Lor% laHkoh] dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vkSj
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) Hksn ls çFker% vFkZ ds rhu Hksn gksrs gSa] bu rhuksa Hksnksa esa oLrq/ofu rFkk
vy³~dkj/ofu nks Hksn gksdj 3×2 ¾ 6 Hksn gks tkrs gSaA ;s 6 Hksn O;³~X; vkSj O;atd] nksuksa esa gksus ls
f}xq.k gksdj 6×2 ¾ 12 Hksn cu tkrs gSa] tSls fd&
1½ Lor%laHkoh esa
1½ oLrq ls oLrq O;³~X; 2½ oLrq ls vy³~dkj O;³~X;
3½ vy³~dkj ls oLrq O;³~X; 4½ vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj O;³~X;
2½ dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) esa
1½ oLrq ls oLrq O;³~X; 2½ oLrq ls vy³~dkj O;³~X;
3½ vy³~dkj ls oLrq O;³~X; 4½ vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj O;³~X;
3½ dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) esa
1½ oLrq ls oLrq O;³~X; 2½ oLrq ls vy³~dkj O;³~X;
3½ vy³~dkj ls oLrq O;³~X; 4½ vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj O;³~X;
1½ Lor% laHkoh oLrq ls oLrq/ofu
r= Øes.k ;Fkk&
–f"Va gs çfrosf'kfu! {[Link];Len~x`gs nkL;fl
çk;[Link]; f'k'kks% firk u fojlk% dkSihji% ikL;flA
,dkfdU;fi ;kfe lRojfer% lzkrs Lrekykdqya
uhjU/kzkLruqekfy[kUrq tjBPNsnk uyxzUFk;%AA
v= Lor% lEHkfouk oLrquk rr~ çfrikfndk;k Hkkfoijiq#"kksiHkksxtu[k{krkfnxksiu:ia oLrqek=a O;T;rsA
çLrqr i| esa fdlh dqyVk L=h dk [Link] gS] tks lk;adky gkFk esa ?kM+k ysdj vius çseh ls feyus tk
jgh gSA mls tkrs gq, tc mldh iM+kslu ns[k ysrh gS rc og cgkuk djds dgrh gS fd gs lf[k!
esjs ?kj dk FkksM+k /;ku j[kuk dgha dqÙkk fcYyh u vk tk,¡] D;ksafd esjs iq= ds firk vFkkZr~ esjs ifr
dks dq¡, dk ikuh vPNk ugha yxrk] ¼ifr dks çR;sd fLFkfr esa iRuh dks çlUu j[kuk pkfg,] bl
dkj.k½ eSa ikuh ysus ds fy, vdsys gh tk jgh gw¡ ¼vdsys tkuk etcwjh gS] D;ksafd esjs lkFk bl le;

337
lU/;k dky gksus ds dkj.k dksbZ tkus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gS½ og LFkku reky o`{kksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS]
vkSj uqdhys r`.k Hkh gSa tks 'kjhj esa yxus ij ?kko dj nsrs gSaA
;gk¡ dk tks okP;kFkZ gS og çseh ds lax feyu ijd gS] yksd esa fç; feyu ds fy, yksx blh rjg
cgkus cukus okys dFku dks fd;k djrs gSa& ;g ns[kk tkrk gS] vr% ;g vFkZ Lor%lEHkoh gSA bl vFkZ
esa vyadkj ugha gS vr% ;g oLrq:i vFkZ gSA bl Lor%lEHkoh oLrq:i vFkZ ls ukf;dk ds }kjk Hkkoh
laHkksxkfn —R; esa mRiUu gksus okys u[k-{krkfn fpà dks xksfir fd;k tkuk :i O;aX;kFkZ vfHkO;Dr gks
jgk gS vFkkZr~ dqyVk L=h ds u[k-{krkfn fpà dks ns[kdj mldh iM+kslu laHkksx fpà u le> ys]
blfy, og igys gh crk ns jgh gS fd gks ldrk gS ikuh ykus esa eq>s dqN pksV Hkh yx tk,A blfy,
dqyVk L=h ds Hkkoh u[k{krkfn fpà dk xksiu ;gk¡ O;aX; gSA ;g O;aX; Hkh oLrq:i gSA vr% ;g i|
Lor% lEHkoh oLrq ls oLrq /ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
2½ Lor%lEHkoh oLrq ls vy³~dkj/ofu &
fnf'k eUnk;rs rstks nf{[Link];ka josjfiA
rL;keso j?kks% ikMîk% çrkia u fo"ksfgjsAA
v= Lor% lEHkfouk oLrquk jforstlks j?kqçrkiks·f/kd bfr O;frjsdky³~dkjks O;T;rsA
;gk¡ ij Lor%lEHkoh lw;Z ds rst ijd oLrq ls j?kq ds rst ds vkf/kD; :i O;aX;kFkZ fudy jgk gS vr%
O;frjsd vyadkj gSA ;g vyadkj mieku ls mies; ds vkf/kD; dFku ij gksrk gS&
vkf/kD;eqies;L;ksiekukUU;wurk·FkokA ;gk¡ lw;Z dk çrki mieku gS j?kq dk çrki mies;] fdUrq lw;Z
çrki :i mieku ls j?kqçrki :i mies; dk vkf/kD; gksus ls mies; vyadkj O;aX; :i ls O;Dr
gksrk gSA ;gk¡ O;frjsdky³~dkj /ofu gS ftldk O;¥~td okP;kFkZ Lor%lEHkoh gS] D;ksfa d nf{k.k fn'kk
esa lw;Z ds rst dh e`nqrk yksdçfl) gSA
3½ Lor%lEHkoh vy³~dkj ls oLrq /ofu&
vkirUreeqa nwjknwjh—rijkØe%A
cyks·oyksd;kekl ekr³~xfeo dsljhAA
v=ksieky³~dkjs.k Lor% lEHkfouk O;¥~tdkFksZu cynso% {[Link] [Link].k% {k;a dfj";rhfr oLrq O;T;rsA
;gk¡ cyjke flag dh rjg gSa rFkk [Link] gkFkh dh rjg gS] bl miekyadkj:i Lor%lEHkoh okP;kFkZ
cks/k ds ckn cyjke 'kh?kz gh [Link] dk o/k dj nsax&
s bl oLrq :i /ofu dh çrhfr gksrh gSA
4½ Lor%lEHkoh vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj /ofu&
xk<dkUrn'ku{krO;Fkkl³~dVknfjo/kwtuL; ;%A
vks"BfoæqenykU;eksp;fUunZ'ku~ ;qf/k #"kk futk/kje~AA
v= Lor% lEHkfouk fojks/kky³~dkjs.k funZ"V% 'k=oks O;kikfnrk'psfr leqPp;ky³~dkjks O;³~X;%A

338
çLrqr i| esa fdlh ohj jktk ds 'kkS;Z dk [Link] gS fd& tks jktk ;q) esa Øks/k ls vius gksBksa dks nckus
ek= ls gh 'k=qvksa dh ifRu;ksa dks mlds Lokeh ds cyiwoZd nk¡r ls gksBksa ds dkVus :ih ladV ls cpk
ysrk gSA vFkkZr~ jktk us tSls gh Øks/k ls 'k=qvksa dks ns[krs gq, viuk vkssaB nck;k] brus esa gh 'k=qvksa
dk lagkj gks x;kA vFkkZr~ 'k=qvksa dh fL=;ksa dks vius Lokeh }kjk tksj ls vksaBs dkVus :ih ihM+k ls
eqfDr fey xbZA ;gk¡ tSls gh jktk vksaBs nckrk gS oSls gh 'k=qvksa dk uk'k gksrk gS& :i nks dk;ksaZ dh
,d lkFk çrhfr gks jgh gS] vr% leqPp;kyadkj /ofu gSA ;g leqPp;kyadkj] fojks/kkHkkl :i okP;kFkZ
tks Lor%lEHkoh gS& ds cks/k gksus ds ckn O;Dr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ dk okP;kFkZ tks& jktk ds Lo;a
ds v/kj n'ku ls ij-fL=;ksa ds v/kj n'ku d"V fuokj.k& :i gS& nksuksa esa vkikrr% fojks/k çrhr
gksrk gSA vr% ;g Lor%lEHkoh vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj /ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
5½ dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) oLrq ls oLrq /ofu &
lTt;fr lqjfHkeklks u pkiZ;fr ;qofrtuy{;lgku~A
vfHkuolgdkjeq[kku~ uo iYyoku~ vu³~xL; 'kjku~ AA
v= olUr% 'kjdkj%] dkeks /kUoh] ;qor;ks y{;e~] iq"ikf.k 'kjk bfr dfoçkS<ksfDrfl)a oLrq çdk'khHkon~
enufot`EHk.k:ia oLrq O;ufDrA
;gk¡ ij olUr dks 'kjdkj vFkkZr~ ck.k cukus okyk] dkenso dks /kuq"k pykus okyk] ;qofr;ksa dks ¼ck.k
dk½ y{; rFkk iq"iksa dks ck.k ds :i esa [Link] Lor%lEHkoh vFkkZr~ yksd vuqHko esa fl) ugha gS] bl
vFkZ dks dfo us viuh dYiuk 'kfDr ls fl) fd;k gS] vr% mDr dFku dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) gS] bl
dFku esa vyadkj Li"V ugha gS vr% oLrqijd [Link] gSA bl dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) oLrq ls ;g /ofu
fudyrh gS fd yksd esa dke Hkko dk vkfo"dkj çkjEHk gks x;k gSA
6½ dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) oLrq ls vy³~dkj /ofu&
jtuh"kq foeyHkkuks% djtkysu çdkf'kra ohj!A
/koy;fr [Link][kya ro dhfrZlarfr% lrre~AA
v= dfoçkS<ksfDrfl)su oLrquk dhfrZlUrrs'pUædjtkyknf/kddkyçdk'kdRosu O;frjsdky³~dkjks
O;³~X;%A
;gk¡ tks okP;kFkZ gS og Lor% lEHkoh ugha gS] D;ksafd dhfrZ dh 'kqHkzrk yksd vuqHko esa ugha vkrh] cfYd
dfo us mls viuh çfrHkk ls fl) fd;k gS] vr% ;g dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) oLrqijd vFkZ gSA bl
dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) oLrq ls O;frjsd vy³~dkj O;Dr gksrk gSA pUæek dk çdk'k tks dsoy jkf= esa gh
jg ldrk gS og mieku gS] ohj dh dhfrZ dh 'kqHkzrk mies; gSA fdUrq pUæ dk mTToyrk ls dhfrZ
dh mTToyrk dk vkf/kD; gksus ls O;frjsd vy³~dkj /ofu ds :i esa O;Dr gksrk gSA
7½ dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj ls oLrq /ofu &
n'kkuufdjhVsH;LrR{[Link] jk{klfJ;%A
[Link];ktsu i;ZLrk% i`fFkO;keJqfcUno%AA
v= dfoçkS<ksfDrfl)sukiàqR;y³~dkjs.k Hkfo";æk{klJhfouk'k:ia oLrq O;T;rsA
339
bl i| dk okP;kFkZ dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) gS D;ksfa d jkty{eh ds vJq dk gksuk yksdkuqHko fl) ugha gS
og dsoy dfoçfrHkkçlwr gSA ;gk¡ viàqfr vyadkj gS] D;ksafd bl i| esa ç—r ef.k;ksa ds fu"ks/k ls
[Link] dh LFkkiuk gSA blds ckn ;gk¡ oLrq:i /ofu fudyrh gS fd Hkfo"; esa jk{klksa dk
fouk'k gksus okyk gSA
8½ dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj/ofu &
/kfEeYys uoefYydkleqn;ks gLrs flrkEHkks#ga
gkj% [Link] i;ks/kj;qxs Jh[[Link] ?ku%A
,dks·fi f=dfy³~xHkwfefryd! RoRdhfrZjkf'k;Z;kS
[Link] iqjUnjiqjhokeHkzow ka foxzgAs A
v= dfoçkS<ksfDrfl)su :idky³~dkjs.k Hkwfe"Bks·fi LoxZLFkkukeqidkja djks"khfr foHkkouky³~dkjks
O;T;rsA
çLrqr i| esa /ofu fudy jgh gS fd Hkwyksd ij jgrs gq, Hkh rSy³~xkf/ki LoxZyksd ds fy, Hkh
midkjd gks jgs gSa] vr% ;gk¡ ij dkj.k ds fcuk gh dk;ksZRifÙk gksus ls foHkkouk vy³~dkj /ofu gSA
;g foHkkouky³~dkj/ofu vius O;¥~td dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) :idky³~dkj :i okP;kFkZ ds cy ij fudy
jgh gS D;ksafd dfo us dhfrZ dk lqjlqUnfj;ksa ds ds'kik'k] gLr] d.B] i;ks/kj;qxy esa iguus okys mu-
mu vkHkw"[Link] dk rknkRE;kjksi fd;k gSA vr% ;g i| dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj/ofu
dk fun'kZu gSA
9½ dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)oLrq ls oLrq/ofu &
f'k[kfjf.k Do uq uke fd;fPpja fdefHk/kkuelkodjksÙki%A
lqeqf[k ! ;su rok/kjikVya n'kfr fcEcQya 'kqd'kkod%AA
v=kusu dfofuc)L; dL;fpr~ dkfeu% çkS<ksfDrfl)su oLrquk rok/kj% iq.;kfr'k;yH; bfr oLrq
çrh;rsA
;gk¡ dk O;aX;kFkZ ;g gS fd rqEgkjs v/kj dk iku cM+s iq.;ksa@lkSHkkX;ksa ls çkIr gksus ;ksX; gSA bl
O;aX;kFkZ esa vy³~dkj dh fLFkfr ugha gS vr% ;g oLrq/ofu gSA ;g oLrq/ofu vius oLrq:i okP;kFkZ
tks fd dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDr ls fl) gS ls fudyrk gS D;ksafd bl dFku dk oDrk dfo u gksdj
dfofuc) dksbZ çseh gS] vr% ml çseh dh çkSf<eÙkk ls oLrqijd vFkZ fudy jgk gSA vr% ;g i|
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)oLrq ls oLrq/ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
10½ dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)oLrq ls vy³~dkj/ofu &
lqHkxs! dksfVla[;RoeqiRs ; enuk'kqxS%A
olUrs i¥~prk R;Drk i¥~prklhf};ksfxuke~AA

