13-1 çLrkouk

13-2 mís';
13-3 'kks/k midj.k vkSj rduhd % vFkZ vkSj vo/[Link]
13-4 ,d vPNs 'kks/k midj.k ds y{k.k
13-5 vk¡dM+s laxzg.k ds fy, midj.k
13-5-1 ijh{k.k
13-5-2 ç'ukoyh
13-5-3 fu/kkZj.k ekiuh
13-5-4 lwph
13-5-5 ijh{k.k lwph
13-6 vk¡dM+s laxzg.k ds fy, rduhd
13-6-1 lk{kkRdkj
13-6-2 voyksdu
13-7 lkjka'k
13-8 lanHkZ vkSj mi;ksxh iBu lkexzh
13-9 viuh çxfr dh tkap ds fy, mÙkj

'kks/k ekStwnk Kku esa ,d ekSfyd ;ksxnku gS tks f'k{kk ds {ks= esa mUufr esa lgk;rk
djrk gSA 'kks/k ds lapkyu ds fy,] mi;qä [Link] vkSj rduhdksa dk mi;ksx
djds çklafxd vkadM+ksa dks ,d= fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d 'kks/kdrkZ 'kks/k esa
midj.k vkSj rduhdksa dks 'kks/k dh ç—fr ds vk/kkj ij pqurk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ 'kSf{kd
'kks/k ds fy, çklafxd vkSj mi;qä vk¡dM+k çkIr djus ds fy,] mi;qä midj.k
¼vksa½ dk p;u dj ldrs gSa] tSls& euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k vkSj lwph] ç'ukoyh] tkap
lwph] fu/kkZj.k ekiuh vkfn lkFk esa fofHkUu rduhd dk Hkh p;u fd;k tk ldrk
gS tSls& voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj] lektfefr] fo"k;oLrq fo'ys"k.k vkfnA çR;sd
midj.k vkSj rduhd dh ç—fr] fo'ks"krkvksa] :ijs[kk ,oa ç'kk'ku ,oa foospuk esa
fHkUurk gksrh gSA blds vykok] çR;sd midj.k fo'ks"k :i ls fof'k"V çdkj ;k
'kks/k dh ç—fr ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh ds laxzg ds fy, fMt+kbu fd;k tkrk gSA
pwafd ,d fof'k"V pj dk vkdyu djus ds fy, dbZ midj.k miyC/k gSa] ,d
'kks/kdrkZ dks vius v/;;u ds vko';drk ds vuqlkj ,d pj dk vkdyu djus
ds fy, ,d midj.k dk p;u djuk gksrk gSA midj.k dh vuqiyC/krk gksus ij]
,d 'kks/kdrkZ vius Lo;a ds midj.k dks la'kksf/kr ;k fodflr dj ldrk gSA ,d
vPNs 'kks/k midj.k esa dqN cqfu;knh fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa vkSj çR;sd 'kks/kdrkZ dks
muds ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg,A ;g bdkbZ vkidks dqN vk¡dM+k laxzg [Link] ls
ifjfpr djk,xhA
273
 bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds ckn] vki %
• 'kks/k ds midj.k vkSj rduhd dk vFkZ le>k ldsax(s
• vPNs 'kks/k [Link] dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk [Link] dj ldsax(s
• vk¡dM+k laxzg ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fofHkUu çdkj ds [Link] ij
ppkZ dj ldsaxs vkSj
• vk¡dM+k laxzg ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fofHkUu çdkj dh rduhdksa ij
ppkZ dj ldsxa As

vk¡dM+k laxzg.k 'kks/k ds lcls [Link] [Link] esa ls ,d gS ,oa vk¡dM+k dks 'kks/k
midj.k ¼vksa½ dh lgk;rk ls ,df=r fd;k tkrk gSA 'kks/k midj.k ,d fo'ks"k pj
ds ewY;kadu esa lgk;rk ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lk/ku gSa tks v/;;u ds
v/khu gksrs gSaA blfy,] ge dg ldrs gSa fd] v/;;u ds rgr ,d pj ls lacaf/kr
tkudkjh ,d= djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fdlh Hkh pht dks ,d 'kks/k
midj.k ;k ,d 'kks/k lk/ku dgk tkrk gSA 'kks/k midj.k ;k 'kks/k lk/ku dk
mi;ksx fofHkUu çdkj ds pj ds fy, vkadM+ksa dk vkdyu ;k ,d=hdj.k djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS ;s euks&lkekftd LokLF; ls ysdj 'kkjhfjd dk;Z rd gks
ldrs gSaA vk¡dM+k fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;k[;k ds mís'; ds fy, 'kks/k midj.k ekius
;ksX; vkSj çs{k.k ;ksX; gksrs gSaA vk¡dM+k dh ç—fr ;k vk¡dM+k ds vk/kkj ij
vk¡dM+k ,d= djus ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj ds midj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
buesa ls dqN midj.k dsoy fLFkfr ds dqN igyqvksa dh vuqifLFkfr ;k mifLFkfr
dh igpku djrs gSaA dqN vU; midj.k [Link] fooj.k ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh
,d= djrs gSa ftlesa ml fLFkfr esa ekStwn rRoksa ds chp ;k muds chp rqyuk
'kkfey gksrh gSA dqN vU; [Link] dk mi;ksx ek=kRed vkadM+kas ls lacaf/kr
vk¡dM+k ,d= djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks Ldksj ;k Ldsy eki ls lEcaf/kr
gksrs gSaA
tc dksbZ 'kks/kdrkZ vk¡dM+s ,d= djus dh ;kstuk cukrk gS rc og v/;;u ds
fy, rS;kj fd, x, mís';ksa ds vuqlkj ,d 'kks/k midj.k fodflr djrk gS] ;k
igys ls fodflr ekudh—r midj.k dk p;u djrk gSA
lkeU;r;k vk¡dM+s-ijh{k.k vkSj xSj&ijh{k.k çfØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls ,d= fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ijh{k.k çfØ;k ds rgr] vk¡dM+s ijh{k.k] ç'ukoyh ] lwph] tkap lwph ;k
fu/kkZj.k ekiuh ds ek/;e ls çkIr fd;s tkrs gSa] bl çdkj dh çfØ;kvks@ a
[Link] dks 'kks/k midj.k dgk tkrk gSA xSj&ijh{k.k ds rgr] voyksdu ;k
lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls vk¡dM+k ,d= fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl çdkj dh çfØ;kvksa
dks 'kks/k rduhd dgk tkrk gSA fofHkUu vk¡dM+k laxzg.k 'kks/k rduhdksa ds fy,
fofHkUu çdkj ds 'kks/k [Link] dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
voyksdu rduhd esa dksbZ Hkh tkap lwph] fu/kkZj.k ekiuh] ç'ukoyh vkfn dk
mi;ksx 'kks/k midj.k ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
274
'kks/k midj.k mu [Link] ;k lk/kuksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS ftudh lgk;rk ls
,d 'kks/kdrkZ vk¡dM+k laxzg dh çfØ;k esa v/;;u ds rgr fofHkUu pj dk vkdyu
djrk gSA ;g u dsoy midj.k ds p;u] fMtkbfuax] fuekZ.k vkSj ewY;kadu ls
lacaf/kr gS cfYd mu fLFkfr;ksa ls Hkh lacaf/kr gS ftuesa midj.k ç'kkflr gSA 'kks/k
midj.k cgqr [Link] gSa vkSj budh vko';drk vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy,
U;kn'kZ ls vk¡dM+k ,d= djus vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkyus rFkk bldh O;k[;k ds fy,
vko';d gSaA

d½ viuk mÙkj uhps nh xbZ txg esa fy[ksa

[k½ vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls djsaA
1- 'kks/k [Link] ds vFkZ dh foospuk dhft,A
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2- D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd 'kks/k midj.k [Link] gSa\ vkius tokc dk vkSfpR;
Li"V djsaA
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,d 'kks/k midj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a gSa %

