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Module 1 MD1

01

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13 vues15 pages

Module 1 MD1

01

Transféré par

424003052
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
Nous prenons très au sérieux les droits relatifs au contenu. Si vous pensez qu’il s’agit de votre contenu, signalez une atteinte au droit d’auteur ici.
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1. DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES Objectives ofthis Chapter ‘iter completing this chapter, the student will: ‘L_Apply the principles of stress and deformation for several kinds of stresses, including the following as learned from Mechanics of Materials: normal. stresses due to direct tension and compression forces, shea stress due to direct shear force and due to torsional Toad, and normal and shear stresses due to bending. 2, Beable to determine the important properties cof diferent materials and relate them to stress ‘and deformation analyses of machine members. 3, Understand the numbering. systems of materials, particularly steels, and the significant tables and charts in obtaining {important properties. 4. Know the common factors of safety used in designing machine members based on simple stresses or loading conditions. 5. Beable know the difference between thin and thickewalled pressure vessels and the useful formulas in designing them. Stress "There are flere sess that my apply to load member, but thse canbe gency clasifed if two mal sess nd shear ss. 1, Normal Stress, 0r S = This isa tress type in which he direction of the applied foal i perpendicular to the ea of the member. + This includes the following stresses: tensile -tess._com bearing sess. and bending stress. (GF 4) 2 Shearsie 0 “This is stress type in which the direton of the applied load is parallel or tangent othe sessing ara of te member. = This incioes the following stresses, direct sar, induced or indirect shear, -sheat-and torsional shear stess. (AF fd) ® Mine ion 2am 3022101 NORMAL STRESSES, (a or 8) A. Temile tress, 5;, nasarsny BR 2% Compressive Stress S- ‘Above formulas apply to a uniform cross-sectional ‘area_A_only, The svess magnitude computed is also Constanta amy socton along the length of the-member “under he axial oad F (uniform stress distribution. 3. Bearing Stress, 5, 0° 05 als a —coushing sis = shown below is bearing stessin the plate ina sive joint (Groce en of the contact surice): (An= a) 4. Bending stress, §, oF 0, ending sexe or flexural stress is the most complicated of all the normal sess. Its magnitude Giffers at any section in the beam. Most calculations ae focused on the section of the beam having the ‘greatest magnitude of sess, or the section having the ‘reatest deflection. The maximum stress is expressed M = bending moment © = distince of the stressed fiber from the neutral axis 1 = rectangular moment of inert ofthe beam’s cross section from the neutral = modulus of elasticity ofthe beam’s material p= radius of curvature ofthe beam 2 “Treatment of the wseful equation in bending involves the calculations of the shearing force V and bending ‘moment M (shear and moment values) acting at desired szetions ofthe beam, ‘+ Shear and moment values = using the method of areas, f+ Aredia THD M+ Arco Me load: a "Oe (Glope of the shear digram ) tee: an rae (lope ofthe moment agra) ‘Beam Deflection, 8: + For some’ special bending cases, formulas for ‘maximum beam deflections sre shown in tables or charts from Mechanics of Deformable Bodies (MDB). Ingeneral, beam deflection at section ofthe beam isexpressed as Ratntine Dosen zsom30m.2001 nasa ny BIB = ff Madre + Gx +6, where 5 i determined by double integration Note: = Bending is no longer a uniformly diaributed stress. = In bending, tension & compression occur simultaneously. = The maximum sess happens at a fiber