340
v= dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)su dke'[Link] dksfVla[;RoçkIR;k fuf[kyfo;[Link] oLrquk '[Link]
i¥~prk 'kjku~ foeqP; fo;ksfxu% fJrsoRs ;qRçs{kky³~dkjks O;T;rs A
;gk¡ /ofu ds :i esa ;g vFkZ fudy jgk gS fd ekuks dkenso dh i¥~prk mls NksM+dj fo;ksfxfu;ksa
dks ¼e`R;q dk½ vkJ; cuk pqdh gS] ;gk¡ dkenso dh i¥~prk dh lEHkkouk fo;ksfxfu;ksa esa gksus ls
mRçs{kky³~dkj/ofu gSA bl vy³~dkj/ofu dk miLFkkid tks okP;kFkZ gS og
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)oLrq gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ dfofuc)oDrk viuh çkSf<ek ls dke ds dksfV&dksfV
[Link] dk lk{kkRdkj dj jgk gS A
11½ dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj ls oLrq/ofu&
efYydkeqdqys pf.M! Hkkfr xq¥~tu~ e/kqozr%A
ç;[Link] i¥~[Link]; 'k³~[kekiwj;fUuoAA
v= dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)suksRçs{kky³~dkjs.k dkeL;k;eqUeknd% dky% çkIrLrRdFka ekfufu ekua u
eq¥~plhfr oLrq O;T;rsA
çLrqr i| esa ;g oLrq/ofu fudy jgh gS fd gs fç;res! rqe rks vc viuk xqLlk lekIr djks] vc
rks dke ls mUeÙk le; vk x;k gS vr% rqEgsa eq>ls çse djuk pkfg,& ;g oLrq/ofu
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj :i okP;kFkZ ls fudy jgh gSA ;gk¡ HkkSajs ds uoefYydk iq"i dh
dyh ij cSB dj xq¡tu djus :i dk;Z esa dfo us dkenso ds 'k³~[k dh fot;/ofu dh mRçs{kk dh gS]
vFkkZr~ HkkSajs ds xq¡tu esa 'k³~[k dh /ofu dh dYiuk] rFkk efYydk dh dyh esa ¼vkdkj–"Vîk½ 'k³~[k
dh dYiuk gksus ls mRçs{kky³~dkj gS] tks okP;kFkZ gSA ;g okP;kFkZ& efYydk-dyh esa 'k³~[k dks ns[kuk
vkSj HkkSajs ds xq¡tu esa 'k³~[k /ofu dks ns[kuk& yksd esa çfl) ugha gS] vr% ;g
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj:i gSA
12½ dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj/ofu &
efgyklglzHkfjrs ro ân;s lqHkx! lk vekUrhA
vuqfnueuU;dekZ v³~xa rUofi ruwdjksfrAA
v=kekUrhfr dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)su dkO;fy³~xky³~dkjs.k [Link]·fi ro ân;s u orZr
bfr fo'ks"kksDR;y³~dkjks O;T;rsA
bl i| esa ;g /ofu fudy jgh gS fd pkgs og ukf;dk vius 'kjhj dks fdruk Hkh nqcZy D;ksa u cuk
ys fdUrq og rqEgkjs ân; esa LFkku ugha cuk ldrh& ;g vFkZ vy³~dkje; gS] D;ksfa d ;gk¡ 'kjhj dk
nqcZy gksus :i dkj.k dh lÙkk gksus ij Hkh uk;d ds ân; esa LFkku u cukus :i dk;Z dh çrhfr gks
jgh gS vr% fo'ks"kksfDr vy³~dkj/ofu gSA bl i| dk okP;kFkZ Hkh vy³~dkj:i gSA ;gk¡ ds okP;kFkZ esa
dkO;fy³~x vy³~dkj gS D;ksafd ân; esa ços'k ugha djus dk dkj.k uk;d ds ân; dk lglzkas
ukf;dkvksa ls Hkjk gksuk gSA uk;d ds ân; dk lglzkas ukf;dkvksa ls Hkjk gksuk] vkSj mlesa ços'k djus
ds fy, vius 'kjhj dks nqcZy djuk :i [Link] dfoçfrHkkçlwr gS u fd yksd ds vuqHko fl)A vr%
;g i| dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) vy³~dkj ls vy³~dkj/ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vkSj dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) O;¥~td vFkZ dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k
341
vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko /ofu esa O;¥~td vFkZ rhu çdkj ds gS& a Lor%lEHkoh]
dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vkSj dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl)A Lor%lEHkoh Hksn fdlh O;k[;k dh vis{kk ugha djrk
D;ksafd tks vFkZ yksd ds vuqHko esa fl) gS og Lor%lEHkoh gksrk gSA fdUrq dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) rFkk
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) esa dqN fo'ks"krk ns[kus dks ugha feyrh D;ksafd nksuksa esa dfo çfrHkk gh eq[;
gS vr% nks Hksn u djds ,d Hksn ekuuk gh mfpr gS]& ,slh vka'kdk eu esa gksrh gS] blfy, fo'oukFk
^dfojkt* mDr vk'k³~dk dks eu esa j[kdj o`fÙk ds ek/;e ls lek/kku çLrqr djrs gSa&
^u [kyq dos% dfofuc)L;so jkxk|kfo"Vrk vr% dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDr% dfoçkS<ksDrsjf/kda
lân;[Link] i`FkDçfrikfnrk*A

vFkkZr~ dHkh-dHkh dfoçkS<ksfDr dh vis{kk dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDr lân;ksa dks peR—r djrh gS] D;ksafd
çfriknu dh –f"V ls uk;d-ukf;dkfn ik=ksa ds çfr tks jkxkfn gksrk gS og dfo ls vf/kd mlds
}kjk fuc) uk;dkfn&oDrk esa vf/kd gksrk gSA vr% jkxkfn gsrq ls nksuksa Hksnksa esa vUrj gSA
¼vy³~dkj&/ofu dk jgL; & vy³~dj.k u fd vya—r oLrq½
,"kq pky³~—frO;¥~tuLFkys :[Link]çs{[Link];frjspukfnek=L; çk/kkU;a lân;lao|
s e~] u rq
:I;knhukfeR;y³~—rsjos eq[;Roe~A
Åij tks vy³~dkj O;aX; ds :i esa vkius i<+k gS mlds lEcU/k esa ;g tku ysuk vko';d gS fd
tgk¡ Hkh :id] mRçs{kk] O;frjsd vkfn vy³~dkj O;aX; ds :i esa vk, gSa ogk¡ lân;ksa dk ;gh vuqHko
gS fd ogk¡ :i.k] mRçs{k.k] O;frjspu vkfn vy³~dj.k:i dfo O;kikj eq[; gS u fd :I;] mRçs{;]
O;frjsP; vkfn LoHkko okyk vy³~—r vFkZ blfy, vy³~dkj /ofu esa tks ç/kkur;k O;aX; rÙo gS og
vy³~[Link]; oLrq ugha vfirq ^vy³~—fr* vFkok ^vy³~dj.k* gSA blh dkj.k vy³~dkj dks oLrq ls
i`Fkd~ rÙo ekuk x;k gS] vU;Fkk oLrq /ofu vkSj vy³~dkj/ofu nksuksa ,d gh rÙo gksrsA
mHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofu
bl çdkj lay{;ØeO;aX; ds 'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu vkSj vFkZ”kDR;qRFk /ofu ds ckjg Hksnksa dk fu:i.k djus
ds ckn fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* ØeçkIr mHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofu fu:i.k djrs gSa&
,d% 'kCnkFkZ”kDR;qRFks*&
mHk;”kDR;qn~Hkos O;³~X;s ,dks /ousHksZn%A
;Fkk&
fgeeqDrpUæ#fpj% liùdks en;u~ f}tk¥~tfurehudsru%A
vHkoRçlkfnrlqjks egksRlo% çenktuL; l fpjk; ek/ko%AA
v= ek/ko% —".kks ek/koks olUr bosR;qieky³~dkjks O;³~X;%A
vFkkZr~ 'kCnkFkZ”kDR;qRFk ¼mHk;”kDR;qRFk½ ,d gh çdkj dk gksrk gSA tgk¡ 'kCn vkSj vFkZ nksuksa dh leku
O;¥~tdrk ls O;aX;kFkZ dh çrhfr gksrh gS ogk¡ 'kCnkFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu gksrh gSA

