àH$aU ghmdo

ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMr e¡br

6.1. àñVmdZm
6.2. e¡br åhUOo H$m¶?
6.2.1 ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMm ^m{fH$ AdH$me AWm©V ZìdXmoÎmar
e¡br
6.3 e¡brMo KQ>H$
6.3.1. H${dVoVrb à{V‘m
[Link] ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb à{V‘m{dœ
6.3.2. H${dVoVrb àVrHo$
[Link] ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb àVrH${dœ
6.3.3. H${dVoVrb {‘WHo$
[Link] ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb {‘WH${dœ
6.4. H${dVoMr eãXe¡br
6.4.1. eãXaMZm
[Link]. AXbm~Xb d AZmH$bZr¶ eãX{Z{‘©Vr
[Link]. eãX{d^«‘
[Link]. ZdeãX{Z{‘©Vr
[Link]. Aä¶ñV eãXH${dVm
[Link]. A{eï> Am{U Aûcrb eãXm§Mm dmna
6.5. H${dVoMr g§dmXmË‘H$Vm
6.5.1. ñdJV e¡br
6.5.2. g§~moYZ e¡br
6.5.3. àýmË‘H$ e¡br
6.5.4. Cnamo{YH$ Am{U CnhmgmË‘H$ e¡br
6.6. H${dVoMr b¶ ê$no
6.6.1 g‘mÝVaVm e¡br
6.6.2 nmbwnX e¡br
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 6.6.3 Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$ e¡br
6.7. H${dVoMr ‘mܶ‘ ^mfm
6.7.1. ‘mo~mB©b d g§JUH$mMr ^mfm
6.7.2. qhXr, B§J«Or ^mfoMm dmna
6.7.3. Om{hamVrVrb ^mfm
6.8. H${dVoVrb Ñí¶mË‘H$Vm
6.9. g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§YmMm dmna
6.9.1. g§{‘l ^m¡{VH$ AdH$me
[Link]. JÚ CVmao
[Link].1. "brim'/ "gyÌ' / "Ñï>m§V'
[Link].2. nÌ / ~mV‘r
[Link].3. H$Wm / nQ>H$Wm / ZmQ>H$
6.10. ‘m¡pIH$ Am{dîH$ma ê$nm§Mm nwZdm©na
6.10.1. Amodr
6.10.2. Jm|Yir JrV
6.10.3. A^§J
6.10.4. JU
6.10.5. bmdUr
6.10.6. ^m|S>bm JrVo
6.10.7. boPr‘ JrV
6.10.8. PS>Vr JrVo
6.10.9. YZJar JrVo
6.10.10. ìhB©H$ / hmo¶rH$/ ^mH$UyH$
6.10.11. MidirMr JrVo
6.11. {d{dY aMZm àH$mam§Mm dmna
6.11.1. hm¶Hy$
6.11.2. JPb
6.11.3. {dS§>~Z H$mì¶
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6.12. àmXo{eH$ ~mobtMm dmna
6.12.1. H$moH$Ur ~mobr
6.12.2. ‘amR>dmS>r / XŠIZr ~mobr
6.12.3. A{hamUr ~mobr
6.12.4. ‘mUXoer ~mobr
6.12.5. ZJar ~mobr
6.12.6. {^bmoar ~mobr
6.12.7. ~§~¡¶m (‘w§~B©) ~mobr
6.12.8. gm‘doXr ~mobr
6.13. {ZîH$f©
6.14. g‘mamon

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6 .1. àmñVm{dH$
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMr g§H$ënZm, ñdê$n, ˶mVrb Om{Udm, Ame¶ VgoM {d{dY
àd¥Îmr ¶m§Mm AmnU AmVmn¶ªV Aä¶mg Ho$bm Amho. nmMì¶m àH$aUmV AmnU ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoVrb Ame¶gyÌo d {d{dY àd¥Îmr ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va ¶m àH$aUmV AmnU ZìdXmoÎmar
‘amR>r H${dVoÀ¶m e¡brMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
6.2. e¡br åhUOo H$m¶?
à˶oH$ H$mimVrb boIZmbm ˶mMr ñdV…Mr EH$ Oer àd¥Îmr AgVo Ver EH$ A§J^yV
e¡brXoIrb àmá hmoV AgVo. EHy$U boIZ e¡br{df¶H$ AZoH$ àH$maMr {ddoMZo CnbãY AgyZ
H${dVoÀ¶m e¡br~m~VXoIrb AZoH$ ‘V‘Vm§Vao AmhoV.
e¡br g§X^m©V "dmL²>‘¶rZ g§km g§H$ënZm H$moemV' ^mbM§Ð Zo‘mS>o åhUVmV,
""gm{h˶ì¶dhmamV e¡br hr g§km AZoH$ AWmªZr dmnabr OmVo, ^mfme¡br Agm øm g§koMm AW©
KoVbm OmVmo, Vmo AWm©VM n[anyU© Zmhr. EImÚm {d{eï> dmL²>‘¶àH$mamMo bjU øm AWm©Zo
H$mì¶mË‘H$ e¡br, ZmQ>瑶 e¡br, Agohr eãXà¶moJ Ho$bo OmVmV. ¶mXdH$mbrZ e¡br, ZmQ>瑶
e¡br Agohr à¶moJ Ho$bo OmVmV.'' (Zo‘mS>o, ^mbM§Ð : 1998 : 352) e¡br g§X^m©Zo Or AZoH$
AW© d àH$mamZo MMm© Ho$br OmVo, ˶mMm ì¶mnH$ g§X^© Zo‘mS>o ¶m§À¶m à{VnmXZmVyZ àmá hmoVmo.
e¡brÀ¶m H$m{bH$ àH$mam§MrXoIrb {M{H$Ëgm Zo‘mS>o ¶m§Zr H$ê$Z ˶mMo ¶mXdH$mbrZ e¡br,
‘hmZw^md e¡br, ‘ܶ¶wJrZ e¡br, {edH$mbrZ e¡br Ago àH$ma H$ê$Z ˶mMo Mmby H$mimn¶ªV
e¡brMo àH$ma g§^dVmV. Zo‘mS>o ¶m§Zr e¡brMm ‘wÔm A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
""‘mZdr ì¶dhmamÀ¶m AZoH$ joÌmV e¡br hr g§km arV, nÕV, bH$~, diU, T>~, YmQ>Ur,
H$m¡eë¶, d¡{eïç, V§Ì Aem AZoH$ AWmªZr dmnabr OmVo.'' (Zo‘mS>o, ^mbM§Ð : 1998 : 352)
e¡br~m~VMm ‘mZdr ‘Zmda C‘Q>Umam g§ñH$ma ¶m {d{eï> Aem eãXm§‘YyZ 춳V hmoVmo. ‘mÌ
H${dVoÀ¶m g§X^m©V e¡brMm {dMma H$aV AgVmZm n{hbo {ZarjU Ago hmVr ¶oVo H$s, e¡br‘wioM
H${dVoMo H${dVmnU AmH$mambm ¶oV AgVo. e¡br hr H${dVobm BVa gm{h˶àH$mamhÿZ doJio
R>adV AgVo.
6.2.1. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMm ^m{fH$ AdH$me AWm©V ZìdXmoÎmar e¡br
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMm ^m{fH$ AdH$me hm A{Ve¶ doJmZo ~Xbboë¶m OrdZg§X^m©Zo
¶w³V Aem àH$maMm Amho. ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m XiUdiU H«$m§VrZo AmYrÀ¶m pñWa Aem ^m{fH$
{dœmda EH$ ‘moR>o AmH«$‘U Ho$bo. Xÿa{MÌdmUr, g§JUH$, Am§VaOmb, ‘m{hVrOmb, ‘mo~mB©b ¶mda
223
dmnabr OmV Agbobr ¶m H$mimVrb ì¶dhma^mfm g§nyU©nUo doJir R>abr AgyZ EHy$UM OJmV
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo ^mfoÀ¶m g§aMZodaXoIrb ‘moR>m n[aUm‘ Ho$bm AgyZ, ‘amR>r ^mfm ˶mbm
AndmX Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV hmoV Agboë¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m XodmUKodmUrV AdVaboë¶m Zì¶m
dñVy, ˶m§À¶m aoUwna‘mUy¶w³V aMZm, ˶m§À¶mVrb ñd¶§M{bV ¶§ÌUm ¶m à˶oH$mbm Agbobr
‘yiMr Zmdo OJmVrb g§nyU© ^mfm§V ngabr, Ver Vr ‘amR>rV ‘yiÀ¶mM ZmdmZo XmIb Pmbr.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mV Amboë¶m B§J«Or g§nH©$H$mimV ˶m gdmªMo AZwdmX ‘amR>rV Ëd[aV CnbãY
hmoV d Vo ˶mMdoir éidbo OmV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm doJ EdT>m A’$mQ> am{hbm H$s 1990 Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV ¶m gd©
Jmoï>tÀ¶m AZwdmXmg H$moUVrhr g§Yr Z {‘iVm Vo gd© eãX OgoÀ¶m Vgo ñdrH$mabo Jobo. ¶m
AWm©Zo AZoH$ naH$s¶ Zdo eãX d g§H$ënZm ‘amR>r ^mfoV Amë¶m d ˶m Ëd[aV gd©Vmo‘wIr
Pmë¶m. ¶m g§X^m©V Zr{b‘m Jw§S>r åhUVmV, ""B§J«Or eãX, VgoM ‘mo~mB©b d g§JUH$ ¶m§À¶mer
{ZJ{S>V n[a^mfm ¶m§Mm A{Vdmna ho AbrH$S>À¶m H${dVoÀ¶m ^mfoMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. H$mhr
H$dtZr ho d¡{eîQ>ç hoVwnyd©H$ A§JrH$mabo Amho. ImgJrH$aU-CXmarH$aU ¶m§VyZ ~moH$mibobm
M§JidmX, VgoM goP AmXr ~m~t{df¶rMm Cnhmg 춳V H$aʶmgmR>r Aer ^mfm OUy à^mdr
eó R>aV Amho.'' (Jw§S>r, Zr{b‘m … 2017, n¥. 60) B§J«Or eãXm§Mo àm~ë¶ dmT>V OmV Amho.
g§JUH$, ‘hmOmb, ‘mo~mB©b VgoM em°qnJ ‘m°ëg ‘YyZ ghO CnbãY Pmboë¶m naH$s¶ dñVy
d ˶m§Mo ~«±S> ¶m g§X^m©Zo d ˶mM g§~§{YV eãXm§Zm H${dVoÀ¶m ^mfoVhr gm‘mdyZ KoVbo Joë¶mMo
Jw§S>r ¶m§À¶m ¶m CX²Jmamdê$Z {XgVo. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV Zdm ^m{fH$ AdH$me ¶m g§X^m©V àH$Q>
Pmbobm AmT>iVmo.
6.3. e¡brMo KQ>H$
¶m nmœ©^y‘rda ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoÀ¶m e¡brMm Aä¶mg hmoUo JaOoMo R>aVo.
H${dVoMm ^m{fH$ AdH$me Á¶m à{V‘m, àVrHo$, {MÝh, {‘WHo$ ¶m§Zr ì¶mnbobm AgVmo ˶mgh
H${dVoMr ^mfme¡br Á¶m eãXaMZm, {VMr g§dmXmË‘H$Vm, b¶, Jo¶Vm ¶m§À¶m ê$nmZo ZQ>bobr
AgVo, VgoM H${dVoMr Am{dîH$ma ê$no ñ’y$Q>, ‘w³VN>§X, A^§J, H$WZê$no, Zdo AmH¥${V~§Y d
gm{h˶àH$mamMo {‘lU ¶mVyZ 춳V hmoV AgVmV. ho ¶m e¡brMo KQ>H$ AgyZ ˶m§Mr ‘m§S>Ur
nwT>rbà‘mUo H$aVm ¶oB©b.
1) à{V‘m
2) àVrHo$
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 3) {‘WHo$
¶m {edm¶ eãX, g§dmX, b¶, ^mfm, Ñí¶OmUrd, AmH¥${V~§Y, ‘m¡pIH$VoÀ¶m e¡brMm
nwZdm©na VgoM àmXo{eH$ ~mobtÀ¶m AmYmao e¡br emoY KoVbm OmB©b. Vo Cn‘wÔo nwT>rbà‘mUo-
1. H${dVoMr eãXe¡br
2. g§dmXmË‘H$Vm
3. H${dVoMr b¶ ê$no
4. H${dVoMr ^mfm - ‘mܶ‘ ^mfoMm à^md
5. H${dVoVrb Ñí¶mË‘H$Vm
6. g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§Ym§Mm dmna
7. {d{dY aMZm àH$mam§Mm dmna
8. ‘m¡pIH$ Am{dîH$ma ê$nm§Mm nwZdm©na
9. àmXo{eH$ ~mobtMm dmna
¶m e¡brÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Mo Cn¶moOZ H$ê$Z AmnU ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoÀ¶m e¡brMm
Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV. ¶m KQ>H$mVrb H$mhr Cn‘wÔ¶m§À¶m AmYmao AmnU H${dVoÀ¶m e¡brMm
gmoXmhaU Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV. ¶mà‘mUo AmVm AmnU ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb à{V‘m§Mm
Aä¶mg H$ê$ ¶m.
6.3.1. H${dVoVrb à{V‘m
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb à{V‘m{dœmMm {dMma H$aʶmAmYr AmnU à{V‘m d ˶m
g§X^m©Zo Agbobr gm{hp˶H$ g§H$ënZm g‘OmdyZ KoD$ ¶m. ""à{V‘m åhUOo {MÌ, ‘yVu qH$dm
à{Vq~~. AmnU Ooìhm EImXr dñVy nmhVmo, Voìhm Amnë¶mbm {VMo B§{жJmoMa ñdê$n OmUdVo.
na§Vw Vr dñVy S>moù¶m§g‘moa ZgVmZm AmnU {VÀ¶m a§Jê$nmMo {MÌ ‘Z:Mjy§g‘moa AmUy eH$Vmo.
Amnë¶m ‘Z:Mjy§g‘moa ¶oUmè¶m ¶m {MÌmbm ‘Zmo{dkmZm‘ܶo "à{V‘m' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.''
(agmi, gwYra … 2002 : 219) ¶m gwYra agmi ¶m§Zr gm§{JVboë¶m ì¶m»¶oZwgma H${dVoVrb
à{V‘oMo ñdê$n ܶmZmV ¶oD$ eH$Vo. H${dVm hm EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© d ‘yb^yV Agm gm{h˶àH$ma
Amho. ‘mZdr ^md^mdZm§Mo Xe©Z H${dVoVyZ KS>Vo. H${dVoMo dhZ ^mfoÛmam hmoV AgVo. ^mfo{edm¶
H$mì¶ AeŠ¶ hmoB©b. ^mfoVrb eãX, eãXaMZm ˶m§Mo AW©nyU© AgUo ho ˶mVrb à{V‘m, àVrHo$
VgoM ^mfoMr gyMH$Vm ¶mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. ˶mM H$maUmZo H${dVoV à{V‘obm A˶§V ‘hÎd
àmá Pmbo Amho. à{V‘oMo H${dVoVrb ñWmZ AZݶ Aem àH$maMo Amho.
225
 agmi ¶m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo à{V‘m§Mr XmoZ d¡{eï>ço åhUOo
(A) à{V‘m hr E|{ж g§doXZm§Mm ‘mZg à˶¶ KS>{dVo;
(Am) à{V‘oV AZoH$ AZw^d g§doXZoÀ¶m qH$dm ^mdZoÀ¶m gmY嶩-d¡Y嶩¶w³V Zm˶mZo g§pûcï>
Pmbobo AgVmV.
VgoM à{V‘m§À¶m H${dVoVrb g§KQ>ZoMo ‘yb^yV VrZ aMZm~§Y AmhoV.
1. EImXr à{V‘m hr H|$Ðr¶ à{V‘m AgVo d {Vbm A{YH$m{YH$ AW©nyU© ~ZdrV {VÀ¶m^modVr
BVa à{V‘m Jw§’$ë¶m OmVmV. hr H|$Ðr¶ à{V‘m BVa à{V‘m§Mo, ˶m§À¶m AWm©Mo {Z¶‘Z-
{Z¶§ÌU H$arV AgVo.
2. gd© à{V‘m§Zm g‘mZ XOm© XoD$Z ˶m§Mr à{V‘m ~m§Ybr OmVo.
3. g§nyU© H${dVoV EH$mM à{V‘oMr ~m§YUr Ho$bobr AgVo.
Cnamo³V aMZm~§Y ho H${dVoMo à{V‘m g§KQ>ZoMo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$ê$Z ˶m§À¶m H${dVoVrb
AgʶmMo àH$ma {dfX H$aVmV.
H${dVoÀ¶m ‘y붑mnZmV à{V‘oMr n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm, ^mdZm OmJ¥{Vj‘Vm, g§doÚVm,
AW©gKZVm, ‘yb^yVVm, VmOonUm, CËH$Q>Vm Am{U Aݶ à{V‘m§er d BVa H$mì¶KQ>H$m§er {VMr
gwg§JVVm d EH$mË‘Vm ho {ZH$f dmnabo OmVmV. ho gm§JyZ agmi ¶m§Zr H$dr, H${dVm, ˶mMr
boIZnÕVr ¶mMm g§~§Y à{V‘m{Z{‘©Vrer Agë¶mMo Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho. H$dr, ˶mMm g^modVmb
˶mMo AZw^d{dœ Ago gd© H$drMo dmL²>‘¶rZ ì¶{³V‘Îd Aem Jmoï>tÀ¶m AmYmao ZìdXmoÎmar
‘amR>r H${dVoVrb à{V‘m emoYUo eŠ¶ Amho.
[Link]. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb à{V‘m{dœ
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb ^m{fH$ AdH$memV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ
~Xbboë¶m g‘mOmV AZoH$ Zdo ~Xb ¶oD$Z ‘mZdr OJUo ~Xbbo, Vo {S>{OQ>bXoIrb Pmbo.
g§JUH${dœmer g§~§{YV AZoH$ à{V‘m ‘amR>r H${dVoV dmnaë¶m OmD$ bmJë¶m.
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘hmZJar¶ H${dVoVrb g§doXZ ho A{YH$ ì¶m{‘l d Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgyZ
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo àW‘ nS>gmX {VWo nSy>Z ˶mMo à{Vq~~ H${dVoV {Z‘m©U Pmbo. H${dVoV ê$T>
AWm©Zo hmoUmam à{V‘m§Mm dmna ‘hmZJar¶ g§doXZoV CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ g§X^m©Zo Pmbm Agë¶mMo
{XgVo. OrdZXe©Z {OVHo$ {Zamio {VVŠ¶m à{V‘m Amnbo {Zamio ê$n YmaU H$aVmV. ¶mMm à˶¶
H${dVoV dma§dma Ambobm Amho. à{V‘m{Z{‘©Vr hr ‘mZgà{H«$¶m AgyZ, Vr H$mbàdmhÑïçm A{YH$
Zdr ~ZV AgVo. H$dr H${dVm {b{hVmZm ˶mbm à{V‘oMm n{hbm ‘Zmoà˶¶ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. 춳V-
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A춳V Aem ‘mZ{gH$ N>Q>m nH$S>ʶmgmR>r Ho$bobm à¶ËZ åhUOo à˶j H${dVmboIZ hmo¶.
춳VrÀ¶m ‘ZmVrb AZoH$ A‘yV© Aem H$ënZm à{V‘oÛmam H${dVoVyZ àH$Q> hmoVmV. CXm.-
Wm§~VmM ¶oV Zmhr Aem {OݶmÀ¶m
Hw$R>ë¶mVar nm¶ardê$Z ‘r gaH$Vmo¶
~«±S>oS> ImoHo$ gaH$VmhoV
bo~b§ gaH$VmhoV H°$Q>dm°H$ nm¶ gQ>H$VmhoV
A°bZgm°br Hw$„r gaH$VmhoV
’«o$e Q>dQ>drV naâ¶wåS> ‘wbr gaH$VmhoV ganQ>VmhoV
‘oQ>b Q>m°BO, Q>m¶Q>Z KS>çmi§, ~m°e A°ÊS> bm°~ boÝgog
ao~°Z Mî‘o, CP eQ²>©g LOV-BLE MS²>S>çm
Am{U ~«o{gAg© {WaH$VmV
ãboPg© Am°’$ GUCCL, AaoPg© ’«$m°‘ {OboQ>
bQ>H$Vmo¶ emoMm gmB©~m~m, emo^oMm JUnVr
S>mH©$ Mm°H$boQ>r a§JmMm ~«±S> bmq’$J ~wÕm
bH$s MmB©åg, hmobr dm°Q>a ’$mD$§Q>Ýg
bmoar¶mb AmoR>, åhmVmè¶m ~ƒZMr "gaH$ma' nmoñQ>g©
‘{„H$mÀ¶m N>mVmS>mH$S>o gaH$Vmo¶ Va
Vo ‘moÇ>§ ‘moÇ>§ hmoV OmV§¶, ‘bm A»Im gm‘mdyZ KoV§¶
ZmH$mbm JwXJwë¶m H$aVmo¶ EH$mMdoir
Hw$H$sO Am{U Mnbm§Mm dmg
H$m°’$s Q>o~b, ‘mo~mB©ëg‘YyZ gQ>Hy$Z
‘m¶mda {hS>Z H$ê$Z amoIbobr
ŠbmoO g{H©$Q>‘Ybr
{gŠ¶w[aQ>rMr H$aS>r ZOa
AmÎmmM nS>br¶o b°Š‘oÀ¶m ñQ>m°bda... ({XdQ>o, ho‘§V : 2006 … 25)
¶m H${dVoVë¶m H$mhr ^mJmdê$Z ZOa {’$a{dbr AgVm EImÚm ñdßZmV Agmdr Ver
dñVwpñWVr ‘hmZJamV H$drg‘moa AdVabr Agë¶mMo {XgVo. ¶m H${dVoVrb Aݶ à{V‘m Aem
AmhoV-
227
1. "gaH$Vmo¶ ‘|Xÿ ‘|XÿVyZ Á¶mÀ¶m AmV~mhoa ~«°ÊS>M ~«°ÊS> ñQ>°ånoS> hmoʶmÀ¶m EoemoëS>dê$Z
gaH$VmhoV ñQ>°ånoS>H$S>o ‘m¶m ‘|XÿV ~«°ÊS>Mm IM nS>bobm'
2. "^aH$Q>bobm ‘|Xÿ nwZ…nwÝhm ^aH$Q>Vmo¶ ~«°ÊS>Mm ^wb^wb¡æ¶mV'
3. "‘r EH$ àM§S> bm§~r é§XrMr ~oM¡Z q^V Amho. 38 dfmªM {OÀ¶mda Jobr {H$˶oH$ df©
{b{hë¶m nwgë¶m-nwgë¶m {b{hë¶m OmVmhoV Om{hamVr'
4. "‘wVmar AmQ>© Ho$br OmVo¶ {XdgmT>dù¶m ‘m¶mda ‘r EH$m am§S>~mOmamVë¶m am§S>m§À¶m
¶moZtMr AmS>dr Ho$bobr q^V Amho' ({XdQ>o, ho‘§V … 2006 … 25)
Aem Aݶ à{V‘m AmhoV Á¶mÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ ‘hmZJamVrb gd© ñVamdarb OrdZXe©Z
H$aʶmMm H$drZo à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. AmOy~mOyÀ¶m dñVy§Zm {MH$Q>bobo Cn^moJdmXmMo n¡b y ¶m
H${dVoV ñdV§Ì à{V‘ogmaIo AdVaV AmhoV. dñVy§Mo JwUY‘© ‘mZdr ‘Z d earamda Oo n[aUm‘
H$aV AmhoV, ˶mMm à˶¶ ¶m H${dVoVrb {OݶmMr à{V‘m XoV AmhoV.
g{MZ Ho$VH$a ¶m§À¶m EH$m H${dVoVbm AZw^d AgmM Amho.
H$mZmVyZ CJdboë¶m Xhm XJS>r {O^m§Zr
‘r MmQ>V ~gm¶Mmo
H$mù¶m eãXm§À¶m H$dQ>çm
˶m§À¶m Ag§»¶ agmi ¶moݶm
Ooìhm Ooìhm Vo ¶oD$Z ~gV
H$mdù¶m§gmaIo ‘m¶m JƒrV
nU ˶m§Zr Ooìhm gwédmV Ho$br
AmUm¶bm ‘Zwî¶ ‘m§gmMo OiHo$ VwH$S>o
A^©H$mMo S>moio ~m¶H$m§À¶m qH$H$mù¶m
Voìhm H$mZmVyZ CJdboë¶m
Xhm XJS>r {O^m ‘r H$ƒH$ê$Z Mmdë¶m... (Ho$VH$a, g{MZ … 2004 … 38) ¶m
H${dVoVrb à{V‘mg¥ï>r A{Ve¶ AZmoiIr Aer Agbr, Var amdUmÀ¶m ‘wImVrb {O^oMr Jmoï>
H$aV AmhoV Ago daH$aUr AZw‘mZ H$aVm ¶oVo. VWm{n ho Xhm {XemVyZ H$mZmda ¶oUmao dV©‘mZ
H$go H$U©H$Qy> Amho Am{U ˶mVyZ H$drÀ¶m ‘ZmV H$er OwJwßgm Am{U {VañH$ma AmH$mambm ¶oVo
Amho, ˶mMr à{V‘m åhUyZ "H$mZmVyZ CJdboë¶m Xhm XJS>r {O^m' Agë¶mMo ¶mM H${dVoV
gyMZ Amho.
228
1. "Amnë¶m gdmªMr àoV§ ZmJS>r a³V~§~mi CbQ>r Q>m§Jbobr {ZînU© JmoaIqMModa'
2. "Amnë¶m gdmªÀ¶m ‘wimV Agbr nm{hOoV XJS>m§Mr ~rO§'
3. "dm§P H$moaS>r Á¶m§À¶mda H$YrM CJdUma Zmhr K¥UoMr ea‘oMr H$mir ’w$b§'
4. "˶m Xhm {O^m Vm|S> H$mTy>Z ~mobVrbM nmhm ’$Um CMbyZ'
5. "Q>miybm {^S>dVrbM nmhm AZ² AmoH$Vrb ‘ܶ¶wJrZ Jai gd©Ì'
6. "H$mZmVyZ CJdboë¶m Xhm XJS>r {O^m§Mo PmboV Amgwar Xoh'
(Ho$VH$a, g{MZ … 2004 … 38)
Aem Aݶ à{V‘m§VyZ H$mZ Am{U Or^ Aem ‘mZdr XohmVrb Ad¶dm§À¶m H$m¶m©Mr
AXbm~Xb H$ê$Z H$drZo à{V‘oMo {dMbZXoIrb gmYbo Agë¶mMo {XgVo. EHy$UM
CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ åhUVm ¶oVrb Aem à{V‘m ¶m H${dVm§‘YyZ à˶¶mg ¶oV AmhoV.
{XZH$a ‘Zda ¶m§Zr ˶m§À¶m g§nyU© H${dVmboIZmV nmʶmÀ¶m à{V‘m Ag§»¶ doim
dmnaë¶m AmhoV. AéU H$mio, A{dZme Jm¶H$dmS>, ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio AmXtZr nmʶmÀ¶m
à{V‘m H${dVoV dmnaë¶m AmhoV.
‘ݶm Omoer, lrYa {Vido, g§Ord Im§S>oH$a, gbrb dmK, dO}e gmob§H$s, JUo e
AmË‘mam‘ dgB©H$a, AemoH$ H$moVdmb ¶m§À¶m, VgoM ZraOm, àkm ndma, H${dVm ‘hmOZ AmXr
ór-H$dtÀ¶m H${dVoV, AéU H$mio, ‘h|Ð ^dao, A{dZme Jm¶H$dmS>, gwZrb A{^‘mZ AdMma
AmXtÀ¶m Am§~oS>H$admXr H${dVoV, ^wO§J ‘olm‘, {dZmoX Hw$‘ao ¶m§À¶m Am{Xdmgr H${dVoVhr
àm‘w»¶mZo ‘hmZJar¶ OrdZmÀ¶m à{V‘m àH$Q> hmoVmZm {XgVmV.
6.3.2. H${dVoVrb àVrHo$
H${dVm hr à{V‘m d àVrH$m§Mr ^mfm Agë¶mZo ˶mÛmaoM {VMm AW©{dñVma hmoVmo.
à{V‘onojm àVrH$mMo ñdê$n A˶§V {Zamio AgVo. à{V‘m ¶m H$drÀ¶m ‘mZgH$ënZm hmoV, Va
àVrHo$ pñWa d A{dMb Aem gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z {MÝhñdê$nmV
àmá hmoV AgVmV. ì¶p³V{Zð> AZw^d dmL²>‘¶ì¶dhmamV n[adVuV hmoVmZm AZw^dmer ZmVo Á¶m
{MÝhmÛmao V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo, ˶mbmM àVrH$ Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. àVrH$ ì¶mnH$ ñdê$nmMo AgyZ
AZoH$ joÌm§V ˶mMo Cn¶moOZ AmT>iVo. dmL²>‘¶H$moemÀ¶m "g‘rjm g§km' ¶m Mm¡Ï¶m I§S>mV
àVrH$ ¶m g§ko{df¶r Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "àVrH$' hr g§H$ënZm {MÝho Am{U ˶m§Mo AW©
¶m§À¶mer g§~§{YV Amho.'' (Hw$bH$Uu, A. a., ‘mbeo {‘qbX, g§nm. {dO¶m amOmܶj : 2002
: 222) {MÝh d AW© hoM àVrH$mMm CbJS>m H$aVmV, Agm ¶mMm AW© Amho.
229
 {MÝh, AmH¥$Vr, {MÌ, dñVy, aofm, q~Xÿ ¶m§Zr AYmoaopIV Pmbobr g§ñH¥$Vr, B{Vhmg,
na§nam ¶m§Vrb AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Zr {‘iyZ àVrH$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbobr {XgVo. {d{eï> H$maUde {Z‘m©U
Pmbobr {MÝho àVrH$mË‘H$ AWm©Zo gm§Ho${VH$ AW© ~Zbobr AmT>iVmV. ‘amR>r dmL²>‘¶H$moem‘ܶo
¶mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm H«$m°g ho p¼üZ Y‘m©Mo àVrH$, VamOy ho ݶm¶mMo àVrH$, Hw§$Hy$ ho
qhXÿY‘u¶mV gm¡^m½¶mMo àVrH$ ‘mZbo Joë¶mMo gm§{JVbo Amho. ""gm{h˶m‘ܶo gm§Ho${VH$
AWm©nojm doJim AW© gwM{dUmam ì¶mnma MmbV Agë¶mZo àVrH$ ¶m g§H$ënZobm
gm{h˶ì¶mnmam‘ܶo {deof ‘hÎd àmá hmoVo.'' (Hw$bH$Uu, A. a., ‘mbeo {‘qbX, g§nm. {dO¶m
amOmܶj : 2002 : 222) àVrHo$ hr H${dVoVrb EH$ A{d^mÁ¶ ^mJ R>aVmV.
[Link]. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb àVrH${dœ
ZìdXmoÎmar hm H$mbI§S> OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm AgyZ g§nyU© OJmVyZ Cn^moJ d ~mOmadmX
‘mZ{gH$VoZo AZoH$ Zdr {MÝho OÝ‘mbm KmVbr. dñVy {dH«$s H$aVmZm ˶mÀ¶m ~«±S> àMmamV AmUbm
Jobm. ~«±S> hm {MÝhmMmM EH$ ^mJ AgyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV AZoH$ {MÝhdñVy àMmamV Amë¶m.
SYMBOL hr g§km dñVy{dH«$sÀ¶m O‘mݶmV ~«±S>À¶m ê$nmZo AdVabr. AZoH$ OJà{gÕ H§$nݶm
d ˶m§À¶m dñVy ¶mZo J«mhH$mÀ¶m ‘Zmda H$m¶‘ñdê$nr A{YamÁ¶ {Z‘m©U H$aʶmMo Om{hamV¶wÕ
¶m H$mimV Ioibo Jobo Amho. ¶m gdmªMo àVrH$ê$nmZo ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVo‘ܶo à˶§Va ¶oVo
Amho. ˶m§Mm AmnU AmVm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z KoD$ ¶m.
g§Ord Im§S>oH$a ¶m§Zr "gM©B§{OZ' ho àVrH$ dmnê$Z ˶mÛmao hmoUmam Am^mgr OJmMm
CbJS>m H${dVoVyZ Ho$bm Amho. "gM©B§{OZ' ho Zì¶m OJmMm àdoemMm XadmOm Amho. Vo gd©
emoYmMo OZH$ ~Zbo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU{dœmMm B©-ì¶mnma OoWyZ KS>Vmo, ¶mMo Vo ~¥hX² Ago
‘‘©Xeu àVrH$ Amho, Vo ‘mZdr OrdZmV A˶§V gImobVoZo éObo Amho. ¶mM AWm©Zo ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoV Q>rìhr, g§JUH$, ‘mo~mB©b, M°Zob, ‘r{S>¶m, B©-‘ob, Ho$~b, ‘m°b, ‘mH}$Q>, hm¶do,
‘oQ´>mobmB’$, ‘ëQ>rZ°eZb H§$nݶm, ~«±S>, Q>m°da, VgoM H$s~moS>©, ‘Xa~moS>©, grS>r, hmS>© {S>ñH$,
Am°Q>mo‘oeZ, gm°âQ>dA
o a, {gñQ>r‘, S>rH$moS>, nm¶aoQ>oS>, ìhm¶ag Aer ZdrM àVrHo$ ‘amR>r
H${dVoV Ambr. ˶m gd© àVrH$m§Zm ˶m§Mo ñdV§Ì Ago g§X^© Agbo Var Vo OmJ{VH$sH$aU
Pmboë¶m OrdZXe©ZmgmR>r dmnabo Jobo AmhoV. ¶m g§X^m©V ho‘§V {XdQ>o, lrYa {Vido, ‘ݶm
Omoer, g{MZ Ho$VH$a, gbrb dmK, {ZVrZ Hw$bH$Uu, AéU H$mio, ‘rZmjr nmQ>rb, Xmgy d¡Ú,
AemoH$ H$moVdmb ¶m§À¶m H${dVm ‘hÎdnyU© AmhoV. CXmhaUmXmIb ho‘§V {XdQ>o ¶m§Mr JÚH${dVm
nmhÿ ¶m.
230
 AmnU Ooìhm OÝ‘Vmo Voìhm Amnë¶mV Amnë¶mVbr EH$ àrbmoS>oS> {gñQ>r‘ bmoS> Pmbobr
AgVo Am{U Amnë¶mV EH$ H$moS>oS> Am°naoqQ>J ‘°ZwAëggwÕm bmoS> Pmbob§ AgV§ AmnU ZmJS>o
n¡Xm hmoVmo Am{U jUmjUmbm Amnë¶mVbr gm°âQ>doAg© AnJ«oS> Ho$br OmVmV. ({XdQ>o, ho‘§V …
2012 … 65)
gXahÿ H${dVoV Ambobr àrbmoS>oS> {gñQ>r‘, H$moS>oS> Am°naoqQ>J ‘°ZwAëg, AnJ«oS>
gm°âQ>doAg© Aer AZoH$ Zdr àVrHo$ ~Xb˶m OmJ{VH$ OrdZmMo gyMZ H$arV AgyZ, Vr H$drZo
ghO dmnabr AmhoV Ago {XgVo.
‘mohZ ~moago ¶m§À¶m H${dVoMo erf©H$ "[agm¶H$qbJMr doi Pmbr¶' Ago Amho. g§nyU©
OJ ~XbyZ OmV AgVmZm ˶m {ZUm©¶H$ ~XbmMo gyMZ [agm¶H$qbJ ¶m àVrH$mVyZ hmoVo Amho.
¶m A˶mYw{ZH$ Aem OrdZmV [admB§S>, Q>mB©nam¶Q>a, b±S>ñH°$n dm VËg‘ H$mb~mø à{H«$¶m
dñVy§Mrhr àVrHo$ ¶oV AmhoV. H$mb~mø Pmboë¶m V§ÌkmZm~Ôb JVOrdZmMo g§X^© åhUyZ Aer
àVrHo$ H${dVoV ¶moObr OmVmZm {XgVmV.
AemoH$ H$moVdmb ˶m§À¶m "‘mo~mB©b' ¶m H${dVoV ‘mo~mB©b ho àVrH$ ‘mUgmMo ‘mUgmer
Agbobo ZmVo KÅ> H$arV Amho H$s Vo VmUV Xÿa ZoV Amho, ¶m~Ôb ^mî¶ H$aV AmhoV.
AmVm ~mobʶmM§hr
^amd§ bmJV§ {~b ‘mUgm§Zm
åhUyZ ~mobV ZmhrV ‘mUg§
’$ma doi ‘mUgm§er
Agob ^oQ>m¶M§ MwHy$Z,
nañnam§Zm Hw$R>oVar
Va XoVmV "{‘g H$m°b' Vo AmR>dUrgmR>r... (H$moVdmb, AemoH$ : 2017 : 54)
qH$dm
H$gm ì¶mnV Mmbbm¶ ‘mo~mB©b ‘mUgmbm
H$s ‘mUgmbm n¶m©¶ hmoV Mmbbm¶ ‘mo~mB©b?
(H$moVdmb, AemoH$ … 2017 … 54)
Aem VèhoZo OmJ{VH$ ~XbmMr àVrHo$ ‘mZdr Am¶wî¶mda H$er dM©ñd R>odyZ AmhoV,
¶mMm à˶¶ ¶m H${dVm§‘YyZ ¶oVmo. ‘mo~mB©b ¶m EH$m àVrH$mbm Yê$Z AZoH$ gmhM¶©na Aer
àVrHo$ {VWo AmnmoAmn ¶oD$ bmJVmV. ho ¶m àVrH$m§Mo d¡{eïç hmo¶. {dMmaerbVm d qMVZerbVm
231
¶m§Mr ¶m àVrH$mÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo H${dVoV gwédmV hmoVo. Zdr àVrHo$ g‘moa Amë¶mZ§Va g§^«{‘V
Pmboë¶m ‘mUgmV ˶mÀ¶m à{VH$mamMrXoIrb V¶mar gwê$ hmoVo. Vmo {damoYr à{V{H«$¶m XoD$ bmJVmo.
˶mÀ¶m AmVrb ehmUm ‘mUyg ˶mbm ho H$aʶmgmR>r CÚw³V H$aVmo. ^mfoV AJXrM Zì¶mZo ¶oD$
KmVbobr qH$dm AJXr Zì¶mZo Ambobr àVrHo$ hr n{hë¶m H$mimV ApñWa AgVmV; VWm{n Vr
H$m¶‘À¶m dmnamZo ^mfoV pñWamdy bmJVmV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmVë¶m Zì¶m àVrH$m§~Ôb Ago åhUVm
¶oD$ eH$Vo.
ZìdXmoÎmar H$mbmdYrV hr àVrHo$ pñWa hmoV AmhoV Ago {XgVo. ˶mVrb ~w{ÕJå¶Vm hr
¶m H${dVm§‘YyZ Zì¶mZo éidbr OmV Amho, Ago åhUVm ¶oD$ eH$Vo. ˶m‘wio àVrH$m§Mm àdmg
hm gm§Ho${VH$, àmg§{JH$, d¡{œH$ Agm ìhm¶bm ‘XV hmoVo. ˶mMm AZw^d hm gmd©{ÌH$,
gmd©H$m{bH$ Agm EH$M Agë¶mMo ˶mÀ¶m Cn¶moOZmZ§Va åhUVm ¶oD$ eH$Vo. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r
H${dVoZo Zì¶m àVrH$m§Mo ñdmJV Ho$bo AgyZ, ˶m§Mr ^mfoV éOdU Pmbr Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b.
pñWa àVrH$mVyZ nwT>o {‘WHo$XoIrb OÝ‘ nmdVmV. VWm{n ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV AZoH$Xm {‘WH$m§Mm
à˶¶ ¶oVmo. ˶m {‘WH$m§Mm n[aM¶ AmnU nwT>rb Cn‘wÔ¶mV H$ê$Z KoD$-
6.3.3. H${dVoVrb {‘WHo$
{‘WH$ (Myth) hr EH$ gm{h˶ g§H$ënZm åhUyZ ‘mݶ nmdbobr Amho. àVrH$mË‘H$ H$WZ
AJa Jmoï> åhUyZ {‘WH$mH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. ˶mg àm¸$Wm qH$dm {Xì¶H$Wm åhUyZhr AmoiIbo
OmVo. "gm{h˶ {gÕm§V' ¶m J«§WmV {ZgJm©{df¶r dm ‘mZdr ^{dVì¶m{df¶r {eH$dU XoUmar
à{V‘mg¥ï>r aMyZ haEH$ g‘mO Amnë¶m ‘wbm~mim§Zm Or ñnï>rH$aUo nwadrV AgVmo, ˶mM
{Xì¶H$Wm hmoV. (dm°aZ, Am°pñQ>Z … 2011 : 203-204)
H${dVoVyZ àH$Q> hmoUmar {‘WHo$ hr H${dVoVrb g‘H$mbrZ K{Q>Vm§Mo H$mbmVrV Ago
AmH$bZ H$aʶmgmR>r dmnabr OmVmV. énH$ËdmÀ¶m AmYmao àm¸$Wm d H${dVoV ZmVo àñWm{nV
hmoVo. {‘WHo$ hr dma§dma gm§{JVbr OmVmV, VWm{n Vr OwZr hmoVm XaH$mimV Zì¶m n[apñWVrbm
bmJy Agbobo g§X^© ñnï> H$ê$ bmJVmV. {‘WH$mVyZ ‘mZdr OrdZmMm, OrdZn¡by§Mm CbJS>m
hmoVmo. ‘mZd Zoh‘rM {dœmÀ¶m ahñ¶mMr CH$b H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aV Ambobm Amho. {‘WHo$ hr
‘mZdr g‘yhmMr {Z{‘©Vr Amho. XaH$mimV ˶m§Mm àdmg Zì¶m g§X^mªgh hmoVmo. {‘WHo$ g‘mOmbm
Z¡{VH$ d ‘‘©Ñï>r àXmZ H$aVmV.

