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CH 7

grade 11

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Kate dela Torre
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35 vues44 pages

CH 7

grade 11

Transféré par

Kate dela Torre
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
Nous prenons très au sérieux les droits relatifs au contenu. Si vous pensez qu’il s’agit de votre contenu, signalez une atteinte au droit d’auteur ici.
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CHAPTER 7 Finding Antiderivatives ‘The Fundamental Theorem reduces the problem of evaluating the defimte integral . ; f, _ (2) de to that of finding an antiderivative G of f. Once this is accomplished, then Pore) ae =66)-G(a) In this chapter we begin a discussion of the basic techniques for finding antiderivatives. 7.1 Antiderivatives If the function fis continuous on the interval [a, b], we know that the function Gx [roa is one antiderivative for f. And, if C1s any real number constant, the function H(x) = G(-r)+ C 1s also an antidenvative of f, since H’(x)=G’(x)+0= f(x). ‘Thus a given function has infinitely many different antiderivatives that differ only by an additive constant. Ibis useful to have a special symbol for the collection of all antiderivaives for a given function f. Because antiderivatives are closely related with the evaluation of definite integrals, Leibniz used the symbol f f(x) dx to denote the set of all antiderivatives for a function f. For de 2° +0 where Cis any real number, Also, 4 [sn] Joosx dx =sinx-+C where C is any real number. In general, If G is any particular antiderivative of f , then we write Jf) dx = G(x) +e. A note about terminology. Since finding an antidetivative is the Key step in using the Fundamental Theorem to evaluate a definite integral, the tetm "integration" 1s used to refer to the process of finding antidersvatives. So, for example, integra ing J x? dr is understood to mean finding the most general antdenwvative 413 +C. 329 330 Chapter 7- Finding Antdernvatives 7d Example 1, Reversing a Derivative Formula 1 Integrate | —— dx rte J Solution: pee eee i Since (V¥x)=—— , Joe dk =Vx4+C. Oa Sa Each of the differentiation formulas we have learned can be turned around to give us a formula for an antiderivative, The formulas in the following list can be verified by differentiating the function on the right side. fede =le+e peas fx de=2 +O (nel) Jerar=e"+e fia =mnbl+c for ax pte (>0, beh Joosxdx =sinx+C [sina de =-cosx+C fsco?x dx =tanx+C Notice that the formula ft dx =In|x|+C includes an unexpected absolute value. Since the function f(x) = 4 is dfined forall x 0, we would expect an antiderivative to have the same domain. We know that [4 dx =Inx+C for x>0. If x<0, then In(—x) is well defined and Aine m= crf )=4 Thus, ff dx =In(-x)+C for x<0. Using absolute value allows us to say ft dx =In|x|+C. Also, the following general formulas ate consequences of the correspond results. If f and g are continuous functions and & is any constant, then differentiation JlfGo+ a0) de = J fe) de +] a ax Ji F(@) de =Kf FH) ax a Chapter 7 - Finding Antiderwatives sat ‘These equations assert that an antiderivative of f +g can be produced by adding an antiderivative of f to an antiderivative of g; and an antiderivative of k- f can be produced by multiplying an antiderivative of f by k. Example 2: Applying an Integral Formula Integrate fx? de Solution: (2/341) [UF ae =f? ae 2 233 46 341 Example 3: Juergroring Term by Term Integrate { Qsinx—3e*) de. Solution: Jesinx—3e*) dx = Jsinx de—3fe* dx = ~2cosx—3e* + Example 4: Rewriting Before Integrating 42 Bvaluate f° 2H ax Solution: vet 7 x A technique is needed. We first rewrite the integrand: =xt [esa -ffoot) a ie 2 1 S+Ine)-(G+In) eat 2 332 Chapter 7- Finding Antiderwatwves ray mW Exercises In Exercises 1-18, determine the antiderivatives. In some exercises it will be helpful to rewrite the function to be integrated using algebraic or trigonometric identities, Check your answers by differentiauon. 1 J@x+5)de 2. 3 J@-F ae 4 5. 6. 7 fae 8. x=1 9 faphar 10. 1. flet +5) de 12. 13, f(cos*x +sin2x) de 14, 15. [@sinx~Scosx) dx 16. 17. 18, 19. 4 Jox-oar 20. 22, 24, 26, 3cosx dr J a J(see?x -1) dx JO+ne@x-1) de fox? a) de fran? ax J2e* -6c0s.x) dx 19-28, evaluate, if possible, the given definite integrals. ae 2 fj (sinx— 8x) av o i a f Xone rr 1 0 cos foo ax dx 7 Chapter 7- Finding Amnderwatves 333 9 2 a. [ideas ae sx ca 29, Whats the area of the region bounded by the graph of y= "5" and the x-axis from xeltoxse? 