Introduction

Adessse maison : 1 Adessse maison : 2 Adessse maison : 3 Adessse maison : 4 Adessse maison : 5

Fondements des réseaux Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A Rue : Rue-A

Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A Zone : Zone-A

Chapitre 5 Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A Ville : Ville-A

1 2 3 4 5
Adressage IPv4

(c) Abderrahmen Allouch (India)

Introduction Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

❖ The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) est une organisation de normalisation
Adresse maison : 1 Adresse maison : 2 Adresse maison : 3 Adresse maison : 4 Adresse maison : 5 responsable de la coordination mondiale des systèmes d'adressage du protocole Internet.
Rue : 10 Rue : 10 Rue : 10 Rue : 10 Rue : 10

Zone : 168 Zone : 168 Zone : 168 Zone : 168 Zone : 168

Ville : 192 Ville : 192 Ville : 192 Ville : 192 Ville : 192

1 2 3 4 5

2 3
 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Adressage IP

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

❖ RIR ( Regional Internet Registry ) ❖ LIR ( Local Internet Registry ) ❖ L'adressage IP est un moyen logique d'attribuer des adresses
IANA IP (Internet Protocol) uniques aux périphériques d'un réseau.
❖ NIR ( National Internet Registry ) ❖ ISP ( Internet Service Provider )
XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX
Chaque appareil connecté à Internet a son adresse IP unique.

IANA X = 0 or 1
❖ Une adresse de protocole Internet (adresse IP) est
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
une étiquette numérique attribuée à chaque appareil
RIRs 1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet
ARIN RIPE connecté à un réseau informatique qui utilise le protocole
LACNIC AFRINIC APNIC Internet pour la communication. 32 bits ( 4 Octets )

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
NIRs ❖ Adresse sur 32 bits , en représentation décimale
pointée, 4 nombres décimaux chacun entre 0 et 255,
X X X X X X X X
LIRs LIRs LIRs séparés par des .
8 bits

ISPs ISPs ❖ L'adresse IP la plus petite est [Link] 00000000 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

❖ L'adresse IP la plus grande est [Link]
Utilisateurs Utilisateurs Utilisateurs 11111111 255 [Link]

4 5

Binary to Decimal Decimal to Binary

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
128 64 32 16

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

8 bits 8 bits

90 50 150 200

10101010 11001100 11101110 11110000

128 + 32 + 8 + 2 128 + 64 + 8 + 4 128 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 90 - 64 = 26 50 – 32 = 18 150 – 128 = 22 200 – 128 = 72

----------------- ---------------- ----------------------- -------------------
170 204 238 240 26 – 16 = 10 18 – 16 = 2 22 – 16 = 6 72 – 64 = 8

10 – 8 = 2 6–4=2

170 204 238 240

01011010 00110010 10010110 11001000

6 7
 The Total Number Of Ipv4 Addresses IPv4 - Address Classes ( Class A )

0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

255
11
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
10
4
3
9
8
7
6
5
1
0
2 255
11
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
10
0
1
4
3
2
9
8
7
6
5 255
11
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
10
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5 255
14
20
19
18
17
16
15
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 -------------------
1st Octet
------------------- ------------------- -------------------

0 255
1 256
0 Class A 127 128 255
1 256 * 256 = 65,536

1 256 * 256 * 256 = 16,777,216 Numbers start with 0 are reserved ( All networks ). Example :
Numbers start with 127 are reserved ( Loopback ).
100 . 250 . 190 . 200

The Total Number Of Ipv4 Addresses

1 - 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
= 256 * 256 * 256 * 256 Class A : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------

= 4,294,967,296
8 9

IPv4 - Address Classes ( Class B ) IPv4 - Address Classes ( Class C )

128 255 192 255

128 Class B 191 192 255 192 Class C 223 224 255

Example : Example :
150 . 1 . 250 . 16 200 . 150 . 4 . 88

128 - 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class B : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- Class C : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------

10 11
 IPv4 - Address Classes ( Class D and E ) IPv4 - Address Classes ( Summary )

224 255
0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
224 Class D 239 240 Class E 255
Class A : 1 - 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Unicast
Example : Class B :
128 - 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Unicast
230 . 1 . 255 . 160
Class C :
Unicast 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
224 - 239 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class D : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- Class D :
Multicast 224 - 239 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class E :
Example : Reserved 240 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 254
250 . 2 . 21 . 130
❖ 0 is reserved ( All networks ).
240 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 ❖ 127 is reserved ( Loopback ).
Class E : ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------
❖ [Link] is reserved as the IPv4 Broadcast address.
12 13

IPv4 Unicast Transmission IPv4 Multicast Transmission

❖ Internet Protocol (IPv4) uses IP Addresses of class A, B and

Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
C for Unicast transmission, in which a packet is sent from a ❖ Internet Protocol (IPv4) uses IP Addresses of class D for ❖ A message sent via multicast is sent to all hosts on the
single source to a specified destination multicast transmission, in which a packet is sent from a network, but only the intended hosts accept the multicast
single source to a specific multicast group. message such as video streaming..
Class B : 128 - 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
❖ In the unicast transmission mode the sender sends a packet to
a specific destination and the sender needs to replicate the Class D : 224 - 239 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
packet if there are more than one destination. Class C : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Multicast Group

Computer2
Computer2 [Link]
S: [Link]
D: [Link]
[Link]
S: [Link] ✓
D: [Link]
Computer1
[Link] Computer3
[Link]
S: [Link]
Switch Computer3 Switch
✓
Computer1
D: [Link] [Link] [Link]

S: [Link]
D: [Link]
Computer4
[Link]
 Computer4
[Link]
14 15
 IPv4 Broadcast Transmission ( Limited Broadcast Address ) IPv4 Broadcast Transmission ( Directed Broadcast Addresses )

❖ Internet Protocol (IPv4) uses the last IP address of each network or subnet for directed broadcast transmission, in which
❖ Internet Protocol (IPv4) uses IP address [Link] ❖ The IP address [Link] is limited Broadcast
a packet is sent from a single source to all other hosts on a different network at the same time.
for broadcast transmission, in which a packet is sent from Address because it is never forwarded across a router.
a single source to all other hosts on the network at the same
time. Class A Directed Broadcast Addresses : 1 – 126 255 255 255
Class B Directed Broadcast Addresses : 128 - 191 0 - 255 255 255
IP Address : 255 255 255 255 Class C Directed Broadcast Addresses : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 255

Computer2
Computer2 [Link]

✓
[Link]

S: [Link] ✓ S: [Link]
D: [Link]
D: [Link]
Computer3
Computer3 Router Switch
✓
Computer1 [Link]
Switch
✓
Computer1 [Link] [Link]
[Link]

✓ Computer4 ✓ Computer4
[Link]
[Link]
16 17

Network ID and Host ID Network ID and Host ID

‫محمود‬
❖ An Unicast IP address consists of two components: Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
1. Network ID .
Network ID Host ID
2. Host ID.

Network Prefix

❖ The network ID identifies the network segment to which the

‫عائلة الحمدي‬ ‫عائلة العمري‬ host belongs.