232
[Link]. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb {‘WH${dœ
¶m g¡Õm§{VH$ nmœ©^y‘rda ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV {‘WH$m§Mm àdmg H$gm Pmbm Amho,
ho nmhUo Cn¶w³V R>amdo. {‘WHo$ hr gmd©H$m{bH$ g§Mma H$aUmar d H$mimZwgma AÚZyVZ hmoUmar
AgVmV. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV {‘WH$ XmoZ nÕVrZo AmH$mambm Ambobo {XgVo.
1. nma§n[aH$ {‘WH$ AmYmambm KoD$Z Zdr H${dVm {b{hUo.
2. g§nyU© Zdo {‘WH$ V¶ma H$ê$Z Zdr {‘WH$H${dVm {b{hUo.
¶mVrb n{hë¶m àH$mamVrb CXmhaU nmhÿ ¶m.
‘amR>r na§naoV bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Jmoï> AZoH$ {nT>çm gm§{JVbr OmVo. bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr
Jmoï> ^mfoV {‘WH$ ~Zbo Amho. hm bmHy$S>VmoS>çm ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV dma§dma AmT>iVmo
Amho. ¶oWo à^mdmMm ‘wÔm H$mhr H$mi ~mOybm R>odbm Var EImXr {‘WH$H$Wm dma§dma nwZamd¥Îm
hmoUo ho {deof ‘mZbo nm{hOo. ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio, g§Ord Im§S>oH$a, ho‘§V {XdQ>o, g{MZ
Ho$VH$a, {ZVrZ ^aV dmK, àH$me {H$ZJmdH$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Jmoï> {Za{Zamù¶m
nÕVrZo {b{hbobr AmT>iVo. ‘yi bmHy$S>VmoS>çmÀ¶m Jmoï>rMo ho AZwgO©Z ‘mZbo nm{hOo. ‘§Joe
Zmam¶U H$mio ¶m§À¶m "na§nam' erf©H$mÀ¶m H${dVoV ho {‘WH$ AmT>iVo.
""bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Jmoï>
nwÝhm nwÝhm gm§{JVë¶m OmD$ eH$Vo
Vr AmOmo~m§Zr d{S>bm§Zm gm§{JVbobr AgVo
d{S>bm§Zr Amnë¶mbm
{Z AmnU ‘wbm§Zm gm§{JVbobr Agy eH$Vo...''
....( Zmi VwQ>ë¶m àW‘ nwéfmMo Ñï>m§V : 19) (H$mio, ‘§Joe … 2005 … 19)
¶mVyZ {‘WH$mMo ~XbVo H$Wm gyMZ H$drM gm§JyZ Q>mH$V Amho. ¶m nbrH$S>o ˶m Hw$èhmS>r
åhUOo Hw$èhmS>rMo AmH$ma AmhoV Ho$di qH$dm Vmo bmHy$S>VmoS>çmXoIrb EH$ AmH$ma Amho Ho$di,
Ago OmXþB© dmñVd ˶mbm OmoSy>Z ¶oVo.
g§Ord Im§S>oH$a ¶m§À¶m "ñ‘m¶brO' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV "bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Jmoï>' ¶m
XrK©H${dVoV OmXþB© dmñVdmMo gmø KoV EH$m dóhrZ na§Vw A§JmÀ¶m H$mVS>rbmM dó g‘OUmè¶m
d Vohr hadbo OmD$Z a³V-‘m§g CKS>o nS>boë¶m ‘mUgmMr Jmoï> Ambr Amho. ‘mJrb H$WoVrb
Xod ˶mMm {dbmn EoHy$Z {VWo ¶oV AmhoV. XodmH$Sy>Z ˶m ‘mUgmg doJdoJù¶m ~«±S>oS> OrÝg n±Q>