342
çLrqr i| esa Hkxoku~ Jh—".k dk [Link] gS fdUrq mDr 'yksd esa vusd ,sls 'kCn gSa tks vius lkeF;Z
ls nks-nks vFkZ ns jgs gSaA tSls ek/ko in Jh—".k vkSj olUr dk leku:i ls okpd gSA çenktuL;
'kCn esa vFkZ'kfDr gS D;ksafd ;g f'y"V in ugha gS& bldk ,d gh vFkZ gksrk gS& L=hlewgA bl çdkj
'kCn vkSj vFkZ nksuksa dh 'kfDr;ksa ls nwljs vFkZ vFkkZr~ olUrijd vFkZ dh Hkh mifLFkfr gks jgh gSA
ftlls vFkZ fudy jgk gS fd ^ek/ko vFkkZr~ Hkxoku~ Jh—".k ek/ko vFkkZr~ olUr dh rjg fojkteku
jgs*A vr% bl i| esa 'kCn vkSj vFkZ dh leku 'kfDr ds }kjk mieky³~dkj O;aX; gks jgk gSA
O;³~X;kFkZ fo'ys"k.k esa dkO;çdkj dk fo'ys"k.k&
,oa p O;³~X;Hksnknso O;¥~tdkuka dkO;kuka Hksn%A
rn"Vkn'k/kk /ofu%AA9AA
vfoof{krokP;ks·FkkZUrjlaØferokP;ks·R;UrfrjL—rokP;'psfr f}fo/k%A foof{krkU;ijokP;Lrq
vlay{;ØeO;³~X;RosuSd%A lay{;ØeO;³~X;Rosu p 'kCnkFkksZHk;'kfDrewyr;k i¥~pn'ksR;"Vkn'kHksnks
/ofu%A
vFkkZr~ O;aX;kFkZ ds Hksn ls mlds O;¥~td dkO;ksa dk Hkh Hksn gksrk gS& ;g fn[kyk;k x;kA bl rjg
;fn vki ;gk¡ rd i<+s gq, /ofu Hksnksa dh [Link] djsa rks og vëkjg ¼18½ çdkj dk gks tkrk gSA
vki /ofu ds vc rd i<+s x;s vëkjg Hksnksa dks fuEu rkfydk ds ek/;e ls Hkh le> ldrs gSa&
vfoof{krokP;/ofu ds
¼vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;/ofu vkSj vR;UrfrjL—rokP;/ofu uked½ Hksn ¾2
foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu ds vlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu dk Hksn ¾1
¼foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu ds gh½ lay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu esa
'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds Hksn ¾2
vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds Hksn ¾ 12
'kCnkFkksZHk;”kDR;qRFk dk Hksn ¾1
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
/ofu ds dqy Hksn ¾ 18

mi;qZDr /ofu-Hksnksa ds ^inxr* rFkk ^okD;xr* Hksn

vHkh rd vkius ftrus Hkh /ofu ds çdkjksa dks i<+k mlesa mHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofu dks NksM+dj ckdh tks
'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds Hksn vkSj vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds Hksn gSa blds lkFk gh vfoof{krokP;/ofu vFkkZr~
y{[Link]/ofu ds tks vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;/ofu vkSj vR;UrfrjL—rokP;/ofu uked Hksn gSa] os okD;
ds lkFk gh lkFk in esa Hkh gksrs gSaA mHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds dsoy okD; esa gh gksus dk jgL; ;g gS fd
mHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofu 'kCn vkSj vFkZ ds leku :i ls O;¥~td gksus dh fLFkfr esa gh gksrk gS] blesa ,d
lkFk ftl la[;k esa 'kCn O;¥~td gksrs gSa mlh la[;k esa vFkZ Hkh O;¥~td gksrs gS]a blfy, bldh
343
fLFkfr dsoy okD; esa gh gks ldrh gSA 'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu vkSj vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu dh fLFkfr okD; ds
lkFk in esa Hkh gks ldrh gS blhfy, fo'oukFk dgrs gSa&
,"kq p&
okD;s 'kCnkFkZ”kDR;qRFkLrnU;s inokD;;ks%A
blesa 'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu vkSj vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds Hksnksa ds tks mnkgj.k vkius i<+s gSa os okD; ds
mnkgj.k Fks D;ksafd ogk¡ okD; esa vk, gq, ¼okD;?kfVr½ ,d lkFk vusd 'kCnksa ¼'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds
ifjçs{; esa½ rFkk vusd vFkksZa ¼vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds ifjçs{; esa½ dh O;¥~tdrk Fkh vr% os leLr mnkgj.k
okD;xr Hksn ds vUrxZr lekfo"V gSaA vc Øe'k% y{[Link]/ofu ds vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;/ofu rFkk
vR;UrfrjL—rokP;/ofu ,oa vfHk/kkewyk/ofu ds vUrxZr lay{;Øe/ofu ds& 'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu vkSj
vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu ds inxr Hksnksa dks le>uk gSA vr% loZçFke vfoof{krokP;/ofu ds çFke Hksn
vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;/ofu dk inxr gksus dk mnkgj.k fn;k tk jgk gS&
r=kFkkZUrjlaØferokP;ks /ofu% inxrks ;Fkk&
/kU;% l ,o r#.kks u;us rL;So u;us pA
;qotueksgufo|k Hkfors;a ;L; lEeq[ks lqeq[khAA
v= f}rh;u;u'kCnks HkkX;oÙ[Link]'k"Vu;uij%A
çLrqr mnkgj.k esa tks f}rh; u;u in gS og HkkX;kfnfof'k"V u;u :i vFkZ dk okpd gSA pw¡fd
f}rh; u;u us vius eq[;kFkZ us= dk ifjR;kx djds HkkX;[Link]'k"V vFkkZUrj esa laØfer gqvk gS
rFkk bl i| esa ,dek= ;gh in gS tks vFkkZUrj esa laØfer gS vr% ;g inxr vFkkZUrj laØfer okP;
/ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA okD;xr vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;/ofu dk mnkgj.k çLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS&
okD;xrks ;Fkk&
RokefLe ofPe fonq"kka leok;ks·= fr"BfrA
vkReh;ka efrekLFkk; fLFkfre= fo/ksfg rr~AA
v= çfrik|L; laeq[khuRoknso yC/ks çfrik|Ros Rokfefr iquoZpueU;O;ko`fÙkfof'k"Va RonFkaZ y{k;frA ,oa
oPehR;usuSo drZfj yC/ks·Lehfr iquoZpue~A rFkk fonq"kka leok; bR;usuSo oDrq% çfriknus fl)s iquoZPehfr
opueqifn'kkehfr opufo'ks"k:ieFkaZ y{k;frA ,rkfu p Lokfr'k;a O;¥~t;fUrA ,rsu ee opua rokR;Ura
fgra rno';eso drZO;feR;fHkçk;%A rnsoe;a okD;xrks·FkkZUrjl³~ØferokP;ks /ofu%A
çLrqr i| esa dksbZ xq# vius f'k"; dks lHkk esa vPNk O;ogkj djus ds fy, mins'k nsrk gSA mins'kkgZ
f'k"; xq# ds lkeus fLFkr gS vr% lEcks/; f'k"; gqvkA f'k"; dks xq# ds lkeus jgus ij mlds fy,
^Roka* in dk ç;ksx djuk mi;qDr ugha Fkk fQj Hkh ^Roka* in dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS] bldk ;gh Qy
gS fd lHkk esa fo|eku lHkh O;fDr;ksa ls f'k"; dk fo'ks"k mins';Ro crkukA vFkkZr~ lHkk ds vU; O;fDr
çoh.k gSa dsoy rqe ¼f'k";½ gh fo}kuksa ds chp O;ogkj djus dh f'k{kk ls oafpr gks vr% rqe gh mins'k
ds ;ksX; gksA ^ofPe* ds }kjk gh drkZ dk Hkku gks tkrk gS fQj Hkh ^vfLe* ¼eS½a in dk ç;ksx f'k"; ds
çfr fo'ks"k fgrdkjdRo dks crk jgk gSA vr% ^vfLe* in vFkkZUrj esa laØfer gksdj fgrdkjdRo vFkZ

344
dks ns jgk gS rFkk ^ofPe* in ^mifn'kkfe* vFkZ esa laØfer gks tk jgk gSA bl i| esa vusd in vFkkZUrj
esa laØfer gks jgs gSa vr% ;g i| okD;xr vFkkZUrjlaØferokP;/ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
blds i'pkr~ fo'oukFk vR;UrfrjL—rokP; inxr /ofu dk mnkgj.k çLrqr djrs gSa&
vR;UrfrjL—rokP;% inxrks ;Fkk&
^fu%'oklkU/k bokn'kZ'pUæek u çdk'krs*A

bl okD; esa vU/k in –f"V-vU/kRo :i eq[;kFkZ dk R;kx djds efyurk :i vFkZ dks mifLFkr djrk
gSA pw¡fd ;gk¡ eq[;kFkZ dk frjLdkj gS vr% ;g vR;UrfrjL—rokP; /ofu dk mnkgj.k gS lkFk esa bl
i| esa dsoy ^vU/k* in dk gh vFkZ vR;UrfrjL—r gks jgk gS vr% ;gk¡ vR;UrfrjL—
rokP;/ofu inxr gSA
okD;xr vR;UrfrjL—rokP;/ofu dk mnkgj.k&
okD;xrks ;Fkk&
mi—ra cgq r= fdeqP;rs lqturk çfFkrk Hkork ije~A
fon/knh–'keso lnk l[ks! lqf[krekLLo rr% 'kjnka 'kre~AA
çLrqr i| esa ^mi—ra* ^lqturk* ^lqf[kre~* ^vkLLo* vkfn in vius vFkZ dk loZFkk frjLdkj djds
Øe'k% ^vi—ra*] ^nqtZurk*] ^nq%f[krE* vkSj ^fez;Lo* vFkZ dks mifLFkr djrs gSaA pw¡fd ;gk¡ ,d ls vf/kd
in vius eq[;kFkZ dk frjLdkj dj jgs gSa vr% ;g okD;xr vR;UrfrjL—rokP;/ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
vc vfoof{krokP;/ofu vFkkZr~ y{[Link]/ofu ds inxr vkSj okD;xr nksuksa dk mnkgj.k nsus ds ckn
tks vU; Hksn gSa tSls vlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu rFkk lay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofuA buds okD;xr gksus ds
mnkgj.k iwoZ esa fn, tk pqds gSa] blfy, fo'oukFk dgrs gSa&
vU;s"kka okD;xrRos mnkâre~] inxrRos ;Fkk&
inxr vlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu&
yko.;a rnlkS dkfUrLræwia l op%Øe%A
rnk lq/kkLineHkwn/kquk rq Tojks egku~AA
v= yko.;knhuka rk–xuqHkoSdxkspjrkO;¥~tdkuka rnkfn'kCnkukeso çk/kkU;e~] vU;s"kka rq rnqidkfjRoesofs r
rUewyd ,o /ofuO;ins'k%A
vFkkZr~ okD;xr Hksnksa dks fn[kk;k tk pqdk gS inxr Hksnksa ds mnkgj.k çLrqr djus gaSA
bl i| esa foçyEHk Ük`³~xkj gS tks ^v/kquk* in ds lkeF;Z ls O;Dr gks jgk gSA bl i| esa ,sls uk;d
dh mfDr gS tks igys fç;rek ds yko.; rFkk :i vkSj opu foykl dk vkuUn ys pqdk gS] fdUrq
vc ukf;dk dh vfo|ekurk esa mldk Lej.k Toj dks c<+kus okyk gks x;k gSA ;gk¡ ^v/kquk* in dh
O;¥~tdrk gS ftldk vFkZ gS& vHkh] & blls ;g vFkZ fudyrk gS fd uk;d dk ukf;dk ls dqN gh
{k.k iwoZ fo;ksx gqvk gS] vr% fo;ksx dh O;¥~tuk gksus ls foçyEHk Ük`axkj Li"Vr% çrhr gks jgk gSA
345
rnqDra /ofu—rk&
,dko;olaLFksu Hkw"[Link] dkfeuhA
in|ksR;su lqdos/oZfuuk Hkkfr HkkjrhAA