1- ,d ijh{k.k dks oLrqfu"B rc dgk tkrk gS tc ijh{kd dk
O;fäxr [Link]; vadu çfØ;k@Ldksfjax dks çHkkfor ugha djrk gSA oLrqfu"B
[Link]; lVhd gksrs gSa vkSj blfy, fo'oluh; gksrs gSaA bls nks igyqvksa ls ns[kk
tk ldrk gS %
• bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ,dka'k@
inLi"V gksuk pkfg, ,oa ;FkklaHko ljy Hkk"kk esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg, |
'kk;n] dHkh&dHkh] cgqr vf/kd tSls 'kCnksa ls nwjh cukuk pkfg, A
• bldk eryc gS fd 'kks/kdrkZ ds O;fäxr
iwokZxzg çkIrkad@Ldksj dks çHkkfor ugha djuk pkfg,A 'kks/kdrkZ dh
HkkoukRed fLFkfr] iwokZxzg vkSj joS;k Ldksj@çkIrkad dks çHkkfor ugha
djuk pkfg,A
275
 2- fo'oluh;rk eki esa fujarjrk dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA ;g ewy
:i ls fofHkUu voljksa ij ,d gh O;fä dks fn, x, ijh{k.k ij çfrfØ;kvksa
dh fujarjrk ls lacaf/kr gSA bldk eryc ;g gS fd ;fn dksbZ O;fä ,d gh
ijh{kk nks ckj nsrk gS] rks Hkh vad leku gksrs gSaA ,d ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk
fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy,] ijh{k.k&iquiZjh{k.k] v/kZ foPNsn] lerqY; vkfn tSls
lglaca/kksa ds fofHkUu ekiksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3- ,d vPNs 'kks/k midj.k ls ;g ekius dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd mls
D;k ekiuk pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ ijh{k.k bl mís'; dks çkIr djrk gS] rks ijh{k.k
dks oS/k dgk tkrk gSA oS/krk vk/kkjh; gksrh gS] ge mPp] e/;e ;k fuEu oS/krk
tSlh Jsf.k;ksa ds lanHkZ esa oS/krk ij fopkj dj ldrs gSaA blds vykok] oS/krk
fof'k"V gksrh gS] ,d ijh{k.k ,d mís'; ds fy, ekU; gks ldrk gS ysfdu
nwljs ds fy, ekU; ugha gks ldrk gSA ,d vk¡dM+k laxzg.k midj.k oS/k gksuk
pkfg,A
4- midj.k ewy vkSj lkfgfR;d pksjh jfgr] =qfV;ksa ls eqä gksuk
pkfg, vkSj blesa lHkh vko';d fooj.k 'kkfey gksus pkfg,A
5- bls O;kogkfjdrk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bldh mi;ksfxrk
bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd fcuk le;] /ku vkSj ç;klksa ds vR;f/kd O;;
ds fdlh midj.k dks fdruh vklkuh ls ç'kkflr] O;k[;k vkSj Ldksj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
6- ,d midj.k bruk laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg, fd og ,d NksVs
ls cnyko dks Hkh fjd‚MZ@ewY;kadu@eki dj ldsA ;g midj.k dks vf/kd
lVhd cuk nsxk vkSj fu"d"kZ vf/kd lVhd gksaxsA

d½ viuk mÙkj uhps nh xbZ txg esa fy[ksaA

[k½ vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls djsaA
3- ge ;g dSls tku ldrs gSa fd ,d 'kks/k midj.k vPNk gS\
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4- oLrqfu"Brk ds nks fofHkUu igyqvksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
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276
5- fo'oluh;rk vkSj oS/krk ds chp varj djsaA
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mi;qä vkSj fo'oluh; vk¡dM+k ,d= djus ds fy, ge fofHkUu çdkj ds [Link]
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ,d midj.k dk pquko pj dh ç—fr vkSj vk¡dM+k ds
çdkj ij fuHkZj djsxk] ftls ,d 'kks/kdrkZ fdlh fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa ,d= djuk
pkgrk gSA vk¡dM+k ç—fr esa ek=kRed ;k [Link] gks ldrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa
vki vxyh bdkbZ esa v/;;u djsaxsA vkb, vc ge dqN [Link] ds ckjs esa
,d&,d djds ppkZ djsa %

,d ijh{k.k ,d O;fä ds O;ogkj dks ns[kus vkSj ,d la[;kRed iSekus dh enn ls

mldk [Link] djus ds fy, ,d O;ofLFkr çfØ;k gSA ijh{k.k ek=kRed vk¡dM+k
çkIr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ;g vfuok;Z :i ls O;ogkj ds U;kn'kZ dk ,d
mís';[Link] vkSj ekudh—r ekiu gSA euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k 'kks/kd{kksa ;k foHkkxksa esa
ekudh—r ijh{k.k miyC/k gksrs gSaA f'k{kd fufeZr ijh{k.k xSj&ekudh—r ijh{k.k
gksrs gSaA

ijh{[Link] dks muds dk;Z] ç—fr vkSj ç'kklu dh çfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu
rjhdksa ls oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa ;gka çLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS %

dk;Z ds vuqlkj izÑfr ds vuqlkj iz'kklu izfØ;k ds vuqlkj

& 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k & xfr ijh{k.k & lewg ijh{k.k

& O;fDrRo ijh{k.k & 'kfDr ijh{k.k & O;fDrxr ijh{k.k
& vfHk{kerk ijh{k.k & 'kkfCnd ijh{k.k
& xSj&'kkfCnd ijh{k.k
& izn'kZu ijh{k.k
& ekudhÑr ijh{k.k
& fud"k lanfHkZr ijh{k.k

277
 vkb, vc bl oxhZdj.k dk vFkZ le>rs gSa vkSj ge bu ijh{[Link] ds ckjs esa Hkh
foLrkj ls tkudkjh çkIr djsx
a sA
A)