233
XoD$ Ho$ë¶m OmVmV. ¶m H${dVoVrb XodmÀ¶m Vm|S>r Agbobr ñb±J^mfm VgoM dmñVd {dê$n
H$aʶmMr hmVmoQ>r ‘yiÀ¶m bmHy$S>VmoS>çmÀ¶m Jmoï>rbm A{YH$ doJir ~ZdVo.
{ZVrZ ^aV dmK ¶m§À¶m "‘moZm{bgm ñ‘mB©b' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV "½bmo~bm¶PoeZÀ¶m
ê$n H${dVm' (A Trilogy) JÚe¡brVbr XrK©H${dVoVXoIrb bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Jmoï> gm§{JVbr Amho.
hr Jmoï> ˶m§Zr "~mbnUr H$YrVar EoH$boë¶m Jmoï>tÀ¶m nwgQ>em AmR>dUtÀ¶m g§X^m©dê$Z'
(‘moZm{bgm ñ‘mB©b : 39-43 ) (dmK, {ZVrZ … 2014 … 39-43) {b{hbr Agë¶mMo Z‘yX
Ho$bo Amho.
ho‘§V {XdQ>o ¶m§À¶m "¶m 鑑ܶo Amb§ H$s bmB’$ gwê$ hmoV§' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV "‘ZmV
éVboë¶m Hw$èhmS>rM§ H$m¶ H$am¶M§' ¶m H${dVoV bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Jmoï> Zì¶mZo ‘m§Sy>Z bmHy$S> VmoS>Uo,
n¶m©¶r n¶m©daU Zme H$aUo ho H$‘©M ½bmo~bdm{‘ªJ g‘ñ¶oer OwidyZ OwZr {‘WH$H$Wm Zì¶mZo
aMyZ XmIdbr Amho.
Iyn Xÿan¶ªV MmbV MmbV Ambmo¶
EdT>m Xÿada H$s H$moUrVar {XgyZ ¶oB©b
Iyn ‘Z H$aV§¶ H$s H$moUrVar Oê$a ^oQ>ob
na§Vw H$moUrhr ^oQ>b§ Zmhr¶o ¶m BH$S>ohr
Ho$di d¥jm§Mm EH$ H$in Km~ê$Z
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m EH$m H$monè¶mV WaWaV bnyZ hmoVm
‘r ˶mÀ¶m {XeoZo MmbV Jobmo
Voìhm EH$ EH$mH$s njr {Md{MdmQ> H$aV
Xÿa dan¶ªV AmH$memV CSy>Z Jobm
‘r ˶mÀ¶m {XeoZo nmhV am{hbmo
d¥jmMm H$in Vmon¶ªV
O{‘ZrÀ¶m AmV XSy>Z Jobm
Og§ H$s ‘r bmHy$S>VmoS>çm Amho
{Z VmoS>ʶmgmR>r Ambmo hmoVmo
bmH$S§> ehamVë¶m EH$m ~oghmam dñVrbm
AmJ bmdyZ XoʶmgmR>r... ("AOyZhr ~a§M H$mhr ~mH$s') (‘Zda, {XZH$a … 2016 …
83)
234
 ‘Zda ¶m§À¶m gmo~VrZo àH$me {dÇ>b {H$ZJmdH$a ¶m§À¶m "AmH$mÀ¶m Jmdm^modVr' ¶m
H${dVmg§J«hmVXoIrb "‘m¶ ‘m¶Mr' åhUyZ Or H${dVm {Xbr Amho ˶mV AmB© bhmZnUr ‘wbm§Zm
amoOM bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Jmoï> gm§JV Agë¶mMm g§X^© Amho.
Pmni nS>ë¶mda
dmdamVyZ YHy$Z Ambobr ‘m¶
{ZOʶmAmYr Jmoï> gm§Jm¶Mr,
bmHy$S> VmoS>VmZm bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMr Hw$èhmS> S>mohmV nS>Vo, Vmo aS>V ~gVmo.
Xod ¶oVmo AZ² gmoݶmMr Hw$èhmS> H$mTy>Z XoVmo,
Vmo ZmH$maVmo
nwÝhm Xod Sw>~H$s ‘mê$Z Mm§XrMr Hw$èhmS> H$mT>Vmo
Vmo Vrhr ZmH$maVmo
eodQ>r Xod bmoI§S>mMr Hw$èhmS> H$mT>Vmo
bmHy$S>VmoS>çm AmZ§Xr hmoVmo Xod XmoÝhr Hw$èhmS>r ˶mbm ~jrg XoVmo.
Jmoï> g§nVmM Amåhr Iwe hmoD$Z Pmonr Om¶Mmo AZ² ñdßZmV bmHy$S>VmoS>çmÀ¶m OmJr
ñdV:bm nmhm¶Mmo.
‘m¶ VrM Jmoï> AmVm ZmVdm§Zm gm§JVo
nmoa§ Moï>oZo hgVmV
Vr AñdñW hmoVo
nmoam§Zm Jmoï> nQ>V Zmhr
Vrhr Jmoï> ~XbdV Zmhr. Z² VrM Jmoï> nwÝhm nwÝhm gm§JV amhmVo.
... ({H$ZJmdH$a, {dÇ>b … 2006 … 27)
bmHy$S>VmoS>çmÀ¶m ¶m {‘WH$mMm ghm H$dtZr doJdoJù¶m nÕVrZo dmna H$ê$Z ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoV ˶mMm àdoe KS>dbm Agë¶mMo {XgVo. ¶m {edm¶ g{MZ Ho$VH$a ¶m§Zr amdU, Oamg§Y
Aem nwamUH$WmVrb {‘WH$m§Zm KoD$Z ñdV§Ì H${dVm {b{hë¶m AmhoV.
Xþgè¶m àH$mamVrb {‘WH$ åhUOo g§nyU© Zdo {‘WH$ V¶ma H$ê$Z Zdr {‘WH$H${dVm
{b{hUo hmo¶. "^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m' XrK©H${dVoV " ^«{‘ï>mMo' {‘WH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho. "^«{‘ï>'
{OWo {OWo OmVmo ˶m joÌmVrb 춳Vr, g§ñWm ¶mda Amnbo H$S>dQ> ^mî¶ H$aVmo. ‘§Joe
Zmam¶Uamd H$mio ¶m§Mr "V¥Vr¶ nwéfmMo AmJ‘Z' hr XrK©H${dVm ¶m àH$mamVrb g§nyU© EH$
235
ZdrZM {‘WH$H$Wm Amho. AdVma H$m¶m©da AmYm[aV {‘WH$mMr H$ënZm H$ê$Z OJmV "Vmo' Omo
H$moUr Amho "Vmo' OÝ‘mbm ¶oUma Amho qH$dm Ambm Amho Aer H$ënZm H$ê$Z EH$ XrK©H${dVm
AmH$mambm AmUbr Jobr Agë¶mMo {XgVo. g§nyU© H${dVoVrb {‘WH$ ho AM§~m, Amü¶©, Hw$Vyhb,
CËH§$R>m dmT>{dUmao Amho. g§Ord Im§S>oH$a ¶m§À¶m "Am°bX°Q> Am¶ dmÞm Sy>' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV
Hw$~S>çmMo EH$ ZdoM dmQ>mdo Ago {‘WH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho. VgoM Im§S>oH$am§Zr ~wÕ d A§Jwbr‘mb
¶m§Mohr {‘WH$ dmnê$Z ˶mVyZ Zì¶m ~mOmadmXr ZdmW©g§{hVoMo EH$ XrK© H$WZ ¶m H${dVoVyZ Ho$bo
Amho.
EHy$UM ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVo‘ܶo darb H$dtgmo~V AéU H$mio, ZraOm, àkm ndma ¶m§Zr
XoIrb am‘m¶U, ‘hm^maVmVrb nwamUH$Wm§Mm g§X^© KoV H${dVoV {d{dY H$mì¶{‘WH$m§Mr
nwZ‘mªS>Ur Ho$br Amho. dmaH$ar g§Vm§À¶m H$WmXoIrb {‘WH$ H$Wm ê$no YmaU H$aV AmhoV. g§Vmof
nÙmH$a ndma ¶m§Zr "{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV' ¶m g§J«hmV bmoH$OrdZmV Agbobm ‘mU ZXrÀ¶m
OÝ‘H$hmUrMm g§X^© gmnS>Vmo. am‘mZo g§e¶ KoVbm åhUyZ grVoZo nwÝhm dZdmgmV Amë¶mZ§Va
Oo Aly T>mibo ˶mVyZ ‘mU ZXr CJ‘ nmdbr, Agm àdmX Amho. Vr g§nyU© {‘WH$H$Wm H${dVoV
Ambr Amho.
‘mUÀ¶m ¶m ZXrM§ JyT> ¶oJi§ hm¶ dmo
grVm‘mB©À¶m AmgdmMm ømo dJi hm¶ dmo ...
("{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV') (ndma, g§Vmof nX²‘mH$a … 2008 … 110)
¶m H${dVoVyZ Ambobr {‘WH$H$Wm hr bmoH$OrdZmVë¶m H$hmUrbm AYmoaopIV H$aVo.
VgoM "^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m' ¶m XrK©H${dVoV XoIrb am‘m¶U-‘hm^maV, nwamUmVrb nmÌm§Mo
g§X^© XoV ¶‘-¶‘m-¶‘r, ~«÷Xod, {dîUy, bú‘r, gañdVr Aer AZoH$ nwamUH$Wm nmÌ Amnë¶m
H${dVoV AmUbr AmhoV. VgoM "Jmoamo~m H$mH$m§Mr EH$ Zdr Am»¶m{¶H$m' ¶m H${dVoV g§V Jmoamo~m
¶m§À¶m M[aÌmVrb àg§Jmda H$bm, H$bmd§V ˶mMm ì¶mg§J ¶m {df¶r ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. lrH$m§V
Xoe‘wI, bú‘U ‘hm{S>H$, EH$ZmW nmQ>rb, {ZVrZ dmK ¶m§Zr g§V VwH$mam‘m§À¶m OrdZH$Woda
AmOÀ¶m dmñVdmg§X^m©V {‘WH$H${dVm {b{hë¶m AmhoV. adtÐ B§Jio MmdaoH$a ¶m H$drZo XoIrb
nwamUH$WmVrb nmÌm§Zm AZwf§JyZ ˶m§À¶m "½bmo~bmon{ZfX' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmVrb "bhar
H$m§S>...Va§J nd©' ¶m {d^mJmV XeaW, am‘, grVm, gm¡{‘Ì, D${‘©bm, eyn©UIm, amdU ho
am‘m¶UmVrb d ^rî‘, Y¥Vamï´>, {dXþa, H¥$îU, Hw§$Vr, Jm§Ymar, AOw©Z, nm§Mmbr, ^r‘, ZHw$b,
ghXod, A{^‘ݶy, EH$bì¶, Xþ¶m}YZ, H$U©, ì¶mg ¶m ‘hm^maVmVrb nmÌm§À¶m ˶mM Zmdo H${dVm
236
{bhÿZ ZìdXmoÎmar ^md{dœ g‘W©nUo H${dVoV ‘m§S>ʶmMm ¶eñdr à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. ˶m§Mr
˶mVrb "ì¶mg' hr H${dVm Z‘wݶmXmIb ~Ky ¶m.
gm¶ H$mTy>Z XÿY Amb§
g|Q> ‘mê$Z Vm§Xÿi
{da{hV H$mnyg dó Amb§
nÌ ’$mSy>Z Q>m°da
ZXr AmQ>dyZ nmUr Amb§
¶oD$ Xo
hm gm§VmMm Ioi ŠbmoO hmoB©b
‘r Q>mH$Vmo gm§VmŠbm°OÀ¶m nmoVS>rV
^¥OnÌmM§ nmZ
ZmgdVmo ˶mÀ¶m ^m¡{VH$mMr AT>r
‘J JiVrb p¼g‘gÀ¶m {Xder
‘ëQ>rZ°eZb H§$nZrÀ¶m Ywamù¶mVyZ
‘r g§nm{XV Ho$boë¶m nwñVH$m§À¶m àVr
V‘gmo ‘m Á¶mo{VJ©‘¶ åhUV
XÿY Xo˶m Jm¶rbm OnVmV
Ver Onbr OmB©b hr g¥ï>r
gmè¶m ¶wamon^a
VodT>§ dU©ì¶dñWoM§ nmZ ’$mS>m¶Mr
AmR>dU ‘mÌ H$ê$Z Úm ‘bm
Hw$arAa H$aʶmnydu ... (MmdaoH$a, adtÐ … 2001 … 50)
ZìdXmoÎmar {‘WH$m§Mm hm AJXr Zdm d H$moam H$aH$arV Agm ^mJ MmdaoH$am§À¶m g§nyU©
{‘WH$ H${dVm§‘YyZ AdVaV Amho. hr {‘WHo$ nwamUH$WmVrb Agbr Var ˶m§Zr Amnbm 춳V
hmoʶmMm Zdm ¶wJY‘© nmiyZ ‘amR>rVrb {‘WH$ MMm© CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ZoD$Z AÚ¶mdV
Aer Ho$br Amho, Ago ¶m H${dVm§Mr CXmhaUo nmhVm {XgyZ ¶oVo.
{ZVrZ ^aV dmK ¶m§Zr ‘hm^maVmVrb nmÌ AOw©Z d ~wÕ ¶m§À¶m H$pënV ^oQ>rMr EH$
‘m{bH$mH${dVm "AOw©Z : 3' ¶m H${dVoV {b{hbr Amho. Vr ¶m à‘mUo...
237
1. AOw©Zmbm nS>bobo àý ˶mZo ~wÕmbm {dMmabo
~wÕmZo ˶mÀ¶mH$S>o jU^a nm{hbo Am{U
‘moR>r Om§^mB© XoD$Z Vmo lmdñVrÀ¶m {XeoZo Mmby bmJbm
2. AOw©ZmZo ˶mbm nS>bobo àý ~wÕmbm {dMmabo
~wÕmZo Jm§{S>dmda à˶§Mm MT>dyZ {’$adbr ~moQ>o
ZmXmdbr drUm
3. AOw©ZmZo ˶mbm nS>bobo àý
~wÕmbm {dMmabo naV
~wÕmZo ~haboë¶m e‘rH$S>o ~moQ> XmI{dbo
Am{U ˶mÀ¶m gmdbrV OmD$Z ~gbm... (‘moZm{bgm ñ‘mBb)
(dmK, {ZVrZ … 2014 … 37)
àmMrZ H$mimVrb doJdoJio H$mbg§X^© Agbobo B{VhmgZm¶H$ EH$Ì AmUyZ ˶m§Mo
g§^mfU KS>dyZ AmUyZ "qhgm d Aqhgm' ¶mVrb ê$nH$g§dmX H$drZo KS>{dbm Amho. {ZVrZ dmK
¶m§Zr A{Ve¶ ~w{ÕJå¶ {‘WH$ H${dVm {b{hë¶m AmhoV. ¶m {edm¶ dmgwXod Jm¶Vm|S>o, nmãbmo
{nH$mgmoo, Jmo¶m, ’«$mpÝgñH$mo, pìhÝg|Q> ìhmZ Jm°J, ‘mg}b XþîM°ån, H$mamìhm{OAmo, {bAmoZmXm} -Xm-
qdMr, nm°b Šbr, ¶m OmJ{VH$ {MÌH$mam§À¶m OrdZH$Wm ¶m§Zm ì¶{³V{MÌ nÕVrZo, {‘WH$mÀ¶m
nÕVrZo dmK ¶m§Zr COmim {Xbm Amho. a’$sH$ gyaO ¶m§À¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV "qgS´o>bm' ZmdmMr
H${dVm Amho. B§J«Or gm{h˶mV {‘WH$ åhUyZ ‘mݶ Agboë¶m ì¶{³VaoIoMm dmna ˶m§Zr Amnë¶m
‘wbmda H${dVm {b{hVmZm Ho$bm Amho, ˶mVM ˶m§Zr ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar, gmZo JwéOr ¶m§Mr ñ‘¥Vr
OmJ{dbr Amho.
""...Q>rìhrÀ¶m ZdmÀ¶m ~mVå¶mV ZOa bmdyZ JwS>Ko N>mVrer bnoQy>Z ~gboë¶m ‘m¶m
AmB©da {OÀ¶mgmR>r ‘r åhUm¶Mmo bhmZnUr amoO ~{hUm~mB©Mr EImXr H${dVm ‘moR>çm AmdmOmV
qH$dm VoZmbram‘ qH$dm gmZo JwéOtMm EImXm YS>m ‘m¶m Aä¶mgmMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ Vr
Mwbrg‘moa ^mH$è¶m WmnQ>V AgVmZm...KQ>mKQ>m XÿY {nVmZm Vmo {JiVmo ‘ZmVë¶m ‘ZmV ‘bm
Am{U bmdVmo N>mVrbm ...("gm|J KoD$Z hm nmoa') (gyaO, a’$sH$ … 2011 … 29)
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmVrb g§X^© ~Xbm§Zr hr H${dVm ¶w³V AgyZ {VÀ¶m na§naoÀ¶m CÕmamMm
H$moUVmhr Adeof AmT>iV Zmhr. ^wO§J ‘olm‘ ¶m§À¶m H${dVoVhr darb VèhoÀ¶m {‘WH$m§gmo~V
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$OrdZmVbr {‘WHo$ dmnabr AmhoV. ˶m Ñï>rZo ˶m§Mr "dQ>nm¡{U©‘oda ‘w§Om' hr
238
H${dVm ‘hÎdmMr Amho. ¶m g§nyU© nmœ©^y‘rda ‘amR>r dmL²>‘m¶H$moemVrb Zm|X A{Ve¶ ~mobH$s
Amho. ˶mV åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""‘mZdr V¥îUm Am{U dmñVd ¶m§Mo gm‘§Oñ¶ gmYUo, ‘mUgmbm
Amnë¶m na§naoer OmoSy>Z {VÀ¶m EH$g§YVoMm, gbJVoMm AZw^d AmUyZ XoUo AmXr Jmoï>tgmR>r
{‘WH$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. hr àd¥Îmr AmYw{ZH$ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AmO {‘WH$m§Mm
Y‘m©~amo~a g§~§Y jrU hmoV Mmbbm Amho. Vr ‘mZdmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$ V¥îUm§Mr Am{dîH$maH$ ê$no
YmaU H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV Am{U AmO Vr ‘mZdOmVrMr {ZY‘u ñdßZo åhUyZ Amnbm ñd^mdY‘©
A{YH$ gmW© H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV.'' (‘amR>r dmL²>‘¶H$moe I§S>-2 : 264) hr Zm|X EH$ àH$mao
H$mio, ZraOm, MmdaoH$a ¶m§Zr Zì¶m g§X^m©V EH$àH$mao {gÕ Ho$br Amho, Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b.
e¡brVrb ¶m à‘wI KQ>H$m§À¶m Aä¶mgmZ§Va ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoÀ¶m ^mfme¡brMm
Aä¶mg AmnU nwT>rb ‘wÔ¶mV H$aUma AmhmoV.
6.4. H${dVoMr eãXe¡br
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMr ^mfme¡br Aä¶mgUo åhUOo OmJ{VH$sH$aU H$mimV ~XbV
Joboë¶m OrdZì¶dhmamVrb ^mfoMo ‘amR>r H${dVoV nS>bobo ê$n emoYʶmgmaIo Amho. à˶oH$
H$mimbm Amnbr ñdV…Mr EH$ ^mfm AgVo. à˶oH$ ~Xb˶m ^mfoMm AmdmO gd©àW‘ ˶m
^mfoVë¶m H${dVoVyZ C‘Q>Vmo. H${dVm hr g‘mO~XbXoIrb erK«VoZo nH$S>Vo. ¶mM H$maUmZo
H$moU˶mhr H$mimVrb ^mfm ˶m H$mimVrb H${dVoV J«{WV hmoV AgVo, Ago ‘mZbo OmVo.
Amnë¶mH$S>rb ¶mXdH$mimnmgyZ CnbãY Agbobo H${dVoMo Z‘wZo nmhVm hr Jmoï> AmnUmg ghO
ܶmZr ¶oVo. 1990 Z§VaMr EHy$U 30 df} {bpIV ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb ^mfme¡br CbJS>ʶmg
‘w~bH$ d Cn¶w³V Aer AmhoV. H${dVoV ¶oUmar eãXaMZm, g§dmXmË‘H$Vm, H${dVoVrb b¶ d
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g§JUH$, ‘mo~mB©b ‘°goqOJMr ^mfm, Om{hamVrVrb ^mfm ¶m gdmªVyZ H${dVoMr ^mfme¡br emoYVm
¶oUo eŠ¶ Amho. VWm{n, e¡brÀ¶m A§JmZo hm emoY AmnUmg ¿¶m¶Mm Amho. ˶mZwgma AmnU
ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVrb eãXaMZonmgyZ gwédmV H$ê$ ¶m-
6.4.1. eãXaMZm
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb eãXaMZm nma§n[aH$ eãXKQ>ZoMm A{YH$ {dñVma H$aUmar
Amho. EadrXoIrb H${dVoVyZ 춳V hmoUmao eãX ho boIZ{Z¶‘m§Zm C„§KyZ V¶ma hmoV AgVmV.
˶mV H$drÀ¶m àm{V^e³VrZo doimodoir ^a nS>V AgVo. eãXH«$‘, eãX{dn¶m©g, AXbm~Xb
Aem ‘mܶ‘mVyZ eãXaMZm H$aV H$dr Zoh‘rÀ¶m eãXm§À¶m doJù¶m AW©N>Q>m {Z‘m©U H$aUmam
239
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eãXaMZm KS>{dʶmg H$maUr^yV R>aV AgVo. AmVm AmnU ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVrb eãXaMZoMr
‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoD$ ¶m.
[Link]. AXbm~Xb d AZmH$bZr¶ eãX{Z{‘©Vr
"Á¶m‘ ‘Á¶m' ho ‘ݶm Omoer ¶m H$drÀ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmMo erf©H$ Amho. "Á¶m' d "‘' ¶m
Ajam§Mr AXbm~Xb H$drZo KS>{dbr, d ˶mVyZ A{YH$ AW©nyU© aMZm AmH$mambm AmUbr. ho
H$aVmZm H$drZo Amagmà{V‘m (Mirror Image) ¶m V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. gd©gm‘mݶ
eãXm§Mr aMZm Z H$aVm AJXr AZmH$bZr¶ Aer aMZm H$aUmao H$dr åhUyZ Zr{VZ AéU
Hw$bH$Uu ¶m§À¶m H${dVm§H$S>o nmhVm ¶oVo. Hw$bH$Uu ¶m§Mr H${dVm nmhVm An[a{MV eãX
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H$mdAhm, AV, ZIm bQ>H$m.
qbJ g H$m A¶ ZgVm AgVm,
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gH$Vr Hw$Q> H$Xr EVrZ H§$Yo,
240
 Q>m‘N>Z Q>mdiQ> Q>mir dmñVo.
VwB-H$m ‘mB-H$m gmjr dmñVo,
XmId Jwøm, OJr Omo Z§Zm AmñV... (n{hë¶m H${dVm)
(Hw$bH$Uu, Zr{VZ … 2001 … 22)
Cnamo³V H${dVoVrb eãXaMZm hr ‘wÔm‘ doJir ~Zdë¶mMo {XgVo. erf©H$mV dmnabobm
"{hOS>m' hm eãX H${dVoÀ¶m g§{hVoV "hr Á¶S>m' Agm {b{hbm Amho. AZoH$doim dmMZmVyZ hr
H${dVm OmUrdnyd©H$ dmMmXmof¶w³V {b{hbr Agë¶mMo ñnï> hmoVo. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV Aem
eãXaMZoÀ¶m H${dVm H$dtZr OmUrdnyd©H$ {b{hë¶mMo {XgVo.
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AZoH$ AW© {Z{‘©Ê¶mMr hmVmoQ>r {XgVo. CXm.
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Z Iaob
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nm°bre.. nm°bre., nmobrg
nmobrgXmXm
nmobrg^mB©
AmOMr H$‘mB©
H$mhr Zmhr... ("brim {Vgè¶mÀ¶m d BVa H${dVm')
(MmdaoH$a, adtÐ … 2001 … 3-4)
"brim {Vgè¶mÀ¶m d BVa H${dVm' ¶m g§J«hmÀ¶m ‘m{bH$m H${dVoVrb hm EH$ ^mJ
Amho. "gwQw> ~wQw>' "ZoH$ ‘r ZH$Q>m', "hm¶ Q>m¶', "hm¶! hm¶! hm¶! hm@@@¶!', "ZIa¡b', "Z
241
Iaob', "ZI aob', "Z Iao', Ago eãX~§Y AZwàgmË‘H$Vm {Z‘m©U H$aV hdo Vgo eãX’$moS>,
g§Yr Ho$ë¶mZo Vo AWm©À¶m {Za{Zamù¶m N>Q>m Xe©{dVmV. eãXaMZoMm hm {d^«‘ ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r
H${dVoV {deof H$ê$Z AmT>iVmo. ¶mVyZ H$mhr eãX Zì¶mZo V¶ma hmoVmV. H$Yr Vo AW©hrZXoIrb
AgVmV. H$Yr Vo H${dVoV CÎm‘ Agm H$mì¶ag {Z‘m©U H$aVmV.
[Link]. ZdeãX{Z{‘©Vr
ho‘§V {XdQ>o ¶m§À¶m EH$m H${dVoV "‘m¶mdr gH$a' Agm C„oI ¶oVmo. na§naoZo Amnë¶mbm
‘m¶mdr amjg amdU, ‘marM Ago ‘mhrV AgVmV. nU "‘m¶mdr gH$a' H$moR>o dmMbobm, EoH$bobm
ZgVmo. ˶mMm Iwbmgm H$drZo eodQ>r Ho$bm Amho. ‘yi B§J«Or eãX gH$ = emofUo ¶mdê$Z "gH$a'
ho ê$n emofH$, emofU H$aUmam Ago H$drZo ~Z{dbo Amho.
g{MZ Ho$VH$a ¶m§Zr "{S>ëS>mon{ZfX' ¶m ZmdmMr H${dVm {b{hbr Amho, g§nyU© H${dVm
dmMë¶mda AmnUmg hr H${dVm CËWm{nV qbJmMr EH$ Cn{ZfXna H${dVm Amho ho AmoiIm¶bm
¶oVo. ({S>ëS>mo = Dildo = CËWm{nV qbJ) B§J«Or eãXmg Cn{ZfX ¶m eãXmgmo~V OmoSy>Z
"{S>ëS>mon{ZfX' hm gm‘m{gH$ eãX V¶ma Ho$bm Agë¶mMo {XgVo. ¶m dê$Z ZdrZ eãXaMZm
H$aUo d Vr MbZmV (To Quine) AmUUo ho ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoMo d¡{eï>ç hmo¶. ‘m°b ¶m eãXmMo
lrYa {Vido ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ‘m°b‘, ‘mbrZ, ‘mbo, ‘m°bo, ‘m°bmä¶m‘, ‘m°bmä¶m‘, ‘m°b, ‘m°b¶mo,
‘m°b, ‘m°bm{Z, ‘m°b, ‘m°bo䶅, ‘m°bo䶅, ‘m°bmZm‘, ‘m°bofw, ‘m°bm{Z Ago AZoH$ g§ñH¥$VàMwa
eãXàH$ma àMmamV AmUë¶mMo {XgVo. "{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV', "^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m' ¶m
H${dVmg§J«hmV AZoH$ Zdo, OwZo, àmMrZ, B{VhmgH$mbrZ eãX gmnS>VmV. "amZ¶moJr', "ImXbm',
"C§S>Vmo', "eoadmeo', "eoUmnVr' Ago An[a{MV eãX VgoM Q>oŠbmonma (Q>oH$bmo nma) Ago Zdo
OmoS>eãX gmnS>VmV.
[Link]. Aä¶ñV eãXH${dVm
EH$mM eãXmMo AJa ˶mer ˶mM dOZ KmVmMo Cƒma Agbobo eãX H${dVoV nwÝhm
nwÝhm dmnaʶmMr H${dVoV àd¥Îmr AgVo. ‘amR>r H${dVm ¶m~m~V H$m¶‘ g§nÞ am{hbr Amho. ˶mMm
à˶¶ ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV ¶oV Amho. Aä¶ñV, nwZ䶩ñV, A§eAä¶ñV Ago gd©
eãXaMZm àH$ma ˶m§À¶m gd© énm§gh ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV AmT>iVmV.
‘ݶm Omoer ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ho àm~ë¶ AmT>iVo. "Á¶m‘ ‘Á¶m Á¶m‘ ‘Á¶m Á¶m‘', "JVr
‘Vr JVr ‘Vr AZwàmgm{XH$ CÞVr AmS>{ZS>' Aem Amoir Va ˶m§À¶m H${dVoV gd©R>m¶r AmhoV.

242
dO}e gmob§H$s ¶m§Mr "VVnn', JUoe AmË‘mam‘ dgB©H$a ¶m§Mr "‘Yë¶m ‘ܶo' Aem
Aä¶ñVeãX¶w³V erf©H$H${dVm AmhoV. Aä¶ñV eãXH${dVm§Mr CXmhaUo nmhÿ ¶m
bmoi Yam
H$mimoI H$am ao
H$mimoI H$am ao
PQ>nQ> PQ>nQ> hm bmoi Yam ao
hm bmoi Yam
bmoi bmoi bmoibm H$mimoImV Kwgibm AmH$memV CYibm
H$mimoI H$am ao H$mimoI H$am
AmH$me qM~ W|~ {R>~H$Vmo H$„moi bmoi œmg W~H$Vmo
H$„moi H$am ao H$„moi H$am ao
AmH$me noQ>bo bmoi Yam ao bmoi Yam... (Omoer, ‘ݶm … 2006 … 38)
‘ݶm Omoer ¶m§Mr hr H${dVm EH$mM eãXmMr dma§dma Amd¥Îmr KS>{dVo. H$Yr nyU© eãX dm
dmŠ¶XoIrb nwZamd¥Îm H$aVo. nwT>rb H${dVm ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio ¶m§Mr Amho.
Yya
Yya Yya Yya ZwñVm Yya
Mya Mya Mya {dÇ>mo@@~m Mya
Iya Iya Iya Iwa@@Q>r VwPr N>mVr
Mya Mya Mya Mwabr {dÇ>bm@@Zo VwPr {ZimB©
Yya Yya Ywabo VwPo AdKo A§~a ...
(‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mioMr H${dVm) (H$mio, ‘§Joe, 2005 … 28)
‘m{bH$m H${dVoV {b{hUmao ho XmoKohr éndmXr H$dr AgyZ ˶m§À¶m H${dVoV AZoH$ àH$maMo
à¶moJ AmT>iVmV. Aä¶ñV eãXm§Mo ^m{fH$ à¶moJ H$aUo hm ˶m§Mm ‘yiH$mì¶ñd^md Agë¶mMo
åhUVm ¶oVo.
[Link]. A{eï> Am{U Aûcrb ^mfm
Adm©ƒ AJa Aûcrb ^mfm Vnerb gm{h˶mV ¶oʶmMr XoeH$mbn[apñWVrZwgma AZoH$
H$maUo AmhoV. àmMrZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ gm{h˶mV A{eï> AJa Adm©ƒ /
Aûcrb eãX gm{h˶mV ¶oV AmhoV. AûcrbVoMr ‘amR>r {dœH$moemVrb ì¶m»¶m nwT>rbà‘mUo
243
hmo¶. ""AûcrbVm åhUOo ‘mUgmÀ¶m CËgO©Z{H«$¶m, ˶mMo {ddó eara d b¢{JH$ dV©Z ¶m§Mm
b{bV H$bm, gm{h˶ d bm¡{H$H$ ì¶dhma ¶m§VyZ 춳V hmoUmam Agä¶, Am|Ji, H$m‘moÎmoOH$ d
åhUyZ Amjonmh© Am{U nwîH$iXm Ad¡Y R>aUmam Am{dîH$ma hmo¶.''
([Link]
gm{h˶mVbm Agä¶, Am|Ji, H$m‘moÎmoOH$ Agë¶mZo Amjonmh© Pmbobm ^mJ Ad¡Y
AgVmZm Vmo gm{h˶mV àH$Q> hmoVmo Am{U ‘mݶVmXoIrb H$gm nmdVmo, ¶m~m~V {dœH$moemV
Iwbmgm AmT>iVmo H$s, ""AûcrbVoMr H$ënZm gm‘m{OH$ ZrVrer g§~§{YV Amho d gm‘m{OH$
ZrVr CKS>nUoM ~hþgmnoj AgVo. Xoe, H$mi, 춳Vr d g§ñH¥$Vr ¶m§da Vr A{Y{ð>V AgVo.
åhUOo EHo$ H$mir qH$dm EH$m XoemV qH$dm EH$m g§ñH¥$VrV Oo Aûcrb ‘mZbo OmVo, Vo ~Xbboë¶m
H$mir qH$dm {^Þ Xoer qH$dm {^Þ g§ñH¥$VtV Aûcrb ‘mZbo OmVoM, Ago Zmhr.''
([Link]
gm{h˶ ûcrb Ho$ìhm d Aûcrb Ho$ìhm, ¶mMm CbJS>mXoIrb ¶m {R>H$mUr Pmbobm AgyZ
˶m g§X^m©V Zm|X Aer H$s, ""gm{h˶mVrb d nwîH$iXm bm¡{H$H$ ì¶dhmamVrb AûcrbVm,
gm‘m{OH$ ZrVrMmM EH$ KQ>H$ Agboë¶m {eï>‘mݶ ^mfmg§Ho$Vm§erhr {ZJ{S>V AgVo.'' Ago
gm§JyZ ˶m§Zr Vo gmoXmhaU nQ>dyZ {Xbo Amho. ""CXm. ‘amR>r ‘mUgmZo OZZ|{жm§gmR>r {eï>‘mݶ
Ago g§ñH¥$V eãX dmnabo, Va Vo gä¶ R>aVo; na§Vw ˶mgmR>r ˶mZo H$mhr {d{eï> J«må¶ ‘amR>r
eãX dmnaë¶mg Vo Aûcrb R>aVo. åhUyZM AûcrbVoMr EH$M d {ZUm©¶H$ ì¶m»¶m H$aVm ¶oV
Zmhr. AûcrbVoMr CËnÎmrhr g‘mOmVrb Ym{‘©H$, amOH$s¶, Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ d
b¢{JH$ dñVwpñWVrMr {H«$¶m dm à{V{H«$¶m åhUyZ hmoVo. Aem CËnÎmrMrhr EH$M EH$ H$maU‘r‘m§gm
XoVm ¶oV Zmhr.'' ([Link]
‘amR>r H${dVoV n§{S>V H${dVm, em{har H${dVoV ¶m ^mfoMo Vnerb AmT>iVmV. Û¡AWu,
gyMH$ Va H$Yr WoQ> Adm©ƒ / Aûcrb eãX H${dVoV Ambobo {XgVmV. ‘T>}H$am§À¶m H$mimnmgyZ
‘amR>r ZdH${dVoV Adm©ƒ / Aûcrb eãX dmnabo OmD$ bmJbo. gmR>moÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoda
˶mMm ‘moR>m à^md hmoVm. Zm‘Xod T>gmi, amOm T>mbo, dg§V XÎmm̶ JwO©a AmXtZr ¶m ~m~VrV
‘moR>r ^a KmVbr Amho. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVm H$mbÑïçm A{YH$ nwT>Mr Am{U A{YH$ YrQ>
Aer A{^춳Vr H$aUmar Amho. {Za{Zamù¶m H$dtZr ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV ¶m àH$mamV Amnbo
¶moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. g§Ord Im§S>oH$a, gbrb dmK, ho‘§V {XdQ>o, g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma, ‘mohZ