30, Attime ¢= 0 an object starts at est and moves along a line in such a way that at time £ its acceleration is 241? feet per second per second. Through how many feet does the particle move during the first 2 seconds? 31, The acceleration at time £ of a particle moving along the x-axis is a(t)=cost—sint. At ‘ume 1 =0 the velocity of the particle is v(0) = 4) Find the velocity of the particle at any time ¢ ») Find an equation for the position x(#) if x(0) = 0 ©) What is the first ime 1 >0 that the particle returns to the orgin? 32. Whats the area of the closed region bounded by the curve y = e* and the lines x=Jand y=1? 33. Whatis the area of the region bounded by the graph of y=-/x +1 and the x-axis from tox=3? 34. Use the identity sin? 825 to find [sin?x de 35. Usethe identity cos®x = 12824 to find [oos?x dx 2 a4 Chapter 7- Finding Annderivanves 72 7.2 Integration Using the Chain Rule ‘The problem of finding antiderivatives is generally more difficult than the problem of determining derivatives. One reason is the absence of a rule for integrating the product of two functions. In this section we discuss an integration method that can be used on some products and makes use of the Chain Rule for differentiation, ‘The Chain Rule says that a composite function -y = F[.g(x)} has the following derivative. SelAlecol) = Fle} 8’) If we call f the derivative of the outer function F, F’= f then LL Pleo] = fle@l-8’@. Therefore, F[g(x)] is an antiderivative of f[g(x)]-¢’(x) and we have JAlg9)- 8° de = Heco}ee ‘Thus when trying to integrate a product or a function that can be expressed as a product, we should consider the possibility that the integrand is the derivative of a composite function. Try to break the integrand into two factors: a composite _f[g(x)] and the derivative g’(x) of the inner function in that composite. If that can be done, and if an antiderivative of f, the outer function in the composite is known, then the integration can be completed as F[g(x)]+C. We call this method of integration "Reversing the Chain Rule". Example 1: Reversing the Chain Rule Integrate fsin?.x -cosx de. Solution: ‘The integrand is the product of two functions. If we choose g(x) = sin x as the inner function, then we discover that g’(x) = cos x is a factor of the integrand, The outer function F inthe composite f(g(x)) is f(x)=.x?. Fortunately, we know an antiderivative for f', : sin?x Hence, namely F(x) = 3 2°, Thus the integrand is the derivative of F[g(x)] 3 3 Jsin?x -cosx dx = 5sin3x +0. Example 2: Recognizing the f[g(x)]-g’(x) Pattern Integrate fx?-+ 1-24 de Solution: If we let g(x)=.x?+ 1, then g appears as the inner function in the factor ¥x2+ 1 and "4 M2 g' have Vx"+ 1-2: 2x is also a factor in the integrand. Using f(x) =x f(g(X))- 9’). Hence the integral will be F(g(x))+C where F is an antiderivative of . Such a function is known, namely, as F(x) = x9, Thus as the outer function, we JolP+ tan de =207+ 9? +0, 72 Chapier 7 «Finding Antderivatives: 335 Example 3: Multiplying and Dividing by a Constant Integrate [(1+sin2x)? -cos2x dx Solution: If we choose g(x)=14+sin 2x as our inner function, then the first factor of the integrand is ‘fle(x)] where f(x) = x3. Unfortunately, the second factor, cos2x, is not the same as 18°(a), but differs from it by @ factor of 2. What we would really like as the integrand is, (1+sin2x)° -(2cos2x). ‘The general formula fk- f(x) dx sk fx) de allows us to write Ja+sin2x)? -coszx de =4[(1+sin2x)? -cos2x 2 dx = Z] Flee}: 8°@) dx Flg(x)]+C. Since F(X) 4 ig an antiderivative of f(x) = 2°, we have a Jd+sin2x)? -cos2x dx 11 4 alas 4 $F +sinaay* +c =F (l+sin2x)4 +6 ‘The TI-83 can be used to provide a graphical check of antiderivatives. For instance, to check the result in Example 3 above, enter the antiderivaive }-(1-+sin(2x))* as Y1 (we take the case C= 0) and the original integrand as ¥2 = (1+ sin(2x))? -cos(2x). Then the graph of the numerical derivative Y3 = nDeriv(Y1,X.X) should appear to be virtually the same as the graph of ‘Y2. Ian integral is a quotient with the numerator being the derivative of the denominator, i de, we can treat the integrand as a product f(g(x))-g’(x) where (x)= is the reciprocal function. Example 4: Integrating a Quotient 20 Integrate |—""— dt . ome J Solution: Ifwelet g()= + I, with f(2) = 4, the integrand is the product f(g()-g'(O) where g(=2t. ce the antiderivative of f=} 1s F(t)=In|t| we have Jey dt = Feo] + C= inf?