Electrical and Electronics Job Interview Questions and Answers ([Link] ‘Multiple Choice Questions with Answers (MCQs) (https:/iwww_eeequide,com/multiple-choice-questions-with- answers/) Comparisons in Electrical and Electronics (https:/www. [Link]/comparisons-in-electrical-and-electronics/) fe 2 #} ; [Link] (i:s:[Link]) HOME ([Link] Electronics Engineering _(https:/[Link]-and-electronics-engineering= : ‘ ineeringd Electrical Power Engineering ~ -(hitps:/[Link]/category/electrical-power-engineering/). Circuits and Networks ~ _(https:/[Link]/electrical-and-electronics-engineering- iclee/circul ) (httesi/[Link],com/#)Symmetrical Optimum: Symmetrical Optimum — Sometimes automatic control systems contain integrating also besides first order delay elements, proportional elements (https:/[Link]/basic-elements- of-electric-drive/) and deadzones. Such a system when compensated on the basis of magnitude optimum discussed in the previous sections will become oscillatory with zero damping. As has already been explained the magnitude optimum utilizes a PI controller to compensate the effects of largest time constant of the system. The other first order delays present are replaced by a single delay _([Link] systemdrive/) which is the sum of all the other uncompensated delays. The rise time of the system decreases. The amplification of the proportional element is Va oye (6.139) (https:/[Link]- content/Juploads/2018/05/[Link]) If this principle is employed to compensate the system with integrating element, the integrating element of the compensator combines with that of the system resulting in a double integration (https:/[Link]/operational-amplifier-definition/). The characteristic equation of the closed loop system contains only s? and constant terms showing that the system has no damping. The system has sustained oscillations, This can be illustrated by considering a system having an integrator and a first order delay (https:/[Link]/transient-response-of-closed-loop- ive-system/) in cascade, The open loop transfer function of the system is l+eT 1 oY 6.140 Gols) Ver oh T+ 57 (eta) ([Link] content/uploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-1 jpg) Using the — principle. = of,_—=—s magnitude _ optimum https:/[Link]/magnitude-optimum/) Th = Ty. Therefore, Search Main Categories Circuits and Networks (https:/[Link].c om/circuits/) Eundamentals of Electrical Drives (https:/[Link].c om/electrical-and- electronics-engineering- articles/electrical-drives/) Electrical Machines (httpsi/[Link].c om/electrical-machines/) Electrical Power Engineering {https:/[Link].c om/category/electrical- power-engineering/) Electronics Engineering {https:/[Link].c om/electrical-and- electronics-engineering- afticles/electronics- engineering/) Electronic Communication Systems (httpsi/[Link].c onvelectroni communication/) Electronic Devices and Circuits {https:/[Link].c omlelectronic-devices/) Electronic Instrumentation (https:/[Link].c1 G0) = Val oper https:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/[Link]) (6.141) The closed loop transfer function is 1 PRT 1 ‘[Link] content/uploads/2018/05/[Link]) G,() = (6.142) assuming VpVs = 1 (as a special case). The term containing s is not present in the characteristic equation which clearly shows that the damping is zero. Also we know that 2) ik w(s) ~ 3%, +1 (et) https:/[Link]/wp- contentJuploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-4 jpg The differential equation representing the system is nn £20) + 2¢) = w(t) (6.145) (https:/[Link]/wp- For a step input the response of the system is given by t a(t)=e VIM 46 Viet (6.146) https:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/[Link] is representative of sustained oscillations. Therefore the controller design to compensate the effect of the dominant poles of the system is based on the principle of symmetrical optimum. The frequency response of the compensated system is symmetrical about gain cross over frequency. The criteria for this optimum are derived in the following. The system contains an integration time of To and a first order delay of (Fig. 6.52). A PI controller is used to compensate the system. 