244
~moago, hf©dY©Z nagmdio, ‘§Joe H$mio, ^wO§J ‘olm‘ AmXtZr A{eï> AJa Adm©ƒ / Aûcrb
eãX H$‘r OmñV à‘mUmV H${dVoV dmnabo AmhoV.
A§VamimÀ¶m ^moH$mV Va§JUmar
h~b eodQ>r nmoMbr ˶m {~imn¶ªV. ~ri. {~imV ~moi, ~moim~moim§Mo doQ>moio.
AmVS>r CH$ê$Z MmbV Ambo gJio. h~bda MT>dbm ¶w{Z’$m°‘©, Am{U
gJù¶m§Mo dmObo ~yQ>, {~imÀ¶m ‘hmÛmamV. JwX²ÛmamV ~moQ> KmVë¶mgmaIo
eonyQ> Yê$Z AmoTy>Z H$mT>bo ~mhoa. àmW{‘H$ {dYr CaH$ë¶mZ§Va C^o Ho$bo.
ImobrÀ¶m bm§~ H$monè¶mV
‘r EH$Q>mM Am{U ZmJS>m. Vo Mm¡Ko JmV hmoVo. ...("ñ‘m¶brO')
(Im§S>oH$a, g§Ord … 2007 … 18)
g§Ord Im§S>oH$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ¶oUmar hr ^mfm OmUrdnyd©H$ AgyZ AZoH$ {R>H$mUr
‘mZdr Ad¶dm§Mo C„oI ‘wÔm‘ Ho$bo Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
Rw>‘H$V am§S> Mmbo Jm§S> Q>oMmV hmbo
’w$XH$V ~m°b S>mobo ‘mXrMm hmobo hmobo ...gbrb dmK ¶m§À¶mhr aogH$mog© Am{U BVa
H${dVm (dmK, gbrb … 2007 :18)
¶mgmo~VM ¶m H${dVoV ñVZmJ«o, CMbV CWi ~|~r, nwƒr ’$ioZm, BVahr AZoH$ Adm©ƒ
eãX OmUrdnyd©H$ dmnê$Z dmMH$mgmR>r hm ^mJ ‘wÔm‘ bj doYUmam Ho$bm Amho. ho‘§V {XdQ>o
¶m§À¶m à˶oH$ H${dVmg§J«hmV hm à˶¶ ¶oVmo. Imbrb CXmhaUo nmhÿZ ˶mMr ImÌr nQ>Vo.
‘wVmar AmQ>© Ho$br OmVo¶ {XdgmT>dù¶m ‘m¶mda
‘r EH$m am§S>~mOmamVë¶m am§S>m§À¶m ¶moZtMr AmS>dr Ho$bobr q^V Amho
Am{U ‘mPr ‘ZmV ¶oB©b Voìhm O‘ob Ver ~«°ÊS>oS> ~«°ÊS> ‘mabr OmVo¶...
... ("Wm§~VmM ¶oV Zmhr') ({XdQ>o, ho‘§V : 2006 … 26)
qH$dm
VwPm H$ëMa PJm Pmbm da ½bmo~b hdoV
‘r Vw¶m ~|~rV KmbVmo ~moQ> Va
‘bm ¶oV Zmhr Km‘mMm dmg
bmJVmo H$ëMa em°H$ Am{U ‘r ~oYw§X ZmMVmo Vw¶m Vmbmda
Am{U ‘mPmhr PJm da Am{U ‘mPr Zmi
245
 ‘ܶo AS>H$bobr... ("Wm§~VmM ¶oV Zmhr')
qH$dm
Voìhm Zm Amåhr hñV‘¡WwZmÀ¶m Zm|Xr H$arV Agy
n{hë¶mn{hë¶m§Xm {XdgmVyZ EH$Xm XmoZXm H$Yr VrZXm
Z§Va EH$Xm XmoZXm
Z§Va AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$Xm XmoZXm Z§Va Z§Va AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$XmM dJ¡ao
H$g§ nU H$ib§ Zmhr hiyhiy Zm|Xr hmoV Joë¶m H$‘r
Am{U Amåhr H$mH$moS>H$a, h¡Xmog, Bpãbg dmMUmao
EH$X‘ J«og, {MÌo, gwd}, ‘hmZmoa, T>gmi dJ¡ao dmMy bmJbmo
... ("Mm¡{Vern¶ªVÀ¶m H${dVm') ({XdQ>o, ho‘§V … 2001 … 26)
qH$dm
‘rM hmoVmo B©ìhÀ¶m S>moù¶mV
A°S>‘À¶m {eýmM§ amH$Q> nm¡éfr {MÌ XmIdUmam nmam
hmoVmo ‘r A°S>‘ Am{U B©ìhÀ¶m g§^moJmÀ¶m
AJmoXa Am{U Z§VaMr nrS>m Am{U gwI
‘bm hmH$m ¶oVmV Am{U ‘r ~o^mZnUo YmdV gwQ>Vmo
‘bm PmS>m§À¶m C§MrEdT>m nS>Xm Q>mH$m¶Mm¶
¶m eVH$mÀ¶m hmH$m§da
("¶m ê$‘‘ܶo Amb§ H$s bmB’$ gwê$ hmoV§') ({XdQ>o, ho‘§V … 2012 … 62)
dmMH$mbm gXahÿ ‘OHy$a dmMyZ ˶mbm ñV§{^V H$ê$Z Q>mH$Uo, ˶mÀ¶m {dMmam§Mm àjonH$
Amnë¶mH$S>o IoMyZ KoUo qH$dm ˶mMr {XemM ~XbyZ Q>mH$Uo. ˶mÀ¶m ‘ZmMr aMZm {~KS>dyZ
Q>mH$Uo ho CÔoe ¶m aMZo‘mJo AgyZ hm H${dVmboIZmVrb CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ n{dÌm Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
AmXaUr¶ ^mfm {~KS>dyZ Q>mH$Uo {VÀ¶mV g§{‘lVm {Z‘m©U H$aUo, ^mfoVrb A{^춳VrMr
nwZ‘mªS>Ur H$aUo AmXr ~m~r ¶mV H$m¶©aV AmhoV.
6.5. H${dVoMr g§dmXmË‘H$Vm
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV g§dmXmË‘H$ H${dVm {b{hbr Jobr Amho. ^mdH${dVm, ¶wJwbJrVo,
ZmQ>çnXo ¶mV AmnUmg ¶m nydu g§dmX Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo aMZm AmT>iV AgV. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV
Aer g§dmXmË‘H$Vm Zì¶m ñdénmV AmT>iVo.
246
 Vwbm ݶm¶bm ‘wèhmir H$m Ambm J Zmhr ?
-H$m‘mV Ag§b åhUyZ Ambm J Zmhr
VwPm b¾mMm Xm{JZm H$m Jù¶mV Zmhr ?
-gmgy~mBªZr OnyZ R>odbm J ~mB© ...
({nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV) (ndma, g§Vmof … 2008 … 9)
hm gmgwadmerU d {VMr gIr, ‘¡ÌrU ¶m§À¶mVrb hm g§dmX Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
à¶moJerbVoÀ¶m CXmhaUmV ‘mJrb àH$aUmV AmnU gbrb dmK ¶m§Mr Aer EH$ EgE‘Eg
(bKw g§Xoe godm) H${dVm dmMbr Amho. ˶mM YVuda ‘rZmjr nmQ>rb ¶m§À¶m "é{Q>Z' ¶m
H${dVoVhr ‘mo~mB©b g§Xoe g§dmX Ambobm Amho.
Vr : AmO n߶mÀ¶m emioV ‘rqQ>J Amho
Vmo : AmO Am{Q©>ñQ> g|Q>aMr ‘rqQ>J Amho
Vr : h„r gmaI§ gmaI§ nmUr OmV§¶² H$åßb|Q> H$am¶bm hdr
Vmo : À¶m¶bm ZoQ> gmaI§ {S>ñH$ZoŠQ> hmoV§¶²
Vr : AmR> {Xdg Pmbo JwS>ZmB©Q> g§nb§¶²
Vmo : Amb§ dmQ>V§ ZoQ>
Vr : AmO ñd¶§nmH$ H$m¶ H$am¶Mm?
Vmo : amoO amoO H$m¶ {dMmaVog?
Vr : Z§Va AmoaS>erb!
Vmo : ZmhrVar ~mB©M ~ZdVo
Vr : åhUm¶M§ H$m¶ Vwbm?
Vmo : Xmb’«$m¶ ~Zd
Vr : ‘r åhUVo, åhUm¶M§ H$m¶ Vwbm?
Vmo : ‘mo~mB©bMr ~°Q>ar g§nbr¶o
Vr : ~ob dmObr Xma CKS>
Vmo : AmdmOM Pmbm Zmhr dmQ>b§ Va VyM ~K
(BO BQ> BZ ¶wda S>rEZE) (nmQ>rb, ‘rZmjr … 2009 … 12-13)
hm Zdam-~m¶H$mo ¶m§À¶mVë¶m KamVë¶m KamV Pmbobm ‘mo~mB©bdarb g§Xoeg§dmX
Agë¶mMo nyU© H${dVm dmMyZ Pmë¶mda H$iVo. YmdnirÀ¶m OJʶmZo ‘mUgo g‘moamg‘moa, EH$m
247
KamV AgyZhr EH$‘oH$m§er g‘mO‘mܶ‘mÛmao g§dmX gmYVmV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ¶m H$mimV
‘mUgmMo dñVwH$aU Pmbo. Cn^moJdmXr ‘mZ{gH$Vm ~moH$mibr. ‘mUgmMo gmao ¶§ÌmÀ¶m hmVr
Jobo, Aer narpñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶mMm à˶¶ ¶m H${dVm§‘YyZ ¶oVmo. ¶m{edm¶ hr
g§dmXmË‘H$Vm H$mhtÀ¶m H${dVoV ñdJVmà‘mUo ¶oVo Amho. ˶mMr ‘m{hVr nwT>o KoD$ ¶m.
6.5.1. ñdJV e¡br
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV "ñdJV' nÕVrMr H${dVm Amho. ZmQ>H$mV Ooìhm EImXo nmÌ
ñdV…er àH$Q>nUo ~mobVo ˶mg "ñdJV' Ago åhUVmV. "ZQ>g‘«mQ>' ¶m ZmQ>H$mV Aßnmgmho~
~obdbH$a ho nmÌ Aer ñdJVo Xa A§H$mV gmXa H$aVo. VmoM YmJm Yê$Z Ago åhUVm ¶oVo H$s,
AZoH$ H$dtZr ¶m ñdJVmMr H${dVm {b{hbr Amho. ¶mVrb AmË‘naVm {dbjU ñdénmMr AgVo.
¶mVrb "‘r'Mo gd©ì¶mnr ApñVËd ¶m H${dVm§VyZ OmUdVo. ¶mV "ñdJV' ZmdmMr H${dVm hr
‘r H$mb hmoVmo
‘r CÚm hmoVmo
‘r dV©V amhVmo
‘m¶m ‘yS>Mo H°$[aP‘°{Q>Šg
Ho${‘H$b àm°gogogMo BÝ’$Q>m©B©b g‘mOemó
‘r ‘amR>rV ‘maV Zmhr
‘mPm AdH$me H$mbmda ‘maVmo
AmoiIrMo A°ñQ>[añH$
Vi{Q>nm§À¶m ImUmIwUm§Mr
H$ÝñQ´>ŠQ>oS> AmoiI ^mî¶mÀ¶m doXZm ‘m¶mda
‘m¶mda ^mî¶
H$aVmo OJmda ^mî¶ ‘r
^mî¶mMm AmZ§X
Á¶mÀ¶m ˶mÀ¶m S>moŠ¶mEdT>m ‘r {dñVmabobm {Zð>mdmZ EÝS>
‘r emóm§V Amho.... (Á¶m‘ ‘Á¶m) (Omoímr, ‘ݶm … 2006 … 65)
Img ZìdXmoÎmar åhUVm ¶oB©b Agm H$drMm ^m{fH$ n{dÌm ¶m ñdJVm‘YyZ ñnï> hmoVmo.

248
6.5.2. g§~moYZ e¡br
‘amR>r H${dVog g§~moYZmMr ‘moR>r na§nam AgyZ ˶mV AmdmhZ H$aUo, nwH$maUo, ñdmJVna
CX²Kmof H$aUo, ZmdmZo nwH$mê$Z AmdmhH$ g§Xoe XoUo, VgoM {Z^©Ëg©Zm¶w³V ^mî¶mgmR>r ‘amR>rV
g§~moYZ dmnabo Joë¶mMo {XgVo. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV XrK©H${dVoÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo g§~moYZmMm
OrUm}Õma Pmë¶mMo {XgVo. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV "^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m' ¶m XrK©H${dVonmgyZ
g§~moYZ gmnSy> bmJVo. ˶mVrb H$mhr {ZdS>H$ g§~moYZo nwT>rbà‘mUo hmoV. "Va S>moio JhmU R>odyZ
añ˶mdê$Z MmbUmam hmo, "ho ñIbrV nwéfm§Zmo', "Va hmVmV Amnbo gm‘mZ Yê$Z MmbUmè¶m
ho nT>V ‘yImªZmo, "Va ho ‘|T>am§Zmo, "Va ho amÌrVyZ ‘hfu Pmboë¶m dram§Zmo, "ho {dÚmnrR>mÀ¶m
Zmë¶mVyZ dmhUmè¶m {H$S>çm§Zmo, "ho g§ñH¥$VrMo S>mog nmOUmè¶m na§naoÀ¶m nmB©H$m§Zmo, "Ago nmofU
KoD$Z ¶oUmè¶m {nT>çm§Zmo, "KmgmJ{UH$ {df Am{U œmgmJ{UH$ ~oB©‘mZr {nboë¶m§Zmo, "Va ho
Vm|S>mV OXm© Am{U Jm§S>rV ‘wXm© Pmboë¶m§Zmo, "ho nmZnÅ>rdaVr ~gyZ qnH$ ‘maUmè¶m J„rÀ¶m
XmXm§hmo, "Va g’$aH$è¶m§Zmo, "ho gonaoQ> ê$‘‘ܶo MmXar AmoTy>Z nS>Umam§hmo, "Va ho AmB©À¶m nmoQ>mV
{VÀ¶m Mm[aͶmMr Mm¡H$er H$aV OmUmam§hmo... Aem àH$maMr {Za{Zamir AmdmhH$ g§~moYZo
XrK©H${dVoV ¶oVmV. ˶mVrb WoQ>nUm, J«må¶Vm n[ahma, Adm©ƒ CX²Jma Aem Jmoï>r Agë¶m Var
˶mVyZ gmYbobr àmgmXmË‘H$, b¶H$mar eãXaMZm n[aUm‘H$maH$ R>aVo.
"V¥Vr¶ nwéfmMo AmJ‘Z' ¶m g§J«hmV d¡nwë¶mZo Aer g§~moYZo AmhoV. "¶o YramoXmÎm V¥Vr¶
nwéfm ¶o, "ho namH«$‘r V¥Vr¶m nwéfm...nhm, "ho àmU{චOo˶m @ namH«$‘r {Z YramoXmÎm V¥Vr¶
nwéfm@ nhm@@, " ¶o@@ nam{OVm...¶o@@, "ho gmjmV ^m½¶{dYm˶m...¶o @@, "Voìhm ho {dH«$‘m{X˶m
{dO¶r V¥Vr¶ nwéfm...¶o @@, " Voìhm ¶o @ ho ‘hÝ‘§JbZm¶H$m ¶o@@, "Va ho ¶oUmè¶m Bg‘m - ,
" Va ho ¶oUmè¶m V¥Vr¶ nwéfm, "{චàW‘ nwéfm§Zmo {Z {ó¶m§Zmo, ¶m g§nyU© g§~moYZmV AmdmhH$Vm
춳V Pmbobr AmT>iVo. "Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$' ¶m g§J«hmVhr AZoH$ g§~moYZo AmhoV. "bmoH$hmo
VwåhrM AmhmV O~m~Xma' ¶m g§J«hmVhr g§~moYZo AmhoV. ˶m g§~moYZmV VWmJVmÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb
amhþb, ¶emoYam ¶m§Mo g§dmX AmhoV.
g§~moYZ ho EHy$UM gm‘m{OH$ H${dVm§Mo d¡{eï>ç AgyZ gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ{MÌUmV Vo
OmñV Cn¶moJr R>aVo. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV g§~moYZmZoXoIrb g§dmXmË‘H$Vm dmT>rg
bmdë¶mMo AmT>iVo. H$dr Amnë¶m dmMH$mbm ¶mVyZ nwH$maVmZm AmT>iVmV. {d{dY Ym{‘©H$
na§naoVrb XodVm§gmR>tMr nwH$maUm Á¶mV ‘wpñb‘m§Mr AOmU, IwX~m, qhXÿ na§naoVrb H$sV©Z,
àdMZ ¶mVrb Ho$bobm Xodm§Mm Ymdm, lmoVo, ^³V ¶m§Zm Ho$bobr nwH$maUm hmoVo Vgo ‘amR>r H${dVoV
249
g§~moYZ AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ho H${dVoV C‘Qy>Z ¶oUmao XoernU ZìdXmoVar H${dVoMo d¡{eîQ>ç Agë¶mMo
{XgVo.
6.5.3. àýmË‘H$ e¡br
H${dVoÀ¶m e¡br‘r‘m§goV Á¶m AZoH${dY nÕVrZo H${dVm Vnmgbr OmVo, ˶mV àýmË‘H$
Agbobr eãX-dmŠ¶ e¡br ‘hÎdmMr Amho. H${dVoVrb àý ˶m§À¶m nmoQ>mV EH$ CÎma KoD$ZM
àH$Q>VmV qH$dm nwT>rb àý hm ˶mMo CÎma hmoD$Z ¶oV AgVmo. àýmË‘H$ e¡brV gbJ
EH$m‘mJmo‘mJ àý {dMmaUo ho H$drMo H$m¡eë¶ R>aVo. H$dr ˶mbm Amb§H$m[aH$ ~Z{dVmV.
àm{V{Z{YH$ åhUyZ ^wO§J ‘olm‘ ¶m§Mr M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>rb ¶m§À¶mda {b{hbobr "amO‘mJm©daMm
’$H$sa' hr EH$ H${dVm d AéU H$mio ¶m§À¶m "Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$' ‘Yrb ~hþVm§e àý Agboë¶m
H${dVoÀ¶m AmoitMo {ZarjU H$ê$.
ImOoMm Hw$Umbm A§XmO?
A§XmOmM§ Hw$R>o {Z¶moOZ?
{Z¶moOZmM§ Hw$R>o Hw$Qw>§~{Z¶moOZ?
{Z¶moOZmÀ¶m Hw$R>o ¶moOZm?
¶moOZm§À¶m Hw$R>o ~moJZdobr?
dobr˦m Hw$R>o Zm{JUr?
Zm{JUt˦m Hw$R>o H$mVr?
H$mVrÀ¶m hmVmoS>r Om{Udm Hw$R>o?... ("A^wO ‘mS>') (‘olm‘, ^wO§J … 2008 … 131)
darb àýmV eodQ>À¶m eãXmVyZ Xþgè¶m àýmMr gwédmV hmoVo. Aem aMZoV Amboë¶m
¶‘H$mg N>§Xm‘ܶo Xm‘¶‘H$ åhQ>bo OmVo. ‘olm‘ ¶m§À¶m H${dVoà‘mUo AéU H$mio ¶m§À¶m
H${dVoVhr àýmË‘H$ e¡br AmT>iVo. "Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV àýe¡brMo àm~ë¶
{XgVo. "à¶moOZ' ¶m n{hë¶mM H${dVoV Aer àýmdbr gwê$ hmoVo.
hr Jwbm‘m§Mr amon§ H$moU H$aV§¶ {dH${gV ? / H$moU H$aV§¶ J«§Wm‘YyZ H$YrMr ? /
~OoQ>‘YyZ añ˶mV AW© Zgboë¶m dñ˶m§V ? / hr V¥îUm, hm {gH§$Xa, hm {hQ>ba, hm ~wÕ /
V¥îUm Zmhrer Pmbr Va H$m¶ hmoV§? /gmoݶmMm Am{U nmʶmMm ^md S>mD$Z hmoVmo H$m¶ ? (1)
H$m¶ AgV§ Am¶wî¶? (1), Vw¶m MmoMrÀ¶m Ymaobm / H$m ‘mZVmo AZmoiIr? (2), H$mZmda
hmV R>odʶmV / H$moUVo ehmUnU?, nmnUrV {M‘Urbm H$m|Sy>Z / H$moU hmoB©b A„mMr Jm¶ ?/
S>moù¶mVrb ~wS>~wS>çm§‘ܶo Ord KmbyZ PmH$Vm ¶oB©b H$m ed{M{H$Ëgm? / qhgm, / Hw$Ur Ho$b§
250
ho àW‘ XþîH¥$˶? Hw$R>bm nmo. ho. H$m°. H$arV Amho / nwT>bm Vnmg ? / Hw$R>ë¶m Xþ{~©UrMr Zir
nmoMy eH$Vo n{hë¶m dmaXmVn¶ªV ? (3) {VWyZM Pmbr H$s H$m¶ {Z‘m©U / hr gw§Xa gOrdVm?
/ JwUgyÌ/ hoM Amho H$s H$m¶ n{hbo gÌ? hoM {ZKVrb H$m¶ IUyZ YmJoXmoao? (4) nU
qhgoÀ¶m AmYrhr qhgm AgVo / qhgm Z§Va qhgm S|>Oag / øm gdmªMr ñdrH$mê$ H$m¶ ‘r
O~m~Xmar? (5 ), ho ‘hmZ Jdí¶m! / ho ¶wÕ EH$mpË‘H$ nmVirda qOHy$Z / g‘yhm§Zm JmaX
H$ê$Z H$gm Mmbbmg nwT>o / ¶m eVH$mV-ghòH$mV? / øm ‘ܶ¶wJrZ / AmdamgmdarH$S§>
H$moU nmhrb? (9), ~ir XmXm§Zmo! / Vwåhr ‘Zdbm CËgd / {‘bo{Z¶‘Mm ¹$mQ>©a^a Xmê$ {nD$Z
/ nmd {H$bmo ‘ÀN>r ImD$Z / KmQ>m, VmR>m, dmQ>m / ¶mda H$aUma H$s Zmhr H$m‘? ‘m¶m~Ôb
H$m¶ nwgVm? / ho H§$Jmb ~ZdUmao YZmXoe AZmXarV H$aVmo ‘r / øm njnmVr eVH$m§er C^m
Xmdm ‘m§S>Vmo ‘r / øm eVH$m§À¶m nbrH$S>o amhVmo ‘r (13), Xþ…I A§{V‘ g˶ Amho / Vy A§{V‘
Amhog H$m ~onmar? (14) hr pIS>H$s XmoZ hOmamdr ho {dda {H$Vr hOmamd§? hr Jwhm {H$Vr
hOmamdr? (21) Hw$R>§da OmB©b Vmo EH$m§VmV?/ Iar ZmVr Yyga Pmë¶mda / Zm˶m§Mr amhrb
H$m Xm§{^H$Vm?
{H$‘mZ hmoB©b H$m / AmñWodmB©H$ Mm¡H$er Jd§S>r gwVma qH$dm dm°b n|Q>aMr? / Og§
{dMmab§ OmV§ Zmd-Jmd doí¶obm EH$m§VmV (31), EH$mMr hmoV Zmhr H§$nZr / EH$ Jar~ nwÝhm
EH$mH$s Pmbm ˶mbm ~hþamï´>dmë¶mZo H§$nZr {Xbr / Vwåhr ~hþOZm§Mo H$m? / ¶mbm åhUVm H$m¶
ao Iwbr ñnYm©? / H$m¶ AgV§ ao VwP§ Vo OmJ{VH$sH$aU-ImOJrH$aU? (48), Am{U
H$mJXmÀ¶m ZmoQ>m§Zr ˶m§À¶mda dma H$aVm / XodZdar Am{U ‘wair H$ê$Z n¡go CYiVm / ˶m§Mo
WmZ§ Am{U Hw$„o VmoS>ë¶mgmaIo AmoT>Vm / Og§ EH$m gä¶ / amjg amOmÀ¶m ~{hUrM§ H$mnb§
Job§ ZmH$, WmZ§ / AZ² Varhr Vmo dmJbm gwg§ñH¥$VnUo AemoH$dZmV / ho Vwåhr gmo¶rñH$anUo
{dgaVm? (54) Va, øm gdgm§O§bm H$m¶ Amho VwP§ J{UV? / H$m¶ Amho VwP§ amOH$maU? /
gmC§S> ày’$ Ho${~Z‘ܶo / øm qhgo~Ôb Vy H$m¶ ~mobUmahog? (57)
H$m‘Ym‘ gmoSy>Z / nwam Xoe {^S>bm ao{S>Amo-Q>rìhrbm / ~m§YH$m‘mdarb {^Sy§>Mr {deof
{Q>ßnUr / ˶mZbo H$amoS>mo én¶m BZm‘ {‘iVrZ/ nU Xogbm H$m¶ {‘ig²? (77) amï´>^³Vrna
JmU§ {bdë¶mda Bƒmab§ / amï´>r¶ËdmMm XmIbm OmoS>bm Zm¶?
^³VrMm JOa PmonoV ~§X H$ê$Z / dmid§Q>mV AmQ>çmnmQ>çm IoiUmao dmKmS>rMo g§ V / A§Jmda
¶oD$Z {dMmaVmV ^³VrMm AZ² Vw‘Mm g§~§Y H$m¶? (82) (H$mio, AéU … 2006 … 1-82)