+ fc ‘Summarizing the integration method in the examples above, we see that the Chain Rule can be reversed if the integrand 1s the product of two functions, one factor being the composite F'[g(x)] and the other factor being g’(x) or a constant multiple of g’(x). 336 Chapter 7- Finding Anndev watives 72 12 In Exercises 1-22, find the antiderivatives. i. 15. 17 19. Exercises Pal de ford (2x43) de see? (2x) de Nxt 2 de e28l ay 2 cosa ae (tan x)? sec? dx Veosx -sinx dx sink 1 10. 12. 14, 16. 20. 22. G8 41! 3x? de Vi=x de sinx-cosx dx cos(4x) dx (nx)? 4 de ae osx -sinx dr x? cos(x?) dx tan? (2x) de dx ead seo? x a dx tan 72 Chapter 7 - Finding Antiderivatives 337 In Exercises 23-30, use the Fundamental Theorem to evaluate each definite integral 23, 25, 27. 29. 31 32. 33. 34. 2 3 fee a4 Pte tae . Hl zI6 1 oy Jisinenae 26. fl Par 0 o 24 Ni flag? Po 28. [Palit oe 1 tee Wok fititva 30. [as otexve azn The velocity, in meters per second, of an otyeet moving along the x-axis is given by vost 7: Find the toa stance thatthe object eavels tween 1 = and = 2. P+ Find the total area enclosed by the graph of y= eS" «cos x and the x-axis from x=0 to xem Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = xsin(x) and the lines y=0, x= 0, andx =n. Find the total distance traveled by an object from f v(t) = (24 21-3341). to £=2 if tts velocity is given by In Exercises 35-38, find the antiderivative, 35. 36. 37. 38. Jian de (Hint: Rewrite as f 22% dy and use the method of Example 4.] Jeots a JeanGx) dx fian(x?)-x de 338, Chapter 7- Finding Antderwatives 23 7.3 The Method of ubstitution A problem-solving strategy that is used throughout mathematics is that of applying transformation to a given expression to change it into an expression that is easier to work with, that is better understood, or that is in standard form, Examples of this strategy include the expression of a quadratic as the sum or difference of squares using the completing the square transformation and the expression of multiplication problems as addition problems using a logarithmic transformation. We now consider a transformation technigue ~ called substitution — that is used to transform one antiderivative into another, the second antiderivative being simpler than the frst. ‘The key steps in using substitution to find antiderivatives are: 1) Substitute Choose a substitution « = g(x), and write du=g’(x)de = das. ‘Then substitute both w and du into the original integral to produce a new integral of the form f f(u) du. 2) Antidifferentiate Antiditferentiate in terms of u; ie., find a function F for which Fw) fw. 3) Resubstitute Substitute g(x) for u to obtain an antiderivative in terms of x. ‘Substitution provides a more formal approach to the "Reversing the Chain Rule" technique. We will redo the last three examples in Section 7.2 to illustrate how substitution works with integrals of the form f f'[g(x)]-9’(x) de. Example 1: Using Substitution Use substitution to integrate f-yx?+ 1-2x dx. Solution: First, let 1 be the inner function, w= g(x) = x24 1. Next we use the denvative of the inner function, d= g(x) =2x dk i to write the symbolic equation i jy dy =H de = 2 de, where & denotes the derivative of u with respect to x and du and dx are part of the notation for integrals, ‘The two substitutions wex?+1 and du=2xdx result in the transformation fre? 12x dx > fvudu. 73 Chapter 7 - Funding Antidervatives 339 Antidifferentiating the simpler integral with respect to , we obtain Jalids = 20 +0, Our final step is to replace # with x?+ 1 so that the final answer is in terms of the original variable x, Je?+ 12x dr = 207+ 3? +0, We can check our answer by using the Chain Rule to differentiate: 4 G+? +0 e| $3307 nl? 2 a2 N= vx? 12x ‘This use of the substitution technique is outlined in the following diagram where fis an antiderivative of f’, [fo] = sO) fle} ar = fleo]+c oD u= 8) du= g(x) dx Jf’) du = fw@+e Example 2: Using Substitution Use substitution to integrate f (1+sin(2x))° -cos(2x) dx, Solution; du dx Ifwe let u=1+sin(2x) be the inner function, then 44 = 2cos(2x) and $du = cos(2x) dr. Now we substitute to obtain: Jarsinany? -cos@nde = Lassinaxyt +e +sin(2x) ox(2x) 2 => du=costex)dx | L+sin(2x) = he t Now differentiate this answer to check that it is correct. 