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CN Module-1

computer network

Transféré par

Mainak Bhattacharjee
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© All Rights Reserved
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5 vues38 pages

CN Module-1

computer network

Transféré par

Mainak Bhattacharjee
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
Nous prenons très au sérieux les droits relatifs au contenu. Si vous pensez qu’il s’agit de votre contenu, signalez une atteinte au droit d’auteur ici.
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez aux formats PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
“ Basic con cop} & Module- 4 (F Physical” layes) | Computer Network + A computer Network Is a set ) nodes connec ed by cammonicalion Links. A node can be a printer, o computer ov o Hun dwvice capable D- sending /necatving data gemucated by othn nodeg m the netwark, Some nodes ane called ond davices— Like: ec, Printer, Server, ele. Some nodes one called intermediary node, Like: Hub switch, Reuter ele. A communication Link com be Wired am ane dos Unk. Tre Link cores the inferomehon, Components dg computer Network + 1) Nodes 2) Medio 3d Services. End dowicas Tnfen medica: . 4g) Compubens Noles o ee W relese 9) Bruinders a) Hub (Guided!) [onguided’ j 2) Sawens 4) suitch a) TPC 9) Infrared f 2) Security Come ray 3) Bridge —Y Co-an colle 4) Roddie ace Thetd d) Rev bene 9 opHeal S) Meronave| ea tie wD Repealen ele. fibre. D Sotetbite > Senrviewr : 2) e-Mail b) Stewaae services 9 File. sharing d) www ete. a Data coomunicahion + Daka communications and the exchange o-dala between two node vid seme form a Link (wireles _ aired). t a ( Dato. {lena = Data Hors com be — a) Simplex ) Half - puplex 9 Full Duplex - @ Simplex = Commvnication is al anys vudirechenal- — Ohe dawiee com transmit amd the other device Will Heceive: Exomple: Keyboard, Traditonel monitors . p) Halt ~ duplex = Communication is iw both direction bub nok ot the some Hye. : Th ene dovier is sending the other com onby pauwive, amd vie vinsa. Lyample » Walkie- TolKies- 3S Full Deply + Commumnicahin is ™ both directions simul bomesurly - Devine cam gend on recvive at the Some time - Evomple: Telephime Une. & G Compuber Nekwork - Too types O- | une Honat' b'ey diaastioal es Co ev Aa ea Mandakory dpHonad Lwheneverr wy climb . Eneryplion [peenspkon Machine i, sending + checkgoint some dha or cendin Some meguest to the SUP ver then we have ee There, ore mre than Fo Sune Kans . We cant ignore Hw] Exanrp len» * Exyar control funckenalibes ane there- ALL Hrese fumehors are included m ger Medel ° Plow control etondeurd Model - ° MUX, DEMUX Pa MMe: “ l=] st: Open Syslem Tnlem comec hun Medel, brips— ie ; y X em model. sed by reo OEMS 6.1 lagen mee “| Physical Loyem ond its funchonalitiss Th ik the tet Layo, | d- ost medal Directly cOnneckD to the physical channel, —> Cables and Gnnectoxs From Dalaba, To Datalink Layer — Physical Topo leay 2 ie rs Horrd arts peatars, Hobs) [Foricsica 114] rowtreivond | Transmssion mode / al i > Muth. plexing ; bile, FAS a | 3 nad scan in Ae One "A ete. signal ob converls dale te signal. 8) Sioa ee ; 5 PEMAY + Topology means im the devius are connect Yo each others [ Avromgement 4 devices]: Some basic. brtulegias are Meh or Complete, Sto Bus Ring amd Hybrid | D Sngsh ar Complete = GIL doviess ane diveclly cannes bel to each othr. ° No ge cabln= "e, | = ney) » Meg berks = (n-1) Lhe eoch + Cosh + High [Ac no 4) Coblen dove] one more] =(n-)xn Toladl - Sqsssniby os High > Raily = very bagh ge store + [rrghel] - * Connection a Print te point [Pedecated] 2 Topolog y+ 2 Stow Topeleay: OL «Sloe ) Cobles =n. Hub > Neof perk =4 (Brandl dewid) c S mnyr O =Axn doit =n tk) + GE Lyn tam Morb - Seebibility « any les . Seauily . High bab les Of bud fasts, Tim — thaw Moh Onhire Nin fa | Granechion + Print be brick [irgtt pont flor) \ (© Teoninaler Dep Repeoler “Back bon As | cable or | G aval able ° Now cables | Tuck Ethemned = | oe Chajh Bui] / ae | Paeautly- L ae . bly Lave = ch Seo jeg Pat » No O- pinls {fr ea 9, goilove) = ix en (ered - © Seaumily = lew seouri hy Cost . chap Muth port cennechn & CoMision geeanr. 