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In the present case, the criteria for symmetrical optimum are developed so that the transfer function has an amplitude of unity over a restricted range of frequencies. efi HL Hb Fig. 652 Pertaining t0 syremetrical optimum https:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-7. The open loop transfer function of the compensated system l+eT 1 Vy oT, Ty 1¥6T {https:/[Link]- content/uploads/2018/05/[Link] Gols) = Var (6.147) The closed loop transfer function is V3V,(1-+87,) afin AV (1+ 8%, (= TF VT, +R FTI (6.148) ([Link] content/uploads/2018/05/[Link]) The amplitude of frequency response Glin) = [(Va¥) (1+ Te) (WAV)? = 0 (OV RY Tao ~ WaViT) + (w!27E — Wa TERT!) serena]? (6.148) https:/[Link]/wp- contentJuploads/2018/05/[Link] The system has apparently a damped response as the characteristic equation has all powers of present and the coefficients are positive. The amplitude is unity at zero frequenc https:/[Link]/controller-design-frequency- responsel)y. However, it approaches unity in a certain frequency range if the following conditions are satisfied articles/power-plant- engineering/) Comparisons (https/[Link].c om/comparisons-in- electrical-and- lectroni Interview Questions and Answers (https:/[Link].c om/category/interview- questions-and-answers/) MCQs (https/[Link].c om/category/interview- questions-and-answers/) Recent Article Infinite Impulse Response Filters Interview Questions and Answers https/[Link].c om/infinite-impulse- fesponse-filters- answers/) Fast Fourier Transform Intervie ions an Answers {https:/[Link].c questions-and-answers/) Di Four Transform Interview Questions and Answers. {https:/[Link].c(Wa¥sFo)*= 2VQVTay 129 = WVqV,TA TT (6.150) ([Link] content/uploads/2018/05/[Link]) These lead to a result that the reset time of the integrator. 7, =47, (6.151) https:/[Link]/wp- contentJuploads/2018/05/[Link]) and the proportional amplification is Ty WT, (https:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-14 jpg) Va= (6.152) The integration time constant will always include the amplification of the integrator also. Therefore To/V; can be considered as T;, the integration time. Thus, Ven (6.153) 2, (https:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/[Link]} The closed loop transfer function of the system is 1teAf, G, (6.154) (8) = oe ae (3) T+ 04D + 987? + SOT? (eae4) ([Link] content/uploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-16,jpg) This is the general form of the transfer function of the compensated system based on symmetrical optimum. The amplitude plot of the open loop transfer function of the compensated system is shown in Fig. 6.53. The plot shows a symmetry about the comer frequencies 1/47, and 1/7; with respect to gain cross over frequency https:/[Link]/sweep-frequency-generator/) 1/2T, on the 0 — dB axis. This property justifies the name symmetrical optimum. transform-interview- guestions-and-answers/) Z Transform Interview Questions and Answers. 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The time response of the system is given by solving the differential equation chat @ a Pa ar, dale) +w(t) = 21) +4720 +9720) t orp 20) (6.155) (https:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-17. jpg) For a step input the time response of the system is given by 2) 4 HAM 94-7 egg V3t By tT tePD ~26-U 08 Fe (6.156) ([Link] content/uploads/2018/05/[Link]) Questions and Answers. 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If the reference input to the controller is delayed by a first order delay of transfer function 1/(s4T;+1), the overshoot can be reduced to 8%. This is shown in Fig, 6.55. The rise time ([Link] in this case increases to 7.6T;. The PI controller with delay in the reference input is shown in Fig. 6.56. Fig. 6.55 Use of first onder fitter in the reference circuit to reduce she peak oversitoot https:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-21 omvtqm-tools-interview. Questions-and-answers/) Statistical P Control Interview Questions and Answers (https/[Link].c Questions-and-answers/) To Receive Updates Your Email Address Active Users On SiteRy Re Reteroneoe 3-4-5] ‘C, Aci i vale a ae i% Fig. 6.56. PI Controller with a filter in the reference valie hitps:/[Link]/wp- content/uploads/2018/05/[Link]) elements such that the largest time constant is greater than the four times the sum of all other small time constants this method can be employed for compensation. If Ty,Tz,T3,Ta... are time con- stants of the system such that T2MH+B+N...) (6.157) (https:/[Link]- content/uploads/2018/05/Symmetrical-Optimum-23 jpg) the first order delay with time constant T; can be considered an integration in the system compared to the other time constants. 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