340 Chapter 7- Fanlang Antuderivatives 73 Example 3: Using Substitution Use substitution to integrate Solution: Itwelet =r? +1 be the inner function, then i= 2¢ and du=2rdt, Now we substitute to obtain: Joya In? +1] +0 us P +1 au fe a 2t => du =2rdt. fia ‘i Injuj+c ‘The method of substitution may also be used when the integrand contains radicals. In such cases it is often helpful to solve for x in terms of u and then find the derivative of x with respect to u, 2, The next two examples illustrate this strategy. du Example 4: Using Substitution Use the substitution w= x-+1 to integrate J ryx4T de Solution: Htwelet w= x-+1, then solving for x gives y=u—1. Then 2 =1 and de = du. Now substituting for x, x4 Land dx we obtain: xt] dx 2 fv = Fart? 2a? ec uextiso [x uax+l Mo dv=du du Joo We a = [We ul?) du = 24922, 46 ‘The answer to Example 4 could be checked by differentiation; however, we will check it visually. In the figure, we have a TI-83, graph of both the integrand f(x) =.xyx+1 and the its antiderivative a) = 264? ~2(2 4198? +6 (We let C =0), Notice that f is] 7 negative when g decreases, positive when g increases and g has its minumum value when f(x) = 0. | 175, 1175) E88] 73 (Chapter 7- Funding Anuderatives 341 Example 5: Using Substieution x=T toumtegrate f 2 Use the substitution w= dx Solution: If we let w=-/x—1 , then solving for x gives x=u? +1, Then amy so that dx = 2u- du. Now we substitute to obt ~9? saye-14+0 u=(e-1!? oe J@ f2udu = 2f(u? +1)du 2,3 2 42u+C rn 3 Substitution in Definite Integrals The method of substitution can also be applied to definite integrals Example 6: Evaluating Definite Integrals ay Evaluate J" sin? cos x ds 0 Solution Let w=sinx, Then 44 Lower and upper limits of integration in terms of osx and du=cosxdx. Before substituting, determine new Lower limit: When x=0, u=sin0 Upper limit: When x = Now we substitute to obtai a2 Jo sin? -c0s.x a lo u=sinx =cosx => du=cosx dr 342, Chapter 7- Findmg Antiderivatives 73 7.3 Exercises In Exercises 1-10, find the antiderivatives by using the indicated substitution, Check your answer by differentiation, ( Note: each of these problems can also be done by reversing the Chain Rule) Jl cose 1 JME dx; w=Inx +2)dr; waa +2 2 3.0 JB uasx?e7 4 Jee ed eat? 5x47 Y24x3 ix 5 Jap ay 6 fot, ua 2d x (2x41) 7 fxr sec?Q)de; waa? u=ltve dx; u=S-x 2 J aa 10, f[ese?sinx0}-cosx dx; u=sinx In Exercises 11 ~16, find the antiderivative by using the indicated substitution. Check that your answer is reasonable by graphing both the function and its antiderivative (let C = 0), VD, faNxt2de; waxt2 12,0 fxNOx-1de; w=2x-1 de; usV2xt3 14, a las 2x-1 15, la dey ua vx¥3 16. 73 Chapier 7 - Finding Antderrvatives 343, In Exercises 17-26, evaluate the definite integrals exactly using the indicated substitution. Use your calculator to check your work. 7. 19. 21. 23. 25, fort ax: u=2xt1 18, . fi man u=Inx 20. 22. 7 fram uavx+1 24, f Ox? +L ie x singe?) dey w= 14 JF 20% 50070 a 0 Cas In Exercises 27-34, choose a suitable substitution function, w= g(.x), to find the indicated anti 27. 29, 3h. tiderivative. 7 pore” ae 28. x pee Devinn dx 30. Jxv3x—6 ax 32. 4c J dx 34, ave dx dx fscc?(e*)-e* dx (c+ 52x47 dx 344 Chapter 7 «Finding Antiderivatves 74 7.4 Integration by Parts Not all products can be integrated by reversing the Chain Rule, For example, consider the function f(x) = x-cos x. To integrate such functions we need to develop a new technique. If we consider the derivative of the product f(x)- g(x), we have SLI@)8CI]= £00: 8°) + )-F'). Thus £09)-8'C)= ELF] -8)-F') ‘Taking the antiderivative of both sides we have Jf 0)-8'@) dx= J Lf e@] de ~f gl) fC de Since the fist integrand on the right is the derivative of f(x): g(x), we obtain J fe)-8@) de = $G)-8) - [8 #0) de ‘This equation is called the rule of condensed form: integration by parts and can be written in more [fis = fa -Jer ‘The word parts refers to the functions f and g’ in the integrand on the left side. According to the tule, the integral of a product of two functions may be written as a difference, one term of which 1s a new integral. Fortunately, in many cases the new integral is, simpler than the original integral. ‘Thus integration by parts isa technique by which we replace one integration problem by a simpler one. An important aspect of employing integration by parts is designating the factors f(x) and g’(x) of the original integrand in such a way that f(x) simplifies