❖ The host ID identifies an individual host on network segment. Class B : 128 - 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
‫محمود‬ ‫محمود‬ Network ID Host ID

❖ A host can communicate directly only with other hosts on

‫عائلة النجار‬ the same network segment and must use a router to Network Prefix

communicate with hosts on other network segments.

Class C : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

❖ A router connects different network segments and uses Network ID Host ID
the network ID inside the IP packet to route the data from
the source to the destination.
Network Prefix

18 19
 Network ID and Host ID ( Class A ) Example : Network ID and Host ID ( Class A )

Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID Host ID

Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID is 50 . Network ID is 80 .
Network ID Host ID

Switch Router Switch

Class A has 126 networks

50. 0 . 0 . 1 80. 0 . 0 . 1

Each network has

256 * 256 * 256 =
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
16,777,216 Addresses

20 21

Network ID and Host ID ( Class B ) Example : Network ID and Host ID ( Class B )

Class B : 128 – 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID Host ID

Class B : 128 – 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID is 170 . 1 . Network ID is 150 . 7 .
Network ID Host ID

Switch Router Switch

Class B has
64 * 256 = 16,384
networks 170.1. 0 . 1 150.7. 0 . 1

Each network has

256 * 256 = 65,536 [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
Addresses

22 23
 Network ID and Host ID ( Class C ) Example : Network ID and Host ID ( Class C )

Class C : 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID Host ID

Class C : 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID is 200 . 1 . 1 . Network ID is 198 . 1 . 1 .
Network ID Host ID

Switch Router Switch

Class B has
32 * 256 * 256 = 2,097,152
networks 200.1.1. 1 198.1.1. 1

Each network has

256 Addresses [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

24 25

Example : Network ID and Host ID ( Class A, B and C ) Network ID and Host ID ( Summary)

Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class B : 128 – 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Network ID Host ID
Class C : 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 126 Networks 256 * 256 * 256 = 16,777,216 Addresses

Class A Class B

[Link]
[Link]
Class B : 128 – 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Network ID Host ID
[Link] [Link]
64 * 256 = 16,384 Networks 256 * 256 = 65,536 Addresses
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

[Link] [Link] Class C : 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID Host ID
32 * 256 * 256 = 2,097,152 Networks 256 Addresses

Class C
26 27
 Network Address, Broadcast Address And Valid Host Address Network Mask and Network Prefix Length

❖ The first IP of a network is reserved, It is called Network Address.

❖ The last IP of a network is reserved, It is called Broadcast Address.
❖ All other addresses are valid addresses which can be assigned to hosts.
Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Class C Class B Class A

➢ Network Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 10 . 0 . 0 . 0

➢ First Valid address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 172 . 16 . 0 . 1 10 . 0 . 0 . 1

Class B : 128 - 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
➢ Last Valid Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254 172 . 16 . 255 . 254 10 . 255 . 255 . 254

➢ Broadcast Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 255 172 . 16 . 255 . 255 10 . 255 . 255 . 255
( Directed ) :
➢ Total Valid addresses : 256 – 2 = 254 65,536 – 2 = 65,534 16,777,216 – 2 = 16,777,214 Class C : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

28 29

Network Mask and Network Prefix Length Network Mask and Network Prefix Length

❖ Network Mask specifies the network and host parts of an IP Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
address. Mask : Network Prefix Length
255 0 0 0
❖ Also known as a Subnet mask, Netmask or Address mask.
Class B : 128 - 191 Class A Network Mask : 255 0 0 0 / 8
0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
11111111
❖ Network masks are usually represented in either Mask : 255 255 0 0
8 bits
Dotted Quad Notation (for example, 255 . 255 . 255 . 0) or Network Prefix Length
Class C : 192 - 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Prefix notation ( for example, 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 / 24 ).
Mask : 255 255 255 0 Class B Network Mask : 255 255 0 0 / 16

❖ The prefix is simply the network address and the prefix 11111111 11111111

length determines the size of the network portion or the 8 bits 8 bits
172 . 16 . 0 . 1 / 16
subnet portion of an address . Network Prefix Length

Class C Network Mask : 255 255 255 0 / 24

11111111 11111111 11111111
10 . 0 . 0 . 1 / 8 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 / 24 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

30 31
 Example : Network Mask and Network Prefix Length IPv4 Link-local Address

Network : [Link]
Class A Network : [Link] / 8 ❖ Link-local Address are the addresses in the range of 169 . 254 . 0 . 0 to 169 . 254 . 255 . 255 or 169 . 254 . 0 . 0 /16 .
Mask : [Link]
Network ❖ A local host automatically picks up an IP address from this range if it fails to obtain an IP address from a DHCP server.
Network : [Link]
Class B Network : [Link] / 16 Prefix Length ❖ This feature is called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) .
Mask : [Link]
Network : [Link]
Class C Network : [Link] / 24 169 . 254 . 236 . 205
Mask : [Link]
[Link] [Link] DHCP Server
[Link]
[Link]/8 [Link]/16
[Link] Switch [Link]

[Link] [Link] 
[Link] [Link]
Link Local Addresses Range ( Reserved )
[Link] [Link]
[Link] 169 254 0 1
➢ Network Address :

[Link] [Link] 169 254 255 255

➢ Network Mask : 255 255 0 0
[Link]/24
[Link] ➢ Network Prefix Length : / 16
[Link]
32 33

IPv4 Private IP addresses Example : Private IP addresses

Internet
❖ Private IP addresses are used in private networks (LANs) Any organization can use these addresses without approval from the Public IP addresses
Internet Service Provider (ISP), Private IP addresses are not publicly routable on the global internet.

Class A Class B

Network Addresses Network Mask Total Total Addresses

.2 [Link]/8 NAT [Link]/16 .2
Networks In Each network

10 0 0 0 .1 .1
.3
Class A 255 0 0 0 1 16,777,216 .1
10 255 255 255 .3
172 16 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 -255 . 0 – 255
172 . 17 . 0 -255 . 0 - 255
Class B 255 255 0 0 16 65,536 .2 .3
172 . 30 . 0 -255 . 0 - 255
172 31 255 255 172 . 31 . 0 -255 . 0 - 255

192 168 0 0 192 . 168 . 0 . 0 – 255 [Link]/24

192 . 168 . 1 . 0 - 255
Class C 255 255 255 0 256 256 Class C
192 . 168 . 254 . 0 - 255
192 168 255 255 192 . 168 . 255 . 0 - 255

34 35
 IPv4 Public IP addresses IPv4 Subnetting

❖ It is global addresses that are routed on the Internet, unlike private addresses. And it is used to o access the Internet. ❖ IPv4 Subnetting is the process of splitting a network into ❖ IPv4 Subnetting is done by extending the default
multiple logical networks, known as subnetworks or Network mask with some of the bits from the Host ID
subnets. portion of the address.