i) 'kSf{kd lanHkksaZ esa mi;ksx ds fy, dqN çdkj ds ijh{k.k

fodflr fd, tkrs gSaA buesa miyfC/k ijh{k.k vkSj uSnkfud ijh{k.k 'kkfey gSaA
miyfC/k ijh{k.k dks funsZ'k ;k çf'k{k.k ds ,d fof'k"V dk;ZØe ds çHkkoksa dks
ekius ds fy, fMt+kbu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lh[kus ds vuqHkoksa ds lkis{k
ekudh—r lewgksa ds çHkkoksa dks ekirk gSA ;g vke rkSj ij ,d funsZ'kkRed
dk;ZØe ;k çf'k{k.k ds iwjk gksus ij fdlh O;fä dh fLFkfrds vafre ewY;kadu
dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ,d miyfC/k ijh{k.k fodflr {kerkvks@ a dkS'kyksa dks
ekirk gSA nwljh vksj] uSnkfud ijh{k.k] fo|ky;h fo"k; ds lanHkZ esa O;fä dh
fof'k"V 'kfä;ksa vkSj detksfj;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus vkSj mldh dfBukb;ksa ds
[Link] dk lq>ko nsus ds fy, rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA lHkh uSnkfud ijh{[Link] ds
mi;ksx ds laca/k esa] ,d fcanq fo'ks"k cy nsus ;ksX; gSA mipkjkRed f'k{k.k ds
dk;ZØe ds fy, vf/kxe v{kerkvksa dk funku ,d iwokZi{s kk gSA
ii) ;s ijh{k.k vDlj O;ogkj ds HkkokRed igyqvksa tSls
HkkoukRed voLFkkvksa] ikjLifjd laca/kksa] ç[Link]] #fp;ksa vkSj –f"[Link] ds
mik;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrs gSaA ,d O;fäRo ijh{k.k ,d vkRe&fjiksVZ lwph gks
ldrk gS] ,d fLFkfrtU; ijh{k.k ;k dksbZ vU; mikxe ç{ksih rduhd dk
vuqç;ksx gks ldrk gSA
iii) ;s vis{kk—r ¼miyfC/k ijh{[Link] dh rqyuk esa½ vfu;af=r
vkSj vKkr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lh[kus ds çHkkoksa dks ekirs gSaA buesa lkekU; cqf)
ijh{k.k] cgq vfHk{kerk cSVjh] fo'ks"k vfHk{kerk ijh{k.k ¼tSls jpukRedrk
ijh{k.k½ vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
cqf) ijh{k.k fdlh O;fä dh cqf) dks ekius ds fy, fMt+kbu fd, x, gSaA
;gk¡] gesa ;g /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd cqf) ,d ,dy] ,dkRed {kerk ugha
gS] cfYd dbZ {kerkvksa dk ,d la;kstu gSA bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx vkerkSj ij
vko';d {kerkvksa ds la;kstutks fd ,d fof'k"V laL—fr ds Hkhrj thfor
jgus vkSj mUufr ds fy, vko';d gSA ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, LVSuQksMZ fcusV cqf)
ijh{k.k½
cgq& vfHk{kerk cSVfj;ka dkjd&fo'ys"k.k ds ek/;e ls igpkuh xbZ lkis{krk
Lora= {kerkvksa ds lewg esa ijh{k.k Ldksj dk ,d çksQkby nsrh gSaA lcls
O;kid :i ls mi;ksx dh tkus okyh eYVhiy ,IVhVîwM cSVfj;ksa esa ls ,d
fMQjsaf'k;y ,IVhVîwM VsLV ¼DAT½ gSA ;g Mh,Vh vkB {kerkvksa ij vad
vftZr djrk gS & ekSf[kd rdZ] la[;kRed {kerk] vewrZ rdZ'kfä ] fyfidh;
xfr vkSj lVhdrk] ;kaf=d rdZ'kfä] LFkkuxr laca/k] orZuh vkSj Hkk"kk mi;ksxA
fØ,fVo ,IVhVîwM cSVfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k nf{[Link] dSfyQksfuZ;k fo'ofo|ky; esa
tsih fxyQksMZ vkSj muds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk fd;k x;k gS] vkSj i‚y V‚jsal }kjk
'fØ,fVo fFkafdax ds ijh{k.k l`tukRed fpUru ijh{k.k dks rS;kjdk mRiknu
278 fd;k x;k gSA
B)

i) os ijh{k.k gksrs gSa ftuesa ,sls in gksrs gSa tks dqN gn rd leku
dfBukbZ Lrj ds gksrs gSaA ijh{[Link] dks gy djus ds fy, le; lhek r; dh
xbZ gSA tSls gekjs lkekU; fo|ky;@d‚yst ijh{[Link]
ii) os ijh{k.k gSa ftuesa dfBukbZ ewY; ds c<+rs Øe esa O;ofLFkr
fofHkUu dfBukbZ Lrj ds in gksrs gSaA ,sls ijh{[Link] ds fy, le; lhek
fu/kkZfjr ugha gS] ;g yphyk gSA
iii) esa ^'kCnksa* ds :i esa ç'u mÙkj iSVuZ 'kkfey gksrk gSA bl
rjg ds 'kkfCnd ijh{k.k ;k rks isij isafly ¼fyf[kr½ ijh{k.k ;k ekSf[kd
ijh{k.k gks ldrs gSaA
iv) esa vko';d :i ls fp=kRed ;k çrhdkRed :i esa
in gksrs gSa tSls & ^'kCn* ds vfrfjäA jsosUl çksxzsflo eSfVªlsl VsLV ,d xSj&
'kkfCnd ijh{k.k gSA
v) ds fy, çR;FkhZ dh vksj ls mldh çfrfØ;k ds :i esa
dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA HkkfV;k dk cqf) ijh{k.k ,d çn'kZu ijh{k.k
gSA
vi) ijh{[Link] dks ç'kkflr djus vkSj Ldksj djus esa çfØ;k dh
,d:irk dk ladsr nsrs gSaA ekudh—r ijh{[Link] dk ,d vU; [Link] igyw
ekudksa dh LFkkiuk] fo'oluh;rk vkSj ijh{[Link] dh oS/krk gSA
vii) ijh{k.k dks lkekU; ekud&lanfHkZr ijh{[Link] ls vyx fd;k
x;k gS ftlesa ,d O;fä ds Ldksj dks mlh ijh{k.k ij lewg esa vU; yksxksa
}kjk çkIr vadksa ds lkFk rqyuk djds O;k[;k fd;k tkrk gSA ,d fud"k&
lanfHkZr ijh{k.k ds foijhr] ,d ekud&lanfHkZr ijh{k.k esa fdlh O;fä ds
Ldksj dh O;k[;k ckgjh ekunaM ds lkFk rqyuk djds dh tkrh gS|
x½
i) cM+s iSekus ij ijh{k.k [Link] ds :i esa fMtkbu fd, x,
gSaA os cM+s lewgksa ds ,d lkFk ijh{k.k@ijh{kk dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA ijh{k.k
ç'kkld@ijh{kd dh vksj ls U;wure çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk ds fy, funsZ'k
vkSj ç'kklu çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cuk;k x;k gS
ii) os gksrs gSa ftUgsa ,d le; esa ,d O;fä dks ç'kkflr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA okLrfod çn'kZu ds :i esa çfrfØ;k lfgr ijh{k.k dh fLFkfr
dks ns[krs gq,] i;Zo{s kd ,d le; esa ,d mEehnokj ds fy, çn'kZu çi= esa
çfof"V;ksa dks fjd‚MZ dj ldrk gSA
lzksr% 13-5-1 dks bdkbZ&13 vkadMk laxzg.k% midj.k rFkk rduhdsa] ,e bZ ,l& 054 'kSf{kd 'kks/k
dh çfof/k] bXuw ] ubZ fnYyh ls fy;k x;k gSA

279
 ç'ukoyh esa vkerkSj ij ekudh—r oLrqvksa ¼ç'u@dFku çi=½ dk ,d lsV 'kkfey
gksrk gS tks tulkaf[;dh] –f"Vdks.k] O;ogkj ;k jk; ls lacfa /kr vk¡dM+k ,d=
djus ds fy, fMt+kbu fd, x, fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA ;g ,d
çdkj dk midj.k gS ftlesa ,d cgqr cM+s uewus ls rF;kRed vk¡dM+k ,d= fd;k
tkrk gSA ç'ukoyh dk mi;ksx djus dk eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd bls U;wure ykxr
vkSj le; ds lkFk cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj O;kid :i ls QSys gq, n'kZdksa rd
igqapk tk ldrk gSA çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ds lkFk ¼xwxy Q‚eZ] losZ eadh½ dk
ç;ksx ,d fDyd djds fd;k tk ldrk gSA ç'ukoyh esa dbZ çdkj ds ç'u gksrs
gSaA vkb, mu ij ppkZ djsa%

1- blesa mÙkj dk dksbZ iwoZ fu/kkZfjr lsV ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g

çnku dh xbZ txg esa mÙkj çnkrk ls eqä çfrfØ;k dh ekax djrk gSA blesa
dksbZ lgk;rk ;k iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mÙkj ugha fn, tkrs gSa] blfy, mÙkj& çnkrk
dks tokc nsus dh vf/kd Lora=rk gksrh gSA bu lokyksa ds tokcksa dk fo'ys"k.k
djuk FkksM+k dfBu gksrk gSA ;g lgh vkSj vçR;kf'kr lq>ko çnku djrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,%
• vkius Lukrd Lrj dh i<+kbZ ds fy, fdlh fof'k"V fo'ofo|ky;@
d‚yst dks D;ksa pquk\
• [Link] dh d{kk esa D;k gqvk\