tSls dHkh-dHkh dkfeuh ,d gh vyadkj ds dkj.k lq'kksfHkr gks tkrh gS mlh rjg dfo dk dkO; Hkh
dHkh-dHkh ,d gh in dh O;¥~tdrk ls 'kksHkk ikus yxrk gSA
bl çdkj fo'oukFk us vlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu ds inxr O;atdrk dk mnkgj.k çLrqr fd;k blds
ckn vlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu ds tks iwoZ esa Hkkokfn/ofu Hksn crk;s x;s gSa muds Hkh mnkgj.k nsus dh
vko';drk Fkh fdUrq fo'oukFk us ,oa Hkkokfn"oI;wáe~ vFkkZr~ bl rjg Hkkokfn/ofu ds in O;atdrk
dk mnkgj.k Lo;a le> ysuk pkfg,A Hkkokfn dh inO;atdrk dk mnkgj.k blhfy, ugha fn[kk;k x;k
D;ksafd ;g Hkh vlay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu gSA ;gk¡ Hkh foHkkokfn dh vlay{;Øerk fo|eku gSA vFkkZr~ jl
vkSj Hkkokfn esa vlay{;Øerk dk lk–'; gksus ds dkj.k rFkk fo"k; Hkh ,d gksus ds dkj.k Hkkokfn/ofu
dh inO;atdrk dk mnkgj.k nsuk mfpr ugha gS] bu [Link] ls dsoy xzUFk xkSjo gksxkA
blds ckn fo'oukFk us ØeçkIr lay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu ds 'kCn 'kfDr ewy uked Hksn dk inxr
mnkgj.k çLrqr fd;k gS ftls Øe'k% çdV fd;k tk jgk gSA
inxr 'kCn'kfDrewy oLrq /ofu&
HkqfDreqfDr—nsdkUrlekns'kurRij%A
dL; ukuUnfuL;Una fon/kkfr lnkxe%AA
v= lnkxe'kCn% lfUufgreqiuk;da çfr lPNkL=kFkZefHk/kk; lr% iq#"kL;kxe bfr oLrq O;ufDrA uuq
lnkxe% lnkxe bosfr u dFkeqiek/ofu%\ lnkxe'kCn;ks#iekuksies;Hkkokfoo{[Link]~A jgL;L;
l³~xksiukFkZeso fg };FkZinçfriknue~A ç[Link];kZykspusu p lPNkL=kfHk/kkuL;klEcU/kRokr~A
bl i| esa dksbZ ukf;dk viuh lf[k;ksa ds lkFk mifLFkr gS mlh le; mldk çseh uk;d ogk¡ mifLFkr
gks tkrk gS mls vk;k gqvk ns[kdj ukf;dk dks g"kZ gksrk gS] fdUrq ukf;dk us vius g"kZ dks viuh
lf[k;ksa ls osnkfn vçLrqr fo"k; dh ppkZ djds Nqik fy;k A vFkkZr~ vius g"kZ dk okP;kFkZ vFkok fo"k;
osnkfn dks cuk fn;kA
bl i| esa ^lnkxe%* bl in ls miuk;d dh Lrqfr O;Dr gks jgh gSA vr% ;g 'kCn'kfDr ewy oLrq
ls oLrq /ofu dk mnkgj.k gSA
inxr 'kCn'kfDrewy vyadkj /ofu&
vuU;lk/kkj.k/kh/kZ̀rkf[kyolqU/kj%A
jktrs dks·fi txfr l jktk iq#"kksÙke%AA
v= iq#"kksÙke% iq#"kksÙke bosR;qiek/ofu%A vu;ks% 'kCn'kfDrewykS lay{;ØeHksnkS A

346
bl i| esa ^iq#"kksÙke%* in nks vFkksaZ dks ns jgk gSA ;g in Hkxoku~ fo".kq ds lkFk iq#"kJs"B dk Hkh
okpd gSA ^iq#"kksÙke%* in ds leLr fo'ks"k.k nksuksa vFkksZa esa laxr gSa fdUrq bl i| dk ç[Link] vFkZ
jktLrqfr gS] vr% ^iq#"kksÙke%* bl in ls O;aftr fo".kqijd vFkZ mieku ds :i esa O;Dr gksrk gSA ;gk¡
jktk vkSj fo".kq esa mies;ksieku Hkko gksus ds dkj.k miekyadkj O;Dr gksrk gSA
inxr vFkZ'kfDrewy Lor% lEHkoh oLrq ls oLrq /ofu &
lk;a Lukueqikxra ey;tsuk³~xa lekysfira
;krks·[Link]/ke=kxfr%A
vk'p;aZ ro lkSdqek;ZefHkr% DykUrkfl ;suk/kquk
us=}UneehyuO;frdja 'kDuksfr rs ukflrqeA~ A
v= Lor% lEHkfouk oLrquk —rijiq#"kifjp;k DykUrklhfr oLrq O;T;rsA rPpk/kquk DykUrkfl] u rq
iwoaZ dnkfpnfi roSoafo/k% Dyeks –"V bfr cks/k;rks·/kquk inL;Sors jinkFkksZRd"kkZnL;So inkUrjkis{k;k
oSf'k"Vîe~A
çLrqr i| esa ekxZ esa vius miifr ls je.k djds rFkk je.k ls mRiUu Je vkfn dks nwj djus okyh
fdlh ukf;dk ds çfr mldh prqj l[kh dh mfDr gS ftlus ml ukf;dk ds lHkh jgL;ksa dk tku
fy;k gSA ukf;dk dh l[kh dk dguk gS fd rqEgsa Fkdku rks ugha gksuk pkfg, Fkk D;ksfa d Fkdku ugha
gksus ds fy, lk;adkyhu Luku dkj.k fo|eku gS lkFk gh rqeus 'kjhj ij panu dk ysi Hkh fd;k gS
vr% rqEgsa Fkdku ugha gksuh pkfg, FkhA rc ij Hkh tks rqe vHkh Fkdh gqbZ yx jgh gks mldk dkj.k
rqEgkjh dkseyrk gh gSA ;gk¡ ^v/kquk* in esa O;¥~tuk gS fd igys rks Luku vkSj pUnu ds ysi ls rqEgsa
Fkdk gqvk ugha ns[kkA vr% ;g Fkdku uk;d ls je.k ds dkj.k mRiUu gS tks fd rqeus vHkh dqN
le; igys fd;k gSA bl i| ds vFkZ dks le>us ds ckn ^v/kquk* in ls ij iq#"k lalxZ :ih oLrq
dh O;atuk gks jgh gSA
inxr vFkZ'kfDrewy Lor% lEHkoh oLrq ls in xr vyadkj /ofu&
rnçkfIregknq%[kfoyhuk'ks"kikrdkA
rfPpUrkfoiqykºykn{[Link].;p;k rFkkAA
fpUr;Urh txRlwfra ija czãLo:[Link]~A
fu#PN~oklr;k eqfDra xrk·U;k xksidU;dkAA
v=k'ks"kp;inçHkkoknusdtUelglzHkksX;nq"—rlq—rQyjkf'krknkRE;k/;oflrr;k
Hkxof}jgnq%[kfpUrkºykn;ks% çR;k;ufeR;fr'k;ksfDr};çrhfrj'ks"kp;in};|ksR;kA v= p O;¥~tdL;
dfoçkS<[Link] laHkokRLor%laHkforkA
çLrqr i| esa fdlh xksih dk [Link] gS tks fdlh [Link]'k Jh—".k dh jklyhyk esa mifLFkr ugha gks
ikbZA mlds leLr ikiksa ds Hkksx Jh—".k ls fey ugha ikus ls mRiUu nq%[k Hkksx esa foyhu gks x,] rFkk
leLr iq.;ksa ds Hkksx Jh—".k dh vuojr fpUrk djus ls mRiUu vkuUn esa u"V gks x,A bl çdkj
tc iki-iq.; dqN Hkh ugha cpk rks og xksidU;k eqfDr dks çkIr gqbZA
347
;gk¡ ^v'ks"k* vkSj ^p;* nks in gSa ftlds vFkZ ls vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj O;f¥~tr gks jgk gSA ^v'ks"k* in
ds vFkZ ls vusdkusd tUeksa esa laHko ikiHkksx vkSj Hkxof}jg ds egknq%[k Hkksx dk rknkRE; dk v/;olk;
O;Dr gks jgk gS vFkkZr~ xksih dks vius fdlh ikifo'ks"k dk Qy Hkksxus ds fy, tks nq%[k lguk gS og
nq%[k Hkxoku~ ds fojg ds dkj.k mRiUu nq%[k ls gh u"V gks x;k rFkk tks mlus iq.;ksa dk lewg vftZr
fd;k gS mldk Qy vkuUn çkfIr gS og Hkxoku~ dh fpUrk ls mRiUu vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr ls u"V gks
xbZ gSA ;gk¡ Hkh nksuksa esa rknkRE; gS vr% ;gk¡ vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gSA ;gk¡ dk tks okP;kFkZ gS og bl
yksd esa laHko gS vr% ;g Lor%laHkoh gSA
inxr vFkZ'kfDrewy dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vyadkj ls vyadkj /ofu&
i';UR;la[;iFkxka Roíkutyokfguhe~A
nso! f=iFkxk··Rekua xksi;R;qxzew?kZfuAA
bna eeA v= i';Urhfr dfoçkS<ksfDrfl)su dkO;fy³~xky³~dkjs.k u ds·I;U;s nkrkjLro l–'kk bfr
O;frjsdky³~dkjks·la[;in|ksR;%A ,oeU;s"oI;FkZ'kfDrewylay{;ØeHksn"s kwnkgk;Ze~A
çLrqr i| dk tks okP;kFkZ gS og dfoçkS<ksfDr fl) gS] D;ksafd nku ds ty dh xaxk dh fLFkfr yksd
esa lEHko ugha gS dsoy dfo dh dYiuk'khyrk dk [Link] gSA ;g çLrqr i| dk dFku vyadkjkRed
gSA ;gk¡ dkO;fyax vyadkj gS D;ksafd xaxk ds f'ko dh tVk esa fNius dk dkj.k jktk ds nku ds ty
ls cuus okyh xaxk gSA bl dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) vyadkj ls O;frjsd vyadkj /ofur gks jgk gSA ;gk¡
mies; u`i-nku-ty-xaxk dk miekuHkwr HkkxhjFkh xaxk ls mRd"kZ fn[kk;k x;k gSA
bl rjg vc rd /ofu ds 35 Hksnksa dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA bl fo"k; esa fo'oukFk dgrs gSa&
rnsoa /ous% iwoksZDrs"o"Vkn'klq Hksn"s kq e/;s 'kCnkFkZ”kDR;qRFkks O;³~X;ks okD;ek=s HkoUusd%A vU;s iqu% lIrn'k
okD;s ins psfr prqfL=a'kfnfr i¥~pf=a'kn~ Hksnk%A
vFkkZr~ iwoZ esa /ofu ds tks vëkjg Hksn rkfydk ds ek/;e ls fxuk;s/n'kkZ;s x;s Fks] os dsoy okD;xr
FksA mu vëkjg Hksnksa esa tks 'kCnkFkksHZ k;”kDR;qRFk/ofu Hksn gS og dsoy okD; esa gh lEHko gks ldrk gS]
'ks"k tks l=g Hksn gSa os okD; ds lkFk gh in esa Hkh jgrs gSa vr% pkSarhl Hksn gks x,A blesa ;fn
'kCnkFkksZHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofu Hksn dks tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks ;gk¡ rd dqy Hksnksa dh la[;k 35 gks tkrh gSA
vc fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko ds 12 çcU/kxr O;atdrk dk fu:i.k djrs gSa&
çcU/ks·fi erks /khjSjFkZ”kDR;qn~Hkoks /ofu%AA10AAA
çcU/ks egkokD;sA vuUrjksDr}kn'kHksnks·FkZ”kDR;qRFk%A ;Fkk egkHkkjrs x`/kzxksek;qlaokns&
vya fLFkRok 'e'kkus·fLeu~ x`/kzxksek;qladqys A
d³~dkycgys ?kksjs loZç[Link];³~djs AA
u psg thfor% df'pr~ dky/keZeqikxr% A
fç;ks ok ;fn ok }s";% ç[Link] xfrjh–'kh AA