1 Network 2 Subnets 1 Network 4 Subnets

NAT NAT
Private Addresses

1 2

Private Addresses
2 2
NAT NAT

1 Network 8 Subnets 1 Network 16 Subnets

NAT NAT
3
4
2 2
Public Addresses

36 37

IPv4 Subnetting IPv4 Subnetting

255 0

224 31
223 32
8 1

4 1
7 2
192 63
1

191
2 1 64

6 3
3 2

160 5 4 95

159 96

128 127

38 39
IPv4 Subnetting IPv4 Subnetting

40 41

IPv4 Subnetting IPv4 Subnetting

255 0
240 15
239 16
16 1
224 31
223 15 2 32

208 14 3 47
207 48

13 4
192 63
191 64
12 5

176 79
175 80
11 6

160 95
10 7
159 96
9 8
144 111
143 112
128 127

42 43
 IPv4 Subnetting Subnetting Class C Networks – Using The Magic Number
0
2 = 1 net
0 255 Class C : 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255
Network ID Host ID
32 * 256 * 256 = 2,097,152 Networks 256 Addresses
1
2 = 2 nets
0 127 128 255 MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2
2 = 4 nets
0 63 64 127 128 191 192 255 192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

3
2 = 8 nets 24 bits ( Network ID )

0 31 32 63 64 95 96 127 128 159 160 191 192 223 224 255

44 45

Subnetting Class C Networks – 2 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 2 Subnets

1 Network
2 Subnets
( Block )
( Blocks )

256 Each Subnet

Addresses Has 128
Addresses

46 47
 Subnetting Class C Networks – 2 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 2 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 2 subnets.
X
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 =2 X = 1
Network Address : 192 168 1 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
25 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 1 Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 128 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

24 bits ( Network ID ) Prefix Length : / 25

Default Network Mask 255 255 255 0 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255

Network Prefix Length / 24

1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 128
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 128 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 129
128 – 2 = 126
Subnet Prefix Length / 25 8+8+8+1 Valid Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
1
Total Subnets 2 = 2 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 255

Total Addresses In Each Subnet 128 Magic Number

48 49

Example : Class C Subnetting --> 2 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 2 Subnets

[Link] / 25 [Link] / 25 [Link] / 25 [Link] / 25

Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 128 Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 128
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]
126 Valid 126 Valid
[Link] IP Address IP Address [Link]

192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255

1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 128
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 129
128 – 2 = 126
Valid Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 255

50 51
 Subnetting Class C Networks – 4 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 4 Subnets
Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X

4 Subnets 8 bits
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits
( Blocks )
24 bits ( Network ID )

Default Mask 255 255 255 0

Each Subnet Network
/ 24
Prefix Length 128 + 64
Has 64
Addresses Subnet Mask 255 255 255 192
Subnet
Prefix Length
/ 26 8+8+8+2
2
Total Subnets 2 = 4
Total IP Addresses
64 Magic Number
In Each Subnet
52 53

Example : Class C Subnetting --> 4 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 4 Subnets

❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 4 subnets. ❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 4 subnets.
X X
2 =4 X = 2 2 =4 X = 2
Network Address : 192 168 1 0 Network Address : 192 168 1 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Magic Number 192 = 128 + 64 Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 192 Magic Number
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
26 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 2 Prefix Length: / 26
192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 63 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 63 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127

192 . 168 . 1 . 128 3rd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 192 .168 . 1 . 192 4th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 3rd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 192 .168 . 1 . 192 4th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255

1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 3rd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 4th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 192
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 65 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 129 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 193

Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 62 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 63 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
54 55
 Example : Class C Subnetting --> 4 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 8 Subnets

[Link] / 26

62 Valid
IP Address

[Link] [Link]

8 Subnets
[Link] / 26 [Link] / 26
( Blocks )
[Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]
Each Subnet
[Link]
[Link] 62 Valid
IP Address
62 Valid [Link] Has 32
IP Address
Addresses

[Link] [Link]

62 Valid
IP Address

[Link] / 26
56 57

Subnetting Class C Networks – 8 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 8 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets.
X
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 =8 X = 3
Network Address : 192 168 1 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 224 Magic Number
224 = 128 + 64 + 32 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

24 bits ( Network ID ) 27 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 3 Prefix Length : / 27

Default Mask 255 255 255 0 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 1st Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 31 192 . 168 . 1 . 32 2nd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 63

Network
Prefix Length / 24 128 + 64 + 32 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 3rd Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 95 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 4th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 127

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 224

Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 5th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 159 192 . 168 . 1 . 160 6th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 191
/ 27 8+8+8+3
Prefix Length
3 192 . 168 . 1 . 192 7th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 223 192 . 168 . 1 . 224 8th Subnet 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
Total Subnets 2 = 8
Total IP Addresses
32 Magic Number
In Each Subnet
58 59
 Example : Class C Subnetting --> 8 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 16 Subnets
Magic Number = 32

1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 32 3rd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 64
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 33 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 65

VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 3

Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 30 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 62 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 94
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 31 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 63 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 95

16 Subnets
Multilayer Switch
4th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 5th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 128
( Blocks )
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 97 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 129
VLAN 4 VLAN 5
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 158
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 159
Each Subnet
Has 16
6th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 160 7th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 192 8th Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 224
Addresses
1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 161 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 193 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 225
VLAN 6 VLAN 7 VLAN 8
Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 222 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 223 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 255

Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 224 Prefix Length : / 27

60 61

Subnetting Class C Networks – 16 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 16 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 16 subnets.
X
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 = 16 X = 4
Network Address : 192 168 1 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 240 Magic Number
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

24 bits ( Network ID )
28 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 4 Prefix Length : / 28

Default Mask 255 255 255 0 0 1st Subnet 15 16 2nd Subnet 31 32 3rd Subnet 47 48 4th Subnet 63

Network
Prefix Length / 24 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 64 5th Subnet 79 80 6th Subnet 95 96 7th Subnet 111 112 8th Subnet 127

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 240

Subnet 128 9th Subnet 113 114 10th Subnet 159 160 11th Subnet 175 176 12th Subnet 191
Prefix Length
/ 28 8+8+8+4
4 192 13th Subnet 207 208 14th Subnet 223 224 15th Subnet 239 240 16th Subnet 255
Total Subnets 2 = 16
Total IP Addresses 16 Magic Number
In Each Subnet
62 63
 Example : Class C Subnetting --> 16 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 32 Subnets
192 . 168 . 1 . 0 192 . 168 . 1 . 64 192 . 168 . 1 . 128 192 . 168 . 1 . 192
Magic Number = 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 192 . 168 . 1 . 65 192 . 168 . 1 . 129 192 . 168 . 1 . 193
1 5 9 13
16
192 . 168 . 1 . 14 192 . 168 . 1 . 78 192 . 168 . 1 . 142 192 . 168 . 1 . 206
192 . 168 . 1 . 15 192 . 168 . 1 . 79 192 . 168 . 1 . 143 192 . 168 . 1 . 207

192 . 168 . 1 . 16 192 . 168 . 1 . 80 192 . 168 . 1 . 144 192 . 168 . 1 . 208
192 . 168 . 1 . 17 192 . 168 . 1 . 81 192 . 168 . 1 . 145 192 . 168 . 1 . 209
32 Subnets
2 6 10 14 ( Blocks )
192 . 168 . 1 . 30 192 . 168 . 1 . 94 192 . 168 . 1 . 158 192 . 168 . 1 . 222
192 . 168 . 1 . 31 192 . 168 . 1 . 95 192 . 168 . 1 . 159 192 . 168 . 1 . 223