farthest from the neutral wes. aK y= distance ofthe sesse fiber from the NA For the maximum stress magnitude, Swat =F ‘use, for tension and ¢, for compression) where: 1 = momentof inertia ofthe beams cross section M_ = bending moment aetng onthe beam. Note: = Mis wsually solved wit the aid of shear & moment equations & diagrams, or by some cetablished formulas = cis the distance ofthe outermost fiber from the neutral sxis or centroidal xis Bending is the most complicated of all loadings. Tension and compression simultaneously occur, and the bear's normal ress @ or $ is lso accompanied by a shear stress Tor, [SHEAR STRESSES, (x or S,) L._Direct shear stress, 5, a) Singh Shear = Ifthe sess distribution is uniform or constant, ands located in one section only, then “k= ciamfesoofbole mulled bythe plate thickness fe (A, =ade 2 Indirect Shear of Induced Shear Stress Machine Den _7*Sem 22203 __wasapiny P(stn20) ota TS yout = — qa ‘The block is under compression but shearing (ling) may tappen atthe joint 2s shown. 3. Torsional shear stress, S, 9 ~ angular deformation or angio wt = shear deformation (alr arb") D = stat dameer Lo = shafilength a T produces a shear stress and a shear ‘Tor a = defor bun chang ia dimension only change of pston (pia 8c). we 2) J ee bee a 2 Me 2: t ie Ae BR Mochine Desi |_z4Sim z722071__wasar. nv Stress Distribution ofr acros the Shaft’s Cross-Section 1 = rectangular moment of inertia 1b = width of beam at the section considered ‘This shear stress xis generally maim atthe tna ‘neutral axis, while the bending tess. is zero atthe said axis Fora beam of rectangular section. Fearon“) nea A “hs if the masimum sires ofthe sh is desired se, Fora beam of crlr section of diameter tr md tae tet ba ‘Shear deformatior “The maximum torsional sess inthe sta is located at mation itsouermos layer th s ‘Commonly Used Formlas for uf od For Solid Shaft | & = shear deformation G = shear modulus of casticiy or modulus 7 otrigiiy Relationship between G and E: elechighy tai dy ge ton REF Poisson's ratio ofthe material typically, 025 to 0.3 for metals) sor taux or, = 25%: (olidshat) 16rD Faas 0F5,= T=Zea.siox0); rN mm; P,kW; and [Link] viii ztSommma am _nasswriey 16(78781)) _[, _ 26(5H000) gate) ol tneeszal a=0702" Used = 3/4" (Ans.) Example: Determine the number of" ditmeter holes that can ‘be punched in one stoke froma stel plate, "thick, i the plate is made of an annealed AISI C1040. The maximum applied load isto be 90 tons. Solution: ‘This is a basic punching stess problem, but ‘x’ -simuikancous punches are tobe engaged in just one stoke. Since the plate is to be punched, the applied stress ‘Should be at ast equal fo the ultimate shea strength ofthe plac, and there should be no factor of safety. Unless specified the wliimate shar strength of stcel i85,, = 0755. For AISICIOS0, normalizod scl, Sy 79000 psi Tras, [sme == sez] = IS nat Z~ aad 02000) ma7SN OZ) = (0.75(79000): n= 5.187 Only S holes can be simultaneously punched. (Ans.) Now: ‘A Similar question asked inthe boand examination is bout the required force in tons, to punch hole ofa certain diameter, ia inches, in a set plate of knowa thickness, in inches. This is simply solved by means of a formula shown inthe Machinery’ handbook, to wit F= 80d Where: F = required punching force in tons 2 = hole diameter in inches t= ‘eel plate thickness in inches Beonscanner Te MP > Manet Srents k lmtp ole kW. fT. Mee) re pel "Na PekW. Gye)» nay hed p= Thr p= kW a ob? | Tekem or cai Ber mat he dpm Crain Uivis a Nop re hp # (Tyh-™ ale ,) © 5 gy Bale * rn 4 |CamSeanner RR Mashing Dosen | 2° Sem 2002.00 Basa ny th)? , Z to? (3.59 ~ 2.09%a)?) + aa)” 5 Bale b43e -I5. 