odtlite “hy? Module Resistors eterna! Dota es x lup foe 1A Rotting bak a biKdAY CARL capable of storing 4-bik Informobere ancl: can | he connected toqetnea +6 peyorm counthg Speration: , Such ao qreup of Hip Ptop Tx called counter. & Group of Fup Flops used fo Store a werd is catledd “Reqiators’ - : Buyer Resi ters A l c D da MA Dy | De a! Bo Ol ia Oat |-@ © Oo lt ¢ (! Ck & he slucple reqis ter congtructed weith u— D4Up flops : ; : + Whis teastor fg abso colted bu} ex Peal ste, * Bock Pip flap. ia trigguued nei fhe commen Wega Hve Edige Clock pulse. ’ 4 uo : wi 6 ORE 5 pule £ Vin fe case negatives clock adye atizer, Stored binary infos mation Qa Qn, Qc fo [= ¥ ep Lai becomss A,B. cD. iretdn HRs Veqisten M D- FUp flaps are tured 3g SL can Store t- bit at te Iufov ma Hon «hat H, eye. ef fep ftop stager In athe peas agers tk totat> ttorage capacity. tentratted Bufyer reasteu' gD %wWe can central tp and Yp Of the reqistexs by aoa hi state dhvice ab Ha Yp ande/p side ¢ the- Teg ster . So gue ies iy called contratted Bubhen a Ffristate switchs os used to coural He operate, When yous moon to store Gallas in rent {tho : iV he (bead ber write Sianal. tow sia ee ue q oF He tp p poe you synont fp Bota ot the ore yes have % jo activate tht be read, Siqnat teusaot he SP. raf er Tegisters One uted to Red Bae Rel Werae WaneL sinter is p naiEyerone inert tey cea (MOF Gen tee, bit binary ik formatter and. hit Peqisten done store ph bit binary Trformea ton. Shit registers in Teqpisten aye e th inary moved frome stage fo stage welthin a reqister oy is fer pen” applications 4 inte oor OU Ct He req : is pie! rove nanich OT shiping ae infor mation, chock pulses - his type 58 aurential for cesctat arithmotic and bogie gperation used M ricre pracesora. eyhis loads oe qrene, i) rey ters eatted SWE e Dat “CE EEA ws Serfal shite right Gerial Skil teh fhen auk ee Databit ; Ponattel Shi - ins, y pata bit | Paraltet swift Cot = ca Rotabe righ Refate lttype, 4 sui teqjaieu ) Sokal Im serial Out a Sevat Wn porate) out 3) Ranaltet iN soot. out 4), Paralfel tn Penal uk i ape > Sy) [Riditectonel » Sik register, } Serta in seatah out. (SESO) ,, Ex: Wor (vet sua)’ 0 ° GUO TS ae F i 4 on" “Oop i 06°60. 4101fer ron Ceiqns Bilt \ * % ee 9 0 9 Nned z Pay = (= Qs8291 Go =10U ot, Vis vot eae %, rot }) Seal in Paraier ont “CSE tO) Qo : Q Qe Ciaht shtit8) Ponatel in sextal out suk] food F hear ane W -rpuk Une fo enter data An paralle the reqish " wee le Uinta ane Aho, Av A> and As, + SWI load is He tontral Vp wohich allous shitt a Loading © peration ol ths register | v hen Skt (CSad ig lous qate Qo trabled e allowing eack ip. data bli to Re applied fo D imput 4 rea pectve tip Flop. Gie Gi G3 F bMton clock pelre is applled dtr ip flop with Det ws feb and thore with Deo is Tege®. Chu atl DVB ose Ctosed _Blwasttans Otay 4M Gh | Load Ve igh gate Ga Gs j@e ant pkabled , trie atlonss the data’ bit 4o., shit ight do one Shage