192 . 168 . 1 . 32 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 192 . 168 . 1 . 160 192 . 168 . 1 . 224
192 . 168 . 1 . 33 192 . 168 . 1 . 97 192 . 168 . 1 . 161 192 . 168 . 1 . 225
Each Subnet
3 7 11 15
192 . 168 . 1 . 46 192 . 168 . 1 . 110 192 . 168 . 1 . 174 192 . 168 . 1 . 238
Has 8
192 . 168 . 1 . 47 192 . 168 . 1 . 111 192 . 168 . 1 . 175 192 . 168 . 1 . 239 Addresses
192 . 168 . 1 . 48 192 . 168 . 1 . 112 192 . 168 . 1 . 176 192 . 168 . 1 . 240
192 . 168 . 1 . 49 192 . 168 . 1 . 113 192 . 168 . 1 . 177 192 . 168 . 1 . 241
4 8 12 16
192 . 168 . 1 . 62 192 . 168 . 1 . 126 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
192 . 168 . 1 . 63 192 . 168 . 1 . 127 192 . 168 . 1 . 191 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
64 65

Subnetting Class C Networks – 32 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 32 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 32 subnets.
X
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 = 32 X = 5
Network Address : 192 168 1 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 248 Magic Number
248 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

24 bits ( Network ID ) 29 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 5 Prefix Length : / 29

Default Mask 255 255 255 0 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 32 39 40 47 48 55 56 63

Network
Prefix Length / 24 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8
64 71 72 79 80 87 88 95 96 103 104 111 112 119 120 127
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 248
Subnet 128 135 136 143 144 151 152 159 160 167 168 175 176 183 184 191
/ 29 8+8+8+5
Prefix Length
5
Total Subnets 2 = 32 192 199 200 207 208 215 216 223 224 231 232 239 240 247 248 255

Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet
8 Magic Number
66 67
 Example : Class C Subnetting --> 32 Subnets Subnetting Class C Networks – 64 Subnets

Magic Number = 8

192 . 168 . 1 . 0 192 . 168 . 1 . 8 192 . 168 . 1 . 16 192 . 168 . 1 . 24 192 . 168 . 1 . 32 192 . 168 . 1 . 40 192 . 168 . 1 . 48 192 . 168 . 1 . 56
192 . 168 . 1 . 1 192 . 168 . 1 . 9 192 . 168 . 1 . 17 192 . 168 . 1 . 25 192 . 168 . 1 . 33 192 . 168 . 1 . 41 192 . 168 . 1 . 49 192 . 168 . 1 . 57

192 . 168 . 1 . 6 192 . 168 . 1 . 14 192 . 168 . 1 . 22 192 . 168 . 1 . 30 192 . 168 . 1 . 38 192 . 168 . 1 . 46 192 . 168 . 1 . 54 192 . 168 . 1 . 62
192 . 168 . 1 . 7 192 . 168 . 1 . 15 192 . 168 . 1 . 23 192 . 168 . 1 . 31 192 . 168 . 1 . 39 192 . 168 . 1 . 47 192 . 168 . 1 . 55 192 . 168 . 1 . 63
64 Subnets
192 . 168 . 1 . 64 192 . 168 . 1 . 72 192 . 168 . 1 . 80 192 . 168 . 1 . 88 192 . 168 . 1 . 96 192 . 168 . 1 . 104 192 . 168 . 1 . 112 192 . 168 . 1 . 120
192 . 168 . 1 . 65 192 . 168 . 1 . 73 192 . 168 . 1 . 81 192 . 168 . 1 . 89 192 . 168 . 1 . 97 192 . 168 . 1 . 105 192 . 168 . 1 . 113 192 . 168 . 1 . 121
( Blocks )

192 . 168 . 1 . 70 192 . 168 . 1 . 78 192 . 168 . 1 . 86 192 . 168 . 1 . 94 192 . 168 . 1 . 102 192 . 168 . 1 . 110 192 . 168 . 1 . 118 192 . 168 . 1 . 126
192 . 168 . 1 . 71 192 . 168 . 1 . 79 192 . 168 . 1 . 87 192 . 168 . 1 . 95 192 . 168 . 1 . 103 192 . 168 . 1 . 111 192 . 168 . 1 . 119 192 . 168 . 1 . 127

192 . 168 . 1 . 128 192 . 168 . 1 . 136 192 . 168 . 1 . 144 192 . 168 . 1 . 152 192 . 168 . 1 . 160 192 . 168 . 1 . 168 192 . 168 . 1 . 176 192 . 168 . 1 . 184
192 . 168 . 1 . 129 192 . 168 . 1 . 137 192 . 168 . 1 . 145 192 . 168 . 1 . 153 192 . 168 . 1 . 161 192 . 168 . 1 . 169 192 . 168 . 1 . 177 192 . 168 . 1 . 185
Each Subnet
Has 4
192 . 168 . 1 . 134 192 . 168 . 1 . 142 192 . 168 . 1 . 150 192 . 168 . 1 . 158 192 . 168 . 1 . 166 192 . 168 . 1 . 174 192 . 168 . 1 . 182 192 . 168 . 1 . 190 Addresses
192 . 168 . 1 . 135 192 . 168 . 1 . 143 192 . 168 . 1 . 151 192 . 168 . 1 . 159 192 . 168 . 1 . 167 192 . 168 . 1 . 175 192 . 168 . 1 . 183 192 . 168 . 1 . 191

192 . 168 . 1 . 192 192 . 168 . 1 . 200 192 . 168 . 1 . 208 192 . 168 . 1 . 216 192 . 168 . 1 . 224 192 . 168 . 1 . 232 192 . 168 . 1 . 240 192 . 168 . 1 . 248
192 . 168 . 1 . 193 192 . 168 . 1 . 201 192 . 168 . 1 . 209 192 . 168 . 1 . 217 192 . 168 . 1 . 225 192 . 168 . 1 . 233 192 . 168 . 1 . 241 192 . 168 . 1 . 249

192 . 168 . 1 . 198 192 . 168 . 1 . 206 192 . 168 . 1 . 214 192 . 168 . 1 . 222 192 . 168 . 1 . 230 192 . 168 . 1 . 238 192 . 168 . 1 . 246 192 . 168 . 1 . 254
192 . 168 . 1 . 199 192 . 168 . 1 . 207 192 . 168 . 1 . 215 192 . 168 . 1 . 223 192 . 168 . 1 . 231 192 . 168 . 1 . 239 192 . 168 . 1 . 247 192 . 168 . 1 . 255
68 69

Subnetting Class C Networks – 64 Subnets Example : Class C Subnetting --> 64 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the Class C IP Address 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 so that you have 64 subnets.
X
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 = 64 X = 6
Network Address : 192 168 1 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

192 – 223 0 - 255 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 252 Magic Number
252 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

24 bits ( Network ID ) 30 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 6 Prefix Length : / 30

0 1st Subnet 3 4 2nd Subnet 7

Default Mask 255 255 255 0
Network
Prefix Length
/ 24 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4
192.168. 1 . 1 192.168. 1 . 2 192.168. 1 . 5 192.168. 1 . 6
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 252
Subnet
Prefix Length / 30 8+8+8+6 1st Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 4
6 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 5
Total Subnets 2 = 64 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 2 Last Valid IP address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 6
Total IP Addresses Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 3 Broadcast IP Address : 192 . 168 . 1 . 7
In Each Subnet
4 Magic Number
70 71
 Example 1 : Class C Subnetting ( Host Address ) Example 2 : Class C Subnetting ( Host Address )

❖ Is 192 . 168 . 1 . 150 /29 a host address? ❖ Is 192 . 168 . 1 . 150 255 . 255 . 255 . 248 a host address?

