Thermodynamics
THERMODYNAMICS •The study and application of the
thermal energy (often called the
internal energy) of systems.
Objectives
To be specific, it explains how
•Definition and Scope of thermal energy is converted to or
Thermodynamics •Relationship of from other forms of energy and how
Thermodynamics to other Sciences matter is affected by this process
and Industry
Thermodynamics is not concerned
Thermodynamics about how and at what rate these
energy transformations are carried
•The science that deals with heat out. It is based on the initial and final
and work and these properties of states undergoing the change.
substances that bears a relation to
heat and work. Scope of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics • The main goal of thermodynamics
is to understand how energy is
• The science of the relationship transferred and transformed within a
between heat, work, temperature, system
and energy. In broad terms,
thermodynamics deals with the Scope of Thermodynamics
transfer of energy from one place to
• The laws of thermodynamics
another and from one form to
describe the fundamental principles
another. The key concept is that heat
that govern the behaviour of energy
is a form of energy corresponding to
in a system.
a definite amount of mechanical
work Scope of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics • It is also used to analyze the
performance of refrigeration and air
•deals with the concepts of heat and
conditioning systems, as well as the
temperature and the inter-conversion
design of heat exchangers.
of heat and other forms of energy.
Scope of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
• used to understand a wide range
• The branch of physics that deals
of physical phenomena, including the
with the relationships between heat
behaviour of gases, the efficiency of
and other forms of energy. It
engines, and the transfer of heat in
describes how thermal energy is
solids and fluids
converted to and from other forms of
energy and how thermal energy Scope of Thermodynamics
affects matter
• The principles of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics are important in the study of
chemical reactions
•Branch of physics which deals with
the energy and work of a system.
HISTORY OF THERMODYNAMICS
Scope of Thermodynamics efficiency of photosynthesis in
• Thermodynamics is also used to plants.
understand the behaviour of
• It is also used to analyze the
performance of energy systems
biological systems, such as the
metabolism of cells and the
• The principles of thermodynamics
are important in the design of
energy-efficient buildings and the
optimization of industrial processes
• Thermodynamics is also used to It is important in the study of energy
understand the behaviour of production, transport, and
materials at high temperatures and conversion, as well as the design of
pressures • It is also used to energy-efficient systems.
understand the behaviour of plasma
• The principles of thermodynamics
• The principles of thermodynamics are also important in the
are also important in the study of the understanding of the behaviour of
behaviour of black holes and other matter at extreme conditions
objects in the universe.
• The laws of thermodynamics are
Thermodynamics is a theoretical and also used to understand the
mathematical subject, and it relies behaviour of complex systems
heavily on statistical mechanics
The principles of thermodynamics
The principles of thermodynamics are important in the study of
can be used to predict the behaviour chemical reactions
of a system based on its macroscopic
• They are also used in the design
properties • The laws of
and optimization of industrial
thermodynamics are based on
processes, such as chemical
empirical observations and are valid
synthesis
for all systems, regardless of the
type of matter or energy involved The laws of thermodynamics are
important in the understanding of
Thermodynamics is a fundamental
the behaviour of gases and the
and widely applicable field of physics
efficiency of engines.
that has played a crucial role in the
development of many technologies
and industries.
RELATIONSHIP OF THERMODYNAMICS TO SCIENCES
ENGINEERING
• Automobile engineers are concerned with the heating of a car engine, such as
during a NASCAR race.
FOOD ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
Food engineers are concerned both with the proper heating of foods, such as
pizzas being microwave
warming of ice expanses in the Arctic
and Antarctic.
GEOLOGY
AGRICULTURE
• Geologists are concerned with the
transfer of thermal energy in an El Agricultural engineers are concerned
Niño event and in the gradual with the weather conditions
MEDICINE
Medical engineers are concerned flows from a body at higher
with how a patient’s temperature temperature to a body at
might distinguish between a benign lower temperature
viral infection and a cancerous can neither be created nor
growth destroyed
UNIT OF HEAT
II. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE calorie (cal) the amount of
heat necessary to raise the
•Recognize that the heat is internal
temperature of 1 gram of
energy in transit
water by 1 Celsius degree
•Differentiate between heat and kilocalorie (kcal)
temperature kilocalorie (kcal) is called a
Calorie, Calorie (kJ) is used to
•Compare the Celsius, Fahrenheit specify value of food
and Kelvin scale In British system of units, heat
•State the relationship between is measured in British thermal
temperature and the average kinetic units (Btu)
energy of matter One Btu = heat needed to
raise the temperature of 1 lb
•Identify the different thermometers of water by 1 F
•Enumerate sources of heat
•Solve problems about conversion
or temperature units
•Recognize that the heat is internal
energy in transit
•Differentiate between heat and
temperature
•Compare the Celsius, Fahrenheit
and Kelvin scale
•State the relationship between
temperature and the average kinetic
energy of matter
•Identify the different thermometers
•Enumerate sources of heat
•Solve problems about conversion or
temperature units
CALORIC THEORY OF HEAT
was introduced by Antoine
Lavoisier
heat is supposed to be an
indestructible imaginary fluid
called the caloric
Relationship between Temperature and Average Kinetic energy
The temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy
Heat, Internal Energy, and Temperature
Heat refers to a transfer of energy from one object to another because of a
difference in temperature.
Internal energy is the total energy of all the molecules within the object.
Temperature (in Kelvin) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
individual molecules.
Thermometer
Are instruments designed to measure temperature o operation always
depends on some property of matter that changes with temperature
the first idea for thermometer made use of expansion of gas
Mercury Thermometer
Often include both Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales
has a high coefficient of expansion
Digital Thermometer
Mercury-free
contain thermostat inside the tip which is used to measure the
temperature
Bimetallic Thermometer
always consists of two different metal strips that have a different thermal
expansion coefficient
Resistance
Thermometer
uses the
resistance of
electrical
conductor for
measuring the
temperature o
advantageous
to use in at
very high or
low
temperatures
RTDs (resistance temperature device) are temperature sensors that are
commonly used in a variety of industrial applications
Thermocouple
Used to measure the emf established between two dissimilar metals in
fused contact o can be used over much wider ranges of temperatures and
are usually smaller.
when this junction experiences a change in temperature a voltage is
created o works on principle of See beck effect
Infrared Thermometer
Astronomers use infrared thermometers to measure temperatures in
space
Constant Volume gas thermometer
any change occurring in the pressure of the gas in gas tube will indicate
the change in value of the temperature