251
 darb XmoÝhr H$dr d ˶m§Mr H${dVm hr gm‘m{OH$ Ame¶mZo g‘¥Õ Amho. ˶mMm n[anmH$
åhUyZ gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶, Ym{‘©H$, dU©, OmVr, ^mfm, qbJ, ì¶dgm¶, amï´>r¶Ëd, ImgJrH$aU,
OmJ{VH$sH$aU ¶m OJS²ì¶mi ì¶dñWm§da ¶m H${dVoV H$moaS>o AmoT>V ˶m§Zm {ZéÎma H$ê$Z Q>mH$Umao
àý {dMmabo OmV AmhoV. H${dVmg§J«hm§Mr erf©Ho$hr àýmË‘H$ Aer AmhoV. "...Am{U eodQ>r
H$m¶ Pmbo?' (bmoH$ZmW ¶ed§V), "Hw$UrM H$go ~mobV Zmhr?' (AemoH$ H$moVdmb), ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoV gm‘m{OH$ Ame¶ YmaU H$aUmè¶m H${dVm§‘ܶo àýmË‘H$ e¡brMo àm~ë¶ d Cn¶moOZ
AmT>iVo.
6.5.4. Cnamo{YH$ Am{U CnhmgmË‘H$ eãXe¡br
CnamoY d Cnhmg ho H$moU˶mhr H$mimVrb H${dVoMo EH$ A§J^yV d¡{eïç ‘mZbo OmVo.
H${dVoMm Vmo EH$ ‘hÎdmMm AmYma Amho. H${dVoVrb dH«$mo³Vr hm Omo JwU Amho ˶m AZwf§JmZo
CnamoY d Cnhmg {dH${gV hmoVmZm {XgVmo. Xa H$mimV hm Cnhmg ˶m ˶m g‘H$mbmVrb {Z‘m©U
Pmboë¶m ^mfoMr gmj nQ>dV AgVmo. CnamoY d CnhmgmMr ^mdZm EH$M Agbr Var Xa
H$mimV AdVaUmar eãXH$im ˶mbm ZdonUm àmá H$ê$Z XoVo. ¶m AWm©Zo ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVrb
CnamoY d Cnhmg ¶m§Mr H$mhr àm{V{Z{YH$ åhUVm ¶oVrb Aer emoYmd¶mMr AmhoV.
AéU H$mio ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV CnamoY Am{U CnhmgmMo àm~ë¶ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda AmT>iVo.
"Ia§ ~mobb§ H$s g»»¶m AmB©bm amJ ¶oVmo' ¶m erf©H$mZo gwê$ Pmbobr H${dVm ¶m ^mdZo Mo
à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo.
‘mUgmZo Xod ~Zdbm
XodmZo ~Zdbm g§JUH$
Ia§ ~mobb§ H$s g»»¶m AmB©bm amJ ¶oVmo...
qH$dm
XodrÀ¶m amo½¶mdmZr
Zï> hmoVmo¶ H$maHy$Z
ZmJS§> g˶ CKS>çm§Zm {XgV Zmhr
~X~Xm nS>Umè¶m§Mm M‘Mmhr ^aV Zmhr.
‘mVoÀ¶m XþYmbm {‘iV§¶ ‘mH}$Q>
‘mUgmbm {‘iVo¶ EH$ñM|O Am°’$a
nwamoJm‘r XþH$mZmV MmbV§¶ Hw$UmM§hr H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©
252
 nwÝhm nwÝhm VoM {df¶ KoD$Z
narjm XoVmV n[adV©ZmÀ¶m Midir
H$ma^maUrgmaI§ MwnMmn
Hw$UmÀ¶m ‘mJ§ Mmbb§ Amho ~m¡{ÕH$ ZoV¥Ëd?
amVmoamV H«$m§VrMr ñdßZo nmhUmè¶m§Zm
gH$mir ìhmd§ bmJV§ hmñ¶mñnX... (Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$)
(H$mio, AéU … 2006 … 32-33)
AéU H$mio ¶m§À¶m darb H${dVm Amoit‘ܶo àIa Aem àH$maMm gm‘m{OH$ CnamoY
d Cnhmg H$drZo Ho$bm Amho. Zì¶m V§ÌkmZmMr OmoS> {‘iyZhr bmoH$ nma§n[aH$ {dMmagaUr gmoS>V
ZmhrV ¶mMm H«$moY H$drÀ¶m R>m¶r Agë¶mZo ˶m§Zm ZH$ma XoʶmgmR>r Vmo g»»¶m AmB©bm amJ
¶oʶmMr Cn‘m dmnaVmo Amho.
CnamoY Am{U CnhmgmMm gya hm gm‘m{OH$ åhUdë¶m OmUmè¶m H${dVm§‘ܶo A˶§V Vrd«
ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. ZìdXmoÎmar dmñVd ‘m§S>Umè¶m Am§~oS>H$ar, Am{Xdmgr, J«m‘rU, ór-H${dVoV
hm CnamoY Am{U Cnhmg àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmo.
6.6. H${dVoMr b¶ ê$no
b¶ hr H${dVoMr àmW{‘H$ AQ> Amho. b¶r{edm¶ H${dVoMr MMm© {Zî’$i R>aVo. H${dVobm
Amdí¶H$ Agbobr à‘mU A§J^yV JaO åhUOo b¶ hmo¶. H${dVoV Agbobr b¶ XmoZ àH$mao
{dMmamV KoVm ¶oD$ eH$Vo.
1. N>§Xgmnoj b¶
2. N>§X{Zanoj b¶
H${dVoV Agbobr b¶ ¶m XmoZ àH$mamÛmao {dMmamV KoVbr OmVo. ¶mVrb H$moU˶mhr EH$m
àH$mamVrb b¶ hrM H${dVoMr b¶ Ago åhUVm ¶oD$ eH$V Zmhr. b¶ hr ~hþYm N>§X åhUyZ
{dMmamV KoʶmMm àKmV Agë¶mZo Agm Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. b¶ åhUOo N>§X d ˶mMo Jo¶ ê$n
hoM b¶rMo A§{V‘ ê$n g‘Obo OmVo, VWm{n N>§X{Zanoj b¶ hrXoIrb H${dVoMo EH$ ‘hÎdmMo
d¡{eïç Amho. ‘amR>rV {dH$mg nmdbobr gd© Zdr H${dVm hr N>§X{Zanoj b¶rMo gdmªV ‘moR>o
CXmhaU Amho. N>§XmVrb H${dVm hr Aja‘mÌmd¥Îm, AjaJUd¥Îm Aem XmoZ àH$mam§V AmT>iVo.
JrVmMr aMZm H$aʶmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Owݶm H${dVoV XmoÝhr d¥Îm àH$mam§Mm {deof Aä¶mg H$dr H$aV
AgV, dmMUmamhr ho ܶmZr KoD$Z H${dVm dmMV Ago. ‘mÌ ~Xb˶m gm{h˶g§H$ënZm d
253
˶mVrb àgaUerbVm ¶m H$maUmZo N>§X{Zanoj b¶ Agbobr H${dVmhr VodT>rM ‘hÎdmMr
Agë¶mMo {gÕ Pmbo. H$mobarOZo b¶ d H${dVm ¶m g§X^m©V Best words in the Best order

Aer ‘hÎdnyU© ì¶m»¶m H$ê$Z H${dVoVrb A§VJ©V b¶ H$er ‘hÎdmMo AgVo, ho {gÕ Ho$bo.
nma§n[aH$ H${dVoVrb àgmX, ‘mYw¶©, AmoO ¶m H$mì¶mJwUmV ‘mYw¶© d AmoO ho H${dVoVrb b¶r‘wioM
àmá hmoV AgVo. H${dVoÀ¶m A§VJ©V b¶rV eãXH«$‘, eãXñWmZ ¶m§Mo ‘hÎd AgVo. H${dVoV
{Z‘m©U hmoUmar ZmXb¶ hr àmg, AZwàmg, Ab§H$ma, ¶‘H$, à{V‘m ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
AmYw{ZH$-CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S> hm A§VJ©V H$mì¶b¶rMm AWm©V ‘w³VN>§XmMm åhUyZM
AmoiIbm OmVmo. H${dVoVrb b¶ ho H${dVoMo A§J^yV àmUVÎd ‘mZbo Jobo Amho.
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb H${dVoMr b¶ hr ê$no N>§X{Zanoj b¶rMo AZwgaU H$aVo
Amho. VWm{n, ˶mV b¶rMo A§J åhUyZ J«m‘rU H${dVogma»¶m AndmXmË‘H$ H$mhr {R>H$mUr N>§X,
‘mÌm aMZm ¶m§Mo AZwgaU Ho$bo Amho. ~hþVm§e H${dVm ¶m ‘w³VN>§XmV Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
‘w³VN>§XmMr XoIrb Ajao d ‘mÌm ‘moOVm ¶oD$ eH$VmV. ˶mVrb b¶rMo ^mZ ¶oʶmgmR>r Aer
‘moOUr H$ê$Z A§VJ©V b¶rMm ‘wÔm ñnï> H$aUo eŠ¶ Amho.
OÝ‘ XoVmo EH$ Y‘©,
EH$ OmV EH$ emn 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16 Ajao 8 +6+ 5+5 =24 ‘mÌm
EH$ dJ©, EH$ qbJ, EH$ ‘mn 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 Ajao 6+5+5 =16 ‘mÌm
EH$ eara, EH$ AmB©, EH$ ~mn 5 + 4 + 4 = 13 Ajao 6+ 6+ 5 = 17 ‘mÌm
EH$ Xoe, EH$ eha, EH$ ^mJ 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 Ajao 5 +5 +5 = 15 ‘mÌm

... ("~XbV Jobobr ghr') (Hw$bH$Uu, A§Obr : 2009 : 2)

darb H${dVoV Ambobo gd© eãX, ˶m§Mm H«$‘, ˶m§Mo ñWmZ, ˶m§Mr Pmbobr {ZdS> hr
H$drH$Sy>Z AmnmoAmn KS>V Joë¶mMo {XgVo. H${dVm gwMV AgVmZm Vr EH$m {d{eï> b¶ d
AmKmVmV gwMV OmVo. eãXm§Mr ‘m§S>Ur H$drH$Sy>Z KS>V OmVo, ˶mV EH$ A§VJ©V b¶ gmYbr
OmVo. darb H${dVm§À¶m AmoirV Ambobo Aja AmKmVg§»¶m H$‘r OmñV Amho. VWm{n, ˶mVrb
dmMZ H$aVmZm ˶mV AmKmV ܶmZr KoV dmMVmZm Vo lw{VJå¶ hmoVo. {Vgè¶m MaUmVë¶m n{hë¶m
^mJmV 5 Ajao Agbr Var Vr EHy$U dmMZmV H${dVoV gmdabr Jobr AmhoV. gd© ~oarO 4
Aer ¶oVo. ¶mM AWm©Zo ‘mÌm ‘moOë¶m AgVm ˶mVrb ‘mÌm g§»¶m 24, 16, 17, 15 Aer
Amho. H$drÀ¶m ‘ZmoYmaUoVyZ AmH$mambm ¶oVmV VoìhmM Vo ñdV…Mo dOZ, ñWmZ, à‘mU KoD$Z
OÝ‘V AgVmV. darb H${dVoV AmnUmg hm {‘bm’$ Pmbobm {XgVmo. Aem nÕVrZo H${dVoMo
254
{dûcofU H$ê$Z XmI{dVm ¶oVo. H${dVm hr ‘yi ^mdpñWVr Agë¶mZo ˶m ^mdpñWVrV gwMUmao
eãX d b¶ hr A§J^yV Aer AgVo. ‘w³VN>§XmVhr A§VJ©V b¶ gmYbobr AgVo. ¶mMm à˶¶
darb CXmhaUmdê$Z ¶oVmo. Aem nÕVrZo H$moU˶mhr H${dVoMr VnmgUr H$aVm ¶oVo.
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV gd© àdmhmVrb H$dtZr ‘w³VN>§X AZwgabm Amho. g§Ord
Im§S>oH$a ¶m§Zr ‘T>}H$ar e¡brMr AmoiI ~Zbobm nmXmHw$bH$ N>§X dmnê$Z ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVm
{b{hbr Amho. ‘ݶm OmoerZo Owݶm H${dVm§À¶m e¡brMr {dS§>~Zo Ho$br AmhoV. ˶mVrb b¶
OmUrdnyd©H$ {~KS>dbr Amho. lrYa {Vido ¶m§Zr ‘w³VN>§XmVM ‘w³V JPboMo à¶moJ Ho$bo AmhoV.
‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio, {XZH$a ‘Zda ¶m§Zr ‘w³VN>§XmVhr AZoH$ à¶moJ H$aV H${dVm {b{hbr
Agë¶mMo {XgVo. AéU H$mio, ^wO§J ‘olm‘, ZraOm, H${dVm ‘hmOZ, àkm ndma ¶m§Zr
‘w³VN>§XmVhr AZoH$ à¶moJ Ho$bo AmhoV. eãXb¶rÀ¶m g§X^m©Zo AZoH$ b¶ VÎdmMr {M{H$Ëgm
Ho$br Ver d AW©JV Aem ñdénmV XoIrb hr VnmgUr H$aVm ¶oVo. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb
H$mhr e¡br Cnm¶m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoD$ ¶m.
6.6.1. g‘mÝVaVm e¡br
"g‘mÝVaVm' e¡br Cnm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m AmYr nmhUo JaOoMo Amho. ""eãXJV b¶ gmYUmao
XmoZ d A{YH$ eãX Ooìhm AW©Ñïçm g‘mZ dm {damoYr AWm©Zo nañnam§Mm Vmob gm§^miVmV Voìhm
¶m eãXmVyZ AW©gm嶑ybH$ dm AW©d¡f嶑ybH$ b¶ gmH$maVo. AWm©V, ¶oWo g§dmXb¶ dm
{damoYb¶ gmH$maVo. XmoZ AmoitVyZ Aer b¶ gmYbr Jobr H$s "g‘mÝVaVm'hm e¡br Cnm¶
gmYbm OmVmo.'' (^¥Jwdma, gwaoe : 2006 : 220) ¶m ì¶m»¶oZwgma H${dVoV EH$mMdoir
g§dmXb¶ d {damoYb¶ AmH$mambm ¶oVo. AWm©V ho H$aVmZm H$moUVmhr H$dr OmUrdnyd©H$ Aer
aMZm H$aV Zmhr ˶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z H${dVm gwMʶmÀ¶m d {b{hʶmÀ¶m AmKmVmV hr à{H«$¶m KS>V
AgVo.
ømMr ^yH$
˶mMr ^yH$
^yH$ Ver EH$M AgVo
öX¶mVrb
ImobdaMr
OI‘ Ver ZoH$M AgVo ... ("EH$m ^maVr¶ {dÚm϶m©Mo CÒma')
({Vido, lrYa … 2004 … 17)
255
 lrYa {Vido ¶m§À¶m ¶m H${dVoÀ¶m AmoirV g§dmXb¶ AmH$mambm Ambr Agë¶mMo
{XgVo. ‘w³VN>§XmVhr hr b¶ gmH$mabobr {XgVo ho {deof. nydu Aer CXmhaUo emoYʶmgmR>r
N>§Xmo~Õ H${dVm§Mm emoY ¿¶mdm bmJV Ago. ˶mMgmo~V {damoYb¶XoIrb H$mhr H${dVm§‘ܶo
gmnS>Vo.
Ajam§Mr bmQ> H$Yr
H$Yr eãXm§À¶m ‘mim
Xþ…ImMr dmQ> H$Yr,
H$Yr gwImdbobm ‘im
OJʶmMr arV Aer
OUy Vbdmar˦m Ymam
H$Yr {VMr ‘mZ hmVr
H$Yr Vr Amnë¶mM {eam .... ("R>go ~Xbboë¶m ‘w¸$m‘mdê$Z')
(¶odbo, {dZm¶H$ … 2014 … 41)
{dZm¶H$ ¶odbo ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV hr {damoYb¶ AmT>iVo. AZoH$ H$dr d ˶m§À¶m
H${dVm§‘YyZ g§dmXb¶ d {damoYb¶ Xe©{dUmar CXmhaUo AmnUmg gmnS>VmV. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r
H${dVoV g‘mÝVaVm e¡br Cnm¶m§Mm AmT>i hmoVmo ho JÚàm¶VoMm Amamon hmoVmo, ˶m nmœ©^y‘rda
A˶§V ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo. ¶m AmamonmMo {ZamH$aU hmoVo. VWm{n, ho gd©M H$dr d ˶m§À¶m H${dVm§‘ܶo
Aem hì¶m ˶m H«$‘mZo Agboë¶m AmT>iV Zmhr. VWm{n, Ame¶mË‘H$ g§dmXb¶ VgoM {damoYb¶
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV AmT>iVo.
6.6.2. nmbwnX e¡br
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV nmbwnXmÀ¶m gmømZo eãX, dmŠ¶ nwZamd¥ÎmrZo b¶ gmYʶmH$S>o
H$dtMm H$b {XgVmo. ho nmbwnX H§$Q>midmUo Z hmoVm Vr XaAmoirV {Zamim Ame¶ àjo{nV H$aV
AgVo. ho‘§V {XdQ>o, g§Ord Im§S>oH$a, dO}e gmob§H$s ¶m§Zr ˶m§À¶m H$mhr H${dVm§V nmbwnX /
nwZamd¥Îmr b¶ dmnabr Amho. VWm{n, ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio, {XZH$a ‘Zda ¶m§À¶m EHy$UM
H${dVmboIZmV ¶mMo àm~ë¶ AmT>iVo. CXmhaU åhUyZ {XZH$a ‘Zda ¶m§À¶m "AOyZhr ~a§M
H$mhr ~mH$s' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmÀ¶m ‘bn¥ð>mda Agbobr H${dVm nmhVm ¶oB©b.
åhUOo AOyZhr ~a§M H$mhr ~mH$s Agmd§ Z gm§{JVbob§
åhUOo AOyZhr ~arM H$mhr dm’$ dmhÿZ OmUmam¶o
256
 åhUOo AOyZhr hr n¥Ïdr ~arM CIabr OmUmam¶o
åhUOo AOyZhr ~a§M H$mhr ~mH$s Agmd§ Z {b{hbob§
åhUOo AOyZhr ~arM H$mhr ^mfm Zï> hmoUmam¶o
åhUOo AOyZhr ~aoM H$mhr g‘wÐ ImaQ> hmoUmam¶oV
åhUOo AOyZhr ~a§Mg§ H$mhr ~mH$s Amho H$emVVar
åhUOo AOyZhr AmUIr nmZ§ AZ H$mZ§hr hdr¶oV H$mhrVar {b{hʶmgmR>r AZ
EoH$ʶmgmR>r Am{U Varhr ~a§M H$mhr gm§JU§ ~mH$s AgUmam¶o
...("AOyZhr ~a§M H$mhr ~mH$s') (‘Zda, {XZH$a … 2016 : 45)
darb CXmhaUmV AZoH$ doim "åhUOo AOyZhr ~a§M H$mhr ~mH$s Agmd§' Ago nmbwnX
bmdV AZoH$ Jmoï>r gm§{JVë¶m Joë¶m AmhoV. nwZamd¥Îm Ame¶ Agohr ¶mg åhUVm ¶oB©b.
Üd{Zn[aUm‘ nwÝhm nwÝhm hmoUmè¶m Amd¥Îmr‘wio ldUr¶XoIrb ~ZV AgVmo. ho {ZarjU Aem
CXmhaUmdê$Z gm§JVm ¶oVo. ¶mM nÕVrMo AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU...
˶m ~mobV hmo˶m Yyi-’$’w$Q>m A§Jmda KoD$Z
˶m ZmMV hmo˶m Amnë¶m Vã¶oVrV Am~ amIyZ
˶m ZmMV hmo˶m AmZ§Xgmohù¶mV gh^mJr hmoD$Z
˶m ZmMV hmo˶m ‘Zmer g§dmX ìhmdm åhUyZ
˶m ZmMV hmo˶m Amnë¶m gItZm nmqR>~m XoD$Z
˶m ZmMV hmo˶m OÝ‘moOÝ‘rM§ ‘w³V ‘moH$i§ hmoD$Z
...("Vrd« EH$m§VmVë¶m OrU© H$mimoImV') (OmYd, ‘Zmoha … 2014 … 70)
nmbwnX bmdë¶mgmaIo ~mobV amhʶmMr H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm gd¶ AgVo. ˶m bH$~rMm
hþ~ohÿ~ dmna ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimVrb H$dtZr Ho$bm Amho. Aer ‘w~bH$ CXmhaUo ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r
H${dVoV gmnS>VmV.
6.6.3. Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$ e¡br
Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$Vm hr à^md{M{H$ËgoMr nÕVr Agbr Var Vr EH$m à^mdmVyZ Xþgao
Zdo H$mhr OÝ‘mbm KmbV AgVo. Vm¡b{ZH$ {M{H$ËgoV Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$Vm (Intertexuality) hr
‘hÎdmMr emoYnÕVr AgyZ, {VMm dmna H$ê$Z H${dVoVrb AZoH$ ahñ¶m§Mm emoY ˶mÛmao KoVm
¶oVmo. EH$m ^mfoMm Xþgè¶m ^mfoda Agbobm à^md hm gmYmaU ‘mZbm OmVmo. VWm{n, EH$mM
^mfoVrb boIH$/ H$dr Ooìhm JU‘mݶ Aem g§{hVm Amnë¶m g§{hVoÀ¶m A§VJ©V AmUVmV.
257
àg§Jr ˶m§À¶m e¡brMo {dS§>~Z H$aVmV. ‘ݶm Omoer ¶m§Zr Aem Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$Vm H${dVm
{b{hë¶m AmhoV. Ho$edgwV, ~m. gr. ‘T>}H$a, JrVH$ma em§Vmam‘ AmR>dbo, ‘§Joe nmS>JmdH$a,
qhXr H$dr Yw{‘b ¶m§À¶m JmOboë¶m H${dVm, JrV, JPboMr Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$Vm V¶ma H$aV
˶m§À¶m H${dVm/ JrV AmoitMm dmna H$aV e¡br {dS§>~Z Ho$bo Amho. ˶mMr CXmhaUo
nwT>rbà‘mUo...
1. EH$ VwVmar Úm ¶mg AmUwZr ~gob Omo Or JmS>rV KmbwZr nanwï> C§Xra Amobo
‘ê$Z nS>Vrb øw‘°{ZñQ> - Ho$edgwV, ~m. gr. ‘T>}H$a
2. ‘waJië¶m{dZ ‘mZm AMmQ> VmZm ew^§H$amoVr g§Ü¶mdoim bIbI VoOmMr
M§Xoar nw{iH$m - ~m. gr. ‘T>}H$a, JrVH$ma em§Vmam‘ AmR>dbo
3. XþI Zht H$moB© {H$ A~ CnbpãY¶m| Ho$ Zm‘ na Am¡a Hw$N> hmo ¶m Z hmo,
AmH$me gr N>mVr Vmo h¡ Am{U IwiMQ> AmQ>©M§ {S>gQ>m°Q>|S> bmoJmogopÝQ´>H$ - Yw{‘b
4. eãXmdmMyZ AS>bo gmao eãXm{dU H$ibobo - ‘§Joe nmS>JmdH$a
darb AmoirVyZ VËH$mbrZ JmOboë¶m JrV, H${dVm§Mr ghOVoZo AmR>dU hmoVo. Owݶm
e¡brbm ZdrZ eãX d H$ënZm§Mr OmoS> XoV ‘ݶm Omoer ¶m§Zr ˶m§À¶m H${dVoV Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$Vm
gmYbr Amho.
¶mM nÕVrZo
‘ao EH$ ˶mMm XþOm dmho
eodQ>r ¶m OJʶmV Vgo H$m¶ Amho?
- JmoqdXmJ«O ("^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m')
qH$dm
gmam Xoe Pmbm AmVm EH$ ~§{Xembm
XodH$sMm nmÝhm {OWo XþYmZo Oimbm
ho åhUUmam H$dr añ˶mV {eiyZ ‘mamdm...gwaoe ^Q>
("^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m')
¶m Am§Vag§{hVm AJXr àdmhr nÕVrZo AgyZ H$drZo Amnbo ì¶{³V‘Îd BVa H$drgmo~V
gh‘V R>odV ˶mÀ¶m na§naobm H$mhr àý {dMmabo AmhoV. H$moR>o nwñVr OmoS>br Amho, Va H$mhr
{R>H$mUr ˶mg n¶m©¶r {dMmam§Mo gyMZ Ho$bo Amho. ¶m~m~V ‘T>}H$a ho Am§Vag§{hVoMo Ogo MmhVo
hmoVo, VgoM ˶m§À¶m nX{MÝhmda MmbUmao H$dr ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV {Z‘m©U Pmbo. "AOyZhr
258
¶oVmo dmg ’w$bm§Zm' Aer H${dVm {b{hVmZm {XZH$a ‘Zda ho "‘T>}H$a' ¶m§Zm AmR>dV AgVmV.
a’$sH$ gyaO ¶m§À¶m "gm|J KoD$Z hm nmoa' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmVrb "Ho$gmi H$mio^moa Hw$ͶmMo {n„z'
ho H${dVoMo erf©H$ {Xbrn nwéfmoÎm‘ ¶m§À¶m "Ho$gmi H$mio^moa {n„z' ¶m à{gÕ H$WoÀ¶m erf©H$mMr
AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoVo. n¥ÏdramO Vm¡a ¶m§À¶m "H$ë¶mU Jmdm‘ܶo' ¶m H${dVoV na§naoZo g§V
kmZoœam§À¶m Zmdmda Agboë¶m "H$mQ>çmÀ¶m AUrda dgVr VrZ Jmd' ¶m ^méS>mMr Am§Vag§{hVm
Ambobr AmT>iVo.
H$ë¶mU Jmdm‘ܶo
‘obo e§^a bmoH$
gma§ Jmd ‘ob§
EH$ ‘aoMZm

{X„r Xa~mamV
O‘bo hOma ‘wHo$
{Zìdi Jm|JmQ> ZwñVm
EH$ ~mobo{MZm

EH$m Xoem‘ܶo
XmoZ AãO nwVio
gJirH$S>o X§JoYmono
EH$ Wm§~oMZm... ("Jmd Am{U ehamÀ¶m ‘Ymo‘Y')(Vm¡a, n¥ÏdramO : 2013 … 88)
hr Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$Vm ‘yi ^méS>mVrb dgo{MZm, K{S>MZm, ^mOo{MZm, {eOo{MZm,
Oo{dMZm, ’$io{MZm, dmMo{MZm, Mmbo{MZm, {Xgo{MZm, H$io{MZm Aem {H«$¶mnXm§nmgyZ nwT>o
{dñVma nmdV ~Zbobr ‘aoMZm, ~mobo{MZm, Wm§~oMZm Aer ~ZdVmZm H$drÀ¶m ZOaog‘moa ho
^mê$S> hmoVo, Ago åhUmdo bmJVo.
erf©H$mVrb Am§Vag§{hVm nwT>rb H$mhr erf©Ho$ ñnï> H$aVmV- OmhraZm‘m (Zmam¶U gwd})
- ^«{‘ï>mMo emoH$JrV (Vwieram‘ H$mOo), ^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m (g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma) ¶m
erf©H$§$V daH$aUr gmå¶ AmT>iVo.