2- blesa mÙkjksa dk ,d iwoZ fu/kkZfjr lsV gksrk gS] D;ksafd

;g çR;sd ç'u/dFku ds lkeus fodYi çnku djrk gSA çfrfØ;k,a la[;k esa
lhfer gSaA çfrfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vklku gSA vkerkSj ij ,d
ç'ukoyh esa oSdfYid çfrfØ;k çdkj ds ç'u ¼;kuh gka@ugha dk p;u djsa½
vkSj cgqfodYih; çdkj ds iz'u ¼fn, x, fodYiksa esa lgh mÙkj pqusa½ gksrs gSaA
oSdfYid çdkj ds ç'uksa ds mnkgj.k%
i) D;k vki bl d‚yst ds f'k{kdksa@v/;kidksa ls [kq'k gSa\ gk¡ ¼ ½ ugha ¼ ½
ii) D;k vkius dHkh i=dkfjrk dk dkslZ pquk gS\ gk¡ ¼ ½ ugha ¼ ½
iii) D;k vkidks vkidh miyfC/k;ksa ds fy, lEekfur fd;k gk¡ ¼ ½ ugha ¼ ½
x;k gS\
cgqfodYih; ç'uksa dk mnkgj.k%
1½ ZPD dk D;k vFkZ gS\
a) eukslkekftd nwjh dk {ks=
b) lehiLFk fodkl dk {ks=
c) eukslkekftd fodkl dk {ks=
d) lehiLFk nwjh dk {ks=

280
 ç'ukoyh ds fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSa%
1- bls ç'kkflr djuk vklku gSA
2- blls nqfu;k ds gj dksus ls vk¡dM+k ,df=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- ;g le; vkSj /ku ds ekeys esa fdQk;rh gS
4- mÙkjnkrk viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj fdlh Hkh le; ç'uksa dk mÙkj ns ldrs gSa vkSj
os viuh xfr ls mÙkj ns ldrs gSaA
ç'ukoyh dh lhek,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa %
1- ç'u rqyukRed :i ls vklku gksus pkfg,A
2- vke rkSj ij] mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk vko';d gksus ij lh/ks lgk;rk nsuk laHko
ugha gSA
3- dqN fo"k; & oLrqvksa dks xyr le>k tk ldrk gSA
4- dsoy lk{kj O;fä gh U;kn'kZ dk fgLlk gks ldrs gSaA
5- le;] /ku vkSj ç;kl dh cckZnh D;ksafd bl ij dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha gS fd dkSu
Hkjs gq, ç'ukoyh dks iwjk djrk gS vkSj okil Hkstrk gSA
6- Hkjh gqbZ ç'ukoyh dks okil djus dh le; lhek visf{kr gSA
7- mÙkjnkrkvksa dks vuqLekjd dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA
8- yach gksus ij NikbZ egaxh gks ldrh gSA
tc vki ç'ukoyh fodflr djrs gSa] rks ;g vko';d gS fd vkidks fuEufyf[kr
lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, %
1- ç'ukoyh ds dofjax ysVj dks eS=[Link] rjhds ls fy[kk gksuk pkfg, vkSj ,slk
gksuk pkfg, tks mÙkjnkrkvksa ds fy, blds egRo vkSj çklafxdrk dks n'kkZrk
gksA
2- ç'ukoyh dk 'kh"kZd vPNh rjg ls crk;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- blesa mís'; dk fooj.k gksuk pkfg,A
4- funsZ'k@funsZ'k [Link] vkSj Li"V :i ls mfYyf[kr gksus pkfg,A
5- mÙkjnkrkvksa dks muds mÙkjksa dh xksiuh;rk ds ckjs esa vk'oklu fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
6- ;g O;ofLFkr <ax ls fy[kk] vkd"kZd vkSj Vad.k =qfV;ksa ls eqä gksuk pkfg,A
7- rduhdh 'krksaZ dks Li"V fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lkFk gh] Hkk"kk dh Li"Vrk
mÙkjnkrkvksa dh le> ds Lrj ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A
8- ,sls lokyksa ls cpuk pkfg, tks d"Vçn ;k ijs'kku djus okys gksavkSj
mÙkjnkrkvksa esa vkØkedrk iSnk dj ldrs gksaA
9- ,dka'kksa dks oxksaZ/lewgksa esa ,sls O;ofLFkr djuk pkfg, ftlls vklku vkSj
lVhd mÙkj çkIr gksaA
10- ç'u fcuk fdlh b'kkjs ;k lq>ko ds lVhd vkSj oLrqfu"B gksus pkfg,A
11- dFku/ç'u vklku ls dfBu Øe esa gksus pkfg,A
281
 12- ;g mu lwpukvksa dks [kkstus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrk gS tks vU; lzksrksa ls
miyC/k gks ldrh gSa tSls fd Ldwy@laLFkku esa cuk, x, fjd‚MZ vkSj
jftLVjA
13- ,dy ç'u rd lhfer gksuk pkfg, tks ,dy igyw ls lacaf/kr gksaA
14- Mcy udkjkRed [Link] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fØ;k fo'ks"k.k ls cpuk pkfg,A
15- bls bl rjg ls fy[kk tkuk pkfg, fd bls vklkuh ls [Link])] O;k[;kf;r
vkSj lkjkaf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

d½ viuk mÙkj uhps nh xbZ txg esa fy[ksAa

[k½ vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls djsaA
6½ ijh{[Link] dk D;k vFkZ gS\
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7½ ijh{[Link] dks fdl vk/kkj ij oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gS\
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8½ xfr rFkk 'kfä ijh{k.k esa D;k varj gSA
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9½ ç'ukoyh rS;kj djrs le; vki fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS \
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282
;g O;fäRo ewY;kadu dh lcls iqjkuh fof/k@midj.k esa ls ,d gSA fu/kkZj.k
vkerkSj ij fdlh ?kVuk] pfj= ;k oLrq ds laca/k esa [Link]; dh vfHkO;fä ij ykxw
gksrh gSA jk; ;k [Link]; dks vkerkSj ij ,d iSekus ij O;ä fd;k tkrk gSA
fu/kkZj.k ,d ,slh rduhd gS ftldh enn ls ,sls erks@ a [Link];ksa dh ek=k fu/kkZfjr
dh tk ldrh gSA fu/kkZj.k ekrk&firk] f'k{kdksa] lk{kkRdkjdrkZvksa] U;k;k/kh'kksa vkfn
}kjk fd;k tk ldrh gSA ;g tkap lwph tSlk fn[krk gS ysfdu bldk mi;ksx rc
fd;k tkrk gS tc csgrj foHksnu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;s iSekus ,d fof'k"V
fo'ks"krk dh ek=k dk ladsr nsrs gSa vkSj la[;k ;k fooj.k dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,%
1- vki vius ruko de djus ds dk;ZØe ds nkSjku mi;ksx dh tkus okyh
foJke fpfdRlk ls fdrus larq"V gS\a
csgn vlarq"V csgn larq"V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1- blls ,d O;fä }kjk nwljs O;fä dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa cgqewY; jk;
n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
2- [Link] fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa ek=kRed jk; cukbZ tkrh gS A
3- lajfpr voyksdu djus ds fy, ;g lcls vf/kd bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk
midj.k gSA
4- ;g fo"k;ksa ds chp fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa dh mifLFkfr dk [Link]; djus ds fy,
yphykiu çnku djrk gSA