under differentiation while the Factor g’(xc) does not become more complicated under integration, Example 1: fntegration by Parts Find J x-cosx de. Solution: If we take f(x) =x and g’(xx)=cos.x (so that f’(x) =I and g(x) =sin.x), the parts formula, Jfre’ = few —Je-f', yields fx-cosx dx = x-sine —Jsinxdy =x-sinx +c0sx +C. 74 Chapter 7 - Funding Annderivanves 345 Example 2: Integration by Parts Find fx -Inx de Solution: x If we take f(x)=Inx and g’(x)=x?, then f/x) By the parts formula, | f-g’ = f-g —Jg-f’,wehave 2 3 Joins de = nx -[3 de 3 3 “nx ~5 +C It can happen that a particular integral may require repeated applications of integration by parts, This 1s ilastrated in the following example. Exainple 3: Repeated Integration by Parts Find x? -e* de. Solution: Let fx)=x? and g’(x)=e%, then f(x) =2x and g(x)=e*. Then fx? -e8 de = x? -0* -2fx-e* de. ‘The integral on the right-side of the equation can be evaluated by a second integration by parts. Let f(x) =x, g’(x) =e", so that f’(x)=1 and g(x) =e*. Then Juce® dx = xe* — Jet dx =x-e* 07 46 iting above we have fede = x? where D=~2€ still represents any real number constant. Subs e* -e' +¢] =x? -e* -24-6" +2e7+D, A trick that is useful when integrating a single function by parts is to consider the function 8°(3) to be the factor 1. This is illustrated in the next example. Example 4: An dntegrand with a Single Term Find finx dy Solution: Take f(2)=Inx and g'(x)=1, so that f’(x)=+ and g(x)=x. Then Jinx ds =x-Inx ~[4 xde =xlnx - fide =xlnx -x +C 346 Chapter 7- Finding Antiderivatives 74 7.4 Exercises In Exercises 1~14, evaluate the given integral. Solve by the simplest method — not all require integration by parts. Check your answers by differentiation, 1 xe* dx Ht In(2x) dx 5. Ja-sinx de 1 finde dx 9 xesee*x de fama)? tae 13, fx VI+x dx 2. 10, 12. cn xelnx dx aee™* de (nx)? dx In Exercises 15~20, evaluate the definite integral exactly. Check your answer by comparing it to a midpoint estimate computed with 1 15. xe dy o a2 7 ie sin(2x) dx 8 19, Inv2x de 2 21. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y =10. 16, a [fx-cose2x) dx lo H avinx de o 7 In(l+x) de 0 In.x, the x-axis and the line x 22, Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of y=xe™*, the aeaxis and the line x 2S Chapter 7- Finding Antidesivatives 347 7.5 The Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses ‘The trigonometic functions, sine, cosine and tangent do not have inverses because they are petiodic and therefore not one-to-one. However, by suitably restricting the domain of each of these functions we produce new functions that are one-to-one and that also take on all of the. possible function values of the corresponding trigonometric function, Sine There ate many intervals we could choose to consider as restricted domains on which sine would be ‘one-to-one, Any closed interval of length x and with left endpoint at an odd multiple of ¥ works. ‘The usual choice is the interval [—7, ¥ ] 1 Sin ‘On this interval sine is increasing and takes on all the possible function values for sine; that is, all real numbers between ~1 and 1 ¥ ‘We call the new function with this restricted domain Sine (pronounced "Cap-Sine") ‘The function Sine, denoted by Sin, is defined only on the interval (5, 5 ]by Sin(x)=sin(x). Since the function Sine behaves exactly like sine except for the restriction on its domain, its derivative is still given by cosine, That is for all x in [-7, 5 £Gin x) =cos(x). The funetion cosine is nonnegative on the interval [-3,, J }, so Sine is an increasing function on its whole domain. Hence Sine has an inverse, which we denote in either of two ways: Sin~l or arcsin, ‘The inverse of Sine is denoted by Sin-! or aresin. ‘The graph of arcsin is obtained from that of Sin by reflecting in the line y= x. 348 Chapter 7- Finding Antiderwanves 75 ‘The domain of arcsin is the interval (—1, 1], and its range is [~}, 5 ] Example 1: Evaluating Inverse Trigonometric Functions Find aresin (.707), aresin (4) and aresin (=) Solution: With a calculator in radian mode, we find arcsin (.707) 785. Approximations to f aresin (3 ) and aresin (=}) may also be found with a calculator. Or you may use the fact N3)__® 2 3 x in CE that Sin (7 a to obtain arcsin (5) = ©. Similarly, aresin ( Example 2: Using Right Trangles Simplify cos ( aresin (x) ). Solution: Iwe let y=aresin(x), then x= sin y. Form a right triangle with hypotenuse of