259
 A§Obr Hw$bH$Uu ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ~mbH$dr d ^m. am. Vm§~o ¶m§À¶m g§{hVoMm n[aM¶ ¶oVmo.
~mbH$dtÀ¶m "Am¡Xþ§~a' ¶m H${dVoMr AmR>dU ¶mdr Aer "S>moh' erf©H$mMr H${dVm Ambobr Amho.
˶mVrb {Zimgmdim, S>moh, Ago eãX Agbobr hr H${dVm ho gyMZ H$aVo. Vm§ã¶m§À¶m H${dVoVrb
"Hw$R>o ~wS>mbm Vmo gmoݶmMm Jmoim' ¶m à{V‘m¶w³VnXaMZoMm à˶¶ "gy¶m©ñVgmoZo Var nmPao' ¶m
Hw$bH$Uv˦m nXaMZoV Ambobm {XgVmo.
{ZimgmdimS>moh hm A§Va§Jr Oar ñVãY dê$Zr Oio gmaIm
Oar n¥ð>nmUr Z hmbo Zm Mmbo, Var AmV em§Vrg hm nmaIm
{XgoZm Oar AmVbo {dœ ‘moR>o Var H¥$îU{ddamV ¶mÀ¶m Pao
Oar XmQ> H$mù¶m Wam§VyZ OmB©, gy¶m©ñVgmoZo Var nmPao...
("amÌ, Xþ:I Am{U H${dVm') (Hw$bH$Uu, A§Obr : 2015 : 61)
gbrb dmK ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ~mbH$dtÀ¶m Am¡Xþ§~amMr AmR>dU ¶oVo. Vo {b{hVmV', EobVQ>r
Am¡Xþ§~a / n¡bWS>r ~moMm Amobm / Amåhr gm°âQ>doAaMo ^§Jr / H$mTy> KmU ¶m H$mR>mbm' ¶m
àH$maMm CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ AZmXamMm n{dÌm Agbobr Am§Vag§{hVm Ambobr Amho. ‘ݶm Omoer
¶m§À¶mà‘mUo gbrb dmKXoIrb ‘amR>r ^mfm, Apñ‘Vm, àmXo{eH$ V§Q>o-~IoS>o ¶mV ‘V Zm|X{dUmao
Ago H$dr AmhoV. ˶m§Zr Hw$gw‘mJ«Om§Mr JmObobr "ñ‘¥Vr' hr {demIm H${dVmg§J«hmVrb ~hþM{M©V
H${dVm,
""ZdbmI VinVr Xrn {dOoMo ¶oW
CVabr VmaH$mXio OUy ZJamV
nar ñ‘aVo Am{UH$ H$aVo ì¶mHw$i Ho$ìhm§
˶m ‘mOKamVrb ‘§X {Xì¶mMr dmV... {demIm ("Hw$gw‘mJ«O' … 1944 : 37)
¶m H${dVoMr Am§Vag§{hVogmR>r {ZdS> Ho$bobr {XgVo. JmdmV drO Ambr Z§Va ˶m§À¶mZo ZJamV
{dOoMo Xrn COiyZ {ZKmbo Am{U ˶mV Amg‘§VmVrb Agbobr {ZgJ©g¥ï>r H$drg AmR>dy
bmJbr. gy¶m©ñV hmoVmM PmonyZ OmUmao OJ OmJoM amhÿ bmJbo. OUy AmH$merÀ¶m VmaH$m CVê$Z
Imbr Amë¶m. nU ˶m‘wio ‘ZmMr Am{U g¥ï>rMr VÝ‘¶Vm ^§J nmdbr. Aer EHy$U nwT>rb MaUo
nmhVm Hw$gw‘mJ«Om§Mr H${dVm Amho. VWm{n gbrb dmK ho CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ ehamMr Zdr Jmoï> gm§JV
AmhoV. ¶m H${dVoVbr "CVabr VmaH$mXio OUy ZJamV' Aer EH$ erf©C³Vr (Tagline)
Am§Vag§{hVm åhUyZ KoV dmKm§Zr H${dVm {b{hbr Amho.

260
CVabr VmaH$mXio OUy ZJamV...
g a dm§ Jr S´o> g H$mo S>
emo ^o go œm Z
n [a nyU© W Q> bo bo
‘wI gw§Xa ܶmZ
OJy ZH$mo AmVm
hmV
Ko AI§S>Vm
MH$mMH$
H$m|S>dmS>o
nmoëQ´>r’$m‘©
amOdmS>o
A°Šgog’$mñ¶m§Mo
Mnbmhma
Egr V~obo
Q>oZeZewXm
~Xm~Xm Am~mXrAm~mX
d¡amU H$m϶mHy$Q>
hmS>©H$moS> ‘mVr AmVm Ia§
Zmhr YS>JV OJm¶bm
Mbm Mbm bm°Q>ar
First < previous ...("aogH$mog© Am{U BVa H${dVm' : 8 )
¶m H${dVoV Am{U nwT>ohr Amboë¶m MaUmV AmOÀ¶m nwʶmVrb VoWrb Am¢Y, ~mUoa,
gwg, nmfmU Aem CnZJam§Mo dU©Z H$drZo Iw~rZo Ho$bo Amho. Hw$gw‘mJ«Om§À¶m ñ‘¥Vr H${dVoV
‘w§~B© ehamMo dU©Z Pmbo Agmdo Ago,
"hobmdo ^dVr gmJa ¶oW A’$mQ> / Vramda lr‘mZ B‘maVtMm WmQ>' ¶m Amoir dmMVm
OmUdVo. BWo H$dr ‘amR>r H${dVoV amhÿZ Jobobr CUrd AmOÀ¶m Am¶Q>r nmH©$ åhUyZ PiH$Umè¶m

261
nwUo ehamMo dU©Z H$ê$Z ˶mbm Vmo CÎmmAmYw{ZH$ ‘wIS>m MT>{dVmo Amho. H$mbn[adV©Z XmIdUmar
hr Am§Vag§{hVm Amho, Ago åhUmdo bmJVo.
dmhê$ gmoZdUo ho ˶m§À¶m "JmoYS>' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV qhXr {MÌnQ> "gañdVrM§Ð'‘Yrb
JrVH$ma B§{Xda ¶m§Mo {gZoJrV Am§Vag§{hVogmR>r {ZdS>V AmhoV.
""...ao{S>Amo EoH$V ~gbm hmoVm
H$maHy$Z PmS>mImbr -
gmdbrV,
M§XZgm ~XZ, M§Mbgr Mw^Z
Yrao go Voam ¶o ‘wñH$mZm...''
JmʶmMr YwZ EoHy$Z a
T>oH$io Km¶mi Pmbr AmUIrZ. ("JmoYS>') (gmoZdUo, dmhê$ … 2006 : 28-29)
ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimVrb E|erÀ¶m XeH$mVrb amoOJma h‘r H$m‘mdarb AmR>dUtMo {MÌU
eŠ¶ Amho. ao{S>Amo ho àgma‘mܶ‘ ˶m H$mimV gwn[a{MV hmoVo. g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma ¶m§À¶m
"~hmXÿa Wmnm Am{U BVa H${dVoV' "N>~y' ¶m ì¶p³V{MÌ H${dVoV à{gÕ qhXr JmʶmMm g§X^©
Amho.
""...Vìhm Vw¶m MmoarÀ¶m AmamonmVë¶m Oá Qw>BZda
nmobrg nmQ>u EoH$V hmoVr bVm ‘§JoeH$aM§ JmU§
"¶o ‘oao dVZ Ho$ bmoJmo Oam Am§I ‘| ^a bmo nmUr...
Omo ehrX hþE h¢ CZH$s Oam ¶mX H$amo Hw$~m©Zr'
N>~y,
Á¶m JmʶmMo ^bVoM AW© {ZKV hmoVo ˶mdoir ...
("~hmXÿa Wmnm Am{U BVa H${dVm) (ndma, g§Vmof … 2015 … 40)
Aem VèhoZo qhXr {MÌnQ> JrVm§Mm g§X^© Agbobr Am§Vag§{hVm ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV
g‘m{dï> Amho.
¶mVrb AmUIr EH$ ‘hÎdmMm ‘wÔm åhUOo ZìdXmoÎmar H$dt‘Yrb H$dtZr ZìdXmoÎmar
H$dtMrM Am§Vag§{hVogmR>r {ZdS> Ho$ë¶mMo AmT>iVo. dO}e gmob§H$s d gwXm‘ amR>moS> ¶m H$dtZr
AéU H$mio ¶m§À¶m H${dVm§Mr Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$VogmR>r {ZdS> Ho$br Amho.

262
6.7. H${dVoMr ‘mܶ‘ ^mfm
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV ^mfoMr AZoH$ ‘mܶ‘o dmnabr Jobr AmhoV. ‘m{hVrMm ñ’$moQ>
d ˶mVyZ àgma‘mܶ‘m§Mr ‘w~bH$Vm ¶mVyZ OZ‘mZgmV ^mfoMm ‘moR>m à^md V¶ma Pmbm.
AZoH$ joÌm§Vrb ^mfoMm ¶m H${dVobm g§X^© H${dVoV Agë¶mMo {XgVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aU d
‘mܶ‘àJVr ¶m§Mm OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV H$dtZr OmJ{VH$sH$aU d
‘mܶ‘àJVr ¶m§Zm AZwgê$Z AZoH$ Zì¶m H${dVm {b{hë¶m AmhoV. Á¶mà‘mUo ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoVrb "g§dmXmË‘H$Vm' Aä¶mgʶmV Ambr, ˶mM YVuda H$dtZr {d{dY OrdZjoÌo H${dVoV
{MVmabr AmhoV. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV ‘mo~mB©b, g§JUH$, B§Q>aZoQ>, d¥ÎmnÌo , Om{hamVr, Aem
‘mܶ‘m§Mm g§X^© Agbobr H${dVm {b{hbr Jobr Amho. ˶mVyZ H${dVoV dmnaboë¶m ‘mܶ‘
^mfoMo d¡{dܶ AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ˶mMr dJ©dmar nwT>rbà‘mUo H$aVm ¶oVo.
1. ‘mo~mB©b d g§JUH$mMr ^mfm
2. qhXr, B§J«Or ^mfoMm dmna
3. d¥ÎmnÌo d Om{hamVrVrb ^mfm
darb àH$mamVrb H${dVoMr ‘m{hVr ˶mVrb EHo$H$m ‘wÔ¶mZwgma KoD$ ¶m
6.7.1. ‘mo~mB©b d g§JUH$mMr ^mfm
ZìdXmoÎmar H$mi hm g§JUH$ d ‘mo~mB©b ¶m§À¶m dmT> d {dñVmamMm R>abm. Z§VaÀ¶m
H$mimV hr CnH$aUo gd©ì¶mnr hmoV Jobr. gd© ‘mZdr ì¶dhma d hmbMmbr ‘mo~mB©bZo {Z¶§{ÌV
Pmë¶m. ˶m~ÔbMo AZoH$ eãX H${dVoV ¶oD$ bmJbo. ˶m~ÔbMr MMm© ¶mnydu ¶oD$Z Jobr Amho.
g§nyU© H${dVmZw^d XoUmè¶m H${dVm H$dtH$Sy>Z {b{hë¶m OmD$ bmJë¶m.
gbrb dmK ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ‘mo~mB©bMm g§X^© Vmo OrdZmVrb AQ>i Aer g§nH©$ dñVy
~Zë¶mZo H$gm Pmbm Amho, ¶mMm ‘Xmar Ioi AgVmo ˶m b¶rV H$dr g‘OyZ gm§JVmo Amho.
‘mo~mB©b
gm¶b|Q> ‘moS>da
Ho$bm¶
{‘qQ>J Mmby Amho
~ƒobmoJ Vmbr ~Mmd ... ("aogH$mog© Am{U BVa H${dVm')
(dmK, gbrb : 2008 : 28)
qH$dm
263
 M¡Ì nmbdrMr N>m¶m Vhh¶mV
gìh©amË‘ {eamoYm¶© AmkmnÌ
Xþgè¶m ’$moZda ~mobVmo¶ ßbrO hmoëS>... ("aogH$mog© Am{U BVa H${dVm' : 33)
‘mo~mB©bZo ‘mUgmMo OJUo {H$Vr ì¶J« H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo, ˶mMm à˶¶ ¶m H${dVoVyZ ¶oVmo
Amho. ho‘§V {XdQ>o ho g§JUH${dœm~Ôb EH$m H${dVoV 춳V hmoV AmhoV.
Vy ‘mPr e ^mfm Vy ‘mPr e AmB©
Vy Amhog åhUyZ Amho ‘r
Vy ZgVmg Va ZgVmo ‘r
Vy Amhog åhUyZ Amho ‘bm H$ëMa
Vy ZgVmg Va ZgV§
‘bm H$ëMa... ("Mm¡{Vern¶ªVÀ¶m H${dVm' : 20)
AemoH$ H$moVdmb ¶m§Mm ‘m{hVrV§ÌkmZ d EHy$U OmJ{VH$sH$aU ¶m§À¶mH$S>o ~KʶmMm
Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm H$mhrgm g§VmnmMm, CÛoJmMm Amho. ‘mo~mB©bÀ¶m A{VdmnamZo "‘mo~o{b¶m' hm amoJ hmoUo
eŠ¶ Amho H$m, ¶mMr MmMnUr Vo H$ê$ BpÀN>V AmhoV,
Á¶mMo ‘bm gmaIo gmaIo ^mg hmoVmV AZ² ‘mPr ZOa AgVo
Á¶mda gVV pñWamdbobr
Vmo ‘mo~mB©b Amho EH$ {ZOud ¶§Ì hoM {dgaV Mmbbmo¶ ‘r...
A§Kmoirbm ~gë¶mda
ZimMr VmoQ>r gwê$ Ho$br åhUOo ‘bm ^mg hmoVmo
~mhoa ‘mo~mB©b dmOV Agë¶mMm ~mB©H$ MmbdVmZmhr ‘r ‘YoM ~mB©H$ Wm§~dVmo AZ²
nmhÿZ KoVmo pIembm hmV bmdyZ ‘mo~mB©b Va WaWaV Zmhr¶oZm AmV!
Ia§ åhUOo ~amMdoi Zmhr dmObr [a¨JQ>moZ Va ‘bm AñdñW ìhm¶bm H$m hmoV§? AZ²
~moQ>m§Zm Va MmimM bmJbm¶ gmaI§ gmaI§ ˶mdê$Z MmbV amhʶmMm PmonVmZmhr
Cembm
H$m ¿¶mdmgm dmQ>Vmo ‘mo~mB©b?
‘bm EImXm AmOma Va Zmhr Zm Pmbm¶
Á¶mbm "‘mo~o{b¶m' åhUVm ¶oB©b Agm? .... ("ZwgVmM Jb~bm')
(H$moVdmb, AemoH$ : 2017 : 53)
264
 ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV Amboë¶m AZoH$ H${dVm§n¡H$s ¶m H$mhr ‘mo~mB©b d
g§JUH${df¶H$ H${dVm hmoV. "S>mQ>m' ZmdmÀ¶m H${dVoV lrYa {Vido {b{hVmV
gJim S>mQ>m H$aßQ> hmoV Mmbbm¶
nm°dQ>u bmB©Z Zmhrer hmoVr¶o àm°nQ>u bmB©ZrV
Q>mB©åg Am°’$ B§{S>¶m H$mT>V Zmhr nm°dQ>u gßbr‘|Q>
^yH$ M°Zobdarb MM}Mm {df¶ ~ZVr¶o
Aml‘mMo nmoQ> Job¶ InmQ>rbm gJio ì¶mg dmpë‘H$s
˶mbm g³VrMr ìhr. Ama. Eg. {‘imbr¶o...
à˶oH$ S>moù¶mV gmH$iVmo¶ VUmdmMm EH$ Aly ½bmo~bm¶PoeZMm g‘wÐ ...
("órdm{hZr') ({Vido, lrYa … 2004 … 134)
¶m H${dVoV g§nyU© n[a^mfoVyZ EH$m g‘ñ¶oMm emoY H$dr KoD$ BpÀN>V Amho.
VWm{n ¶m H${dVoV CnH$aUm§À¶m EHy$U dmnamVyZ ˶mMo OrdZmbm {^Sy>Z 춳V ìhmdoV Ago
AZw^d AÚmn ’$mago 춳V hmoD$ eH$bo ZmhrV. Ho$di Zdo V§ÌkmZ d ˶mVrb eãX CnbãY
PmboV åhUyZ Vo dmnamdoV EdT>mM ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMm Am{d^m©d {XgVmo. ¶mbm AndmX
Ho$di Iyn H$‘r AmhoV ˶mV AéU H$mio ¶m§À¶m H${dVoVrb EH$m g§JUH$ à{V‘oMm {XgVmo.
Vy ‘Xa~moS>© ‘m¶m g§JUH$mMm
Am{U ‘ëQ>r‘r{S>¶m H$s~moS>©
hm g§JUH$, hr ‘o‘ar AZ²
AnS>oQ> àmoJ«°‘hr VyM {Xbobm
nmoaJ§ hady Z¶o åhUyZ
~mn nwT>o OmD$Z añ˶mda C^m amhVmo
Vgm Vy nwT>o Ambmg EH${dgmì¶m eVH$mV
Am‘À¶mhr AmYr ... ("Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$') (H$mio, AéU … 2006 … 37)
hr g§nyU© H${dVm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m OrdZH$V¥©Ëdmbm dm{hbobr EH$
àH$maMr AmXam§Obr hmo¶. ‘mo~mB©b, g§JUH$ n[a^mfoMm EdT>m g‘W© dmna ‘amR>r ^mfoV AmT>iV
Zmhr. Zì¶m V§ÌkmZ g§km d S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§Mo JJZJm‘r ZoV¥Ëd ¶m§Mm {‘bm’$ ¶m
H${dVoV MnIbnUo gmYbm Amho. gmao ‘hmnwéf ho gr{Z¶a {g{Q>PZgmaIo PmboV ‘mÌ Ho$di
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a hoM EH$‘od OrdZmÀ¶m gd© joÌm§V Cn¶moJr nS>V AmhoV, Ago gm§JyZ
265
X{bVm§Mo {OUo dmB©Q> ~Z{dʶmgmR>r H$go àmoJ«°‘ V¶ma hmoV AmhoV, ho {bhÿZ g§JUH$mÀ¶m H$mhr
eãXà{V‘m AéU H$mio H$go g‘W©nUo hmVmiV AmhoV, ¶m{df¶r H$dr {b{hVmo,
AmVm ¶m Am¶Q>rÀ¶m ¶wJmV
X{bVm§Zm {S>-{bQ> H$aʶmgmR>r
ZdZdrZ gm°âQ>doAg© ¶oVmhoV
Am{U àmoJ«°‘ Iam~ H$aʶmgmR>r
gmoS>bo OmVmhoV ZdZdo {dfmUy
Varhr VwPr A±Q>r-ìhm¶ag I~aXmar
nwÝhm nwÝhm ˶m§Zm H$aVo¶ nam^yV ... ( "Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$' : 37 )
Am¶Q>r V§ÌkmZ AJa BVa H$emer g§~§Y ZgVmZm AéU H$mio ¶m§Zr hr n[a^mfm g‘W©
[a˶m hmVmibr Agë¶mMo {XgVo. n[a^mfm AmË‘gmV H$aVm ¶oUo d {VMo gm{h˶mV Cn¶moOZ
H$aVm ¶oUo, ¶mMm gm§Ym H$drbm ~gdmdm bmJVmo. AéU H$mio ¶m§À¶m H${dVobm agaerV
OrdZmZw^dmMm g§X^© Agë¶mZo hr Ame¶àYmZ H${dVm BVa gdmªÀ¶m nwT>o OmD$Z ~gVo, ho
{Z{d©dmX g˶ ¶oWo à˶¶mg ¶oVo.
6.7.2. qhXr, B§J«Or ^mfoMm dmna
ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV V§ÌkmZ {dH$gZmMm doJ dmT>bm. ‘mUgo g‘moaÀ¶mg Cn¶w ³V hmoB©b
¶m ^mfoV EH$‘oH$m§er ~moby bmJbr. ^mfoMo AmXmZàXmZ hmoVmZm g§dmX ‘hÎdmMm Pmbm. H$moUVr
^mfm ~mobVmo Amho d VrM H$m ~mobVmo AmhmoV, ho àý ì¶dhmaÑïçm Jm¡U Pmbo. EH$m ~mOybm
^mfm§Va H$ê$Z XoUmar AZoH$ gm°âQ>doAg© ~mOmamV Ambr; na§Vw ‘Zwî¶ ñdV…bm 춳V
hmoʶmgmR>r amï´>r¶, Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ^mfm ~moby bmJbm. Amnbr ZmoH$ar, CÚmoJ ¶m§Mo AW©H$maU
YmoŠ¶mV ¶oD$ Z¶o åhUyZ ^mfoMo ~Xb Ëd[aV ñdrH$mabo Jobo. ˶m nmœ©^y‘rda ‘amR>r ‘mUyghr
qhXr d B§J«Or ^mfm ~moby bmJbm. AWm©V ¶m ì¶mdhm[aH$ VS>OmoS>rMm n[aUm‘ Imobda nmPabm
Agë¶mMo gm{hp˶H$ CXmhaU åhUyZ ‘amR>r H${dVoVrb qhXr, B§J«Or H${dVm§H$S>o nmhVm ¶oVo. hm
EH$m ^m{fH$ à^mdmMm ‘wÔm åhUyZ ˶mH$S>o AmnUmg nmhVm ¶oVo. ì¶dhmamÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘^mfoMo
{ZO^m{fH$ bmoH$m§da Pmbobo ^m{fH$ AmH«$‘U hmo¶ Ago åhUVm ¶oD$ eH$Vo. ‘amR>r H${dVoV
ho‘§V {XdQ>o, gbrb dmK, g§Ord Im§S>oH$a, {ZVrZ Hw$bH$Uu, lrYa {Vido, g{MZ Ho$VH$a,
dO}e gmob§H$s, AéU H$mio, g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma, ‘rZmjr nmQ>rb AmXr H$dtZr ¶m à^md ^mfoMo
H${dVoV gmXarH$aU Ho$bo Amho Ago {XgVo. H$mhr CXmhaUo nmhÿ ¶m.
266
gaH$Vmo¶ ‘|Xÿ ‘|XÿVyZ
Á¶mÀ¶m AmV~mhoa ~«°ÊS>M ~«°ÊS>
ñQ>°ånoS> hmoʶmÀ¶m EoemoëS>dê$Z
gaH$VmhoV ñQ>°ånoS>H$S>o
‘m¶m ‘|XÿV ~«°ÊS>Mm IM nS>bobm. ... ("Wm§~VmM ¶oV Zmhr' : 26)
qH$dm ¶m~m~V Aem àH$maMo d¡{dܶ OnUmè¶m g§Ord Im§S>oH$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoMo CXmhaU
KoD$ ¶m...
...‘r EH$Q>mM Am{U ZmJS>m. Vo Mm¡Ko JmV hmoVo.
Vr-nmMdr
‘r-ghmdm.
'Slut, you think I won't choke where till the vocal cords don't work in
her throat no more?'
Vo JmV hmoVo.
‘YoM n{hbm åhUmbm, "h°bmo. ‘r ñQ´>°{Q>{OñQ>.' h°bmo'. ‘r åhUmbmo.
Xþgam åhUmbm, "h°bmo. ‘r gm¶pÝQ>ñQ> !' h°bmo'. ‘r åhUmbmo.
{Vgam åhUmbm, "‘r S>opÝQ>ñQ>, OopÝQ>ñQ>, S>m°ŠQ>a !' h°bmo'. ‘r åhUmbmo.
Mm¡Wm åhUmbm, "h°bmo. ‘r H°$ånoZ ‘°ZoOa. gm¶H$m°bm°{OñQ>. qH$dm ~m¶mo gmo{eAm°bm°{OñQ>.
"h°bmo'.‘r åhUmbmo.
nmMdr åhUmbr, "hmD$ Sy> ¶y Sy>? ‘r Bìhm°ë¶weZar A§ÝY«monm°bm°{OñQ>!'
"h°bmo'. ‘r åhUmbmo.'H$moU ao Vy?' {VZo {dMmabo.
"‘r'.
"¶y-¶y ¶y ?' {VZo {dMmabo. '‘r?'
¶y-¶y ¶y !' Vr åhUmbr. "{b{~S>mo LIBIDO !' gJio åhUmbo.
"{b{~S>mo!' ‘r åhUmbmo. "W¢Š¶y ’$m°a H$mo-Am°naoeZ' nmMdr åhUmbr.
‘J n{hbm naV JmD$ bmJbm.
Put our hands down,
I ain't gon' shoot u. Just bend over and take it like a slut,
I'm a pull + you + to this bullet, and put it through you.
Shut up you slut, you are causing too much chaos

267
 Okay Ma?
‘r nmR> H$ê$Z AmoUdm C^m am{hbmo. n{hë¶mZo ~Q>U Xm~yZ bmB©Q> bmdbm.
don't wanna fuck with me ˶mZo ‘m¶m Mohè¶mda ’$moH$g ‘mabm. ñQ´>°Q>o{OñQ> EH$
H$mJX pIemVyZ H$mT>bm.
I Will kill you, Xþgam åhUmbm.
S>moio {Xnbo. H$mim COoS> Imobr^a ngabm. {Vgè¶mZo {dMmabo, 'H$m¶?'
‘r åhUmbmo, "A§Ymab§ gJi§, ‘bm {XgV Zmhr! Vmo åhUmbm, "H$m¶? Vwbm COoS>mVhr
{XgV Zmhr?'
"Zmhr'. ‘r åhUmbmo. ñQ´>°{Q>{OñQ> nwT>o Ambm. "~Km!' åhUmbm.
"nmMm‘wIr na‘oœa' åhUmbm. nmMr OUm§Zr EH$‘oH$m§H$S>o nm{hbo. IwUmdbo. ...
("ñ‘m¶brO': 57-58 )
H$Yr g§nyU© B§J«Or g§dmX Va H$Yr ˶mMo {b߶§Va H$ê$Z H${dVm {b{hʶmMr e¡br Img
ZìdXmoÎmar Amho Ago åhUVm ¶oVo. ¶m boIZmV B§J«Or ^mfoÀ¶m à^mdmMr ‘amR>r {b{hbr OmʶmMr
eŠ¶Vm AgVo. ì¶mdhm[aH$ ^mfoV Vem àH$maMo ~Xbhr KS>V Mmbbo Amho. qhXr, B§J«Or g§{‘l
^mfm dma§dma H$mZmda nS>Umam qH$dm ~hþ^m{fH$ ‘hmZJar g‘mO Amnbr ^m{fH$ Apñ‘Vm
Jw§S>miyZ R>odyZ g§dmX d ì¶dhma^mfobm ‘hÎd XoVmZm {XgVmo. Im§S>oH$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV CØdUmar
H$WmË‘H$ g§dmXmMr nmVir Amnë¶mbm ˶m g§dmXmV Jw§VdyZ R>odVo. g§nyU© B§J«Or d {b߶§Va
B§J«Or Am{U ‘amR>r ¶m§Mm {‘bm’$ H$aVmZm g§dmXmMm {‘bm’$ KS>V OmVmo. ¶mM nÕVrZo qhXr
^mfoMm XoIrb Z‘wZm ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>rV H${dVoV AmT>iVmo Amho. dO}e gmob§H$s ¶m§À¶m "eã~m
I¡a' ¶m H${dVoV g§nyU© H${dVmM qhXr ñdê$nmMr Amho. ˶mVrb H$mhr ^mJ Agm.
eã~m I¡a
Š¶m H$hm gm~? {Zbmo’$a Zm‘ h¡ AnZm
bo{H$Z Bg Y§Xo ‘| H$moB© AmnwZ H$mo Zm‘ go ~wbmVmBM Zht
H$moB© gmoZm H$moB© OmZy
Š¶m Š¶m Zm‘ gmbo {MnH$m XoVo h¡
Amn {Zby ~mob gH$Vo h¡
H$moB© H$moB© Vmo gmbm {Zbmo’$a H$m bmo’$a^r H$a XoVm h¡
H$ñQ>‘a H$m bo{H$Z gwZZmM nS>Vm h¡ Zm