1- la[;kRed fu/kkZj.k ekiuh lcls ljy çdkj ds

fu/kkZj.k ekiuh esa ls ,d gSA blesa fu/kkZjd dsoy ,d la[;kRed vad dks
fpfàr djrk gS tks ml fMxzh dks n'kkZrk gS ftlesa ,d fo'ks"krk ekStwn gSA
dFku esa 'khyxq.k lekfgr gksrs gSa vkSj 1&5 rd eku çR;sd 'khyxq.k dks
çnku fd;s tkrs gSa ftls vad çnku fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k%
A) fo|kFkhZ &f'k{kd fdl lhek rd míhiu ifjorZu ds dkS'ky dk çn'kZu
djrs gSa] ;g n'kkZus okyh lgh la[;k ij fu'kku yxk,¡A
1- vlarks"ktud
2- vkSlr ls de
3- vkSlr
4- vkSlr ls Åij
5- csgrjhu
283
 B) i<+krs le; f'k{kd fdl lhek rd gko & Hkko dk ç;ksx djrk gS\
1¼½ 2¼½ 3¼½ 4 ¼√ ½ 5¼½
2-
;g iSekuk 'kkjhfjd míhidksa tSls fd lkal dh rdyhQ] nnZ] uhan] vkfn dh /[Link]
dk vkdyu djus ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA bldk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij vLirkyksa esa
M‚DVjksa }kjk nnZ ekius ds losZ{k.k djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vadh; ekiuh dk
mi;ksx djus ds ctk;] fu/[Link][kh; :i esa cukbZ tkrh gS& ftlesa ,d cSaM ds
dgha Hkh ,d fcanq ij fu/kkZfjr djuk gksrk gS A çR;sd fo'ks"krk ds ckn ,d {kSfrt
js[kk gksrh gSA ykbu ij fVd ekdZ yxkdj fu/kkZj.k dh tkrh gSA oxksaZ dk ,d
lewg js[kk ds lkFk fof'k"V fLFkfr dh igpku djrk gS] ysfdu ewY;kadudrkZ dks
bu fcanqvksa ds chp tkap djus dh Lora=rk gksrh gSA

lzksr% [Link]

1- fu/kkZj.k ekiuh yphyk vkSj vuqdwyuh; gksrk gSA

2- bldk mi;ksx cM+s U;kn'kZ ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- ;g f'k{kk ds fof'k"V mís';ksa dk vkdyu djrk gS]tks f'k{kdksa ds fy,
[Link] gSaA
4- ;g çfØ;kvksa dk ewY;kadu djrk gS] tSls& dkS'ky dk çn'kZu] ç;ksx'kkyk esa
ç;ksx djuk] f'k{k.k&vf/kxe çfØ;k vkfnA
5- ;g çsf{kr çn'kZuksa ds ckjs esa [Link] vkSj ek=kRed fVIif.k;ksa dks fjd‚MZ
djrk gSA

• =qfV;ksa ds lkekU; lzkrs tSls vLi"Vrk] 'kks/kdrkZ dk joS;k] rkfdZd =qfV;ka

vkfn oS/krk dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
• ,d O;fä ds dbZ igyqvksa dk ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• fo"k;ijdrk dh laHkkouk ds dkj.k ekiuh voSKkfud gks ldrh gSA
284
• mnkjrk =qfV & ewY;kadudrkZ vius gh yksxksa dks de fu/kkZj.k nsdj mUgsa uhpk
fn[kkuk ilan ugha djsaxsA bldk [Link] ;g gS fd yxHkx lHkh ekeyksa esa
mPp fu/kkZj.k nh tkrh gSA

lwph Lo&fjiksfVaZx ewY;kadu midj.k gS tks fdlh O;fä ds O;ogkj dh ,d ;k

vf/kd fo'ks"krkvksa dk ijh{k.k djrs gSaA ;g dbZ çdkj dk gks ldrk gS tSls& #fp
lwph] O;fäRo lwph vkfnA
,d lwph ,d ç'ukoyh dh rjg gksrh gSA lwph esa] dFkuksa dks çFke iq#"k esa j[kk
tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] eq>s yxrk gS fd eSa nwljksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd
bZekunkj gw*a *A ç'ukoyh esa] nwljs O;fä ds fy, ,d ç'u gksrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,
^^D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd vki vU; O;fä;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd bZekunkj gSa\**

1- 'kSf{kd vkSj O;kolkf;d ekxZn'kZu esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A

2- f'k{kdksa ds fy, f'k{kkfFkZ;ks@
a fo|kfFkZ;ksadh #fp dk irk yxkus ds fy,
mi;ksxhA
3- lwph rqyukRed :i ls de [kphZys gksrh gSA
4- budk fuekZ.k ljy gSA
5- blls oLrqfu"Brk dks cuk, j[kk tk ldrk gSA
6- bls ç'kkflr djus ds fy, vf/kd çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk ugha gS|

1- ;s midj.k O;fä;ksa dh viuh çfrfØ;kvksa dks lgh ;k fu"i{k :i ls fjiksVZ

djus esa vleFkZrk ;k vfuPNk ds dkj.k lhfer mi;ksfxrk ds gks ldrs gSa
2- lwph dks ekudh—r djuk eqf'dy gS] tks blds mi;ksx dks lhfer djrk gSA

,d ijh{k.k lwph] U;kn'kZ ds ewY;kadu dh rqyukRed :i ls ljy] lLrh vkSj

fo'oluh; fof/k gSA bldk mi;ksx v/;;u ds varxZr ?kVuk dh mifLFkfr ;k
vuqifLFkfr dks fjd‚MZ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ijh{k.k lwph dk eq[; mís';
fdlh oLrq ;k fLFkfr ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk gS] lkFk esa;g Hkh
ns[kus ds fy, fd dksbZ [Link] pht vuns[kk u gks tk;A blesa 'kCnksa]
dFkuksa/oLrqvksa dh lwph 'kkfey gksrh gS tks fdlh O;fä] oLrq ;k fLFkfr dk [Link]
djrh gS vkSj lHkh oLrqvksa ds fy, çfrfØ;k ds leku çk:i dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA ;g mu igyqvksa dh ,d ljy lwph gks ldrh gS ftUgsa "gka" ;k ^^ugha** ds :i
esa] mifLFkr ;k vuqifLFkr ds :i esa fpfàr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
os vU; [Link] dh rqyuk esa vf/kd vklkuh ls fufeZr gksrs gSa vkSj O;fäRo]
O;ogkj] dkS'ky] fLFkfr;ksa] vfHkO;fä;ksa vkfn ds ewY;kadu ds fy, mi;ksxh gks
ldrs gSaA ge daI;wVj] fçaVj] fdrkcsa] [ksy lkexzh] LekVZ Dykl:e vkfn& tSls
Ldwy@d‚yst esa lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, ijh{k.k lwph dk 285
 Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkb, ,d d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkj ds ckjs esa tkuus
ds fy, psdfyLV dk ,d mnkgj.k ns[ksaA

1- okrkZ gsrq vuqefr yh

2- –f"Vdks.k vPNk Fkk
3- lfØ; Fkk
4- nwljksa ds çfr mnkj Fkk
5- pkSdUuk Fkk
6- funsZ'kksa dk ikyu fd;k
7- lewg xfrfof/k esa lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk lg;ksx
fd;k
8- dk;Z iwjk fd;k
9- xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx fy;k

1- ijh{k.k lwph fdlh Hkh O;ogkj ds voyksdu dks fjd‚MZ djus dh ,d ljy
fof/k gS
2- xfrfof/k;ksa ds ewY;kadu esa ijh{k.k lwph dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3- bldk mi;ksx O;fä;ksa dh rqyuk djus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- çs{k.k esa =qfV dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA

1- lVhdrk dh fMxzh dk vkdyu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- bldk lhfer mi;ksx gS] D;ksafd ;g çn'kZu dh [Link]Ùkk dk ladsr ugha nsrk
gSA
3- dsoy ;ksX;rk] fo'ks"krk] O;ogkj ;k çn'kZu ekudksa dh mifLFkfr ;k
vuqifLFkfr dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

d½ cktkj tkus ls igys/ijh{kk ls igys/Nqêh ij tkus ls igys vius fy, ,d

ijh{k.k lwph cukus dk ç;kl djsaA
[k½ fdlh fo|ky; esa lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, ,d
ijh{k.k lwphcukus dk ç;kl djsaA