length 1 ‘that has an acute angle y such that y= aresin(x). ‘Then 0s (aresin x) = cos y So, cos (aresin (2) = V1—x? 75 Chapter 7~ Finding Antiderivatives a9 ‘The Derivative of Aresin x Let y wcsin x, -} < y S$ 5, Hence, siny=.x, andif cosy 20, so that cos y= J1—sin?y . Using implicit differentiation it follows that cos ye ote ey Aiosin?y Vinx? A faresin x)= -l 2a ara | fb ae—miaen | < i 24n ‘To ensure that the error is less than 0,001 we solve the following inequality: 1 < 0.001 (<7) 000 and get AO = 9.13. Vi ‘Thus, we choose m=10 (nm must be at least 9.13) and apply the Midpomt Rule to obtain n> figs dx ~ 6928353604 (Exact value of ft dx =|n2= 6931471806) 362, Chapter 7 Finding Anudenvatves 76 Example 6: Controlling the Error m the Trapezord Rule 1 Use the Trapezoid Rule to determine an approximation of Jyoose?) dx with an error of no more than 0001. Confirm your results with the calculator approximation fnlnt(cos(X2), X, OD. Solution: For the function y=cos(x*), and we have ay sin(x? & = -2xsin(x”), a’ ae 2 Ge = AE cost”) —2sin(x"). ad 2, 2 2. iz From a graph of ae =—4x7 cos(x”)—2sin(x*) it can be determined that the largest value of [f(2)| on the interval [0, 1] is approximately 3.84488 at x =.9941, Applying the error formula for the Trapezoid Rule with Mz = 3.84488, tote Mz(b-a)> lf cos(x”) dx =Trap(n) | < “255 = 3,84488-— o 12h’ 12h’ ‘To ensure that the error is less than 0.0001 we solve the following inequality ( ss) < 0.0001 Lan and get [aadas 8 Voi ‘Thus we choose = 57 (since 1» must be at least 56.60). n> = 56.60. Choosing n- 7, we apply the Trapezoid Rule to obtain fpeosta?) de = 9044810722, ‘The value of fnlnt(cos(X?}, X, 0,1) = 9045242379. 76 Chapier 7 - Funding Anuiderivatives 363 7.6 Exereises In Exercises 1-4, use a) the Midpoint Rule and b) the Trapezoid Rule to approximate the given integral for n= 10. Round answers to three decimal places. Then compare with the exact value of the definite integral and the calculator approximation fnlnt(f(X),X, A, B). 1 4x : - 2 Lo fleas S aye 1 1 Jjsee? a 4 ffx-costs") a None of the definite integrals in Exercises 5-8 can be evaluated using the Fundamental Theorem, because the necessary antiderivative cannot be expressed exactly in terms of elementary functions Use the Midpoint Ruile with n = 10 to approximate each integral. Round off each approximation to three decimal places. Ly 1 5. [dieP ae 6. fi voine ax o o 7. pa 8 fisinc?y a sn sin(x2) dx eee 10 9. Using the Trapezoid Rule with n= 8, approximate the area of the first quadrant region bounded by the graph of y= -4$ and the x-axis. e 1 0. a) Estimate f 1 dy with n= 10 using jp TF cos i) aleft-hand Riemann sum 1) atight-hand Riemann sum ii) the Trapezoid Rule b) Explain why the first estimate is too small and the second estimate is too large. 2 8 LI, Use the Trapezoid Rule to approximate f kde and J + dx with n=8. Compare your F 1x 16 results. Guess what j 4 dx might be. Check it with the Trapezoid Rule. fi 364 Chapter 7 ~ Finding Antdeuvatives 76 1B 15. 16. 1 a) Verify tua 4ayi-x? dx 0 1. b) Using the Midpoint Rule, approximate the integral in part a) for n = 4, 8, 16, 1 ©) Verity that [4 dee. lex 4) Using the Trapezoid Rule, approximate the integral in part c) for n = 4, 8, 16. ©) Which method of approximating x converges faster? How do you explain this? An experiment was performed in which oxygen was produced at a continuous rate. The rate at which oxygen Was produced was measured each minute and the results tabulated. minutes OT IT 2737 47s oxygen (cu fminy) | 0 [14] 18]22) 30] 4, o Use the Trapezoid Rule to estimate the total amount of oxygen produced in 6 mmutes. ‘The following mputs and outputs for a continuous function fare known. ¥ Tia yrs ie re 20 To 68 [49 [354] 00 | 58 Use the Trapezoid Rule to approximate the area of the region S bounded above by the graph of f and below on the x-axis on the interval [1, 2] Use the Trapezoid Rule with 1 = 10 to approximate the distance traveled in the first 2 seconds by an object moving along a straight line with velocity given by v(t) = -Vsint. Determine which rules (left-hand, midpoint, trapezoid) give the exact integral for n = 4. Explain your answers geometrically. 1 1 1 = gee 2) Jes de ») je Il de ° Jes x beos*x) dex 76 Chapter 7 - Finding Antderwvanves 365 17. 18. 