Network Address : 192 168 1 0 Network Address : 192 168 1 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 Default Mask : 255 255 255 0
5
29 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 5 Total Subnets = 2 = 32 5 bits
5
Total Subnets = 2 = 32
Total addresses in each subnet : 8
248 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 Total addresses in each subnet : 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Valid addresses in each subnet : 8 -2 = 6
Valid addresses in each subnet : 8 -2 = 6
Magic Number
Magic Number 192 . 168 . 1 . 144 19th Subnet Address
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 All Subnets 192 . 168 . 1 . 144 19th Subnet Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 145 1st Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 145 1st Host Address
All Subnets 192 . 168 . 1 . 146 2nd Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 146 2nd Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 147 3rd Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 147 3rd Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 148 4th Host Address 4th Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 148
192 . 168 . 1 . 149 5th Host Address
150 192 . 168 . 1 . 149 5th Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 150 6th Host Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 150 6th Host Address
150 192 . 168 . 1 . 151 Broadcast Address
Broadcast Address
192 . 168 . 1 . 151
72 73

Example : Class C Subnetting ( Subnet Address ) Example : Class C Subnetting ( Broadcast Address )

❖ Is 205 . 15 . 16 . 176 255 . 255 . 255 . 240 a subnet address ? ❖ Is 205 . 15 . 16 . 111 255 . 255 . 255 . 240 a broadcast address of a subnet?

Network Address : 205 15 16 0 Network Address : 205 15 16 0

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 Default Mask : 255 255 255 0
4 bits 4 bits

4 4
240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 Total Subnets = 2 = 16 240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 Total Subnets = 2 = 16

Magic Number Magic Number

❖ What is the address that comes after 205 . 15 . 16 . 111 ?

❖ Is 176 divisible by 16 ? 176 / 16 = 11 205 . 15 . 16 . 112 7th Subnet Address

❖ Is 112 divisible by 16 ? 112 / 16 = 7

[Link] [Link] is a subnet address .
205 . 15 . 16 . 112 is a subnet address .
12th Subnet Address
205 . 15 . 16 . 111 is a broadcast address .

74 75
 Example : Class C Subnetting ( 1st Address ) Subnetting Class B Networks – Using The Magic Number

❖ Is 205 . 15 . 16 . 97 255 . 255 . 255 . 240 a 1st address of a subnet ?

Network Address : 205 15 16 0 Class B : 128 – 191 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID Host ID
Default Mask : 255 255 255 0
64 * 256 = 16,384 Networks 256 * 256 = 65,536 Addresses
4 bits

4
240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 Total Subnets = 2 = 16 MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number

Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

❖ What is the address that comes before 205 . 15 . 16 . 97 ?

205 . 15 . 16 . 96 7th Subnet Address 128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384

❖ Is 96 divisible by 16 ? 96 / 16 = 6
16 bits ( Network ID )

205 . 15 . 16 . 96 is a subnet address .

205 . 15 . 16 . 97 is the 1st address .

76 77

Subnetting Class B Networks – 2 Subnets Example : Class B Subnetting - 2 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 2 subnets.
X
2 =2 X = 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Network Address : 172 16 0 0

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0 - 255
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

16 bits ( Network ID ) Prefix Length : / 17

Default Mask 255 255 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255

Network
Prefix Length / 16
1st Subnet Address : 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 172 . 16 . 128 . 0
Subnet Mask 255 255 128 0 1st Valid IP Address : 172 . 16 . 0 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 172 . 16 . 128 . 1
128 * 256 =
Subnet 32,768
Prefix Length / 17 8+8+1
Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 172 . 16 . 127 . 254 Last Valid IP address : 172 . 16 . 255 . 254
1
Total Subnets 2 = 2 Broadcast IP Address : 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 Broadcast IP Address : 172 . 16 . 255 . 255

Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 128 = 32,768
78 79
 Example : Class B Subnetting - 2 Subnets Example : Class B Subnetting - 2 Subnets

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 / 17 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 / 17 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 / 17 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 / 17

Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 128 . 0
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255

1st Subnet Address : 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 172 . 16 . 128 . 0

1st Valid IP Address : 172 . 16 . 0 . 1 1st Valid IP Address : 172 . 16 . 128 . 1
128 * 256 =
32,768
Last Valid IP address : 172 . 16 . 127 . 254 Addresses Last Valid IP address : 172 . 16 . 255 . 254
Broadcast IP Address : 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 Broadcast IP Address : 172 . 16 . 255 . 255

80 81

Subnetting Class B Network – 4 Subnets Example : Class B Subnetting --> 4 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 4 subnets.
X
2 =4 X = 2
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Network Address : 172 16 0 0

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 192 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

16 bits ( Network ID ) Prefix Length : / 18

Default Mask 255 255 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 63 . 255 172 . 16 . 64 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255

Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64
172 . 16 . 128 . 0 3rd Subnet 172 . 16 . 191 . 255 172 . 16 . 192 . 0 4th Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
Subnet Mask 255 255 192 0
Subnet
Prefix Length / 18 8+8+2
2 64 * 256
Total Subnets 2 = 4 = 16,384
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 64 = 16,384
82 83
 Subnetting Class B Networks – 8 Subnets Example : Class B Subnetting --> 8 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets.
X
2 =8 X = 3
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Network Address : 172 16 0 0

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 224 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

16 bits ( Network ID ) Prefix Length : / 19

Default Mask 255 255 0 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 31 . 255 172 . 16 . 32 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 63 . 255

Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32
172 . 16 . 64 . 0 3rd Subnet 172 . 16 . 95 . 255 172 . 16 . 96 . 0 4th Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255

Subnet Mask 255 255 224 0

172 . 16 . 128 . 0 5th Subnet 172 . 16 . 159 . 255 172 . 16 . 160 . 0 6th Subnet 172 . 16 . 191 . 255
Subnet
Prefix Length / 19 8+8+3
3
Total Subnets 172 . 16 . 192 . 0 7th Subnet 172 . 16 . 223 . 255 172 . 16 . 224 . 0 8th Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
2 = 8
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 32 = 8,192
84 85

Example : Class B Subnetting --> 8 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 16 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets.
X
2 =8 X = 3
Network Address : 172 16 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 224 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Prefix Length : / 19 16 bits ( Network ID )

Default Mask 255 255 0 0

32 * 256 Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16
= 8,192
Subnet Mask 255 255 240 0
Subnet
Prefix Length / 20 8+8+4
4
Total Subnets 2 = 16
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 16 = 4,096
86 87
 Example : Class B Subnetting --> 16 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 32 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 16 subnets.
X
2 = 16 X = 4
Network Address : 172 16 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 240 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Prefix Length : / 20 16 bits ( Network ID )