348
bfr fnok çHkorks x`/kzL; 'e'kkus e`ra ckyeqiknk; fr"Brka ra ifjR;T; xeufe"Ve~ A
;gk¡ çcU/k dgus dk rkRi;Z egkokD; ls gSA vHkh ftl vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gS]
og çcU/k esa Hkh gksrh gS] ftldk mnkgj.k egkHkkjr ds x`/kzxksek;q laokn dk 'yksd gS&
çLrqr i| egkHkkjr dk gSA bl i| esa fdlh dk 'ko 'e”kku esa mlds ifjtuksa ds }kjk yk;k x;k
gSA 'e”kku esa ml le; dksbZ fx) tks dh jkf= esa vU/kk gks tkus ds dkj.k dsoy fnu esa gh ekal
[kkus esa leFkZ gS& og lHkh ifjtuksa ls 'ko dks 'e”kku esa NksM+dj pys tkus ds fy, dgrk gS ftlls
og ekal [kk ldsA
çLrqr egkokD;&:i çcU/k esa tks O;aX;kFkZ gS og oLrq /ofu :i gSA bl i| esa ^rqe lHkh ;g LFkku
NksM+dj pys tkvks*& ;g O;aX; oLrq:i gSA
fx) dh mDr ckr dks lqudj ogha cSBk xhnM+ tks jkf= esa fx) ds vU/kk gks tkus ds dkj.k i;kZIr
ekal Hk{k.k esa leFkZ gS og ifjokj ds yksxksa dks 'e”kku esa gh jksduk pkgrk gS] og dgrk gS&
vkfnR;ks·;a fLFkrks ew<k! Lusga dq#r lkEçre~A
cgqfo?uks eqgwrksZ·;a thosnfi dnkpuAA
veqa [Link] ckyeçkIr;kSoue~
x`/kzokD;kRdFka ew<kLR;t/oefo'kf³~drk%AA
bfr fuf'k leFkZL; xksek;ksfnZols ifjR;kxks·ufHkyf"kr bfr okD;lewgus |ksR;rsA v= Lor%laHkoh
O;¥~td%A ,oeU;s"osdkn'kHksn"s kwnkgk;ZeA~
;gk¡ xhnM+ 'e”kku ds yksxksa dks jkf= gksus rd çrh{kk djus ds fy, dgrk gS ftlls og fx) ds
vU/kk gks tkus ds ckn jkf= esa ekal-Hk{k.k dj ldsA bl i| dk O;aX;kFkZ oLrq:i gSA ^fl;kj yksxksa
dks jksduk pkgrk gS*] ;g vFkZ oLrq/ofu ds :i esa O;Dr gks jgk gSA mi;qZDr nksuksa i|ksa dk okP;kFkZ
Lor%laHkoh gS D;ksafd bl çdkj dk vFkZ yksd esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl Lor%laHkoh vFkZ ls O;Dr
gksus okyk O;aX;kFkZ oLrq:i gSA
,oa okP;kFkZO;¥~tdRos mnkâre~A y{;kFkZL; ;Fkk& fu%'ks"kP;qrpUnue~& bR;kfnA O;³~X;kFkZL; ;Fkk&
i'; fu'pyfu"iUnk& bR;kfnA vu;ks% Lor%laHkfouksyZ{;O;³~X;kFkkSZ O;¥~tdkSA
,oeU;s"osdkn'kHksn"s kwnkgk;Ze~
fo'oukFk ds er esa 12 çdkj dk çcU/kxr vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu gS] fdUrq mUgksaus dsoy ,d Hksn dk gh
mnkgj.k çLrqr fd;k gSA fo'oukFk 'ks"k X;kjg Hksnksa ds mnkgj.k lân;ksa dks Lo;a <w¡<us ds fy, çsfjr
djrs gSa D;ksfa d ;fn lHkh [Link] dks çLrqr fd;k tkrk rks xzUFk dk vuko';d foLrkj gks tkrkA
fo'oukFk us çcU/kxr vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu dk tks ,d gh mnkgj.k fn;k gS mldk O;atd okP;kFkZ gS]
og okP;kFkZ Hkh Lor%laHkoh gS D;ksafd x`?kz xksek;q dk tks laokn gS og dfodYiukçlwr ugha gS D;ksfa d
mu nksuksa dk laokn yksd esa Hkh lEHko gks ldrk gS] vr% Lor%laHkoh gSA
blh rjg y{;kFkZ Hkh çcU/kxr vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu dk O;atd gksrk gS tSls ^fu%'ks"kP;qrpUnua* iwoksZDr
i| esa foijhry{[Link] ls cks/kO;oSf'k"Vî ls mifLFkr y{;kFkZ& ^Lukrqa u xrklh%* tks fd Lor%laHkoh gS]

349
ls ^rnfUrdeso jUrqa xrklh%* :i O;aX;kFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA bl rjg y{;kFkZ Hkh ckjg çdkj
dk gksdj çcU/kxr vFkZ”kDR;qnH~ ko/ofu dk O;atd gks ldrk gS] ftlds mnkgj.k xos"[Link]; gSaA
blh çdkj O;aX;kFkZ Hkh çcU/kxr vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu dk O;atd gks ldrk gS] tSls dh iwoksZnkâr ^i';
fu'py fu"iUnk* i| esa fu"iUn-in-|ksR; tujkfgR; :i O;aX;kFkZ tks Lor%laHkoh gS ls ^ladrs LFkku
;gh gS* :i O;aX;kFkZ O;Dr gks jgk gSA ;g O;aX;kFkZ Hkh ckjg çdkj dk gksdj çcU/kxr vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu
dk O;atd gks ldrk gSA buds Hkh vU; mnkgj.k xos"[Link]; gSaA
/;krO;& okP;kFkZ] y{;kFkZ rFkk O;aX;kFkZ ;s lHkh ¼Lor%laHkoh] dfoçkS<ksfDrfl) rFkk
dfofuc)oDr`çkS<ksfDrfl) rFkk muesa Hkh oLrq] vyadkj vkfn crk;s x;s vFkZoSfo/; ls½ ckjg-ckjg
çdkj ds gksdj vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu ds O;atd gks ldrs gSa] ftlls 36 çdkj ds vFkZ”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu ds
gksus dh lEHkkouk vkikrr% çrhr gksus yxrh gS fdUrq ;gk¡ ;g [Link] okP;kFkZ ds ckjg 12] y{;kFkZ
ds 12] O;aX;kFkZ ds 12 dh fLFkfr ls ugha gS cfYd vFkZ lkekU; dh –f"V ls gS vFkkZr~ tSls okP;kFkZ ,d
çdkj dk vFkZ gS oSls gh y{;kFkZ vkSj O;aX;kFkZ Hkh vFkZ gS] vr% rhuksa esa vFkZRo lkekU; ds gksus ls blds
12 Hksn ekuuk gh mfpr gSA

vlay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu dh fHkUu-fHkUu O;atu Hkwfe;k¡&

inka'[Link]çcU/ks"oLQqVØe%A
vlay{;ØeO;³~X;ks /ofuLr= inka'kç—frçR;;ksilxZfuikrkfnHksnknusdfo/k% A
iwoZ esa çfrikfnr vlay{;ØeO;aX; /ofu& inka'k] [Link]] jpuk vkSj çcU/k esa O;Dr gksrh gS vFkkZr~
vlay{;ØeO;³~X;/ofu dk O;atd& ç—fr] çR;;] milxZ] fuikr vkfn ls ;qDr inka'k rFkk [Link]]
jpuk vkSj çcU/k gksrs gSaA
inka'k dh O;atdrk & fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* inka'k dh O;atdrk fuEu mnkgj.k esa fn[kykrs gSa&
;Fkk&
pykik³~xka –f"Va Li`'kfl cgq'kks osiFkqerha
jgL;k[;k;ho Loufl e`[Link]%A
dja O;k/kqUoR;k% ficfl jfrloZLoe/kja
o;a rÙokUos"kkUe/kqdj! grkLRoa [kyq —rhAA
v= ^grk%* bfr u iqu% ^nq%[ka çkIroUr%* bfr gUç—rs%A
çLrqr i| esa ^grk%* dk tks ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS mlesa ^gu~* /kkrq gSA gu~ /kkrq dh ç—fr dk vFkZ ekjuk
gksrk gS] fdUrq ;gk¡ ^grk%* ds ç;ksx ls ^o;a nq%[ka çkIroUr%* dk vFkZ O;Dr gks jgk gS] ftlls foçyEHk
'k`axkj iq"V gks jgk gSA vr% ;gk¡ inka'k jl dk O;atd gSA
fuikr dh O;atdrk &
eqgqj³~xfq ylao`rk/kjks"Ba çfr"ks/kk{kjfoDyokfHkjkee~A