19, 20. ‘The graph of the function f over the interval (1, 7] is shown below. Using values from 1 the graph, find Trapezoid Rule estimates for the integral j "F(2) de using the indicated number of subintervals. raph of f a) n= 3 b) n=6 ‘The graph of f over the interval [1,9] is shown in the figore. Using the data in the figure, find a midpoint approximation with 4 9 ‘equal subdivisions for j flax) dee graph of g The graph of g is shown in the figure. 2 Estimates of f (2) de were computed using the left, right, trapezoid and midpoint rules, each with the same umber of subintervals, The answers recorded were 1.562, 1.726, 1.735, 1.908. 4) Match each approximation with the corresponding rule. b) Between which two approximations does the true Value of the integral lie? graph of f ‘The graph of is shown in the figure, | ‘ 2 Estimates of [ f(x) dx were computed using the left, right, trapezoid and midpoint rules, each with the same number of subintervals ‘The answers recorded were 1,750, 1.9343, 1.9440, 2.1378. ae 8) Match each approximation with the corresponding rule. b) Between which two approximations does the truc Value of the integral lie? 366 Chapter 7 - Finding Anudenvauves 26 21. Let f(x)=sin(x?). a) Show that f"(x) =—4x” sin(x”) +2cos(x"). 'b) Use the graph of f” to verify that the maximum value of |f”(x)| on [0, 1] is 2.2853 ©) What is the smallest value of n for which the Midpoint Rule approximates 7 ffsincs?y dx within 0,001? Justify your answer. @ Confirm your results with the calculator approximation fnlnt(sin(X2), X, 0,1), 22, Let f(x a) Show that f"(x)=(2+4x7)e” b) Use the graph of f” to verify that the maximum value of |f”(x)| on [0, 1] is 16.3097. c) What is the smallest value of n for which the Trapezoid Rule approximates fer dx within 0.001? Justify your answer. @) Confirm your results with the calculator approximation fnlnt(e"(X2), X, 0,1). In Exercises 23-26, determine a value of» such that the midpoint approximation My, differs from the true value of the definite integral by less than the indicated allowable error E, (Hint: Use the ‘graph of the second derivative to find the maximum value Mp of [f(x] ) 2 7 23, fins de, B= 0001 24, fle dey B= 0.0001 7 ‘ 25, I hy dx; B= 0.001 26. f cos(x?) dx; B= 0.001 al In exercises 27-28, determine a value of n such that the trapezoid approximation Ty, differs from the true value of the definite integral by less than the indicated allowable error E. (Hint: Use the graph of the second derivative to find the maximum value My of |f”(x)|) 1 21. ifrea dx; E=0s lo ‘Supplementary Problems Chapter 7 - Funding Anndertwanves 367 Chapter 7 Supplementary Problems In Exercises 1-20, find the antiderivatives. 1. xO de lo i “dt 6 3. JGx42)*de es 9. fxP@d+1? de uw fx? inxdx 13. fxoVaex* dx 13. fxvi=x ae 17. 19. dx yi-9x? 2. sec? (2x) de 4 (x7) ae 6. fear 8 2x(a?+ 4) de 1 10. ds Vaevi 12, ftanPx see?x de 14, 16. [a Vivo 18. 20, 35 de tax In Exercises 20-28, evaluate each definite integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. 24 Sdx 12 22, f t i 368 Chapter 7- Finding Annderwarives Supplementary Problems 3 8 a. ff neds 24, fax! ae 1 1 0 J s 26. foe m1 G42) 3 2 27 a. JM lt tae ati 29. 30, fat Hint: Divide first] 1 Vt ae nity ai. fF cos%x sin de 32, fants dr 0 lo 33, ‘The table below shows the velocity of a model train engme moving along a track for 5 seconds, Use the Trapezoid Rule to estimate the distance traveled by the engine. time (Gee) o T 7475 velocity Gnisec)| 0 | 12 | 16 [18 26 Find the total area of each shaded region in Exercises 34 and 35, a4, y=xV4nx?) 35. y=(1—cosx)-sinx Supplementary Problems Chapter 7 - Finding Antiderwvatives 369 36. 37. 39, 40. 4 42, 1 Estimate f cos(x) dx using (a) the Trapezoid Rule and (b) the Midpoint Rule with 0 24, From a graph of the mtegrand, decide whether your answers are underestimates or overestimates. ‘The left, right, trapezoidal and midpoint approximations —] 2 7 were used to estimate j f(x) dx where f is the function aa fh whose graph is shown in the figure, ‘The estimates were 10.284, 9.410, 11.158 and 10.366 5 8) Which rule produced which estimate? b) Between which two approximations does the true value of the integral lie? Use a trapezoid approximation with four subdivisions to obtain the area of the first ‘quadrant region bounded by the graph of f(x) = oon the interval (1, 3]. 