268
 H$m¡Zgm ~«°ÊS> ‘§JmD$± gm~?
gmoS>o‘| bmoJo ¶m W§S>m {~gboar?
Mma noJ ~ZmD$± Š¶m XmoZmo‘|
Amn BYago h¡ H$s ~mhago?
AbJ AbJ {H$ñ‘ Ho$ bmoJ AmVo h¡ Zm Bg{bE nyN>m
Amn em¶X nhbr ~ma Am¶o hmo bJVm h¡ Bg ~ma‘|
H$m¡Zgm JrV Amn gwZmoJo?
boQ>oñQ> ¶m {H$emoa Hw$‘ma ¶m bVmH$m?
AmnH$mo Vmo OwZm JmZmhr ng§X h¡
OwZo JmZo ‘| Š¶m EH$ {‘qZJ ahVm XX© ahVm h¡
AmOH$b Ho$ JmZo Š¶m Z H$^r gwZo H$^r ^yb J¶o
‘mby‘M Zht n‹S>Vm
H$moB© H$moB© H$ñQ>‘a Vmo gmbm EH$sM JmZm MmaMma ~ma
gwZmZo H$s ’$a‘mB©e H$aVm h¡ H§$Q>mbm AmVm h¡
H$mZ H$s ‘m± ~hZ EH$ hmoVr h¡... ("VVnn') (gmob§H$s, dO}e … 2002 … 30)
darb qhXr H${dVoV ~§~¡æ¶m, XŠIZr ‘amR>r ~mobrMm à^md ñnï>nUo OmUdVmo. AYmo{dœmV
~mobbr OmUmar ‘amR>r ^mfm ¶m H${dVoV dmnabr Jobr Amho. aqdÐ B§Jio MmdaoH$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV
hmM à˶¶ ¶oVmo...
ñWi : BH$~mb ZJa qMVmH«$m§V AmdmO
Xmo {H$bmo ’$„rVob e¸$a {H$bmo Xmo {H$bmo
Z‘H$ {‘M© ‘gmbm
Aaha H$s Xmb JmoíV H$s qMVm Zhr
^mOr ~mOma ^am¶Mr eŠ¶Vm Zmhr IwXm H$ao H$moB© {~‘ma Zm hmo ¶o˶m AmR>-Xhm {XdgmV Mm§XUr
Mm¡H$mV AmO nhmQ>oM Pmbm qhXÿ ‘§Í¶mda Jmoir~ma
ZOa Q>mHy$Z OmB©bM ˶mMr ê$h Amnë¶m dñVrda
AnZr ~oJwZmhr H$m
Hw$N> Vmo ‘mV‘ hmoJm...("½bmo~bmon{ZfX' : 2)
(MmdaoH$a, adtX« … 2009 … 2)
269
 ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV "½bmo~b' hmoV OmUmè¶m ‘amR>r‘ZmÀ¶m ¶m H${dVm AmhoV. g§nyU©
g‘mO Ogm A{YH$ OmJ{VH$ hmoV OmB©b, VgVgm ¶m g§{‘l Aem ^mfm§Mm ‘amR>rV dmna
dmT>V OmUma Amho, Ago ¶m H${dVm nmhVm dmQ>Vo.
6.7.3. Om{hamVrVrb ^mfm
ZìdXmoÎmar H$mbI§S> hm AmH«$‘H$ Aem ~mOmadmXmZo ì¶mnbobm Agë¶mZo Amnë¶m
CËnmXZmMr Om{hamV H$aʶmgmR>r ‘mܶ‘m§‘ܶo ñnYm© bmJbobr hmoVr. ‘mJrb H$mimVrb gdmªV
à{gÕ N>nmB©‘mܶ‘ åhUyZ Agbobo dV©‘mZnÌ Om{hamVrMo AZoH$ g§X^© H${dVoV Ambobo AmhoV.
Om{hamV hr {bpIV ñdénmV Ho$di dV©‘mZnÌmV ¶oV Agbr Var Om{hamV Z‘wZm åhUyZ Vr
AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m àgma‘mܶ‘mV g§nm{XV H$ê$Z dmnabr OmD$ eH$Vo, ¶mMo ^mZ H$dtZm Amho.
¶m g§X^m©V H${dVoV ¶oV Agboë¶m Om{hamV ‘mܶ‘^mfoMo ñdê$n g‘OyZ KoUo JaOoMo R>aVo.
Vo H${d{VH$ ñdê$nmMo AgyZ ˶mVyZ àH$Q>Umar H${dVm Aä¶mgUo hm Amnbm hoVy Amho.
""‘r EH$ àM§S> bm§~r é§XrMr ~oM¡Z q^V Amho 38 dfmªM {OÀ¶mda Jobr {H$˶oH$ df©
{b{hë¶m Om{hamVrMo nwgë¶m-nwgë¶m {b{hë¶m OmVmhoV Om{hamVr, Zmd§, Z§~a, nÎmo, ’$moQ>mo
{MH$Q>dbr OmVmhoV nmoñQ>g©''... ("Wm§~VmM ¶oV Zmhr' : 27)
¶m H${dVoV {^{ÎmnÌH$ Om{hamVr{df¶r ^mî¶ Ambobo Amho. Oo AYmo{dœmMr ‘mZ{gH$Vm ñnï>
H$aUmao Amho.
‘m¶mVë¶m Q>rìhrV
EH$ Zdr qOJb dmOVo¶
‘bm Q>rìhrMm bmB©Q> hdm
‘bm ~«oH$Mm em°H$ hdm
‘bm qOJëgMr Yw§X hdr
‘bm hdr¶ A°S²gMr Jwbm‘{Jar. ("Wm§~VmM ¶oV Zmhr' : 27)
‘rZmjr nmQ>rb ¶m§Mr nwñVH$m§À¶m Om{hamVr dmMyZ gwMbobr EH$ H${dVm Amho.
~m¶H$m§darb nwñVH$m§À¶m Om{hamVr dmMVmZm
nydu dmMVm ¶m¶M§ Zmhr ~mB©bm nwñVH$mVb§ AmVm ~mB© nwñVH$ dmMVo
nwñVH$m§À¶m Om{hamVr d ˶m nwñVH$m§{df¶r dmMH$m§Mr ‘Zmo^y{‘H$m {Z‘m©U H$aUmam
XmoZ AmoirV {b{hbobm ‘OHy$a dmMVo ~mB© ~mB©{df¶r ~mB©Zr AZ²
~mB©{df¶r ~wdmZo {b{hbobr nwñVHo$ dmMVo nwñVH$m§À¶m Om{hamVrVbm ‘OHy$a dmMVo
270
 "AmB© g‘OyZ KoVmZm - CÎm‘ H$m§~io
"AmB©À¶m H$m~mS>H$ï>mVyZ ‘moR>çm Pmboë¶m ‘wbmZo AmB©bm g‘OyZ KoVmZmMm öX¶ñneu
boI
~mB© {VÀ¶m AmB©À¶m d {VÀ¶m ‘wbmÀ¶m Zm˶mMm
gJù¶m AmB©‘wbm§À¶m Zm˶m§Mm Vmio~§X Owidy nmhVo AZ² pIS>H$sVyZ A’y$ nmOyZ
Pmondboë¶m ‘wbmbm KoD$Z ^rH$ ‘mJUmè¶m {^H$maUrbm EH$Q>H$ nmhV ~gVo...
("BO BQ> BZ ¶wda S>rEZE') (nmQ>rb, ‘rZmjr … 2009 … 50)
¶m H${dVoV ‘rZmjr nmQ>rb ¶m§Zr "~m¶H$m§darb nwñVH$m§À¶m Om{hamVr dmMVmZm' ˶m
Om{hamVr Z‘yX H$ê$Z ˶mMm ‘Zmda hmoUmam n[aUm‘ H${dVoV {M{ÌV Ho$bm Amho. eodQ>r ~mB©
H$moUVoM nwñVH$ dmMy Z¶o ¶m {ZîH$fm©bm ¶oVo Amho.
dO}e gmob§H$s ¶m§À¶m H${dVoVhr Ambobr "Om{hamVrÀ¶m H${dVm' 춳Vrbm {^S>Umam H$mobmhb
XmI{dVo. Om{hamVr H$moUH$moU˶m AgVmV ¶mMr EH$ ‘moR>r ¶mXrM ˶m§Zr {Xbr Amho.
""{’$ë‘{df¶H$ : Zì¶m Q>rìhr {g[aAbgmR>r ‘wb§-‘wbr nm{hOoV, ñ‘mQ>©, ¶§J, ^mfoda
à^wËd, ’$moQ>mogh ñH«$sZQ>oñQ>gmR>r ^oQ>m. H$‘dm! H$‘dm! H$‘dm! ~oH$mam§Zm gwdU©g§Yr ‘{hZm Xhm
hOma {‘idm. {ejUmMr AQ> Zmhr. EH$m A‘o[aH$Z ~og Agboë¶m H§$nZrg S>moAaQy>S>moAa
‘mH}$qQ>JgmR>r goëg~m°¶ d goëgJb© hì¶mV. ~m¶moS>oQ>m gh à˶j ^oQ>m. dgB©. Xþga§ H$moH$U.
J«rZ hodZ ñQ>oeZnmgyZ nmM {‘{ZQ>mÀ¶m A§Vamda. {gS>H$mo ‘mݶVmàmá. Mmodrg Vmg nmUr.
A˶mYw{ZH$ A°‘o{ZQ>rOgh. H$Om©Mr gmo¶. ~wH$s¨J Mmby. AmnU {Zame AmhmV H$m? amoO
PmonVodoir gwna {S>bŠgÀ¶m XmoZ Jmoù¶m ¿¶m d AZw^dm nyduMm Omo‘ d VmH$X. B§Q>aZoQ> ‘°aoO
: S>ãë¶yS>ãë¶yS>ãë¶y S>m°Q> ‘amR>r b¾ S>m°Q> H$m°‘ 45/55 ‘amR>m OmVr/ O‘mVr Am°ZbmB©Z ’$m°‘©
^am. Zmd ~Xb : ‘r {dR>çm...''
("dO}e B©œabmb gmob§H$s À¶m H${dVm') (gmboH$s, dO}e … 2002 … 35)
¶m H${dVoV ‘hmZJar¶ OrdZmVë¶m {Z˶mÀ¶m Om{hamVr Amboë¶m AmhoV. ˶mVrb
Vnerb a§OH$ Agm Amho.
J«m‘rU ^mJmV AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m, ˶m H$maUmZo AZoH$ eoVH$ar Amnbr
O‘rZ {dHy$ bmJbo. ˶mÀ¶m Om{hamVr dV©‘mZnÌmV XoD$ bmJbo. ˶mVrb EH$ eoVH$ar Amnbr
O‘rZ {dH$m¶bm H$mT>Vmo Am{U ˶mg§X^m©Zo Vmo Om{hamV XoVmo. VgoM J«m‘n§Mm¶V ‘¥V
eoVH$è¶m§~Ôb Xd§S>r a{OñQ>aMm CVmam àH$m{eV H$aVo. Agm ‘OHy$a H${dVoV Ambobm AmT>iVmo.
271
 {dH$Uo Amho.
~ma‘mhr ~mJm¶V Mma EH$a (nmQ>nmʶmMr gmo¶)
gm¶’$Z hOma Mm¡. ’w$Q> ñb°~Mo Ka, JmoR>m
nmoëQ´>rMr eoS> H$m§Xm Mmi gd© AdOmamgh
ËdarV {dH$Uo Amho g§nH©$ gmYm...
‘wº$m~m J{hZm gwVma JmdR>rMm ‘im ~ñVZnya.
Q>rn- H¥$n¶m gm¡ÚmgmR>r Xbmb AmUy Z¶o.
’«o$e-VbmR>r, CVmao V¶ma. {ZîH$Ou (ì¶dhma hmoVmM)
BVa ~moOm CVadyZ XoD$. Ëdam H$am. ‘mbH$ KmB©V AmhoV.

("{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV') (ndma, g§Vmof … 2008 … 151)

Xd§S>r a{OñQ>a Mm CVmam

‘m¡Oo ~ñVZnya
gd© J«m‘ñWm§Zm H$i{dʶmV ¶oVo H$s,
Amnë¶m JmdÀ¶m AmoT>çmbm EH$ nwéf OmVrMo
AZmoiIr àoV gmnS>bo AgyZ ˶m~m~V
Hw$Umbm H$mhr ‘m{hVr Agë¶mg ˶mZo
VmbwH$m nmobrg ñQ>oeZbm g§nH©$ gmYmdm.
hr Xd§S>r {Xbr Ago.
ghr xxx

J«m‘godH$ ~ñVZnya.

...("{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV') (ndma g§Vmof … 2008 … 155 )

lrH$m§V Xoe‘wI ¶m§À¶m AmfmT>‘mVr H${dVmg§J«hmV n§T>anya ^oQ>rÀ¶m H${dVoV
S>m¶‘§S> ¹$sZ AJa~ÎmrMr Om{hamV PiH$Vo.
S>m¶‘§S> ¹$sZ AJa~Îmr Z§. 1715
272
 S>m¶‘§S> ¹$sZ AJa~Îmr Z§. 1715 S>o¸$Z Amo[a{OZb n§T>anya
Zm‘Xod {dR>mo~m bmS>, n§T>anya dmbo
Amo[a{OZb gwJ§Yr AJa~Îmr R>moH$ d [aQ>ob ¶mo½¶ XamV {‘iVrb
g§ñH¥$VrMm K‘K‘mQ>
grb~§X hmoD$Z XþH$mZmV
Varhr nm§Jboë¶m dmQ>oda ‘iŠ¶m JXuÀ¶m S>moŠ¶mda
’$mQ>Š¶m Hw$S>˶mda
bwJS>çm ~moMŠ¶mda
S>m¶‘§S> {dÇ>b n§T>anya dmbo {’$aVmV JXuV
na§naoMr {‘Omg XmIdV... ("AmfmT>‘mVr') (Xoe‘wI, lrH$m§V … 2006 … 27)
gbrb dmK ¶m§Mr "nmQ>rb-H$m§H$[a¶m àmoOoŠQ>' hr Om{hamVñdê$n H${dVm dmMyZ dmMH$ ñV§{^V
hmoVmo. AnmQ>©‘|Q>Mr Agmdr Ver na§Vw hr EH$ ñ‘emZ^y‘rMr Om{hamV Amho.
ñ‘emZdm{Q>H$m S>m°Q> H$m°‘ g|Q´>bmB©O Egr
AÚ¶mdV nmMeo àoVo
Omim¶Mr gmo¶ ~ƒoH§$nZrgmR>r hm°g©amB©S> anoQ> ŠbmoO g{H©$Q> Q>rìhr {ZJw©Ur ûcmoH$ AñWr
bJoM {‘iUma XmoZ Xþ‘Obr H$ma nm{Hª$J Mr gmo¶ Bï>{‘Ì Amáoï>m§Zm ~moqQ>JMr ñdmJVno¶
‘|Xr Á¶mo{Vf ’|$JewB© {gŠg {g½‘m H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ñdrH$maVmo
Ooð >ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {nH$n ’«$s
ñ‘emZ H¢$ng ‘YoM Aå¶yO‘|Q> nmH©$ Šb~hmD$g ñnm ã¶yQ>r nmb©a ¶moJmgZ gmoZm ~mW
JoQ>Qy>JoXa gmo¶
àH$me¶moOZm Am{U XþI…YyZ¶w³V Q>MñH«$sZ Am°b g§JrV emo hm°b Zmam¶U ~rQ>oH$ ^Q>Or
àoVm§da EH$ A§Ë¶g§ñH$ma ’«$s {haì¶mJma dZamB©Zo doT>bobo {ZgJ©aå¶ qnS>mbm bìh~S>©g²
{edUma
gmo¶ H$dQ>r ’w$Q>on¶ªV Wm§~m¶bm ZH$mo Am°ZbmB©Z aoH$m°{Sª>J VmgmV {S>pìhS>r Hw$[aAaZo hmS>o
Mmodrg VmgmV KanmoM
AmEgmo g{Q©>’$mB©S> ñ‘emZnmH©$
Am°ZbmB©Z ~wH$s¨J MmodrgVmg
gmB©Q>pìh{OQ> AmOM ~wH$ H$am
273
 ñ‘emZ noaoS>mB©O S>m°Q> H$m°‘ nmMeo àoVm§Mm C§~am
...(" aogH$mog© Am{U BVa H${dVm') (dmK, gbrb … 2007 … 17)
AmO 춳VrMo OJUo Am{U ‘aUo ¶mVrb A§VaM Zï> Pmbo Amho. ˶m OJʶmVrb H$méʶ
H$drbm OmUdVo Amho, åhUyZ Vmo AnmQ>©‘|Q> àmoOoŠQ> OmJoMr d ñ‘emZ^y‘r ¶m {R>H$mUm§Mr
AXbm~Xb H$ê$Z dmMH$mÀ¶m ‘ZmV EH$ ^r{V¶w³V Jm|Yi CS>dyZ {Xbm Amho. hm ZìdXmoÎmar
‘amR>r H${dVoVbm CÎmaAmYw{ZH$VoMm n{dÌm AgyZ Vmo Ame¶ nwZa©MZoMo CXmhaU ñdê$n ~KVm
¶oVmo.
6.8. H${dVoVrb Ñí¶mË‘H$Vm
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H$dtMo {MÌH$ma AgUo VgoM {MÌH$bo~m~V Agbobo ˶mMo EHy$U
AmH$bZ CÎm‘ àH$maMo Agë¶mZo ˶m§À¶m H${dVm d {MÌmMm àdmg g‘m§Va Agm gwê$ Agbobm
{XgVmo. AbrH$S>À¶m H$mimV ‘mÌ H$dr d {MÌH$ma ¶m ^y{‘H$m EH$‘oH$m§V {‘giyZ Joë¶m AmhoV.
roots ¶m erf©H$mZo {XZH$a ‘Zda ¶m§À¶m {MÌ d H${dVoMm EH$ N>moQ>oImZr Aë~‘ àH$m{eV
Pmbm. ˶mVrb {MÌo d H${dVm ¶mda ˶mM Aë~‘‘ܶo n[aM¶dOm boI a‘oe B§Jio-CÌmXH$a,
adrÝÐ B§Jio-MmdaoH$a, Xm. Jmo. H$mio ¶m§Zr {b{hbo hmoVo. ˶mV àW‘ {XZH$a ‘Zda ¶m§Mo ‘ZmoJV
Ambo Amho. ˶mV Vo åhUVmV, ""~mbnUr ‘m¶Z§ ZmJn§M‘rbm nmQ>rda H$mT>bobo ZmJmMo aoImQ>Z
hoM Iao Va Ñí¶ê$nmV nm{hbob§ n{hb§ {MÌ. ‘m¶m {MÌ {Z{‘©Vr‘mJo Amerdm©XmgmaI§ C^§
Agbob§. 춳V hmoʶmgmR>r H$dr Oer ^mfm, Jm¶H$mbm gya Ver {MÌH$mambm aofm Jdgmdr
bmJVo. A{^춳VrgmR>r AmYma åhUyZ Vr YmdyZ Amë¶mZo ‘r {Vbm Omonmgbo. Oo ‘ZmV gmMbobo
hmoVo ˶mbm dmQ> H$ê$Z XoʶmgmR>r ‘r ghOnUo aofoÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ H$mJXmda CVaV Jobmo.
{Z{‘©Vr AdñWoV ‘m¶m Am{X‘ àd¥Îmr AmH$ma KoD$Z ¶oVmV. Vo AmH$ma H$mJXmda {MÌê$n KoVmV.
aofm Á¶m AmH$mamVyZ dm ê$nmVyZ AdVaVo {Vbm ‘r Ver AdVê$ XoVmo. ˶m‘wio Vr ghO ~mhoa
nS>Vo. Ago Zoh‘rM hmoVo Agohr Zmhr. EH$m AmH$mamVyZ AZoH$ AmH$ma {Z‘m©U hmoV OmVmV.
('Roots': ‘Zda, {XZH$a … 2004 : 7)
¶mVyZ {MÌH$bm {VMo ‘mܶ‘ ¶mMr MMm© ‘§Joe H$mio, adtÐ B§Jio, a‘oe B§Jio, {ZVrZ
dmK {XZH$a ‘Zda H$aVmV. hm ˶m§Mm gO©H$ àdmg H${dVm {b{hUmam åhUyZ doJim R>aVmo. Vo
Amnë¶m H${dVoV {MÌ d H${dVo~m~V åhUVmV,

274
 A^§J ^§Jmdo & Amodr ’w$Q>mdr & ‘wº§$N>§XmVyZ b¶ AmoKimdr {MÌmVyZ H${dVm, H${dVoVyZ
{MÌ ~hamdo & EH$m AmoirMr H${dVm AZ² EH$m gaiaofoMo {MÌ ìhmdo & (Roots': ‘Zda, {XZH$a
… 2004 : 7)

{XZH$a ‘Zda ¶m§Mo EH$ aoIm{MÌ

¶m H${dVoVyZ EHy$UM ˶m§Mm H${dVm d {MÌ ¶m ~m~V Agbobm {dMma 춳V hmoVmo Amho.
˶mVyZ H$bmàH$mamVrb ˶m§Zm H$amd¶mMr Agbobr ‘moS>VmoS> bjmV ¶oVo.

{ZVrZ ^aV dmK ¶m§À¶m {MÌH${dVm "eyݶ' ("dmKwa' : 2019 : 191-192 )

275
 {ZVrZ ^aV dmK ¶m§À¶m "eyݶ' ¶m eãXmZo narbwá Agboë¶m XmoZ aMZm H${dVm åhUyZ
Amnë¶m g‘moa ¶oVmV Voìhm gd©àW‘ "¶mbm H$moU˶m AWm©Zo H${dVm åhUVm ¶oB©b?' Agm àý
dmMH$mg nS>Vmo. "eyݶM Va AgVo Vw¶m- ‘m¶mVbo A§Va' hr n{hë¶m AmH¥$Vr‘Yrb H$ënZm
d "eyݶM /Va /AgVmo/ AmnU' VgoM "eyݶ ZgVm ‘r Zmhr / Vy ZgVm ‘r Zmhr /‘r
ZgVm Vy/ {e„H$ / eyݶ' Aem ‘moOŠ¶m eãXmV H${dVm Xe©{dbr Amho. eyݶ Jw§’y$Z dVw©i
Am{U {ÌH$moU V¶ma Ho$bo Agë¶mMo {XgVo. H${dVm aoIm{MÌmVyZ nwT>o H$boÀ¶m BVa kmZmH$S>o
àdmg H$ê$ bmJë¶mMo {XgVo. WmoS>Š¶mV, Aem aMZm g‘OʶmgmR>r dmMH$mbm H${dVoÀ¶m
nma§n[aH$ AmH$bZmÀ¶m nbrH$S>o OmD$Z BVa kmZemIoV àdoe H$amdm bmJVmo. Aem AWm©Zo
{MÌOm{UdoVrb à¶moJerbVm ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV AmT>iVo.
gwiH$m
EH$
EH$Q>m
gwiH$m
H$gë¶mVar
AZm{‘H$
àVrjoV
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H$UmH$UmZo
hOmamo
df©
VgmM
H$mogiʶmÀ¶m
276
 Am{d^m©dmV
em§V
{Züb...
("BO BQ> BZ ¶wda S>rEZE') (nmQ>rb, ‘rZmjr … 2009 … 34)
‘rZmjr nmQ>rb ¶m§Mr darb "gwiH$m' H${dVm gwiŠ¶mMr MT>Vr aMZm dmQ>mdr Aer
Amho. nwT>rb H${dVoV JUoe AmË‘mam‘ dgB©H$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV Ambobr ‘m§S>Ur Ñí¶H${dVoMr
{XgVo.
nwT>À¶mM ñQ>oeZda CVam¶M§¶ åhUyZ ‘r bmoH$bÀ¶m XmamV
bm|
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H$
iV
C
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àdmem§Zr hmVmiyZ hmVmiyZ JwiJwirV Pmbobm Xm§S>m {ZgQ>Vmo hmVmVyZ
Voìhm
B‘O©ÝgrMr qH$H$mir
AO‘mdVo eŠ¶Vm
YmdVr Q´>oZ Wm§~ʶmMr
This Is A Prohibited Area Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted...
...("‘Yë¶m ‘ܶo') (dgB©H$a, JUoe … 2015 … 64)
6.9. g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§Ym§Mm dmna
g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§Y hr H$ënZm gd©àW‘ g‘OyZ KoD$ ¶m. IoSw>Vm§À¶m ^mfoV ¶mbm Adm©ƒ
Ago eãX AmhoV. VWm{n Vo dmnaUo {eï>g§‘V ZgyZ "g§{‘l' ¶m eãXmMm AW© åhUOo AZoH$
àH$mao ga{‘gi AgUo, ^ogi AgUo qH$dm AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm EH${ÌV g§H$a Ho$bobm AgUo Agm
hmoVmo. VWm{n hm eãX B§JO
« r AZwdmX Composit ¶mbm AZwgê$Z g§¶w³V, {Za{Zamio ^mJ EH$Ì
OmoSy>Z Ho$bobm, {d^mÁ¶ hmoD$ eH$Umam, Mix, Mixing - {‘l-g§{‘l, Assorted- {‘gibobm,
{d{dY àH$maMm Aem {VÝhr N²Q>m§gh nmhVm ˶mVyZ ‘amR>rV 춳V Ho$bobm AW© nwaogm R>amdm
Agm CbJS>m hmoVmo.