350
 eq[kealfoofrZ i{eyk{;k% dFkeI;qUufera u pqfEcra rqAA
v= ^rq* bfr fuikrL;kuqrkiO;¥~tdRoe~A
;gk¡ ^rq* bl fuikr ls 'kdqUryk ds v/kj dk pqEcu djus esa vlQy nq";Ur dk vuqrki O;Dr gks jgk
gS] ftlls foçyEHk Ük`x
a kj iq"V gks jgk gSA vr% ;gk¡ jl dk O;atd fuikr gSA
çR;;xr vkSj milxZxr O;atdrk &
U;Ddkjks á;eso es ;nj;Lr=kI;lkS rkil%
lks·I;=So fugfUr jk{kldqya thoR;gks jko.k%A
f/kfX/kPNØftra çcksf/krork fda [Link] ok
[Link]`FkksPNwuS% fdesfHkHkqZtS%AA
bR;knkS ^vj;%* bfr cgqopuL;] ^rkil%* bR;sdopuL;] ^v=So* bfr loZukEu%] ^fugfUr* bfr ^thofr*
bfr p fr³~x%] ^vgks* bR;O;;L;] ^xzkefVdk* bfr d:irf)rL;] ^[Link]* bfr O;qilxZL;] ^HkqtS%*
bfr cgqopuL; O;¥~tdRoe~A
çLrqr i| esa lqi~ çR;; ls cus ^vj;%* in esa tks cgqopu gS og jko.k ds fuosZn dks c<+k jgk gS D;ksafd
tks ,d Hkh 'k=q dks lg ugha ldrk og vusd 'k=qvksa dks lg jgk gS] blls jko.k dh fuosZnrk esa o`f)
gks jgh gSA ^rkil%* bl ,dopu ds lqi~ çR;; ls jko.k dk fuosZn c<+ jgk gS fd 'k=q ;fn dksbZ cM+k
jktk gks rc rks dnkfpr~ lá gS ;g lk/ku foghu riLoh esjk 'k=q gS] blls fuosZnrk míhIr jgh gSA
^v=So* bl loZuke esa Hkh O;atdrk gS] fd og riLoh 'k=q ;gha yadk esa gh fo|eku gS ¼f'kj ij e¡Mjk
jgk gS nwj jgdj rks dnkfpr~ dksbZ 'k=q tSlk O;ogkj dj Hkh ys ;g rks esjh yadk uxjh esa vkdj gh
'k=qrk dk vkpj.k dj jgk gS½ blls jko.k dk fuosZn rh{.krj O;Dr gks jgk gS] ^fugfUr* vkSj ^thofr*
esa fr³~çR;;—r O;atdrk gSA ;gk¡ ;s nksuksa /kkrq orZeku dky esa ç;qDr gSa ftlls jko.k dh vkRekieku
Hkkouk O;Dr gks jgh gS fd 'k=q jk{klksa dks ekjk ;k ekjsxk ugha cfYd orZeku esa gh ekj jgk gS] vkSj
jko.k thou /kkj.k dj jgk gSA ^vgks* vO;; in ls vk'p;Z dk Hkko O;Dr gks jgk gSA blh çdkj
^xzkefVdk* esa ç;qDr ^d* rf)r çR;; rFkk ^[Link]* esa fo milxZ vkSj ^HkqtS%* ds cgqopu esa Hkh
O;atdrk gSA
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bl i| esa vusd in O;atd gSaA ^vkgkjs* in ls ukf;dk ds thou /kkj.k ds fy, loZFkk visf{kr
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ukf;dk ds thouksik; leLr oLrqvksa ds çfr mnklhurk O;Dr gks jgh gSA blh çdkj ^ekSua* ^psn*a esa
çR;{krk-|ksrd-loZuke in ls ;g vFkZ fudyrk gS fd ukf;dk ps"Vk@ladrs ds }kjk Hkh vius vfHkçk;
dk çdk'ku ugha djuk pkgrhA blh çdkj ^vkHkkfr* esa milxZ dh rFkk ^lf[k* vkSj ^vfl Hkks* bR;kfn
inksa esa Hkh O;atdrk gSA

vlay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu esa [Link]] jpuk vkSj çcU/k dh O;atd-Hkwfe;k¡&

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bldk Kku djkuk mfpr gS bl –f"V ls [Link] vkSj jpuk dh O;atdrk crkbZ tk jgh gSA ek/kq;Z vkfn
[Link] ds }kjk jl O;Dr gksrs gSa fdUrq [Link] dk vkJ; [Link] gksrs gSa vr% [Link] Hkh jl vFkkZr~
vlay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu ds O;atd gksrs gSa] blh çdkj jpuk tks nh?kZlekl vkfn [Link] ls ;qDr jgrh gS
mlls Hkh jl O;Dr gksrs gSaA
[Link]] jpuk ds vykok çcU/k Hkh vlay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu dk O;atd gksrk gS ftldk mnkgj.k fo'oukFk
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vkSj okD;xr gksus ds dkj.k
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'kCnkFkksZHk;”kDR;qRFk dk Hksn 1
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blds ckn ;s 51 Hksn Hkh Øe'k% f=:i ladj vkSj ,dfo/k lal`f"V ds dkj.k] çR;sd ds ijLij esy ds
vk/kkj ij Hksn çHksn dh [Link] djsa rks ;g /ofu la[;k 5304 gks tk,xh&
l³~djs.k f=:is.k lal`"Vîk pSd:i;kAA
osn[kkfXu'kjk% ¼5304½
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r esa vadks dh [Link] ^vadkuka okerks xfr%* fu;e ls gksrh gS vr% ^osn[kkfXu'kjk%* ls Øe'k% çkIr 4035
la[;k dks mDr fu;e ls myVdj j[kus ij 5304 la[;k gks tkrh gSA ;gh /ofu ds Hksn dh la[;k
gSA
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:i ls tks 51 Hksn crk;s x, gSa mudks Hkh ;fn ge /ofu ds [Link] 5304 Hksnksa esa tksM+ nsa rks ;g /ofu
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s i¥~pk'krk ;kstusuRs ;FkZ%A
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feykdj 5355 Hksn gks tkrs gSaA
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foLrkj dh ppkZ fo'oukFk us dh gSA ftuesa 'kq) Hksnksa dks vkius fof/kor~ [Link] ds lkFk le>k]
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353
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v= Lrukoso [Link]] –"V; ,o uouhjtlzt bfr :id/ofujl/oU;ksjd
s kJ;kuqços'k% l³~dj%A
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dkj.k ;gk¡ :id vyadkj /ofu gS] lkFk gh uk;dukf;dkfu"B jfrHkko dh vfHkO;atuk Hkh gks jgh gSA
vr% bl i| esa vyadkj/ofu vkSj jl/ofu ds ,dlkFk fo|eku gksus ls ladj/ofu dh fLFkfr Li"Vrk
ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
f/kUoUR;ewfu enewPNZnfy/ouhfu /kwrk/ouhuân;kfu e/kksfnZukfuA
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"V :i vFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA ;s rhuksa in/ofu;k¡ ijLij fujis{k gksdj fo|eku gSa vr% lalf` "V
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gSA vr% ;gk¡ O;aX;ksa dk feJ.k ijLij fujis{k Hkko ls gS ftlls /ofulal`f"V gSA
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ds f}rh; Hksn [Link];aX; dk fu:i.k djrs gSa&
vFk [Link];³~X;e~&
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[Link];³~X; dkO; gksrk gS blds lkFk gh tgk¡ okP;kFkZ dk peRdkj vkSj O;³~X;kFkZ ds peRdkj esa
lekurk gks] ogk¡ Hkh [Link];aX; dkO; dk O;ogkj gksrk gS tSlk fd fo'oukFk us dkO; y{k.k dh
o`fÙk esa vuqÙkerk dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS fd& ^vuqÙkeRoa U;wur;k lkE;su p lEHkofr*A y{k.k
esa ^rq* in dk fuos'k djuk [Link];³~X; dkO; ds çfr fo'oukFk dh vukLFkk dk ifjpk;d gSA ^rq*
in çk;% v#fp dk cks/k djkrk gS A
bl çdkj [Link];aX;dkO; ds y{k.k dk fu:i.k djds fo'oukFk blds Hksnksa dk crkrs gSa&
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354
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ls ç/kkurk ugha jgrh] bl –f"V ls ;g [Link];aX;dkO; vkB çdkj dk gks tkrk gS] tks fuEu gS&1½
brjk³~x] 2½ dkDokf{kIr] 3½ okP;fl)~;³~x] 4½ lfUnX/kçk/kkU;] 5½ rqY;çk/kkU;] 6½ vLQqV] 7½ vxw<]
8½ vlqUnjA
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tc dksbZ jl] oLrq vkSj vy³~dkj :i O;aX;kFkZ jl] oLrq vFkok vy³~dkj :i okP;kFkZ dh flf) esa
lgk;d gks tkrk gS] rks bl fLFkfr esa ml okP;kFkZ esa vf/kd peRdkfjRo vk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ml
fLFkfr esa okP;kFkZ esa O;aX;kFkZ dk Hkh cy tqM+ tkrk gS D;ksafd O;aX;kFkZ brj vFkkZr~ okP;kFkZ dk vax gks
tkrk gS] blfy, bldk uke brjkaxO;aX; vFkok vijkaxO;aX; j[kk x;k gSA vc bldk mnkgj.k æ"VO;
gS&
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~ kj% d#.kjlL;k³~xe~ A
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lEeq[k gSA iRuh foyki djrh gSA og HkwfjJok ds gkFk dk Lej.k Ük`axkj dh voLFkk esa mlds mi;ksx
dks ysdj djrh gS] ftlls Ük`axkj jl dh vfHkO;atuk gksrh gS fdUrq ;g dFku ifr dh e`R;q csyk esa
fd;k tk jgk gS] vr% iRuh ds eu esa ç/kku:i ls Ük`axkj jl u gksdj d#.k jl gS D;ksfa d ;gk¡ d#.k
jl dh lkexzh gh tSl& s ifr dk ejuk] ân; esa 'kksd dk meM+uk] d#.kjlksfpr foHkkokuqHkkoO;fHkpkjh
dh fLFkfr fo|eku gSA vr% ;gk¡ ç/kku jl d#.k gSA e/; esa vk;k gqvk Ük`xa kj jl d#.k dks míhIr
dj jgk gS] ftlls Ük`axkj d#.k dk vax gks x;k gSA vr% ;g brjkaxO;aX; dk mnkgj.k gSA

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Hkko dk vax gks tkrk gS] tSl&
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[Link];aX; dkO; dk mnkgj.k çLrqr djrs gSa&
tuLFkkus HkzkUra dude`xr`".kkfU/krf/k;k
opks oSngs hfr çfrineqnJq çyfire~A
—rk y³~dkHkrqZoZnuifjikVh"kq ?kVuk
e;kIra jkeRoa dq'kyolqr u Rof/kxrkAA
v= jkeRoa çkIrfeR;opus·fi 'kCn'kDrsjos jkeRoeoxE;rsA opusu rq lk–
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uhre~A
çLrqr i| ds çkjfEHkd rhu [Link] esa 'kCn'kfDr dh efgek ls dfo vkSj jke tks Øe'k% mies; vkSj
mieku gSa& ds dkj.k miekyadkj O;Dr gks jgk gS] pkSFks pj.k esa ^e;kIra jkeRoa* :i lk{kkr~ dFku ls
miek okP;dksfV esa yk nh xbZ gS] ftlls çkjfEHkd rhuksa [Link] esa miek dk xksiu gVk fn;k x;k]
vr% 'kCn'kfDr ls O;Dr miekyadkj dfofoof{kr okP;kFkZ ds çfr vax cu x;k gS vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ jke dk
lk–'; okP;kFkZ ds vUo; esa miiknd gksus ls vax cu x;k gS] vr% çLrqr i| esa 'kCn”kDR;qn~Hko/ofu:i
miekyadkj tks lay{;ØeO;aX; dk Hksn gS og çLrqr okP; dk vax cu x;k gS ftlls ;g i| Hkh
[Link];aX; dk mnkgj.k gSA
2½ dkDokf{kIrO;aX; dk mnkgj.k
tgk¡ O;aX;kFkZ fdlh in dh dkdq vFkkZr~ mPpkj.k lEcU/kh /ofu fo—fr ls fudyrk gks] fdUrq ml
O;aX;kFkZ ds çHkko ls okP;kFkZ ds lkSUn;Z ij dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+rk gks] og dkDokf{kIr O;aX; uked
[Link];aX; dkO; dgrkyk gS tSl& s
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v= eFukE;soRs ;kfnO;³~X;a okP;L; fu"ks/kL; lgHkkosu fLFkre~A
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dh mifLFkfr gks tkrh gS rc tkdj ;g vFkZ gksxk fd& ^lejs dksikr~ dkSjo'kra u eUFkkfe bfr u*
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vr% O;aX;kFkZ ls okP;kFkZ ds peRdkj esa dksbZ U;wurk ugha vkrh vr% ;g [Link];aX; dk Hksn gSA
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nkokuy] vkidk ;g çrki loZ= ç[kj :i ls çTTofyr fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA
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dk leku:i ls okpd gSA ;gk¡ ^oSfjoa'k% 'k=qdqyeso oa'kks [Link]% r= nkokuy% nkokfXuLo:i%* :i ls
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çrki vkSj nkokuy ds vHksnkjksi dh flf) dk vax cu x;k gSA
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mekeq[ks fcEcQyk/kjks"Bs O;kikj;kekl foykspukfuAA
bR;knkS foykspuO;kikjpqEcukfHkyk"k;ks% çk/kkU;s lUnsg%A
tSls vkdk'k esa pUæ ds mn; ds le; leqæ esa mQku vkus yxrk gS mlh rjg Hkxoku~ 'kadj dk
¼ikoZrh dks ns[kdj½ /kS;Z u"V gksus yxk] vkSj mUgksaus fcEcQy dh rjg vksaB okys ikoZrh ds eq[k dks
ns[kus ds fy, vius rhuksa us=ksa dks yxk;kA