1 1x? Determine the exact area of the region bounded between the graph of 2? and the x-axis for 0 Sx $3 Find the exact area of the first quadrant region bounded by the graph of y= —4# Lex the x-axis and the line x= 2. Use a) the Trapezoid Rule and b) the Midpoint Rule with 4 equal subdivisions to approximate the definite integral f j2x-3 ]dr. ‘The function f is defined by f(x) ft fF 4 a) Approximate j 'f(x) dx with a lefichand Riemann sum, using three subdtvisions of equal length. 2x ») Check your answer in part a) by finding an antiderivatve of f(2) = and ye att a) by: e f eal using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate a definite imtegral. 370 Chapter 7 - Finding Aniderivaives Supplementary Problems 43, The figure represents an observer at point A watching B balloon B as it rises from point C, The balloon is rising ata constant rate of 2 meters per second and the observer is 48 meters from point C. : ‘ Find the rate of change in@ at the instant when y = 24, 6 A 7 lc 44. Find the point of inflection of the curve y= (x+1)arctan x. 45, Given the function y= 3x73 ~ 2. on the interval [-1, 8]. 8) Find f’(x) ») Find all critical values of {f on the interval [~1, 8] ©) Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of fon [-1, 8]. 46. Determine the radius and height of the eylinder with maximum volume that can be obtained by revolving a rectangle with perimeter 20 about one of its sides. (V =1r2h) 47. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y =x? —2x and the z-axis from x=0 0 2=3, 48. A storage shed with a volume of 150 cubic feet isto be builtin the shape of a rectangular box with a square base, The concrete for the base costs $4.00 per square foot, the material for the sides and roof costs $2.50 per square foot. Find the dimensions of the most economical shed. xP 49. I GQ)= f —t , find all intervals on which the graph of G is, Pat 8) increasing; ) concave up 50, The function g is defined by g(x) : 49 a) Find g(x) b) Determine the global maximum and minimum values of g on the interval (0, 4) 51. Onadistant planet, somewhat smaller than earth, the acceleration due to gravity is —12 ft/sec. If a rock is thrown upward from a height of 10 ft with an initial velocity of 30 ft/sec, what is the maximum height reached by the rock? Supplementary Problems Chapter 7- Finding Antiderivatives a7 52. 53, 54. 55. 56. 37. Given the function g defined by g(x) =3x° ~ 10x* +7, use derivatives to find a) the intervals on which g is increasing; ) the x-coordinates of any inflection points. ‘Use Newton's method to approximate a zero of y= x? —3x7 +1. Let the initial approximation be xg =1 and determine x, and x9 to three decimal places. ‘The graph of a differentiable function f' on the closed interval [-4, 4] is shown below. : raph of f Le (x)= f' FO dt for 45x54. paces 2) Find G(-4). b) Find G’(-4), c) On which interval or intervals is the graph of G concave down? Justify your answer, 4) Find the value of x at which G has its maximum on the closed interval (-4, 4}. Justify your answer. Consider a polynomial function f with the following properties: s » [roar 3 i [ire ae =10 5 4) Find the value of f [2fls) + 6]dx. b) If f(x)=ax+b, determine a and b. Let f be a function whose graph is concave down on the the closed interval [1, 2] , with selected values shown in the table below. ei is is arp fa) © 18 | 21 ‘i 24 If f” and f” are defined for all x in (1, 2), which of the following statements are true? a f'05)< f(D b) 10< f'(1.5)<30 ©) fU.1)> f"0.7) Find the nth derivative of the function by calculating the first few derivatives and observing the patter that occurs a) f(e)=xe* » f=} 372 Chapter 7 - Finding Antiderivatives Supplementary Problems 58. Let f be the function given by f(x) = ar ‘) In the viewing rectangle provided below, sketch a graph of f. b) Write an equation for each horizontal asymptote of the graph of f ©) Find the range of f. Use f’(x) to justify your answer. [Note: f’(x) = (rey 59. Anobject moves along the parabola y= x? in the first quadrant in such a way that its 4-coordinate increases at a steady 10 cm/sec, How fast is the angle of inclination @ of the line joining the object to the origin changing when x=3 om? What is the limiting value of 48 as xo? [x-2| for isxs4 60. The function f is defined on [-1, 4] by (x)= x for -1Sx<1 a) Sketch the graph of f +) Ifpossible, determine values of x on (-1, 4] for which f is not continuous. Explain briefly ©} Ifposstble, determine values of x on [-1,4] for which the derivative does not exist. 4 6) Bvatate: 743) dr

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