0.0 1st 15.255 16.0 2nd 31.255 32.0 3rd 47.255 48.0 4th 63.255
Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8
64.0 5th 79.255 80.0 6th 95.255 96.0 7th 111.255 112.0 8th 127.255

Subnet Mask 255 255 248 0

128.0 9th 113.255 114.0 10th 159.255 160.0 11th 175.255 176.0 12th 191.255 Subnet
Prefix Length / 21 8+8+5
5
192.0 13th 207.255 208.0 14th 223.255 224.0 15th 239.255 240.0 16th 255.255 Total Subnets 2 = 32
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 8 = 2,048
88 89

Example : Class B Subnetting --> 32 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 64 Subnets

Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 32 subnets.
X
2 = 32 X = 5
Network Address : 172 16 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 248 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Prefix Length : / 21 16 bits ( Network ID )

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 7 . 255 172 . 16 . 8 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 15 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4
172 . 16 . 16 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 23 . 255 172 . 16 . 24 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 31 . 255

Subnet Mask 255 255 252 0

... Subnet
Prefix Length / 22 8+8+6
6
Total Subnets 2 = 64
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 4 = 1,024
90 91
 Example : Class B Subnetting --> 64 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 128 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 64 subnets.
X
2 = 64 X = 6
Network Address : 172 16 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 252 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Prefix Length : / 22 16 bits ( Network ID )

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 3 . 255 172 . 16 . 4 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 7 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2
172 . 16 . 8 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 11 . 255 172 . 16 . 12 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 15 . 255

Subnet Mask 255 255 254 0

Subnet
... Prefix Length / 23 8+8+7
7
Total Subnets 2 = 128
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 2 = 512
92 93

Example : Class B Subnetting --> 128 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 256 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 128 subnets.
X
2 = 128 X = 7
Network Address : 172 16 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X 0
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 254 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Prefix Length : / 23 16 bits ( Network ID )

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 1 . 255 172 . 16 . 2 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 3 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
172 . 16 . 4 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 5 . 255 172 . 16 . 6 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 7 . 255

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0

Subnet
Prefix Length / 24 8+8+8
8
Total Subnets 2 = 256
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 1 = 256
94 95
 Example : Class B Subnetting --> 256 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 512 Subnets
Magic Number
❖ Subnet the (Class B) IP Address 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 so that you have 256 subnets.
X
2 = 256 X = 8
Network Address : 172 16 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 255 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Prefix Length : / 24 16 bits ( Network ID )

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 0 . 255 172 . 16 . 1 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 1 . 255 Default Mask 255 255 0 0
Network
Prefix Length / 16
172 . 16 . 2 . 0 3st Subnet 172 . 16 . 2 . 255 172 . 16 . 3 . 0 4nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 3 . 255

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 128

Subnet
Prefix Length / 25 8+8+8+1
8+1 9
Total Subnets 2 = 2 = 512
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 128
96 97

Example : Subnetting Class B Networks – 512 Subnets Subnetting Class B Networks – 1024 Subnets
Magic Number Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

172 16 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 128 – 191 0 - 255 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

172 . 16 . 0 . 0
16 bits ( Network ID ) 172 . 16 . 0 . 1 16 bits ( Network ID )

0 128 Default Mask 255 255 0 0

172 . 16 . 0 . 126
Network
172 . 16 . 0 . 127 / 16 128 + 64
172 16 0 Prefix Length
172 . 16 . 0 . 128
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 192
0 128 172 . 16 . 0 . 129
Subnet
1 128 Prefix Length / 26 8+8+8+2
. 172 . 16 . 0 . 254 8+2 10
. 172 . 16 . 0 . 255 Total Subnets 2 = 2 = 1024
255 Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 64
98 99
 Example : Subnetting Class B Networks – 1024 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – Using The Magic Number
Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Class A : 1 – 126 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255

Network ID Host ID
126 Networks 256 * 256 * 256 = 16,777,216 Addresses
172 16 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

172 . 16 . 0 . 0
256 256
172 . 16 . 0 . 1
16 bits ( Network ID ) MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number MagicMagic
Number Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
MagicMagic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Magic
Number
Number
0
172 . 16 . 0 . 62 172 . 16 . 0 . 64
172 . 16 . 0 . 63
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
172 . 16 . 0 . 1

64
172 16 0 172 . 16 . 0 . 128
172 . 16 . 0 . 126
1 – 126 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
172 . 16 . 0 . 127
172 . 16 . 0 . 129 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits
0 128
172 . 16 . 0 . 190 Network ID
1 172 . 16 . 0 . 192
172 . 16 . 0 . 191 24 bits
. 172 . 16 . 0 . 1

. 192
172 . 16 . 0 . 254
255
172 . 16 . 0 . 255
100 101

Subnetting Class A Networks – 2 Subnets Example : Class A Subnetting --> 2 Subnets

Magic Number ❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 2 subnets.
X
2 =2 X = 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Network Address : 10 0 0 0

Default Mask : 255 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Subnet Mask : 255 . 128 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8 bits

Network ID Prefix Length : / 9

Default Mask 255 0 0 0 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 255 . 255 . 255

Network
Prefix Length /8
1st Subnet Address : 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 10 . 128 . 0 . 0
Subnet Mask 255 128 0 0 1st Valid IP Address : 10 . 0 . 0. 1 1st Valid IP Address : 10 . 128 . 0 . 1
8,388,608
Subnet
Prefix Length /9 8+ 1 Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 10 . 127 . 255 . 254 Last Valid IP address : 10 . 255 . 255 .254
1
Total Subnets 2 = 2 Broadcast IP Address : 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 Broadcast IP Address : 10 . 255 . 255 .255

Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 128 = 8,388,608
102 103
 Example : Class A Subnetting --> 2 Subnets Example : Class A Subnetting --> 2 Subnets

10 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 9 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 / 9 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 9 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 / 9
Subnet Mask : 255 . 128 . 0 . 0 Subnet Mask : 255 . 128 . 0 . 0
10 . 128 . 0 . 2 10 . 128 . 0 . 2
10 . 0 . 0 . 2 10 . 0 . 0 . 2

10 . 0 . 0 . 1 10 . 128 . 0 . 1 10 . 0 . 0 . 1 10 . 128 . 0 . 1

10 .0 . 0 . 3 10 .0 . 0 . 3
10 . 128 . 0 .3 10 . 128 . 0 .3

10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 255 . 255 . 255

1st Subnet Address : 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet Address : 10 . 128 . 0 . 0

1st Valid IP Address : 10 . 0 . 0. 1 1st Valid IP Address : 10 . 128 . 0 . 1
8,388,608
Addresses
Last Valid IP address : 10 . 127 . 255 . 254 Last Valid IP address : 10 . 255 . 255 .254
Broadcast IP Address : 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 Broadcast IP Address : 10 . 255 . 255 .255

104 105

Subnetting Class A Networks – 4 Subnets Example : Class A Subnetting --> 4 Subnets

Magic Number ❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 4 subnets.
X
2 =4 X = 2
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Network Address : 10 0 0 0

Default Mask : 255 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Subnet Mask : 255 . 192 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8 bits