çLrqr i| esa f'ko dk ikoZrh fo"k;d ^pqEcukfHkyk"k* O;aX; gS fdUrq bl O;aX;kFkZ dh ç/kkurk foykspu-
O;kikj ds lkSUn;Z ds dkj.k lfUnX/k çrhr gks jgh gSA
5½ rqY;çk/kkU;O;³~X;
tc okP;kFkZ vkSj O;aX;kFkZ dk peRdkj leku gks rc rqY;çk/kkU;O;aX; uked [Link];aX; dkO;Hksn
gksrk gS] tSl&
s
czkã.kkfrØeR;kxks Hkorkeso Hkwr;sA
tkenXU;'p oks fe=eU;Fkk nqeZuk;rsAA

357
v= ij'kqjkeks j{k%dqy{k;a dfj";rhfr O;³~X;L; okP;L; p lea çk/kkU;e~A
mDr ij'kqjke dh mfDr ls ;g O;aX;kFkZ fudy jgk gS fd ^;fn vki czkã.k dk vieku djrs gSa rks
;g ij'kqjke 'kh?kz gh jk{kloa'k dk loZuk'k dj nsxk*& bl O;aX;kFkZ ds peRdkj dh vis{kk i| ds
okP;kFkZ dk vFkkZr~ ^ij'kqjke dh fe=rk fuHkkus ls jk{kloa'k dk dY;k.k gS*] lkSUn;Z Hkh de ughaA vr%
çLrqr i| esa okP;kFkZ vkSj O;aX;kFkZ ds peRdkj esa rqY;cy gS] bl –f"V ls ;g [Link];aX; dkO; gSA
6½ vLQqV O;³~X;
tgk¡ ij O;aX; dh çrhfr esa Li"Vrk u gks] vFkkZr~ tgk¡ O;aX; vLi"V gks] ogk¡ ij [Link];aX; dkO;
gksrk gSA O;aX; dh Li"Vrk ugha gksus ij mlds peRdkjdkfjRo esa U;wurk vkrh gS] blfy, oSls LFky
ij [Link];aX; dkO; gksrk gS] tSls&
lU/kkS [Link] foxzgs p ç[Link]%A
vYykonhuu`irkS u lfU/kuZ p foxzg%AA
v=kYykonhuk[;s u`irkS nkulkekfneUrjs.k ukU;% ç'keksik; bfr O;³~X;a O;qRiUukukefi >fVR;LQqVe~ A
mnkâr i| dk O;aX;kFkZ ;g gS fd vykmíhu f[kyth dks dsoy lke vkSj nke ls gh çlUu fd;k tk
ldrk gS] fdUrq ;g O;aX;kFkZ ,slk gS ftls ifjiDo cqf) ds yksx Hkh 'kh?kz le> ugha ldrs] bls le>us
ds fy, le; dh vis{kk gS] vr% le;—r O;o/kku ds dkj.k bl O;aX; dk dksbZ peRdkj ugha gS] vr%
;g dkO; [Link];aX; dk fo"k; gSA
7½ vxw<O;³~X;

dHkh-dHkh fdlh dkO; esa O;aX;kFkZ vxw< vFkkZr~ Rofjr :i esa O;Dr gks tkrk gS] okP;kFkZ dh çrhfr
gksrs gh O;aX;kFkZ dh vxw< jhfr ls çrhfr gks tkuk] O;aX;kFkZ ds peRdkj dks U;wu djus esa dkj.k gks
tkrk gS] vr% bl fLFkfr esa [Link];aX; dkO; gksrk gS] tSl&
s
vusu yksdxq#.kk lrka /keksZinsf'kukA
vga czrorh LoSjeqDrsu fder% ije~AA
v= çrh;ekuks·fi 'kkD;equfs Lr;ZX;ksf"kfr cykRdkjksiHkksx% LQqVr;k okP;k;eku bR;xw<e~A
çLrqr i| esa 'kkD;eqfu us fdlh uhp L=h ds lkFk cykRdkj fd;k gS] dk vfHkçk; O;³~X; ds :i esa
fudy jgk gS] fdUrq ;g okP;kFkZ dh çrhfr dh rjg lHkh ds fy, Li"V gSA
8½ vlqUnjO;³~X;

oSls rks O;aX;kFkZ çk;% lqUnjrk gh /kkj.k djrk gS fdUrq dHkh-cdHkh O;aX;kFkZ dk lkSUn;Z okP;kFkZ ds
lkSUn;Z ds vkxs Qhdk iM+ tkrk gS] vr% okP;kFkZ dh vis{kk O;aX;kFkZ ds lqUnj u gksus ls [Link];aX;
dkO;Hksn gksrk gS] tSl&s
okuhjdq¥~tksM~Mhu'kdqfudksykgya Ük`.oUR;k%A
x`gdeZO;ki`rk;k o/ok% lhnUR;³~xkfuAA
358
v= nÙkl³~drs % df'pYyrkx`ga çfo"V bfr O;³~X;kr~ ^lhnUR;³~xkfu* bfr okP;L; peRdkj%
lân;lao|
s bR;lqUnje~A
;gk¡ fdlh us çseh fdlh L=h dks csar ds fdlh dqat esa feyus ds fy, le; fn;k Fkk] og le;kuqlkj
ogk¡ igq¡p x;k] fdUrq ?kj ds dk;Z esa O;Lr gks tkus ds dkj.k o/kw ugha igq¡p ikbZ] tc ml dqat ls
if{k;ksa dh QM+QM+kgV gksrh gS rks og le> tkrh gS] fd esjk çseh igq¡p x;k& bl dkj.k mlds vax
f'kfFky iM+us yxsA vr% çseh dqt a esa igq¡p x;k gS bl O;aX;kFkZ ds lkSUn;Z dh vis{kk] okP;kFkZ dk
lkSUn;Z gh lqUnj gS] bl dkj.k ;g [Link];aX; dkO; gSA
[Link];aX; dh vU;kU; çdkj dh lEHkkouk
fo'oukFk iwoksZDr [Link];aX; dkO; ds dqN vU; Hksnksa dh Hkh lEHkkouk djrs gq, dgrs gSa&
fd¥~p ;ks nhidrqY;;ksfxrkfn"kwiek|y³~dkjks O;³~X;% l [Link];³~X; ,oA dkO;L; nhidkfneq[ksuSo
peRdkjfo/kkf;Rokr~A
fo'oukFk ds mDr dFku dk vk'k; ;g gS fd nhid] rqY;;ksfxrk vkfn vyadkjksa esa O;aX; :i ls
miek vkfn vyadkj jgrs gSa fdUrq nhidkfn vyadkjksa ds LFky ij Hkys gh miekfn vyadkj O;aX; gksa
rks Hkh ogk¡ miekfn vyadkj ls peRdkj mRiUu ugha gksrk cfYd ogk¡ okP;Hkwr nhid vyadkj ls
peRdkj mRiUu gksrk gSA nhidkfn vyadkjksa esa miekfn vyadkj dh O;aX;rk vlqUnj gksrh gS] vr% bl
fLFkfr esa O;Dr miekfn vyadkj [Link];aX; dh [Link] esa vk tkrs gSa] blh vk'k; dh iqf"V ds fy,
fo'oukFk vkuUno/kZukpk;Z dh dkfjdk m)`r djrs gSa&
;nqDra /ofu—rk&
vy³~dkjkUrjL;kfi çrhrkS ;= HkklrsA
rRijRoa u dkO;L; uklkS ekxksZ /ouseZr%AA
vFkkZr~ vy³~dkjkUrj dh çrhfr esa tgk¡ okP; dk rRijRo Hkkflr ugha gksrk og /ofu dk ekxZ ugha
gSA
blh rjg vkpk;Z fo'oukFk [Link];aX; dh vU; lEHkkouk dh Hkh ppkZ djrs gSa&
;= p 'kCnkUrjkfnuk xksiu—rpk#RoL; foi;kZl%A

vFkkZr~ dHkh-dHkh O;aX;kFkZ ds jgL; dks fdlh okpd 'kCn ds }kjk yxHkx çdV dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks
,slh fLFkfr esa O;aX;kFkZ dh xw<r+ k vFkok lkSUn;Z u"V gks tkrk gS vkSj og vxw< n'kk dks çkIr dj
ysrk gS] tSl&s
;Fkk&
–"Vîk ds'ko! xksijkxâr;k fdf¥~pUu –"Va e;k
rsuk= L[kfyrkfLe ukFk! ifrrka fda uke ukyEclsA
,dLRoa fo"kes"kq f[kUueulka lokZoykuka xfr&