2 T= 4-440"! ‘jaan bree = i: *Eaituate Gre —— /F Bending Moment, enPresivou4 ry Male sy Lom fof 01 will be wsed Other sources may Specify a different limi, sy 0.05 10007. = stress analysis for this class of vessel is based fon simple stresses (ie, sess distribution is ‘uniform ‘A. Cylindrical Thin walled Vessels transverse stress, tangential res, circumferential ress, top stein ste f Tensile stress at section BB joint efficiency o relative strength of joint “The stress section A~A is greater and thus, in designing a cylindrical pressure vessel, use po miles Sua = in; 254 1B. Spherical Thin walled Vessels Fora simpler discussion, this boundary aloo | BR avcioaDeiont_ sem 2oz-na_nasannev “Tensile stress at any section AA, BD, CC: pp a, Note: o ‘The stress at any section of the spherical vesel (Catting the ves! into two hemispheres) i constant ) and thus, in designing clinical pressure ves, wse p> 52. atm 254 Spherical vessels are the drongest vessels, They arctic stronger than cylindrical veselst Example 1 ‘A cindrical thin-walled vessel with two emispherical ends is made of stainless steel, AISL301, 4 hard (S,=75 ks). ye pas ert He 75% 8) Determine the maximum permissible mass of oxygen ‘2 that canbe safely conlanod by the vessel at Usea factor of safety of 4, based on, +) Ifthe above vessels tobe replaced by a hypothetical lipsoidal vessel containing equal volume of gas with same material and operating conditions, determine the ‘dimensions ofthe vessel: D,vd, and f, if D, = 2dy. ©) Thesameast), but the replacement is spherical vessel Determine D, and t,. Soaton: 2) m= 72s of Oink) feet AK deal aso PlemRT wa | a P27 (aby puso) po Pa Vern Ltot 225 ba — goqe Dvessure mkt considering hy Gpledntel sedion po. ca. Sy (oer ay * A Gah PO) aStov psl Ub 25045 4 =D = (459) Pst Besnscanner iy 1978004 4 pe! eyulger ge nav gy 82 fos? qo T= 57° Tetewp! 947° : ayy 5S he pg HL oe Ye Val Verh aL + = Ho 8D oa gp6kTe = myst Seely Bacon rm nazis nasarcey BR lw? ve FR AW PE IT, OO 8] “See 2 4.201 mn” we 4, 5 Tem py. (uth? ) C201?) ft ( 3a? ) oe . oT 1) Dimensions of elipenial vessel if D,= 39} a me #14 | For by 2. THICK WALLED PRESSURE CYLINDERS _vesels whose ratio ofthe wall thickness and the ise diame D exceeds 0. Bra stress distibuion (particularly at its weak section) is no longer uniform. = Lame’s equations are generally used BB conscamer Routine dein s*eemgm.203_pasaininy mM meat pakeeor (3 Swe woeidleriny a Vin welled eed angenil sess) std _pricprt_ (0. Store iar (aia ares) A ifimer surface ofthe cylinder is considered TR outer surface ofthe cylinders considered Noten the above stress equations, the greatest nahn fares tangential or nsverse eS, = 0.125701 x Talat ot tenner aoe of the ese fl «Thick - walle Suus=5yi Thus as0 5,25 oe Corsiderivg, Yuck walle! ‘ress dstibutionaeross the wall: Sine Ms "See = Pie Phe, UR? —— as roe pet? Note: Ifthe vessel has no extemal pressure, the above ‘equation fr tangential stress canbe expressed as (taking F s 22D? m bed : Se+ Pi. “ B=r |. 194m | Gore fo E or \ a T= yall ines ; enh — b = Inuedamaeroftie gins 4210-41 Wi (wei) = $e (ot vi?) SS tangential stress 2 - R= intemal reste Bre" lst Po = 0? (ses pe Example i a. yee wy?) SE EPL Boiler tubes with SO mm inside diameter are wed in ‘ 3p Fi Po elie mpleercntr ar Kore gD ee Tae sts often EMP, what C5 fe ‘minimum tube thickness is required? St solution: Example? <— Mpreour cylinder has msde ameter of 25" and }o scare amet of 32 Its app wah anneal }] pressure is 8 ksi and an extemal presure of 2 ksi, es Efe he hop ses te) mer sre and) cxterce 20M a S S00 (59 CamScanner 23P 46-29 1B? | To? one cian) 1022 6S Smmee 3027 ee MP2 Spay = 6. 90( if ————— “ if fieated ov Uhin wallee! eemsel spo. 304 Spay te BE u0) po EAE a cat () Hoop stress atthe outer surface, S,,= 2: 7 Fe Example 3: "A spherical vesel hasan inside diameter of 27 anda uniform wall thickness of 25°. If ta loaded with an intemal pressure of 3 ksi, determine the maximum tensile _sret induced in the vessel. DON 70.1 = Hap} ~walld ede We tcin CamScanner

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