286
 d½ viuk mÙkj uhps nh xbZ txg esa fy[ksa
[k½ vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls djsaA
10- fu/kkZj.k ekiuh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh lwph cuk,aA
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11- ijh{k.k lwph ds ykHk vkSj lhek,¡ fyf[k,A
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12- fdl çdkj ls lwph ç'ukoyh ls fHkUu gS\
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ge dqN rduhdksa dks fu;ksftr djds 'kks/k ds fy, visf{kr vk¡dM+k ,d= dj
ldrs gSaA ;fn vko';d gks rks vk¡dM+k laxzg ds mís'; ls lk{kkRdkj] dk;ZØe vkSj
voyksdu dk;ZØe tSlh rduhdksa dks rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkb, vk¡dM+k
laxzg dh bu rduhdksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkudkjh çkIr djsaA

lk{kkRdkj esa 'kks/kdrkZ vkSj mÙkj&çnkrk ds chp vkeus&lkeus ;k VsyhQksfud

lapkj 'kkfey gksrk gS ftlesa 'kks/kdrkZ dks tkudkjh çnku dh tkrh gSA lk{kkRdkj
ds nkSjku dh xbZ ckrphr dk ,d fuf'pr mís'; gksrk gSA [Link] vkSj
[Link] v/;;uksa esa vk¡dM+k ,d= djus ds fy, lk{kkRdkj lcls vke midj.k
gSA 'kks/kdrkZ /[Link]] –f"Vdks.k] jk; vkfn ls lacaf/kr rF;kRed vk¡dM+k ,d= djus
dk ç;kl djrk gSA

1- 'kks/kdrkZ vkSj mÙkjçnkrk nksuksa vtuch gksaxAs

287
 2- bls fLFkfr dh ekax ds vuqlkj la'kksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- fo"k;h ls tkudkjh ntZ dh tkrh gSA
4- çR;sd lk{kkRdkj dk ,d fof'k"V mís'; gksrk gSA
5- ekSf[kd ç'uksa ds ekSf[kd mÙkj visf{kr gksrs gSa vkSj ntZ fd, tkrs gSaA

1-
lajfpr lk{kkRdkj ç—fr esa vkSipkfjd gksrs gSa D;ksafd 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk vuqlj.k fd,
tkus okys vuqØe vkSj 'kCnksa ij çfrca/k gksrk gSA blesa fu;r vkSj can ç'u gksrs
gSaA bls ekudh—r lk{kkRdkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g vk¡dM+k dh fo'oluh;rk dks
c<+krk gSA lkFk gh] U;kn'kZ ls çkIr çfrfØ;kvksa dks ,d ekudh—r vuqlwph ij
ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA

1- ;g vçklafxd] mís';ghu ckrphr ls cpkrk gSA

2- vk¡dM+k dh fjd‚fMaZx] dksfMax vkSj fo'ys"k.k vklku gksrk gSA
3- nks vyx&vyx U;knk'kksaZ ls ,df=r vkadM◌़ksa dh rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA
4- /;ku ugha HkVdrkA

1- vUos"k.k dk nk;jk lhfer gksrk gSA

2- blesa U;kn'kZ ds lHkh fopkjksa ;k çfrfØ;kvksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
3- xgjkbZ ls tkudkjh laHko ugha gks ldrh gSA

vlajfpr lk{kkRdkjksa esa] fo"k;h dks Lora= :i ls cksyus ds fy, çsfjr fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj 'kq#vkr esa rkyesy cukus ds fy, cgqr de ç'u iwNs tkrs gSaA 'kks/kdrkZ
Lora= :i ls viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj ;k tc vko';d gks ç'u iwNrk gSA
vlajfpr lk{kkRdkj ç—fr esa vukSipkfjd gksrs gSa ftlesa ç'uksa ds lsV dk mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu vuqØe vkSj 'kCnksa dk ikyu djus ij dksbZ çfrca/k ugha
gSA lkFk gh] 'kks/kdrkZ dHkh&dHkh lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku ç'u dh O;k[;k ;k iqf"V
djus ds fy, Lora= gksrk gSA blfy,] ;g iwNrkN ds –f"Vdks.k ds yphysiu dh
fo'ks"krk gSA

1- vk¡dM+k dk mi;ksx [[Link] vkSj [Link] v/;;uksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- 'kks/kdrkZ ds iwokZxzgksa ls de çHkkfor gksrk gSA
3- vukSipkfjd rjhds ls çkIr tkudkjh vk¡dM+k dh fo'oluh;rk dks c<+krh gSA

288
1- fo'ys"k.k vis{kk—r [Link] gksrk gSA
2- nks mEehnokjksa dh tkudkjh dh rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrhA
3- ;g le; ysus okyk gksrk gSA
4- vk¡dM+k dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, 'kks/kdrkZ dks i;kZIr dq'ky gksuk pkfg,A
5- O;k[;k 'kks/kdrkZ dh O;fäijd Hkkoukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA

vk¡dM+k laxzg dh rduhd ds :i esa ,d vPNs lk{kkRdkj dh vko';drk gksrh gS%

i) & okLrfod lk{kkRdkj ls igys fuEufyf[kr dkjdksa
dks fu/kkZfjr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mís'; dh Li"V vo/[Link] vkSj
fdl tkudkjh dh vko';drk gS ;kuh lk{kkRdkj dk çdkj & O;fä ;k
lewgA ç'uksa ds loksZÙke Øe dh Li"V :ijs[kk ;k vuqlwphA
ii) & blesa çkjfEHkd dk;Z
mÙkjnkrkvksa dk fo'okl vkSj lg;ksx gkfly djus dk gksrk gS ftls &
rkyesy fuekZ.k dgk tkrk gS A blds fy, fo'ks"kKrk vkSj laosnu'khyrk dh
vko';drk gksrh gS tks ,d dyk gSA okafNr tkudkjh ds fy,] ç'uksa dks
;kstukc) Øe esa iwNk tkuk pkfg, u fd dBksj rjhds lsA blds vykok]
fVIif.k;ksa vkSj vko';d Li"Vhdj.k vkSj fjd‚fMaZx ds lkFk mÙkstd vkSj
mRlkgtud rjhds ls ,d ç'u iwNk tkuk pkfg,A p;fur fjd‚fMaZx midj.k
dk mi;ksx lk{kkRdkjdrkZ dks fopfyr fd, fcuk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d
lk{kkRdkj&vk/kkfjr v/;;u 'kq: djus ls igys] lk{kkRdkjdrkZ dks ,d
lk{kkRdkj esa vk¡dM+k ds lapkyu vkSj fjd‚fMaZx esa dBksj çf'k{k.k ls xqtjuk
pkfg,A
iii) & ;fn laHko gks
rks ,d fjd‚fMaZx midj.k dks fu;ksftr djuk lcls vPNk gS tks çfrfØ;kvksa
ds okLrfod 'kCnksa dks cuk, j[ksxkA v‚fM;ks fjd‚fMaZx LekVZ Qksu ds tfj, dh
tk ldrh gSA ;fn lk{kkRdkj esa ç'uksa ds mÙkjksa dks uksV djuk gS] rks bls ;k
rks lk{kkRdkj ds lkFk&lkFk ;k mlds rqjar ckn fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
lzksr% 13-6-1 ds dqN Hkkx bdkbZ 13 vkdMk laxzg.k ds midj.k rFkk rduhdsa] ,ebZ,l&054%
'kSf{kd 'kks/k dh izfØ;k] bXuw 2006] ubZ fnYyh ls fy;s x;s gSaA