359
 xksZI;soa xfnr% lys'keorkn~ xks"Bs gfjoZf'pje~AA
v= xksijkxkfn'kCnkuka xksis jkx bR;kfnO;³~X;kFkkZuka lys'kfefr insu LQqVr;kHkkl%A lys'kfefr inL;
ifjR;kxs /ofujsoA
bl i| ds Åij ds rhuksa [Link] esa tks —".k esa xksfi;ksa dk çse O;aX;kFkZ :i esa O;Dr gks jgk gS mldk
jgL; 'yksd esa ^xksijkx*] ^L[kfyrk*] vkSj ^ifrrka* tSls 'kCnksa dk f'y"V gksuk Fkk fdUrq prqFkZ pj.k esa
^lys'ke~* in ds ç;ksx ls O;aX; dks yxHkx vfHk/kko`fÙk ls dg fn;k x;k] vr% ;g dkO; Hkh [Link];aX;
dh fLFkfr esa vk x;k gSA ;fn bl i| esa ^lys'ke~* in dks gVk fn;k tk;s rks ;g dkO; /ofu dkO;
dk mnkgj.k gks tk,xkA
dkO; dh /ofu:irk vkSj [Link];³~X;rk& ,d vfHkKku
vc fo'oukFk /ofudkO; vkSj [Link];aX;dkO; dk vfHkKku djus dk jgL; crk jgs gSa fd fdlh
dkO; dks /ofudkO; blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ogk¡ dksbZ u dksbZ jl ç/kku :i ls O;aX; jgk djrk
gSA tc dksbZ e/;orhZ oLrq] vyadkj vFkok jl ml dkO; esa O;Dr gks jgs gksa fdUrq os ml ç/kku jl
dh vis{kk vYi peRdkj dk dkj.k gksus ls [Link] gks tkrs gSa vr% ogk¡ ç/kku jl ds vk/kkj ij /ofu
dkO; gksrk gS] bl i{k esa vkuUno/kZu Hkh [kM+s gSa] vr% fo'oukFk vkuUno/kZu ds er dks m)`r djrs
gSa&
fd¥~pA ;= oLRoy³~dkjjlkfn:iO;³~X;kuka jlkH;Urjs [Link]= ç/kku—r ,o dkO;O;ogkj%A
rnqDra rsuSo &
vFkkZr~ tc oLrq] vyadkj vkSj jl :i vFkZ nwljs jl:i O;aX;kFkZ dh vis{kk [Link] dks çkIr djsa rks
ogk¡ tks vFkZ loZç/kku gks mlh ds uke ls dkO; dk O;ogkj gksrk gS] tSlk fd vkuUno/kZukpk;Z us dgk
gS fd&
çdkjks·;a [Link];³~X;ks·fi /ofu:irke~A
/kÙks jlkfnrkRi;Zi;kZykspu;k iqu%AA bfrA
;g [Link];aX; dkO; dk çdkj Hkh jlkfn ds rkRi;Z ls ns[ks tkus ls /ofu :i gks tkrk gSA
blds ckn fo'oukFk [Link];aX; dh ,d vkSj lEHkkouk O;Dr djrs gSa&
;= rq&
;=ksUenkuka çenktukukeHkzafyg% '[Link];w[k%A
laU/;kHkzea ç[Link]·I;u³~xusiF;fof/ka fo/kÙksAA
bR;knkS jlknhuka uxjho`ÙkkUrkfnoLrqek=s·³~xRoe~] r= rs"kkerkRi;Zfo"k;Ros·fi rSjos [Link]%
dkO;O;ogkj%A ^rnqDreLen~xks=[Link][;[Link]% & okD;kFkZL;k[[Link])os|r;k
rUe;hHkkosukLoknn'kk;ka xq.kç/kkuHkkokoHkklLrkoUukuqHkw;rs] dkykUrjs rq ç[Link];kZykspu;k
HkoUuI;lkS u dkO;O;ins'ka O;kgUrqeh'k%] rL;kLoknek=k;ÙkRokr~* bfrA

360
çLrqr dkO; esa jlkfn uxjho`ÙkkUr esa vax cu x;s gSa D;ksafd jlkfn ds rkRi;Z ls mDr dkO; ugha
fy[kk x;k gS] vr% ;gk¡ jlkfn [Link] gS] vkSj blh dkj.k ,sls dkO; ds fy, [Link];aX; uke dk
O;ogkj gSA bl fo"k; esa fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* vius lxks= [Link]"B [Link] ds fopkj dks O;Dr
djrs gSa fd dkO;kFkZ v[k.M cqf) vFkok ,d?ku çfrHkkl:i laosnu dk fo"k; gqvk djrk gSA blh esa
lân;ân; rUe;rk j[kk djrk gS ftlls mls vkuUnpeRdkj feyk djrk gSA dkO;kFkZ ds vkuUnkuqHko
ds le; D;k ç/kku gS D;k vç/kku gS dk vuqHko ugha gksrkA vc ;fn vkuUnkuqHko ds i'pkr~ ç[Link]
dh i;kZykspuk ls çk/kkU;kçk/kkU; dk irk pys rks mlls dkO;çcU/k ds Lo:i laLFkku dh D;k {kfr\
dkO; dk [Link]; rks ç[Link] i;kZykspuk ds igys gh vkLoknkuqHkoek= esa gks pqdk gksrk gSA vr% ;gk¡
lân; dks uxjho`ÙkkUr :i oLrq ds Kku ls vkuUn feyrk gS vr% ;gk¡ oLrq dk çk/kkU; gS jlkfn dh
vaxrk gS vr% ;g dkO; [Link];aX; dk mnkgj.k gSA
10-2-3 fp=dkO;
mÙkedkO; rFkk e/;edkO; dk fu:i.k djus ds ckn fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* r`rh; dkO; çdkj ftldk
uke v/ke gS mldh leh{kk djrs gSaA fo'oukFk fp= dkO; ds fu:i.k ds çlax esa eEeV vkfn ¼v/ke
dkO; dks ekuus okys½ vkpk;ksaZ ds fcuk uke fy, gh muds er dk [[Link] djrs gq, dgrs gSa&
dsfpfPp=k[;a r`rh;a dkO;HksnfePNfUrA
rnkgq%&
^'kCnfp=a okP;fp=eO;³~X;a Rooja Le`re~A* bfrA
rUu] ;fn fg vO;³~X;Rosu O;³~X;kHkkoLrnk rL; dkO;Roefi ukLrhfr çkxsoksDre~A bZ"kn~ O;³~X;Rofefr
psr~] fda ukes"kn~O;³~X;Roe~\ vkLok|O;³~X;Roe~] vukLok|O³~X;Roe~ ok\ vk|s çkphuHksn;ksjos kUr%ikr%A
f}rh;s RodkO;Roe~A ;fn pkLok|Roa rnk·{kqæRoeso {kqærk;keukLok|Rokr~A
rnqDra /ofu—rk&
ç/[Link];ka O;³~X;L;Soa O;ofLFkrsA
mHks dkO;s rrks·U;|ÙkfPp=efHk/kh;rsAA bfrA
bfr lkfgR;[Link] /[Link];³~X;k[;dkO;Hksnfu:[Link] uke prqFkZ% ifjPNsn%A
mi;qZDr o`fÙk dk vk'k; ;gk¡ la{ksi esa çdV fd;k tk jgk gSA fo'oukFk ds er dk lkj ;gh gS fd
ftl dkO; esa O;aX; dk vHkko jgrk gS ogk¡ v/ke dkO; gksrk gS] ;fn O;aX; dk vHkko gksuk gh v/ke
dkO; dgykrk gS] tks mls dkO; gh ugha dgk tk ldrk] D;ksafd O;aX; dh lÙkk esa gh dkO;Ro gksrk
gS] vU;Fkk ughaA ;fn v/ke dkO; og gS ftlesa FkksMk+ O;aX; gks] & rks ;g FkksM+k O;aX; fdls dgsx
a s\
;g ç'u mifLFkr gksrk gS] D;ksafd bZ"kr~ O;aX;Ro Li"V ugha gS A oSls O;aX; nks çdkj dk ns[kk tkrk
gS& vkLok| vkSj vukLok|A ;fn v/ke dkO; dk O;aX; vkLok| gksrk gS rc rks bl v/ke dkO; dh
vko';drk gh ugha gS D;ksafd O;aX; dh vkLok|rk dh fLFkfr dsoy mÙke dkO; vkSj e/;e dkO; esa
gh gks ldrh gS] vr% bl v/ke dkO; dk vUrHkkZo iwoksZDr mÙke vkSj e/;e dkO; esa gh gks tk,xkA
;fn v/ke dkO; dk O;aX; vukLok| gksrk gS rks fQj bls dkO; ekuus ls Hkh D;k ykHk\] vr% dkO;
ds mDr mÙke vkSj e/;e nks Hksn gh ekU; gSaA

361
10-3 lkjka'k

çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls vkius vkpk;Z fo'oukFk ^dfojkt* tks fd lkfgR;niZ.k xzUFk ds ys[kd gaS]
muds }kjk fu:fir dkO;Hksnksa dk v/;;u fd;kA vkpk;Z fo'oukFk loZçFke /ofudkO; dk fu:i.k
djrs gSa bls mÙke dkO; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fo'oukFk us okP;kFkZ ls O;aX;kFkZ dh ç/kkurk gksus ij /ofu
dkO; ekuk gS rFkk bl dkO; ds vusd Hksn Hkh fd, gSaA tSls ;g /ofudkO; loZçFke vfoof{krokP;/ofu
vFkkZr~ y{[Link]/ofu vkSj foof{krkU;ijokP;/ofu vFkkZr~ vfHk/kkewyk/ofu Hksn esa foHkDr gSA blesa
y{[Link]/ofu ds nks Hksn fd, x, gSa& vFkkZUrjlaØferokP; vkSj vR;UrfrjL—rokP;A blds
ckn vfHk/kkewyk/ofu ds nks Hksn fd, x, gSa& 1½ vlay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu] 2½ lay{;ØeO;aX;/ofuA bu
nksuksa esa vlay{;ØeO;aX;/ofu vusd Hksnksa esa fo|eku gksus ij Hkh ,d Hksn okyk gh ekuk x;k gSA blds
ckn tks lay{;ØeO;aX; gS og rhu çdkj dk gS 'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu] vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu vkSj
mHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofuA 'kCn”kDR;qRFk/ofu Hkh oLrq vkSj vy³~dkj Hksn ls nks çdkj dk gS] vFkZ”kDR;qRFk/ofu
ds ckjg Hksn gSaA mHk;”kDR;qRFk/ofu ,d gh çdkj dk gSA blds ckn in okD; vkfn dh O;atdrk ds
dkj.k bl /ofuçdkj ds vusd Hksn fd, x, gSa] ftls vkius bdkbZ esa i<+k gSA blds ckn vkius dkO;
ds nwljs Hksn [Link];aX; ds ckjs esa i<+kA ;g vkB çdkj dk gSA fo'oukFk us v/ke dkO; dh lÙkk
dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k gS D;ksfa d fo'oukFk jl dks ekuus okys vkpk;Z gSa] jl dh lÙkk v/ke dkO; esa
ugha cu ldrhA vr% fo'oukFk ds er esa bl v/ke dkO; dh fLFkfr ugha cu ldrhA

10-4 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

 lkfgR;[Link]~~]O;k[;kdkj vkpk;Z “ks’kjkt”kekZ jsXeh] pkS[kEck d``’.knkl vdkneh] [Link]]

2010
 lkfgR;niZ.k%] O;k[;kdkj% ia- gjsdkURkfeJ%] pkS[kEHkk vksfj;UVkfy;k] fnYYkh]2017
 lkfgR;niZ.k%] O;k[;kdkj Jh”kkfyxzke”kkfL=] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYYkh]1986A
 lkfgR;niZ.k ] O;k[;kdkj feJks·fHkjktjktsUnz%] v{k;oV izdk”ku iz;kxjktA
 lkfgR;niZ.k%] ¼eatw&laLd``rO;k[;k& fgU|uqoknksirs %½ O;k[;kdkj [Link]& pkS[kEck
lqjHkkjrh izdk”ku] [Link]] l0 2054
 lkfgR;niZ.k&fo”oukFk] ¼O;k[;kdkj½lR;ozrflag] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou] [Link]] 1988
10-5 vH;kl ç'u

1 vkpk;Z fo”oukFk ds vuqlkj /ofudkO; dks Li’V dhft,A

2 [Link];aX; dkO; ds fdrus Hksn gSa\ lksnkgj.k Li’V dhft,A
3 vkpk;Z fo”oukFk dk v/ke dkO; ds fo’k; esa D;k er gS\ fyf[k,A

362