in Ma register. . + dhe Of gates at He D Vp aq Fhe | . a BLY dgp Step atlous eithea the Porullel data entryoperation He stat operation. un) Porattel rn Pergalted oerl: Ro lea ® ic fats 3) BidirecH mal Bit remda tea cue Sertal dala dsp tor i b> Go! :) Bilfrectienad’ shift register prstih, Ronald lead (u- btt) a atu ql zi Decoder | 6 | aL es Sty So n Serfaldade | In Pow Tignt ~ ShiftW- bet |, 4 n-bit, cle | counters alte | (Counters ed : ° 4 i 1 i | Counters | [Ea ue jes] n-bit - N-bit output Qubpul +ve edge hrtqquud 3 > -yve edge -Hiqqeud m-bit Counter m- bik counter >A qromp of tip Pepe’ connected toqethea forma a regis tea. Shy cegtatear ta used for Storing and shi{ ring the dats wokich In form Of 4's and o's entre form and Oxternal source. 9A o > A counter ie a reqtater capable of counting He Nuneber 4 clack pulser arriving ob TH clock Input 4 Cosine representa Hu nurmbor S check pubes arrived tu n-bit binary counter har hn PLip top. 4 has a distinck stakes of ourput PE Q- bie counter hor 2 Petp Atops digtinck gates “001 01, to D3 bE binary counter has 3 Up Pep haz g distinc States 3.2 O00, O01 , OO ,OF1 100, IDT, ILO ,ittl ne Marinuim Count tat binary coxnte can a ta LEhQ- dit binary counter; the maximum Count 18 gua SuBiya counters ) byredonans counters 9) Asyrcchronau.t counters i Ripple counters. Syn chra nous Counters edn tela type Hee te no | connection . bine output 4 18b {lp Heep and clock np of And flip ftep. +AU fo Peeps are cbocked sinutbanzos ly. & Reign Invetver complex leqic dreuits ag no. Ff states Increases. © Ae Clock ia sinwu Hane ores by qen fe all ttip Plops , how ja N© prablem of propagation olay. Hence Hay aon high spud counters and axe eed len as ince ager In the given tain. Asun chroneut Count ou “| dn Hels Lupe of counters Pip Plops as connected i fuck a HO drat ouspuk of ast ftip flop Asdives te clock for a mort HP Flop - at Au Pip flops not clocked sink Panccercs ly . & Kogpe cirosit & very sincple ever {or iposre na. ci Stakes.’ * Man dravsbacle of this Counter bh (ue speed as tks clock \ pre-pag ated [tarough. ho. CT Pulp tops before iE reaches: (ost tip flops | Puip Plop.* (When Counterg [4 Clockocl [ee {tip flop in Hh counter vA triggered at the sane Called counters ” jg ou as. Synchro news counted + Asynchrencs oF TApple counter consists o estes connect 0 Condpeting dnh noite artpuk, of, each Jip toy tonnected to, clock in pe of aoxt fuip flop. quip flop holding | tho least sgn fica bit wecefves te een cect Pte | Modulus... ye counters ee | lof. yo. ota. count ‘64 “Qtable slater a counters can indice, In ¢ called ee saad Fk Maduler ah M stage counter K9eulgl® be incl caling (0000). ~ (uid eae ‘ dhe fom Module, it wed to ascribe tericount capabitity t Counters. nian by Mod ~ “6 Ss Count from ote ss) i 9 Mod 10 ‘count trove ode ey Bie” ripple | As yuckrono ut counteu | hq ‘ : O Ts —r," tl ef FFA | Ge] FFS i Ik +4 KA Cassa ks 4. [FeSmu chock %4 wmplemonted | we Shautd dake nogative cage tiggentng ar 7 | é hk O Qe Te oth Fra Lt Fee 4—eie Frc i & & te GA mea ee y Ge Wolter? re‘Acynchro nous ripple down counter i bi Asyn chron ews down Counter il kA Ja tA 8n Or p — eee ases es 7 Spee) Crees Oo. | is et] ' : % t i. dpuon Design ripple * counter for 9 Stage chock Pure fttlt 1, bald tT, 1 4 t QM BT f 1 ' ' ' 8} ! Lo Sine | ;~—_—- Ary nchronous up/down Comber | ml@la | o lo ss Pal § y 6 0 . ] YQ evips p= Clk 1 1 dove F = fo need. é-\'4 Olo AE 2 " offi jefijs 1 |o | O}o Be plague a [zon tes, wu \_@ ov n__t0 : 1 oOo] | {free 3 itt Counting slot |efo era \ ofo jue hohen M=O , kt Je RGtMg ae as deur a counter = poken MET, cht “ace Vos up egunt. I. &— : ee? jo oaths atthe rs. GL, ; 3 [aM ‘of blt- Asunchroneer, Up/eam cosinteri Cees EA Qt Op } CWA EL can | Ta Jae 57846 } the ares 6 a at ' a i 1 ‘ Uieg = HAA tan Qa lf i ° oe ate ; ria + aay (——e jb tes 4 t J eG lee free oe ee @ E> % : Faking Met OFA fe | 'f a Cie B= HARM O, ' / i ae . . + tea 2 ents ka cK = 4. 1 ' Clea = WG@aa Man vb les aes cies} f \ £3 Iw h~ bIE Avr chroneus up| dawn Counter Sym creerenat ihe t mG se ik & ck FFA FFE FF w to & Fe & PTPeco dtlng gates wed +o Indfeate pohother Counters parti cadar stage. gon tonnecked to the AND qete as of and qate ques high fos @ Decading gates ank vue reachah te sulput- of counters inpuks and cutput pastteular stage. Qaiqn a Lecode ale Pos Sage -F ws ie ¥ edie. 9 Se a, a : st \2 1 3 yeF o=a| oO os eu se Te ey eG ' a fats 2 a j—4 cite, ' hg O yt ke Ga} | Lore Ga {re G&L A ° Boh y, fh eae : Tesch aad \ Ee , ‘A 2 Dean ia) Sheedy =A Mi cle a i z— mh a Js Gel L Te Ge ae OA A Litas cite a= _4 ty Ga te Sa) Fe Ge) : AS ; 4 5 e “3 sp) ¢ SY es 7 L/ saps Problems fad by ripple counter oy Glitch, problems Qu fe propagatlen delay Ho output of Lup top fs delaiy ad by the Hyrae Tp. ~ fhe ofp 9 flip-flop A triqges thse’ flip flop 6 [th Hence theByoave form 4 | dolatyed by 4 flip flop delay tine TpoT Py ye vanes ' A al Pate fee : b 7 oe one c sttslty 9a ml thle at Datiqn of ripple oF Asynchronisur counter Stept! Determine the no. of ftp Peps needled. Step: Choose” te type of Ptip flops to be used steps: hore the truth fable for the Counter steph: Denive tHe rest logic by K-\map: simplification Sepsi Prawn the Conic cliagram. t)Balgn Be ripple cauin ter Using TK Pip Flop: Le ‘B} Cc [p y eye ! om 0 0 rey 0 0 0 oO 0 --~ -0 00,0 ioe ase WN ee SPF 2000 0]y =~O90- oa 2O-O OOi ' Dr Naigqn Med @ ripple Caunter Milne T- Up Hob Med G > count 0-5 hob DH Ta enough ° (os pee hee lave of Ro. naan gra, bg tO Se = nagary: foes Qn: Ise, iting G6 lock af te Prev fe 4 Qa5) Pesiqn g-blt Synchronaug. own Counter res clk ¢ t Tear Ta Ql ‘is 5 Cad ' t : e a =e : CILA feer® t : u i . Ka O&A ke . Gol 1 ee Sn } | ce ia : ; §}— Qa’ ' 1 at I | i ; ‘s) Pan 3- bit Synchro nowt up Counter p>—a W 1B Go fre LG te Be ke rae ke Le cue E | chr LH eel) rob alt pe pel [4 { t ee l [tog | / OP ioees| ro eh | | | T : : 4p ; Log | | a : bora SH aa hak a | & f 1 : | } a gare operation VB Considensd. fry previous oP ard news ofp ober mined3) Resign ue bit Sqnchronecs up counter. High 4 ot dees i jUim & |2) Besiqn w— bie synchronsus dawn counter nak —— xg TE -4----d ~b pe a a2 a4 FIee Se a ee ge ee ee ne ee ea Se tg ee | synch re nas Upldown Counter 10) Design y= bit$i t registers weual svi ist univers tt reas ou sedal rt . iad input te ae rn r Ty ; S210 3 L § 8 "Sth aes J ee MAL a , & Ls Mur “yp a1 “Qn } Dd Q rte. r | Clear. i ] ak : - : As An Ay Ine Prebtem , Here, phon, Ts,Ta Tio oe af So5 Lae yu ‘ eae Parallel in pub Ne Change Ag Arr AnAo ao on | 2 ~ parallel outputs 3 \ Comple mont 1 5 Cor O : Paralted tle 4 \ bens ies PoroUteh Inputs Te Tt ° | ° Tl {erro Fa lol, qu LI) Hx A oe Hy 4 Wee DO ckpe 4 eg ee | AppUicati rus 9 Shift raqis feos 5 Quo ' BlSo resistew output : Hime delay, ire OE and fHme Atloy can be Calatos bb ydt =N ag ' can be used to Tn trode, were, ys wo. of stages 1 Pe > : check froquancey wths aneunt 4 delay” aon be cm trolled by Frequoncey on by Ha no. of PuipFlops in shite regi ste Deck |) Gestalt to parallel converter SPO Ahil. reqaton can be used te Converter data 1 in sedal fore fo poralled form 24 3) forall) 19 serial converter PISO shift Feajstet can be used fo converter dala * ig | parallel form fo Serial forme. 1) Shut reqistes founted Srp acginters can ably. be used ara counters, a shit regi pith Serial oufpet connected back jo He gesfal trp 19 called sift register Count, The met} Common shift jejistoa aa 1hhg countas ond Johnson counies ie5) Pseredo random Binary Sequence qensrotor Suitable Peod back if vetect to generate. Presde randara joguence. drat 1s hous fandom tmcans teak He de net cycle through a pormal Binary Count sequence, dis fam Pseudo refers fo that Sequence if not frusly random be cate it does cych tar all poxsible combinations , he, gt clock cycles rohone , MS reprerents he of shit shages ¢) Sequonce Generator. nf Shit register. can be used fo Generate pertferfan bit paltean reepecttyely. Phe lope moat dip Plop input accepts the sentol ip. anol right Mee pup flop qve serial Cote output sertal (S| tI] In ° Seriad 7 uk 4) Sequence Ake chor Shifpleqestes can fe wed fo clatect cloviredd Sequeng te detection Proce requires Q repaters , OE resister Genoa box stores the bie poltern fo be detected he Band atin regiater aneple he In Frdalle stage nie heen ioeBib reise compaodision” EGE PH NV BTS by KOR gate. gt eT To inka. oot Acta in .; 3 > ed pee ras : possi ioc iel \ Lo & | tjo * iy bit ere ee tae ths “ie $0 ke dy 3 GND Clock -2 : MA Bc A b suet 5 E a Ctoan) a i 5. - = $. eat ‘ te veel ae ; thoes R- SHIFT)’ CLoan Dado | Ms dfogran Me “epee | ertet | eee i | Cocks ¢ t meMeat eit cer } contrat of 4 erte Porafhet output - | function ar ab [e [> | gniee@efo | wep ow] XK a [ole jd a] b/c id | Paretdbad ¥ leat 4 : ; K Gm [AdGo| A | Go| Ge) Go d | sree H In. | i ed L . ae K 4 Gn} Se sue righ : K | |G Ge Gc Skaprighe "fraaitee occas SU Register HSS oudpusts yo Gh Ge Ge SW trocr | SF/onn) ist Bb mY u = 3 pa , 25° 3 ae _s?: te 1] Caer we AS eS Quo serial "nuts Pomited cieoa | sip | ae | Sertat | Poratleh [eee are ed CC C Koa Re ok x dkax | CPLLULL... [Paraltst ° COT Kc} x faye dd fal Le ferattll SL Bf we tae pe clef x. [ta] G4 94 | Sy Rigi Wl yee ee | ees ES Br Go| Se | Set Ra Cec Peery eee ey @a\@e | Sale HoT he KE Uj} epee KGa A] Baite-Sniyt Fight i : a a |\ AR z el poy bh Vi.Parallel got nds cp & LOL ee [ef 8 | ! fr [if 1 Le Le he, edit Opa e hehe tat 4 0 ae I te a at Raval edly Pe fats Pale | bel De [my Hold (do Woitting)} X | 4 ee Tele lel Qo Pffin “heqie Diagram of suai a Conti qura on me fT] Dse [2] vo [3] o Te AMIS nf os ds @ fi Vee [is] Qo {yl Qi fa] Q2 Z| Qs ice BS 51; So 5 ono G Oo \ s|. : eo a * [PTs 8 on : => = ae ~ ——— TI SI cr Lie k : 3 a « 3-. feta + ne ' 2 aa e t Lan ds Sep a 3 uw ie T = i t - “ge ete sols >. = ‘8 ia ws “a .- a 1 3 a ofa ape = “ap o Lathie) Design sy tchreneces Counters { ftip Hogs neoclecl,$/ n | 4 Determine fe number & | wan a 2 numbs Teprerent pone ber of +Up Flops of States In the Comber 2, Grecse Hi type ef tip Pep to be used, 3, Using eyditation ~ table {or selected feip - PLop ditermine We euttatton lable fora Coun tea. he Design bemap | use k-map or any othr Sinuplifi cation“ mustiad bo dintve jp function ¢ dipfl 5. Prous. He logic Bagram 8) Paiqn Synckrenans med-¢ counter using Te Hip Present 7 i Here dup flop inputs Ga Qe Oc} Qan Qan Sen | Tr ta Tn ted ke cs elo o iloa ears ‘ 2 OF DUP OY tk yx | 0 ¢ PORN Ok ei he 0 | \ 0.2" OF doy eae [x 190 OPER tee, 8 1 Xl 0 re De ROR Kae ele eee i Osfcsaks eet Kellen! ey Kavek 2] i i ¥ Kec & fe re is 5 rorite By Gad@nu We con Re TAKA with the hulp SyPr) d ) 5s. {: XY ATOG or XALD) Desi Sunchre nas M A-6 Counler ust ) Ign Synchre nace © un ot ing D ftp f i ite Hee 3 god ae LED een ltt OB ., Present : New & cup ~ Flop Input | Qn Qe Qe | Qn Sen Gent Da “De De 0 Oo Dyy O o oul 0 0, i OZ O80] Ow tigl 2.0 G4. J%, 0 CO oO ° 13a OF | \ OL ead 14 igqOa’ © I Ob, 0 ee oe ee be Odea fea gO: thas Oe: 9.5.0 0, 0 0 (ee oe Re Bags - XK x xei X : lau 38. gh OK Koo kg ek tmap fos Da Ce. oo ol to 0 0, 0,10, | Cio fey Dr 2QnGe +QnQ. tn s : é. eo do prs fe Da Pe Qa! Ge he a} le. rts pts1 Design sy nchroneg Mod-6 carmen wa! T fttp flee 6 ; (eA : yesent. Stoke Next state Atte flop inputs Ya QB Ac | Qa Qex Gea Ta cts: Te a + —_ faeo-202 | -0.%0 * A O10 5 * | Mog Oe Oo 2 gee Ory: PO. a Et 0 ,o ¢ pegs, fA %! 0 %10 ty * VED vnc 1 of fo 8 4 | 6 | O ° On £ 2) - | | ° x * ee at & 1 \ \ “ x o | a aoe os t- mop. Per Ta 3 h- map bor Te % fea oy to &A kets or to “olo | o ic fo “lol atufo] To fi Lxl« OE eles enn Taz QaOe+ QoQ re = BWQAc be mag” Por Te Bade A\ eo ov to el op ar pas tse fds | se Te =| & : i logic # ey i &. Thr & Tt & & oe % eve & & ae '