4) RINK Trpolegy |: Ne Ghles —O | = n+ © No) barks = { [rexel ( =n (lol + Roliability = le [singh pa g foiloe) | . Seeurihy : Low « MUL pink Conneehion . Co} cheap « GlWsin ore. Devins ured ym @n/u| %) Gatewoy Q Fireadbs (Hardware. and various 3 Hoh 5) Switch. 4) Bridges ) Router a Cobles + = To connect different devies ae have hnebwert Coble. Somelinur called Lan Cable or Ethernet cables » [a Bare. Fx 10 Base J- + 10 Bare d 100 Base. 1 Bues Here O10 Mean, Dalarale 40 Mbps em 100 Means Datarate loo Mbps ® Bare means Baseband; we com tramaler ow. otynal ak a bye: OT meam 0 ™ Called seqrnenk 09- Q ” 200 ™ “d 5 h st > Lan Dickome threnyh ubich A wive Can cary the signal Oley He aklenuakin occurs © Fx- Meam Fiber ophiest cchle othe Lenglh = 2 Km: Pointe i) Physical Layer pure Wl dow'ee i) Collisions . possible (elision lores ») ee By Mein] ie Sy Hated ese eee | SPECIE TS 3 Th we wont fo extend the Law ssgmenk He | we have to connect mone than ont Law segments > gra fo de Ure. a devices called Repse.| | Wes: [OY connect hve Lan Symenk in some La] . | ° SF a apek device unmked ab physicok Layer. | o St wi tre Hee signal ori 5 abinesp gorg. bdie, di oF regenwrale te signal | 10 Bare a PL j 10 Bane | A [Ennis] | Repeater For waning [Seok pub Hee Signal on olen sale) 7 S2gmemb » Tk conneck two same lype LANs err bot | \ | | | | - No Fl teming. } | ane Ethane vir bubh ove Token surg], \ | 2 No buf bers we there. Collision Aomoin m Repeaters | ob he, where nw ne @ devi Mw bo, side pete + Repeaters ama not Oanphi Siencs + Amp. com mo-generrate beth orginal signal amd noise omd iL con Orphly % bo am om 3% where HH ore Sanat |: Strem#h: Bop repeoters com ex track original Signal \ and Swab compen soe. ih stremgh, , Od % & decsretey | ® papealers 2 -Gunerete Th dg 9 eh 2% Or BX B © Mulhpowt Repeater worked at phy sical Jaxer. Se no sobbwore Componownls puve H/w- vO | ® No bufbe~, Som wacding : | yee 1 [we] © Ay ne concept oy odd resing so ne filewing Conceph: Jerk fortrard fo al) skehow © Collision domain: Mowimum 5. ft jp de shalom Cennected fb hb 6 Cok & Lees compares fo Briclze om switeh . Mle: Heb providing dome extra focitihies as ibn 4 dediched dowica. Tf there are some problem thew Observing the bhink paller 2 Lep ae cam detec} it. Ay Bridge = @ Physical and dalalink layer device . ® Two porp device Lee | er fBudee fy ® Used fo connect two different LANs: TMoy be Same ype mr Ailferent type Lan] im low LANY =~ 1 ao ype sy B @] F 4 ——/ © Ub com check MAC oddrwn Soe] Compenomls ome. Se Sillering cope, w dane - Forwarding. proper by a dew: @ Bridge mainleim 4 table called mOPPIng- foble. Mopping- belwomn Mac adden ge pekre 0 bridge ° m | smac| [Link]| © Bridge, are B- Ho 4K pa — ') Stohics whore Mopping bble y bed - %) Dynomic or nig or Tram pevrrent eer eee ie He lable 7 Flecding —. TE sb Rots rob jones wchere fh tbo Deshi, Hen th com do dluediing O Batten 0D GlUsin very deo [see 02 fervor] Nele-Jthepribieatly bridge com conmech twa AAbecent Lan, o@ bw precHedly ih ued fy canmech bw Len oor sunt _ type - Beene difb even LON, Prog have Afferent Mry, Sy wo hwe hb dragnart- iL» But bridgo | Cam mk peerem fromopmembe'on 9A a fomohia of. Mle Lager, | 5s ., Toker vig] we have do use seruler- i) There ane. amoller roller tm bridge colle> tinfinile Leyp prebtem . Usieg Spanning tree algo we can Solve_it . | 8 | swith ee py \ et ee eee XY hysical amd databink layer do=vice_- Mud ipent bridge : . Powell ng o Fl ening = Mani mur collision © Com chock mae. GS Staten or dy hame suatel Cask 4 hon Compares to brid ade . Roukew — + Use bo COnnecp fie [associated te Trlerrai) diNerenh nehvor ky. Werks ab PL, DLL 0D NL Com chock me a tp add -ery Shore od forwarding ; Fo cole kt Com falers the packeke , : Roby, : Fleedins evury inlerdacws we have an TRaddswas Herre. Tig teas [ou] peu] Pen ¥ Prekseol Converler. oe “&) Es | | Gaberry i a Proxy - Me” Data and Signal si 1 Dake amd data types ; Dabo & om enkly thol- conveys seme meaning honed on some Winkually agroed up rules /enventions bel. eon & Sepden amd a yorgiver. Leb Ww take up om eam le 'N 41000001 3 dale oe Dale. com be etthr Analrg on digital te nalue» i gages Y Awaley Dake hae continvous values over Hine hong ee aes Finite corber ot Het values co, v Fee erample » volee ord video @ Avdte m acouke dala. (o~ 2% kis) So Hey h He mal lala Lhak con be commu coled Hyeough ain « However aad serd th chechoniestly. Fir Bein tehome be cho sone Hara | © Video: Qnlewheaved mannan . Bordeadth : 4 Mite © physi pa 1 Boke ALL He physical rameters one eee om aoe ; Nal collected from the real canld oat, the help fromschucors ane conbnunny valued od) ermal, ty nobuat:: Tewp, Prertut, Ud Ralemutl » Pp. fevmadins [Pemnal elec Figret VoL. levi) ayes Piet ae keke om discrete values, _ Growple of aigital dab, * Tet or chisancten, Se Dake shored : by momary hang tow nace SHEL com 66 tep resented 29 0 oo Sigg ore s aa\ Signal aS @henwver dala has lo be send over some om colin medion, it har do be. eenvenled lo ae PDake cam yok be. senb an ih Beragh communication Wesel pie keds fe draven Lanes iran selgeats MO Sending. Oven the Communi co Hon medtum « So Bk h elacbric, elechronc or opheal sapre- Senbion ave, whieh con be. senk over & communtcatan | media i i Dependivy Upon WL wedi designed try be dhne three bypey : Signal tyres: Avalig nF ati bed Aralege signal hes continuous values oven a peried of Hime - A wWevaphone Convents ard voice dale Ato Voice Signal, echick can be Senb over Q prin cd wire. Digitol slynal can have wy a wiles” muben § defined valet , U2ually deo valusy.o amd 4. Prnaleg stnals cam be. clomified os simple and Gm potile —* : & simple analy signal can be periodic signal, A signal & pedi if sleds sl). a pe ee i - [lined] —> | FT] | > | Dig Dak. Dig-Sig | a Line Coding hemes t Thre. basic. categories of line coding— Lint Conding Unipolar Pola pole : aipolor: Unipolar i the simplesf « Hem oe ae get He tu voltage. larele. We ve senching oe | polarity . Aen we ae nob serdi any thing Had ’ Ov or ahn serding somalhing Hala aA . ana =| | Lod Loot o- 2A ° i i 4 fon Voltoge (wel 24 - © Sor Volbye uu O° Chawac teristic s- : () Ot- ures only ont. al arnit of v Hoge. ; ted eed haga eet eae nat ® Dole vale coma as bit vale . ® ve component preserh bed feotiinay.” ® Less >. synchronization dro ling 809. anf ' Osond te, Le © Siere bab obsolete. | a Felon. Uses dace oe ise — age Aevels— one positive. omd the othe oi negalive. Manchester Differential mmonchssten (2 ” Nez CWon- Rebown—to-2ers) : Voltage level. ix constant during a bik intenval. 4 The oe two NRE schemes —_ @ nee-v(y) @ Ngao { trvension), = * Fon each £ fe te bil sequ— Hee 41> Loe Level . ae aga ees O= High Level PA ey * A tromsibion Lrom one vile: ” toge Level be He othen I: represents a 4 i *TLo mb 4 oo, 0 : ee Hen wat skevo-palanity . rs | f +A=0 ~ “A 7. 2Aeay | Chonac kerisHex of NR2: @ Tino levels ®© @ib vale some cx tala vale - @ bers D synchrontenhin fon long. sequence o} o's os om fs Me @ RL linn AM a clockin oA To enswu. 