Network ID Prefix Length : / 10

Default Mask 255 0 0 0 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 63 . 255 .255 10 . 64 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 127 . 255 . 255

Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64
10 . 128 . 0 . 0 3rd Subnet 10 . 191 . 255 . 255 10 . 192 . 0 . 0 4th Subnet 10 . 255 . 255 . 255

Subnet Mask 255 192 0 0

Subnet
Prefix Length / 10 8+ 2 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 10 . 64 . 0 . 0 10 . 128 . 0 . 0 10 . 192 . 0 . 0

2 10 . 0 . 0. 1 10 . 64 . 0. 1 10 .128. 0. 1 10 . 192 . 0. 1
Total Subnets 2 = 4 4,194,304
10 . 63 . 255 .254 10 . 127 . 255 . 254 10 . 191 . 255 . 254 10 . 255 . 255 . 254
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 64 = 4,194,304 10 . 63 . 255 .255 10 . 127 . 255 . 255 10 . 191 . 255 . 255 10 . 255 . 255 . 255
106 107
 Subnetting Class A Networks – 8 Subnets Example : Class A Subnetting --> 8 Subnets

Magic Number ❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets.
X
2 =8 X = 3
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Network Address : 10 0 0 0

Default Mask : 255 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Subnet Mask : 255 . 224 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8 bits

Network ID Prefix Length : / 11

Default Mask 255 0 0 0 [Link] 1st Subnet [Link] [Link] 2nd Subnet [Link]

Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32
[Link] 3rd Subnet [Link] [Link] 4th Subnet [Link]

Subnet Mask 255 224 0 0

[Link] 5th Subnet [Link] [Link] 6th Subnet [Link]
Subnet
Prefix Length / 11 8+ 3
3
Total Subnets [Link] 7th Subnet [Link] [Link] 8th Subnet [Link]
2 = 8
Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 32 = 2,097,152
108 109

Example : Class A Subnetting --> 8 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – 16 Subnets

❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 8 subnets. Magic Number
X
2 =8 X = 3
Network Address : 10 0 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
Subnet Mask : 255 . 224 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits

Prefix Length : / 11 Network ID

Default Mask 255 0 0 0

10 . 0 . 0 . 0 10 . 32 . 0 . 0 10 . 64 . 0 . 0 10 . 96 . 0 . 0
10 . 0 . 0 . 1 10 . 32 . 0 . 1 10 . 64 . 0 . 1 10 . 96 . 0 . 1 Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32+ 16
2,097,152
10 . 31 . 255 .254 10 . 63 . 255 .254 10 . 95 . 255 .254 10 . 127 . 255 .254
10 . 31 . 255 .255 10 . 63 . 255 .255 10 . 95 . 255 .255 10 . 127 . 255 .255
Subnet Mask 255 240 0 0
Subnet
10 . 128 . 0 . 0 10 . 160 . 0 . 0 10 . 192 . 0 . 0 10 . 224 . 0 . 0 Prefix Length / 12 8+ 4
10 . 128. 0. 1 10 .160. 0. 1 10 .192. 0. 1 10 . 224 . 0. 1 4
Total Subnets 2 = 16
10 . 159 . 255 .254 10 . 191 . 255 .254 10 . 223 . 255 .254 10 . 255 . 255 .254
Total IP Addresses
10 . 159 . 255 .255 10 . 191 . 255 .255 10 . 223 . 255 .255 10 . 255 . 255 .255
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 16 = 1,048,576
110 111
 Subnetting Class A Networks – 32 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – 64 Subnets

Magic Number Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0 1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits

Network ID Network ID

Default Mask 255 0 0 0 Default Mask 255 0 0 0

Network Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4

Subnet Mask 255 248 0 0 Subnet Mask 255 252 0 0

Subnet Subnet
Prefix Length / 13 8+ 5 Prefix Length / 14 8+ 6
5 6
Total Subnets 2 = 32 Total Subnets 2 = 64
Total IP Addresses Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 8 = 524,288 In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 4 = 262,144
112 113

Subnetting Class A Networks – 128 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – 256 Subnets

Magic Number Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0 1 – 126 X X X X X X X X 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits

Network ID Network ID

Default Mask 255 0 0 0 Default Mask 255 0 0 0

Network Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 Prefix Length /8
128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
Subnet Mask 255 254 0 0 Subnet Mask 255 255 0 0
Subnet Subnet
Prefix Length / 15 8+ 7 Prefix Length / 16 8+ 8
7 8
Total Subnets 2 = 128 Total Subnets 2 = 256
Total IP Addresses Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 2 = 131,072 In Each Subnet 256 * 256 * 1 = 65,536
114 115
 Example : Class A Subnetting --> 256 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – 512 Subnets

❖ Subnet the (Class A) IP Address 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 so that you have 256 subnets. Magic Number
X
2 = 256 X = 8
Network Address : 10 0 0 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Default Mask : 255 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 – 126 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0
Subnet Mask : 255 . 255 . 0 . 0 Magic Number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits
9 bits
Prefix Length : / 16 Network ID

10 . 0 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 10 . 0 . 255 . 255 10 . 1 . 0 . 0 2nd Subnet 10 . 1 . 255 . 255 Default Mask 255 0 0 0
Network
Prefix Length /8 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
10 . 2 . 0 . 0 3st Subnet 10 . 2 . 255 . 255 10 . 3 . 0 . 0 4nd Subnet 10 . 3 . 255 . 255

Subnet Mask 255 255 128 0

Subnet
10 . 0 . 0 . 0 10 . 1 . 0 . 0 10 . 2 . 0 . 0 10 . 3 . 0 . 0 Prefix Length / 17 8+8+1
10 . 0 . 0. 1 10 . 1 . 0. 1 10 . 2 . 0. 1 10 . 3 . 0. 1 9
65,536 Total Subnets 2 = 512
10 . 0 . 255 .254 10 . 1 . 255 . 254 10 . 2 . 255 . 254 10 . 3 . 255 . 254
Total IP Addresses
10 . 0 . 255 .255 10 . 1 . 255 . 255 10 . 2 . 255 . 255 10 . 3 . 255 . 255
In Each Subnet 256 * 128 = 32,768
116 117

Example : Subnetting Class A Networks – 512 Subnets Subnetting Class A Networks – 65,536 Subnets

Magic Number Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 1 – 126 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits 8 bits
10 . 0 . 0 . 0
9 bits 16 bits
Network ID Network ID
10 . 0 . 0 . 1

0 32,768 Default Mask 255 0 0 0

10 . 0 .127 . 254
Network
10. 0 . 127 . 255 /8
10 0 0 Subnet Mask Prefix Length 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
[Link]
10 . 0 . 128 . 0
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0
0 128 10 . 0 . 128 . 1
Subnet
1 32,768 Prefix Length / 24 8+8+8
. 10 . 0 . 255 . 254 16
. 10 . 0 . 255 . 255 Total Subnets 2 = 65,536
255 Total IP Addresses
In Each Subnet 256
118 119
 Example : Subnetting Class A Networks – 65,536 Subnets Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

Magic Number
❖ Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a technique ❖ VLSM divides an IP address space into subnets and
that allows network administrators to divide an IP allocating it according to the individual need on a network.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
address space into subnets of different sizes.