voyksdu] ?kVukvksa ds ek/;e ls [Link] 'kks/k esa O;kid tkudkjh ds laxzg dh

,d ,slh rduhd gS ftls bafæ;ksa ds ek/;e ls] fdlh Hkh ;kaf=d [Link] ds lkFk
;k fcuk ns[kk fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo"k;h dks fuEufyf[kr dh lgk;rk ls ns[kk tk
ldrk gS%
• y‚x] Q+hYM esa gksus okyh ckrphr vkSj ?kVukvksa dk
fnu&çfrfnu dk fjd‚MZ gSA ;g ,d ,sfrgkfld lwph gS fd dSls 'kks/kdrkZvksa
289
 us viuk le; fcrk;k gS vkSj ;kstuk ds mís';ksa ds fy, vkxs bldk mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fuEufyf[kr ds fy, mi;qä gS%
* lHkh dk;ksaZ dks iwjk djus dh leh{kk djukA
* çfrfØ;kvksa dk VªSd j[kukA
• mik[;ku igys ls voyksdu ds fy, fuf'pr çdkj ds O;ogkj
dk fodYi pqurs gSaA os vke rkSj ij fo'ks"k #fp ds O;ogkj ij /;ku dsafær
djrs gSaA 'kks/kdrkZ tkudkjh dks ,d mís'; vkSj lVhd rjhds ls fjd‚MZ djrk
gSA
• ohfM;ks fjd‚fMaZx ;kaf=d [Link] }kjk dh tkrh gS
ftUgsa vkerkSj ij ohfM;ks Vsi ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA orZeku esa] ;g LekVZ
Qksu ds ek/;e ls Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk mi;ksx tfVy O;ogkjksa dks
fjd‚MZ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk /;ku ugha fn, tk
ldrk gSA

1- bl çdkj ds voyksdu esa 'kks/kdrkZ lewg ds lnL;ksa esa

ls ,d ds :i esa Hkkx ysrk gS] tgka v/;;u ds fo"k;h dks lh/ks ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA blls 'kks/kdrkZ dks v/;;u fd, tk jgs fo"k;h dh lHkh
fo'ks"krkvksa dk çR;{k /;ku j[kus esa enn feyrh gSA
2- bl çdkj ds voyksdu esa 'kks/kdrkZ ml lewg ds
lnL;ksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa Hkkx ugha ysrk gS tgka v/;;u dk fo"k;h ekStwn
gSA 'kks/kdrkZ v/;;u ds fo"k; dks viuh le> vkSj vuqHko ds lkFk ns[krk gS]
ysfdu v/;;u ds varxZr gksus okyh ?kVuk esa Hkkx ugha ysrk gSA
,d vPNs vk¡dM+k laxzg rduhd ds :i esa
voyksdu dh vko';drk gS&
a) voyksdu dks 'kks/k rduhd ds :i esa mi;ksx djus dh ;kstuk
cukrs le; ftu dkjdksa ij foLrkj ls fopkj djuk pkfg, muesa 'kkfey gSa&
• fof'k"V xfrfof/k;ksa dh ifjHkk"kkA
• fujh{k.k djus ds fy, fo"k;ksa ;k O;fä;ksa dk ,d mi;qä lewgA
• voyksdu dk nk;jk & O;fä ;k lewgA
• çR;sd voyksdu vof/k dh yackbZ dk fu/[Link]
• [Link] vkSj çs{kd dh fjd‚fMaZx ds :i vkSj HkkSfrd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa
[Link]; ysukA
• fo"k;h ds fy, vko';d fo'ks"k 'krksaZ dk fu/[Link]
• çs{k.k fjd‚MZ djus ds fy, mfpr midj.k rS;kj djukA
• çs{kd dh fo'ks"kKrk ds lanHkZ esa Lo;a dks çf'kf{kr djukA

290
b) ,d fo'ks"kK fu"iknu ds fy, t:jh gS &
• fo"k;h ds fy, fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh mfpr O;oLFkkA
• çs{k.k ds fy, mfpr 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr çnku djukA
• voyksdu ds varxZr fof'k"V xfrfof/k;ksa ;k O;ogkj dh bdkb;ksa ij /;ku
dsafær djukA
• fu/kkZfjr vof/k;ksa vkSj varjkyksa dh yackbZ vkSj la[;k dk çR;{k :i ls
voyksdu djukA
• mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fjd‚fMaZx [Link] dks vPNh rjg ls laHkkyukA
• fo'ks"kKrk ds lanHkZ esa çkIr çf'k{k.k dk mi;ksx djukA
c) çs{[Link] dks fjd‚MZ
djus dh nks lkekU; çfØ;k,a gSa&
• & tc çs{kd U;kn'kZ ds :i esa çsf{kr ifj?kVukvksa ds ?kfVr
gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vius çs{[Link] dks fjd‚MZ djuk tkjh j[krk gSA
• &tc çs{kd vius voyksduksa dks viuh okLrfod
voyksdu çfØ;k ds lkFk&lkFk ugha] cfYd] le; dh ,d bdkbZ ds
fy, voyksdu djus ds rqjar ckn fjd‚MZ djus dk dk;Z djrk gS tc
fooj.k vHkh Hkh mlds fnekx esa rktk gS

1- dksbZ ?kVuk dgka vkSj dc gks jgh gS ds lanHkZ esa vk¡dM+k ,d= fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
2- çk—frd çfrfØ;k,a ns[kh tkrh gSaA
3- vkadM+ksa dh oS/krk gkrh gSA
4- lekt'kkL=h; 'kks/k ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA
5- tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, U;knn'kZ dh bPNk ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA

1- 'kks/kdrkZ dh O;fäijdrk ;k iwokZxzgksa ds fy, vf/kd ço.k gSA

2- blesa le; yxrk gSA
3- vk¡dM+k dk fo'ys"k.k eqf'dy gSA
4- 'kks/kdrkZ dks O;kogkfjd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
5- ftudk voyksdu fd;k tk jgk gks oks lpsr gks tkrs gSa vkSj vçk—frd rjhds
ls O;ogkj djus yxrs gSaA

d½ viuk mÙkj uhps nh xbZ txg esa fy[ksa

[k½ vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls djsaA
13- lk{kkRdkj vkSj voyksdu ds fofHkUu çdkj D;k gSaA
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 14- lk{kkRdkj vk;ksftr djus ds pj.k fyf[k,A
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15- çs{k.k rduhd dh lhek,¡ D;k gSa\
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çLrqr bdkbZ esa vkius vk¡dM+k laxzg ds fofHkUu [Link] vkSj rduhdksa ds ckjs esa
lh[kkA vkius ;g Hkh lh[kk gS fd v/;;uk/khu pj ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh ,d=
djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dksbZ Hkh izfØ;k 'kks/k midj.k dgykrh gSA
'kks/kdrkZ vk¡dM+k laxzg ds fy, lcls mi;qä midj.k dk p;u djrk gS ftldk
fo'ys"k.k ifjdYiuk dk ijh{k.k djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd foKku
'kks/k esa fu;fer :i ls mi;ksx fd, tkus okys 'kks/k ds dqN lkekU; vkSj [Link]
midj.k vkSj rduhdsa gSa: ijh{k.k] ç'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj] voyksdu] fu/kkZj.k
ekiuh] lwph vkSj ijh{k.k lwphA dqN 'kks/kdrkZ dsoy ,d rduhd dk mi;ksx djrs
gSa tcfd dqN la;kstu esa muesa ls dbZ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ,d fof'k"V
midj.k ds p;u dk pquko mís';ksa] v/;;u ds varxZr pj] vko';d tkudkjh ds
çdkj] miyC/k lalk/kuksa] fdlh fo'ks"k midj.k dk mi;ksx djus ds dkS'ky vkSj
U;kn'kZ ds lkekftd vkSj tulkaf[;dh; fo'ks"krkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bu lHkh
'kks/k [Link] ds dqN ykHk ;k lhek,a gSa] tSlk fd bl bdkbZ esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
ç'ukoyh esa vke rkSj ij ekudh—r oLrqvksa ¼ç'u@dFku çi=½ dk ,d lsV
'kkfey gksrk gS tks vk¡dM+k ,d= djus ds fy, fMt+kbu fd, x, fdlh fo'ks"k
fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa tcfd lk{kkRdkj esa ekSf[kd :i ls vkeus&lkeus ;k
VsyhQksfud 'kkfey gksrk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ vkSj mÙkjçnkrk ds chp lapkj ftlesa
'kks/kdrkZ dks tkudkjh çnku dh tkrh gSA çs{k.k [Link] 'kSf{kd 'kks/k esa
ç[Link] lk{; ,d= djus dh ,d mi;ksxh rduhd gSA fu/kkZj.k iSekuk 'kks/k dk
,d midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx fo'ks"k fo'ks"krkvksa dks vkadus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA ,d ijh{k.k lwph vis{kk—r ljy] lLrh vkSj U;kn'kZ ds ewY;kadu dk ,d
fo'oluh; rjhdk gSA blesa çfrfØ;k Jsf.k;ksa dh ,d lwph gksrh gS ftls mi;qä
gksus ij lgh ds :i esa fpfàr fd;k tkrk gSA O;fäRo y{[Link] vkSj vfHko`fÙk] cqf)]
miyfC/k vkfn tSls pj ds chp varj&laca/k dk v/;;u djrs le; lwph dk
mi;ksx 'kks/k esa fd;k tkrk gSA