5 nchro nization, Framibion tn each bil. chonaclenighien ot RE Ercoding @ Abeer levels. © Bibvale ty double thal sclale vale = ©. No de component - © Grea syrchrontnskion: 2° © twencore im bonded {Me maine * Lew- be aa Hore wk be a signal \ LindlaHows. See - zz Manchester (. Srphase) Encoding; - * ON Mamchosled code the mid- bit ronsilion serves mechanism and alo ay clale. high wepreienls a 1 ond hiyh-b-lae ao. eet eal itberentiah Manelter (ai plas): & Presence sy tromibhan in Ue beghnndng co LIL vepresents 20° : % a0 A Oe a synch nial — 2 Lf o> [LU “2 Gipolor: Qn bipolon, we shall be tine a technzque Kner On Awplibude Monk “Inversion (amt). * Bipdon AME Uses three voltage lovely GA, 0,74) * Uedike Rz, the zero level & Used ty represent o. * Binary L's ane vepresented by altemnating | positive and negative voltages. : : Herne Oo dala wy athe thooig elwoys by Ov. -A * Les of synchronization * Laan “banduaiddh . * Bedolewiany + : i THOTY 2 Some ox AM, bul allewnabing pesibi A osithive and Sm long. Sequences of Os. Penne cS 6 | — ee __F Trammission Medion Physical polk. beluweam tronmibler and recelvem th ow data communicah gn aystem | Shiv inpertemh 40 shedy the pallineda dre v Avala dhe pholodiode (ABD) —y bellow oe aa eestor t stuart der @ivelers Cemmunicahim D rm an} ehy wlreln Commumeahion 4 $0 wre por hon ? ; fn probable devices esirelen Ce mmunicsHon Bory ear Any rhe, envy hit Communticahin’ hh feoa'ble. oy DY aieley Communiahion IN i Melia . Sea") | EM shehon fan “4 tr ehes Commun cally | Incase %- erirelars Smpund ohio, Smmunierhion epends on onlena: Arlene Plays a big role tr wireler, Crore ech | i ER ora mission and retplion ane achieved 5 ; ; earns Oe a mean, | ® For trams miss sion, an amleng rodiales elach,_ mogne he endian ht mm : | So the an hema Plog, bey sgho z [——~ F Tea, Ra i: Basically fur ty pes of cenfiaurobion : . @ Fransmi bly anlena puls oul. So , sad eleclromagne hia pn i -, Transm ten anol rece ver muyl be. Lee nee ee eT comfully aligesd—————— Alles Rolwk~ to poinb communicabion. “Tromsni bled Signal spreads in all divechons- * Com be veeatved by many antennas * Brondeask cominy nica Hm i frop “Popagabion meth ; The methods by whieh communicaken fake Place wm Hh» olin. @ Ground iow ¢ «9b take place belo Q2MH> . [oneres * Example: AM Radio. a os e B m SKy Propagation ] * From 2to 20MHr~ » Ciirem Bard (ea). i ional Qn YW core tho nen phere plows a ve) He por bean omlena *« Above 30 MHe- * EM Rodio,. TY, Cellular Phone. peeqmoie x Tevreatrial Miaowove. * SabelLite communica on s Wireless 1 manamussion | Rodio wave Microwave Infrond | ‘ | © Bnoadeasl yacio; * Proquenuy vange s 30MM = 1 Gite Ownidivectional in nalwee * Communication & Une- of sight © Marina Adshanee : 7+ (ayer * Com penefrate wall. * Tonosphee is trans portml. * Les sensitive to daaa d+rainfall. ' cea debe * Signal cam travel long diatamits * 4 Mulbpolt Interference « . » enethion : 10 Ley (And ne Avtlicalim, © FM kalo, me ®@ Telenision O' pale Mehra being @ Microwaves; ; x Aeraewe. frequencies 1 2-40 Gite * Highly lnectonal beams are poscible Suikeble fom poinh bo beinh aS skelUle. tramsmnisslm 2D Terres trial engyave ; {Mork common Lines of mengrcre ante 8 He parabolic olih ancl i hone * . Primarily used “i, Ly pelsaulle Co ysccer terete (Ale atte — bigger anlens) : 6 Ptinh- be pei Link bebu con buildings . Ne « Aheonalye oo Geanial able 02 FOC: Moi mum das etd Veh ve bag. pe tor 5 a on Km. DW Sokellile Microwave t « A communication salelUle & Losically veloy shakon. Used to Link, tuo on mene. earth see a micronae * Pd Antena size BED Km: + Sakellibe communicaHion Covkigure Hons: = poiabe to- poink Configuration. = Brordéart- Conbgurarion - VL gale le, ef Se, aN ¥

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