10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits

Network ID 16 bits

30 Hosts
10 . 0 . 0 . 0
10 . 0 . 0 . 1 30 Hosts

10 0 0 0 256 126 Hosts

10 . 0 . 0 . 254
62 Hosts
10 . 0 . 0 . 255
0 0
1 1
Subnet Mask
. .
255 . 255 . 255 . 0
. .
255 255
120 121

VLSM Example 1 : Class C VLSM Example 1 : Class C

128

Network Address : 192 168 1 0 192 168 1 XXXXXXXX

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 128

0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 192 168 1 0 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241 2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242
2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242 3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243
255 255 255 128
3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244 5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245 6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246 7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248
8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248 192 168 1 128 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249
9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249 10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
255 255 255 128 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251 12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252 13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253 14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254 15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
122 123
 VLSM Example 1 : Class C VLSM Example 1 : Class C
64 32

192 168 1 XXXXXXXX 192 168 1 XXXXXXXX

255 255 255 192 255 255 255 224

0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 0 16 32 48
192 168 1 0 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 192 168 1 0 1 17 33 49
2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 2 18 34 50
3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 3 19 35 50
255 255 255 192 255 255 255 224
4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 4 20 36 52
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 5 21 37 53
6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 6 22 38 54
7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 7 23 39 55
8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 8 24 40 56
192 168 1 64 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121
192 168 1 32 9 25 41 57
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 10 26 42 58

255 255 255 192 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 255 255 255 224 11 27 43 59
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 12 28 44 60
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 13 29 45 61
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 14 30 46 62
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 15 31 47 63

124 125

VLSM Example 1 : Class C VLSM Example 1 : Class C

16 8

192 168 1 XXXXXXXX 192 168 1 XXXXXXXX

255 255 255 240 255 255 255 248

0 16 0
192 168 1 0 1 17 192 168 1 0 1

2 18 2

3 19 3
255 255 255 240 255 255 255 248 4
4 20
5 21 5

6 22 6

7 23 7

8 24 8
192 168 1 16 9 25
192 168 1 8 9
10 26 10

255 255 255 240 11 27 255 255 255 248 11

12 28 12
13 29 13
14 30 14
15 31 15

126 127
 VLSM Example 1 : Class C VLSM Example 1 : Class C
4
192 168 1 0
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
192 168 1 XXXXXXXX 255 255 255 252 /30
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241

2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242

255 255 255 252 192 168 1 4
3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243

0 255 255 255 252 /30 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245
192 168 1 0 1
6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
2 192 168 1 8 7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
3
255 255 255 252 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248
4 255 255 255 248 /29 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249
5
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
6 192 168 1 16 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
7
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
255 255 255 240 /28
192 168 1 4 13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254
192 168 1 32
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
255 255 255 252
255 255 255 224 /27

192 168 1 64 192 168 1 128

255 255 255 192 /26 255 255 255 128 /25
128 129

VLSM Example 1 : Class C VLSM Example 1 : Class C

.10
[Link] / 29
255
3 7 [Link]
0 4
16 6 Hosts
8 15 .9
[Link] /30 31
[Link] /30 32 [Link] / 30 .17 .18
[Link] / 28
[Link] /29 [Link] .2
.33 [Link]
[Link] /28
14 Hosts
[Link] /27 2 Hosts
.1
.34 [Link] / 27
63
.5 [Link]
[Link] /26 64 2 Hosts
30 Hosts
[Link] /25
.6
[Link] / 30 .65 .66
[Link] [Link] / 26
[Link]
.129 62 Hosts

.130 [Link] /25

128 127
[Link]
126 Hosts

130 131
 VLSM Example 2 : Class C VLSM Example 2 : Class C
128

Network Address : 192 168 1 0 192 168 1 XXXXXXXX

Default Mask : 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 128

0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 192 168 1 0 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241 2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242
2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242 3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243
255 255 255 128
3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244 5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245 6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246 7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248
8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248 192 168 1 128 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249
9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249 10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
255 255 255 128 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251 12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252 13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253 14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254 15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
132 133

VLSM Example 2 : Class C VLSM Example 2 : Class C

64 32

192 168 1 XXXXXXXX 192 168 1 XXXXXXXX

255 255 255 192 255 255 255 224

0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 0 16 32 48
192 168 1 0 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 192 168 1 0 1 17 33 49
2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 2 18 34 50
3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 3 19 35 50
255 255 255 192 255 255 255 224
4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 4 20 36 52
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 5 21 37 53
6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 6 22 38 54
7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 7 23 39 55
8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 8 24 40 56
192 168 1 64 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121
192 168 1 32 9 25 41 57
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 10 26 42 58

255 255 255 192 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 255 255 255 224 11 27 43 59
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 12 28 44 60
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 13 29 45 61
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 14 30 46 62
15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 15 31 47 63

134 135
 VLSM Example 2 : Class C VLSM Example 2 : Class C

255 0
192 168 1 0
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
31
255 255 255 224 /27 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241
30 Hosts 32
2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242
[Link] /27
3 19 35 50 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243
192 168 1 32 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245 30 Hosts
255 255 255 224 /27 6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
[Link] /27

7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
63
126 Hosts
8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248 64
9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249 [Link] /26
192 168 1 64
10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
62 Hosts
255 255 255 192 /26 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
[Link] /25
12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 191 206 222 238 254
192 168 1 128 15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255

255 255 255 128 /25 128 127

136 137

VLSM Example 2 : Class C VLSM Example 3 : Class B

Magic Number
[Link] / 28
[Link]
.2 30 Hosts 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

[Link] / 28 172 16 X X X X X X X X 0 - 255

[Link]
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.34 30 Hosts
.1 16 bits ( Network ID )

.33 32,768 32,768

[Link] / 27 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
.65 [Link]
.129 .66
62 Hosts 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17

[Link] / 25
[Link]
.130 126 Hosts

138 139
 VLSM Example 3 : Class B VLSM Example 3 : Class B
Magic Number Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

172 16 X X X X X X X X 0 - 255 172 16 X X X X X X X X 0 - 255

8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16 bits ( Network ID ) 16 bits ( Network ID )

32,768 32,768 16,384 16,384

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 128 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 255 . 255
172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 63 . 255 172 . 16 . 64 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255

255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 17 255 . 255 . 192 . 0 / 18 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 18

16,384 16,384 8,192 8,192

172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 63 . 255 172 . 16 . 64 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 127 . 255 172 . 16 . 0 . 0 1st Subnet 172 . 16 . 31 . 255 172 . 16 . 32 . 0 2nd Subnet 172 . 16 . 63 . 255

255 . 255 . 192 . 0 / 18 255 . 255 . 128 . 0 / 18 255 . 255 . 224 . 0 / 19 255 . 255 . 224 . 0 / 19

140 141

VLSM Example 3 : Class B

Magic Number

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

172 16 X X X X X X X X 0 - 255
8 bits 8 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16 bits ( Network ID )

8,192 8,192

[Link]/19 [Link]/19
16,384

[Link]/18 [Link]/18
32,768

[Link]/17 [Link]/17

[Link]/16

142