292
• CySd] ih- ¼2005½- ,lslesaV Q‚j yfuaZx : iqfVax bZau Vw çSfDVl ¼bZ&cqd½] eSd
xzk&fgy-
• M~od
s ] lh- ¼2006½- ekbaM&lsV % n U;w lkbdksy‚th v‚Q◌़ lDlslA jSaMe
gkml ,y,ylh-
• ikBd] vkjih ¼2012½- estjesaV ,aM ,oSyq,s'ku bu ,tqds'ku- ubZ fnYyh%
fi;lZu ifCyds'ku-
• lsdksYLdh] lh- ¼2011½- gSaMcqd v‚u estjesaV ,aM bosy,w 's ku bu gk;j
,tqds'ku] :Vyst-
• 'kkS?kuslh] ts- ts- ,V vy- ¼2006½- fjlpZ esFkM~l bu lkbdksy‚th] flaxkiqj%
eSd-xzk&fgy-
• 'ksiMZ] ,y, ¼2000½- n jksy v‚Q vlslesaV bu v yfuaZx dYpj- ,tqds'kuy
fjlpZj 4&14-
• fla/kq] ds-,l- ¼2007½- U;w vçkspst Vw estjesaV ,aM ,oSyw,s'ku ] LVfyaZx çdk'ku-
• flag] ,-ds- ¼1997½- VsLV] estjesaV ,aM fjlpZ esFkM~l bu fcgsfo;jy lkbalst
& iVuk% Hkkjrh Hkou-
• fLVfxal] vkj- ¼2005½- Ý‚e QksesZfVo vlslesaV Vw vlslesaV Q‚j yfuaZx % v
ikFk Vw lDlst bu [Link] – csLM Ldwy- QkbZ MsYVk dIiu] 324&328-
• lqtSu ¼1995½- vlslesaV VsfLVax ,aM ,oSyq,s'ku bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ;w,l,%
,CysDl ifCyf'kax d‚iksZjs'kuA
• FkkuZMkbd] bZ-,y- vkSj gsxu] bZ-ih- ¼1969½- estjesaV ,aM bosyw,s'ku bu
lkbdksyksth ,aM ,tqds'ku- U;w;‚dZ% tksgku foys ,aM lal bad-
• fofy;e] Mh- ¼2011½- vlslesaV Q‚j yfuaZx% OgkbZ] OgkV ,aM gkm] yanu%
bafLVV;wV v‚Q ,tqds'ku-
• ;ax] ih-oh- ¼1960½] lkbafVfQd lks'ky losZ ,aM fjlpZ] vçsafVl g‚y] ubZ
fnYyh

1½ v/;;u ds varxZr fdlh pj ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh ,d= djus ds fy,

mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fdlh Hkh pht dks 'kks/k midj.k ;k 'kks/k midj.k dgk
tkrk gSA
2½ gka] 'kks/k midj.k [Link] gSaA 'kks/k midj.k [Link] gSa D;ksafd vk¡dM+k laxzg
dk ,d [Link] fgLlk gSA vk¡dM+k ds laxzg ds fcuk ,d 'kks/kdrkZ vkxs
ugha c<+ ldrk gSA
3½ ,d midj.k dks vPNk dgk tkrk gS ;fn blesa oLrqfu"Brk] fo'oluh;rk]
oS/krk] ekSfydrk] mi;ksfxrk] laosnu'khyrk tSlh fo'ks"krk,a gksaA

293
 4½ oLrqfu"Brk ds nks vyx&vyx igyw gSa: oLrqvksa dh oLrqfu"Brk vkSj Ldksfjax
dh oLrqfu"Brk
5½
a) fo'oluh;rk ekiu esa fLFkjrk gSA
b) ,d midj.k dh fo'oluh;rk dks fuEu dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k tk
ldrk gS% ijh{k.k iqu% ijh{k.k fo'oluh;rk] v)Z foPNsn fo'oluh;rk]
lekukarj Q‚eZ vkfnA

a) ,d midj.k dks rc oS/k dgk tkrk gS tc og ekirk gS tks ekiuk

pkfg, vkSj og dke djrk gS ftlds fy, mldk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA
a) fo"k;oLrq dh oS/krk] leorhZ oS/krk] vafdr oS/krk vkfn dh lgk;rk ls
fdlh midj.k dh oS/krk LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA
6½ ijh{k.k fdlh O;fä ds O;ogkj dk voyksdu djus vkSj la[;kRed iSekus dh
lgk;rk ls mldk [Link] djus dh ,d O;ofLFkr çfØ;k gSA
7½ dk;Z }kjk] ç—fr ls vkSj ç'kklu dh çfØ;k lsA
8½ os ijh{k.k gksrs gSa ftuesa ,sls ,dka'k gksrs gSa tks dqN lhek rd
leku dfBukbZ ewY; ds gksrs gSaA ijh{[Link] dks gy djus ds fy, le; lhek
r; gksrh gSA os ijh{k.k gSa ftuesa dfBukbZ ewY; ds c<◌़rs Øe
esa O;ofLFkr fofHkUu dfBukbZ ewY; ds ,dka'k gksrs gSaA ,sls ijh{[Link] ds fy,
le; lhek fu/kkZfjr ugha gS] ;g yphyk gSA
9½ 13-5-2 ns[ksa
10½ 13-5-3 ns[ksa
11½ 13-5-5 ns[ksa
12½ 13-5-4 ns[ksa
13½ voyksdu ds çdkj% çfrHkkxh vkSj xSj&çfrHkkxh
lk{kkRdkj ds çdkj% lajfpr vkSj xSj&lajfpr
14½ vk¡dM+k laxzg dh rduhd ds :i esa vPNs lk{kkRdkj dh vko';drk gksrh gS&
i) lk{kkRdkj dh rS;kjh
ii) lk{kkRdkj dk lapkyu ¼fu"iknu½
iii) çfrfØ;kvksa dh fjd‚fMaZx vkSj O;k[;k djuk
15½ 'kks/kdrkZ dh O;fäijdrk ds fy, vf/kd ç[Link] blesa le; yxrk gSA vk¡dM+k
dk fo'ys"k.k eqf'dy gSA 'kks/kdrkZ dks O;kogkfjd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA

294