277
 "AmH¥${V~§Y' hm eãX H${dVoÀ¶m ê$ndU©ZmgmR>r dmnabobm AgyZ H${dVoMo daH$aUr ê$n
ho {VÀ¶m H${dVm Agʶm{df¶r àW‘ Am{U {ZUm©¶H$ ‘V XoV AgVo. CXm.
gw§Xa Vo ܶmZ / C^o {dQ>odar / H$a H$Q>odar / R>ody{Z¶m
hr A^§JmMr aMZm Agë¶mMo MQ>H$Z AmoiIy ¶oVo. ˶mM YVuda
"XohmMr Ami§Xr / XohÿV Zmhr / Xoh hmoB© bmhr / {edmamV' ... (Xoe‘wI, Ho$ed :
2008 : 104)
¶m ‘amR>rVrb AmOÀ¶m ZìdXmoÎmar H$drZo {b{hbobr aMZm Agob Va Vr hr A^§J
Agë¶mMo AmnU AmoiIy eH$Vmo. ¶mbmM AmH¥${V~§Y AmoiI nQ>Uo Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b.
H${dVmaMZm àH$mamZwgma, {VÀ¶m ê$n, JwUmZwgma {VMo AmH¥${V~§Y AmnU AmoiIV AgVmo,
‘mÌ ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV AmH¥${V~§YmV ‘moR>r ga{‘gi Pmbr. hmM ‘wÔm ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV
"g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§Ym§Mm dmna' ¶m gXamImbr MMm© H$amd¶mMm Amho. ˶mgmR>r ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoVrb ^m¡{VH$ AdH$memMr XoIrb AmnUmg MMm© H$amdr bmJob.
6.9.1. g§{‘l ^m¡{VH$ AdH$me
ZìdXmoÎmar OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo Ad¿¶m {dœmMr ‘moR>r KwgiU Ho$br VgoM AZoH${dY
Jmoï>tMm g‘mOmda ^{S>‘ma Ho$bm. ‘mZdr àkobm ˶mVrb ¶mo½¶, A¶mo½¶ ¶m§Mr {ZdS> AWdm Zdo
n¶m©¶ ¶m§Mm {dMma ‘ZmV Z ¶oVm Om{hamVrV Xe©{dë¶mà‘mUo 춳VrMo OrdZ namdb§~r amhrb,
Aer n[apñWVr ^modVmbr {Z‘m©U Ho$br. Zì¶m {nT>rÀ¶m ‘ZmV Owݶm g§H$ënZm, OwZo OJUo ¶m
{df¶r ZH$iVnUo K¥Um {Z‘m©U hmoB©b Am{U Vmo A{YH$ ^moJbmobwn ñdmW©nam¶U hmoB©b, ¶mMr
H$miOr KoVbr. Owݶm {nT>r{df¶rMm AmXa Zï> Ho$bm.
gm‘m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s‘YyZ ‘mUgmbm ~mOybm H$mTy>Z EH$mH$s H$aʶmMm AmQ>moH$mQ> à¶ËZ
Ho$bm. ˶mMo {ejU, ì¶dgm¶, ZmoH$ar ¶mgmR>r ñWbm§Va KS>dyZ ˶mMr Amnë¶m ^y‘r{df¶rMr
AmnwbH$s Zï> H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. ~mOmaì¶dñWoZo "dmnam Am{U ’o$H$m' Aer d¥Îmr {Z‘m©U
Ho$br. ‘mUgmÀ¶m ‘ZmV EH$ {d{MÌ àH$maMm jmo^ {Z‘m©U Pmbm. ~o{’${H$ar {Z‘m©U Pmbr.
‘mUyg Amigmdbm Vmo Amnbr OrdZ{dH$mg H$m¡eë¶o {dgabm. à˶oH$ Jmoï> ˶mg "aoS>r‘oS>'
{‘iʶmMr ˶mMr ‘Z…pñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. OrdZ J{V‘mZ Pmbo, ˶mV AZoH$ àH$maMr ^ogi
{Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m ^ogirMm à˶¶ ZìdXmoÎmar H$dtÀ¶m H$mì¶d¥ÎmrV Ambobm AmT>iVmo. H${dVoV
dmnabr OmUmar Or nma§n[aH$ AmH¥${V~§YmMr R>odU hmoVr. Vr ‘w³V Am{U JÚ H${dVo‘wio

278
‘moS>H$irg Ambr. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV AZoH$ ñdê$nmV g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§Y H${dVoV dmnabo Jobo
AmhoV. ˶m§Mo àH$ma nwT>rbà‘mUo-
[Link]. JÚ CVmao
"JÚmË‘H$Vm' hr ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoMr EH$ àd¥Îmr ~Zbr Amho. AmYw{ZH$dmXr H${dVoV
JÚmË‘H$ H${dVoMr gwédmV Pmbr Agbr Var CÎmamoÎma H$mimV OJmVrb gd© ^mfm§Vë¶m
H${dVoV hr àd¥Îmr dmT>rg bmJbr Amho. H${dVm JÚ Agbr Var {Vbm EH$ A§VJ©V b¶ AgVo.
^mfm AmoKdVr Am{U VgoM bâ’o$Xma dmŠ¶m§Mr ~ZVo. H$mhr H${dVm§V Hw$R>ohr ì¶mH$aU{MÝho ¶oV
ZmhrV VWm{n "JÚH${dVm' hr H$dtMr EH$ CnOV àd¥Îmr ‘mZmdr bmJob. EH$ZmWm§À¶m
AO©XñVnmgyZ ‘amR>r H${dVoV JÚm{dîH$ma AmT>iVmo. ZìdXmoÎmar H$mbmdYr ˶m‘mZmZo
CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ hmo¶.
ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV ¶m na§naoMo nwaonya ^mZ amIbo Jobo AgyZ AmYw{ZH$dmÚm§À¶m VwbZoV
‘amR>rVrb JÚ H${dVoMr hr àH¥$Vr nmMeo dfmªnojm OwZr Amho. gmR>moÎmar H$dtZr ‘amR>r H${dVobm
JÚmË‘H$VoMr nÕV nwÝhm gwê$ H$ê$Z {Xbr; VWm{n {VMm gdmªV OmñV {dñVma ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoV AmT>iVmo. lrYa {Vido, hoԤV {XdQ>o, ԤJe
o Zmam¶Uamd H$mio, g§Ord Im§S>oH$a, gbrb
dmK, {XZH$a ‘Zda, adtÐ B§Jio MmdaoH$a, {ZVrZ ^aV dmK, g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma AmXtÀ¶m
H${dVmV ho "JÚXe©Z' hmoVo.
[Link].1 "brim'/ "gyÌ' / "Ñï>m§V'
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVm àdmhmV H$mhr H$dtZr Ho$di JÚCVmao H${dVoV Z ‘m§S>Vm ˶mbm
‘hmZw^mdm§À¶m ‘amR>rVë¶m ge³V Aem JÚna§naoer OmoS>bo Amho. ‘hmZw^mdm§À¶m "brimM[aÌ'
d "Ñï>m§V' ¶m JÚna§naobm ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio, adtÐ B§Jio-MmdaoH$a,
{ZVrZ ^aV dmK, ‘h|Ð ^mñH$aamd nmQ>rb AmXtZr H${dVoV dmQ> H$ê$Z {Xbobr {XgVo. ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoV Zì¶m OJʶmÀ¶m g§X^m©V brim§Mr e¡br d ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br OmV Agë¶mMo {XgVo. adtÐ
B§Jio-MmdaoH$a ¶m§À¶m "brim {Vgè¶mÀ¶m d BVa H${dVm' (2001) ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV
brimM[aÌ ^mfoMm dmna H$aV g§nyU© Zì¶m OJʶmMr H${dVm {b{hbr Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
~aJS>r
CVwbr ‘mVwbr
qb~moirM ì¶mbr Or
Ambo Ambo åh{UVm
279
 Ho${i¶mMo ’y$b ‘obo Or
‘moQ>m Or YmQ>m Or
doiy nmoH$iw qZJmbmOr
M§XZmÀ¶m Imo{S>¶mgr
H$mVrMm {Oìhmim Or
Xoh VwierMm, nmbm ~o{b¶mMm
dar ê$B©Mm ’w$bmoam Or
Or Or doëhmiw
hr amZmB©?
doëhmiw C{bgo hmgo
"Xoh dmgZoMo Kê$ VoWo {Za§Vê$ ~gmo Z¶o åh{UVbo,
{dhaUm ~rOo Ho$bo. (MmdaoH$a, adtÐ : 2001 : 1-2)
darb H${dVoV Agbobr H${dVm "brimM[aÌ' ^mfme¡brV 춳V hmoVo Amho. V¥Vr¶n§Wr¶,
Zn§wgH$ Am¶wî¶ dmQ>çmbm Amboë¶m A^mJr Ordm§da hr H${dVm ^mî¶ H$aVo. {ZVrZ ^aV dmK
¶m§À¶m H${dVoV hrM e¡br "brimM[aÌ' ‘m§S>Urer hþ~ohÿ~ OwiUmar Amho.
{ZVrZ ^aV dmK "b‚mm Jm¡ar' ¶m H${dVoV {b{hVmV
~mB: H$dUw XoemMm EH$ dmQ>gê$: nwgV nwgV dmQ>: Xmar
Ambm¶ Xmar: {dZdUr H$[aVgo: nwÝhm nwÝhm ~mB: AmH$memMr
pIS>H$s: CKS>r: ~§X H$m Xma VwO… H$dUw XoemMm EH$ dmQ>gê$:
H$Qw>… ˶mMr JwinmUr Xo… JwJwim H$ê$ Xo ~mB: VwPm n[a‘iw
Xadiw Xo ~mB: CKS> CKS> VmQ>r: ~¶m CKS> Xma CKS>: ~mB: Vy
{^a{^a ^dar: dmñVd Jdar: bdWdVr Zdar: b‚mmJm¡ar:
Vy ~mB: Vy gmobyZ R>odbob§: S>mit~: Aûcrb {XgV§: bmb bmb:
H$modi§: ZH$mog R>ody CKS§>: PmHy$Z R>od: nm§Kê$U Kmb… CS>˶m
amKyMr ~ar Zmhr Mmb: Q>monbrV R>od: S>mbŠ¶mV Kmb: ~mB: Vy
{^a{^a ^dar: {dñVd Jdar: bdWdVr Zdar: Vy b‚mmJm¡ar:
~mB: Vy ¶o ~ZyZ: H¥$îUmMr EH$eo Zddr am§S>: n§MmE|erd§ AmgZ…
‘OgmR>r ‘m§S>: CYmUVm dmê$ dmê$: gwQ>bm¶ dm§S>: ~mB: Aer
280
 Amobo˶mZo èhmdy ZH$mog: n{hë¶m nhmar: J§Joda ÝhmD$ ZH$mog:
bwMVrb bwMVrb: ‘mem§Mo S>moio: ’w$Q>ob Zm S>mqi~r ‘YmMo
nmoio : ~mB: H$moam H$aH$arV: H$mJX VwPm ’$mQ>ob: emB© gm§S>ob
‘mPr: H$mJX H$moam ’$mSy> ZH$mog: H$moar hmoD$ ZH$mog: ...
(‘moZm{bgm ñ‘mBb) (dmK, {ZVrZ : 2007 : 45)
darb XmoÝhr H${dVm§Vrb AmYw{ZH$ "brimXe©Z' ho AZmoIo AgyZ ‘yi brimM[aÌmMr
^mfm AdJV H$arV ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVrb g§doXZm ¶m H$dtZr 춳V Ho$br Amho. MmdaoH$a d
dmK ¶m XmoKm§À¶m ¶m XmoÝhr H${dVm CXmhaUmV b¢{JH$ {df¶mÀ¶m g§X^m©Zo ór, V¥Vr¶n§Wr Aem
Ame¶ g§X^m©Zo brim {b{hbr Jobr Amho. XmoÝhr brim§V ^mfoMo AmO©d 춳V hmoVo. ¶mXdH$mbrZ
^mfoMm åhmB§^Å> H¥$V JmoS>dm ¶m H$dtZrXoIrb Omonmgbm Amho.
¶mM YVuda ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio ‘hmZw^md JÚ dmL²>‘¶mVrb "Ñï>m§V' ‘m§S>Ur
H$aVmZm {XgVmV. "‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mioMr H${dVm' (2001) H${dVmg§J«hmV "e³VrnmVmMo
gyÌ' ¶m {d^mJmV "Ñï>m§V' erf©H$ YmaU Ho$boë¶m EHy$U 15 "Ñï>m§V' H${dVm AmhoV. ˶mbmM
OmoSy>Z nwT>o "Zmi VwQ>ë¶m àW‘ nwéfmMo Ñï>m§V' ¶m {d^mJmV "gyÌ n{hbo' Vo "gy Ì ~mdrgmdo'
Aem "gyÌ' Agboë¶m H${dVm Amë¶m AmhoV. CXmhaUmXmIb ˶mVrb "Ñï>m§V' d "gyÌ'
nwT>rbà‘mUo...
Ñï>mÝV - 10
eãXm§{edm¶À¶m IoimVbm C§Xra
dmŠ¶m§{edm¶À¶m IoimVbr ‘m§Oa
nmZ^a JÚmV JwaJwaV amhUmam Hw$Ìm
nwñVH$^a nmZmV MaV OmUmar Jm¶
bm¶~«arÀ¶m IwiMQ> H$nmQ>mVbr nmJmoir
AZ² ^mfoÀ¶m IoimVbm {Xb’o$H$ H$dr
gm§S>V amhVmV Amnmnb§ M[aÌ
^mfo{edm¶... (H$mio , ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd : 2001 : 4)
Agm "Ñï>m§V' ‘§Joe H$mio {b{hVmV. ¶mV ‘yi Ñï>m§VmMr b¶ d hm Ñï>m§V CbJSy>Z
gm§JʶmMr bH$~ gmYbobr Zmhr. ¶mM nmVirda "gyÌ' ¶m AmH¥${V~§YmH$S>o ~Kmdo bmJVo.
gyÌ ~mamdo :
281
 ^mfobm åhQ>b§
EH$ S>md IoiyZ Ko
Ko diyZ daÀ¶mda {OìhoÀ¶m
H$amJ«o dgo bú‘r V¡goMr ~g AmonZbr Amnë¶m ‘m§S>rda
‘r ݶmhmirZ CÞV VwPm ‘mWm
MKirZ VwPr Amoi Z² Amoi
{Zd©ó H$ê$Z hmVm§Zr XmoÝhr
{nidQy>Z Iw§Q>r bmdrZ gáH$mV
VwPm VmZnyam ... (H$mio, ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd : 2001 : 10)
‘yi H$dr ‘hmZw^mdr Ho$eramO ~mgmÀ¶m "Ñï>m§VnmR>' ¶m J«§WmMm AmXe© g‘moa R>odV ‘§Joe
Zmam¶Uamd H$mio erf©H$mMr Ho$di ñ‘¥Vr J¥hrV Yê$Z ¶m H${dVm {b{hë¶m Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
‘yiJ«§WmVrb H«$‘ "gyÌ', "Ñï>m§V','Xmï>mª{VH$' Agm AgyZ ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio Vmo nmiV
ZmhrV. ZìdXmoÎmar OJUo à‘mU ‘mZyZ ˶m^modVrMr H${dVm Zì¶m OJʶmMo "gyÌ' d "Ñï>m§V'
{bhrV AmhoV. ZìdXmoÎmar H$dtZm Amnë¶m na§naoMr CÎm‘ OmU Agë¶mMo ho bjU ‘mZmdo
bmJob.
[Link].2. nÌ / ~mV‘r
ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV Oo H$mhr g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§Y Ambo AmhoV ˶mV nÌ d ~mV‘r ¶m§Mm
dmnahr Pmë¶mMo AmT>iVo. ‘yë¶gmnoj d H$mbgmnoj Aem XmoÝhr {d^mJmV hr H${dVm AmnUmg
gmnS>Vo Amho. dmñV{dH$ H${dVoV ~gy Z eH$Umam ~mhoarb AmH¥${V~§Y H${dVoÀ¶m
Ame¶‘mJUr‘wio H${dVoV AmUVm ¶oVmo, ho ¶m H${dVm§dê$Z {XgVo. g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma ¶m§À¶m
"{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV "H$mirVyZ ‘w³Vr KoVboë¶mMr H$hmUr' ¶m H${dVoV Oo
g§{‘l AmH¥${V~§Y ¶oV AmhoV, ˶mV Om{hamV, g§dmX, Xd§S>r, ¶mgmo~VM "nÌ' d "~mV‘r' ho
AmH¥${V~§Y A§V^y©V Pmbobo AmhoV.
eoVH$è¶mMr Pmbobr ’$gdUyH$ ¶m ~mV‘rnÌmV Ambobr Amho. EH$ZmW nmQ>rb ¶m§À¶m
"Iw§Q>çmda Q>m§Jbobr Xþ:I§' ¶m g§J«hmV "MH«$ì¶yh' (n¥. 34), "AmB©, Vy qMVm H$ê$ ZH$mo' (n¥.
36), "gIr' (n¥. 38), "~mH$s amhVo eyݶ' (n¥. 44), "ho ‘m¶m {චJmdm' (n¥. 48), "gXmZ§X
gwVma ‘bm nÌ {b{hVmo' (n¥. 56) ¶m H${dVm nÌê$n AmhoV.

282
[Link].3. H$Wm / nQ>H$Wm / ZmQ>H$
H${dVobm H$Wmê$n AJa ZmQ>çê$n AmH¥${V~§Y {‘iUo hm EHy$U H${dVoÀ¶m AmH¥${V~§YmMm
g§Ho$V^§J Pmë¶mMm nwaogm nwamdm R>aVmo. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV hm g§Ho$V^§J AmT>iVmo. n§{S>Vr
Am»¶mZH${dVoZo ‘amR>rV AmUyZ gmoS>bobm H$WmË‘H$VoMm ^mJ Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV {dH${gV hmoV
Jobm Amho. g§nyU© H${dVm H$Wmê$nmbm AZwHy$b hmoUo, H${dVoV nQ>H$WoMo Agmdo Vgo VwH$S>o, ˶mV
ZmQ>H$ ¶oUo ¶m àH$mamH$S>o ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV {dH$gZ Pmë¶mMo {XgVo. H${dVoV ¶oUmar H$WmË‘
OmUrd hm gm{h˶ AmH¥${V~§YmMm g§{‘l àH$ma ‘mZmdm bmJVmo. gm{h˶mV A§{V‘V: H$moUVm
Var ~moY ¶oVmo. hm ~moY AZoH$ H${dVm§‘YyZ H$Wm AJa Jmoï> ñdê$nmV ¶oVmo. J«m‘rU n[aàoú¶
bm^boë¶m H${dVm§‘ܶo hm H$WmË‘H$VoMm ‘moR>m ^mJ Amë¶mMo {XgVo. A{Zb YmHy$ H$m§~ir
("{H$b{H$ë¶m COoS>mMr {Varn'), B§ÐOrV ^mboamd ("Hw$i§{~UrMr H$hmUr') Aem H${dVmV ho
H$Wm Z‘wZo ‘moR>çm g§»¶oZo gmnS>VmV.
JmdmV nmoa nmʶmbm Jobr dmQ>oV Jw§S>m Q>mHy$Z Ambr
YwidS>rMm {Xdg hmoVm a§JmZ§ nmoa ‘mIyZ Jobr
¶oVmM Kar {MS>bm ~mn ‘m¶Z§ {Vbm ‘mab§ Iyn
~§Xd H$mT>r Hw$èhmS> H$mR>çm JmdmV XoVr gmè¶m§Zm Mmon
bmI‘mobmMr Am~ê$ åhUo ‘mVrbm nma {‘iyZ Jobr...
(ndma, g§Vmof : 2008 : 20)
Cnamo³V JrVñdê$n H${dVoV YwidS>rÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo EH$m ‘wbrÀ¶m Am¶wî¶mMr Pmbobr
YyiYmU {XgVo. {VÀ¶m Am¶wî¶mMr EH$ g§nyU© H$Wm CbJS>V OmVmZm AmT>iVo. ¶mMm
H$WmË‘H$Vobm Yê$Z ‘amR>r H${dVoV nQ>H$WoMr g§nyU© ~rOo Agbobr H${dVm gmnS>Vo. "~hmXÿa
Wmnm Am{U BVa H${dVm' ¶m g§nyU© ì¶{³V{MÌ H${dVoV ¶oUmao à˶oH$ nmÌ, àg§JmMo à˶oH$
H${dVoVrb Oo VwH$S>o AmhoV, Vo nQ>H$Wobm AZwHy$b Aem ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. gbrb dmK ¶m§À¶m
"aogH$mog© Am{U BVa H${dVm' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmVë¶m "VVS> VVS> VVS> VVS> VVS> YwpåMVVS>
VVS> VVS>' ¶m H${dVoV g§nyU© ZmQ>H$mMm AmH¥${V~§YmMm dmna Ho$bm Jobm Amho. (dmK, gbrb
: 2008 : 62-65)
6.10. ‘m¡pIH$ Am{dîH$ma ê$nmMm nwZdm©na
{bpIV na§nam ¶oʶmnydu ‘m¡pIH$ na§naoMo gm{h˶ g‘mOmV bmoH${චhmoVo. gd© àH$maMo
Y‘©dmL²>‘¶, bmoH$dmL²>‘¶ ho g§nyU© ‘m¡pIH$ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. EH$g§Xr àkm Agbobo gmYH$ Amnbo
283
n§WdmL²>‘¶ Vm|S>nmR> R>odV AgV. hr ‘m¡pIH$VoMr na§nam AJXr eodQ>r "~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar' ¶m§À¶m
ê$nmZo AmYw{ZH$ ‘amR>r H${dVoV gmnS>Vo. AmYw{ZH$¶wJmV g‘mO ~Xbbm Am{U ˶mV V§ÌàYmZVm
Amë¶mZ§Va ˶mMm {bpIV gm{h˶mH$S>o AmoT>m {Z‘m©U Pmbm. VWm{n, gm{h˶mVyZ AmOhr ‘m¡pIH$
na§naoMm à˶¶ ¶oVmZm {XgVmo. OmJ{VH$sH$aU Ambo Am{U daVr dU©Z Ho$bobr ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr
Amgnmg AgʶmÀ¶m H$mimVhr J«m‘rU, Xoer na§nam§Zr H${dVoV ‘m¡pIH$VoMm à˶¶ AmUyZ {Xbm
Amho. ˶m§Mm n[aM¶ AmnU H$ê$Z KoD$.
bmoH$g§Ho$V d ê$T>tMr ñ‘¥Vr
g‘mOmV AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m bmoH$g§Ho$V d ê$T>r AmhoV ˶m§À¶mn¡H$s nmD$gnmʶm~m~V Á¶m
g§Ho$VmÛmao nmD$g nS>Vmo ˶m bmoH$ê$T>rMr {MÌo J«m‘rU H${dVoV Ambr AmhoV. ˶mVyZ Adf©U
g‘ñ¶m, gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶, àemgH$s¶ g‘ñ¶m ¶m§Mo AmoPaVo {MÌ H${dVoVyZ C‘Q>Vo. "Ym|S>r
Ym|S>r nmUr Xo' åhUV ~oS>H$m§Mo {ddmh bmdUo, Xod H$m|S>Uo, nmD$g AmUm¶bm dmO§Ìr KoD$Z
{edmamda OmUo AmXr àWm IoS>o^mJmV Agboë¶m {XgVmV. OmJ{VH$sH$aU d ZìdXmoÎmar
dmñVdmVXoIrb Aer A§YlÕm‘ybH$ ê$T>r Mmby amhÿ eH$Vo, ¶mMrM gmj ¶m H${dVm XoVmV.
Ym|S>r Ym|S>r nmUr
nmʶm{dZm Pmbr Xem, OmJr Amem nmUXod JmVr JmUr
O{‘Zrbm nS>ë¶m ^oJm, Var C^m Hw$U~r PmS>mdmUr.
H$moaS>çm nm§Xr, nwgë¶m Zm|Xr OiyZ Jobm Mmam
gmV-~mamÀ¶m CVmè¶mbm, Var bmJbm XñVyaIwX nrH$noam.
~m§YmdaM§ gm§JV§ PmS>, ‘yi JmS> ‘mVrImbr Amnbr Zmi
ZjÌm§À¶m ñdmJVmbm, dmOdy Mb hmVm‘Yr KoD$Z Q>mi.
Caë¶m gwaë¶m ZjÌm§Zm, g‘OmdVmZm XmoK§ {‘iyZ JmD$ JmUr
VwPo ‘mPo OmoSy>Z hmV, åhUy JmV Ym|S>r Ym|S>r nmUr.
... ("Hw$Uã¶mMr H${dVm') (‘hm{S>H$, bú‘U…2006…74)
àH$me {H$ZJmdH$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ¶m g§Ho$V ê$T>r doJdoJù¶m nÕVrZo ¶oVmV.
gmVnwS>çmÀ¶m H$igmbm Am^mi Q>oH$bob§ {Xgb§ åhUOo nmD$g ¶oUma hr YmaUm {VH$S>o Amho.
Vr g˶mV CVaV Zmhr Voìhm ‘mUgo AmnmoAmn bmoH$g§Ho$V, ê$T>rH$S>o, A§YlÕoÀ¶m dV©ZmH$S>o
PwH$VmV ho Imbrb H${dVm§‘ܶo {XgVo.
gmVnwS>çmÀ¶m H$igmbm A^moQ> {~bJbob§ {XgV Zmhr
284
 AZ² Hw$R>ohr {dOoMr {R>UJr M‘H$V Zmhr
åhUyZ ‘mUg§ pIÞnUo XmIdm dê$Z Imbr ¶oVmV
Voìhm§ ˶m§Zm EoHy$ ¶oVmo
XodmMo S>Jio Km|JS>rgmaIo nm§Kê$Z
Ym|S>r Ym|S>r nmUr Xo.
Mm¡H$mV Cä¶m Agboë¶m ‘mUgmMm AmdmO,
Ym|S>r Ym|S>r nmUr Xo... ("Jmdm˦m AmH$m^modVr')
({H$ZJmdH$a, àH$me … 2006 … 128)
amo{hʶm§Zr A§S>o Jmibo åhUOo ‘¥J H$moaS>m OmB©b ¶mdê$Z JmdmV VH©$ Ho$bo OmVmV. hm
nwT>Mm g§Ho$Vhr àH$me {H$ZJmdH$a ¶m§À¶mM H${dVoV ¶oVmo. new njr ¶m§À¶m Z¡g{J©H$ dV©Zmbm
éT>rMo ~§YZ ‘mZUmè¶m g§Ho$VmMo CXmhaU ¶oWo Ambo Amho.
A^moQ>
amo{hʶm§Zr A§S>o Jmibo ‘¥J H$moaS>m OmB©b
dmdamMr T>miUr hmoD$Z EImXr qZXUr dmMob.
Jmd VH$m©V X§J AgVmo.
nmD$g ¶oVmo
dmQ> nmhÿZ nmhÿZ X‘bobr ‘mUg§
Am§~Q>-Amob O{‘ZrV {~¶mU§ AmoVVmV
~m§Y {hadiV Zmhr
AZ² Am¡VmMo da‘hr {daV ZmhrV.
‘J CR>boë¶m AmJo‘mohimÀ¶m
‘mem§gmaIr
‘mdiVrH$Sy>Z
gwê$ hmoVo dmè¶mMr ^U^U.
åhmVmar-H$moVmar AdmH²$ hmoVmV
AZ² Xod AmVm EH$mXerbmM ¶oB©b åhUyZ
n§T>arbm {ZKyZ OmVmV... ("JmdmÀ¶m AmH$m^modVr')
({H$ZJmdH$a àH$me : 2006 : 127)
285
 JmdmV ho OmoJVo-‘mJVo ¶oVmV Vo gd© doJdoJù¶m OmVrMo AgVmV. am¶a§X hm ˶mVbmM
EH$. Vmo ‘idQ> (‘adQ>) ^ê$Z ¶oVmo Am{U "b¾mbm Mbm Vwåhr b¾mbm Mbm' åhUV Am‘§ÌU
XoVmo. Vmo "J«m‘^mJmMm boIm' hr H${dVm ‘m§S>Vo.
am¶a§J
‘adQ> ^ê$Z
H$mIoV Pmoir AS>Hy$Z
órdofmV am¶a§J ~mOmamÀ¶m {Xder JmdmV ¶m¶Mm
AZ² XmamV C^m amhÿZ
ApñVËdmV Zgboë¶m
^mJy~mB©À¶m b¾mMo Am‘§ÌU Úm¶Mm.
b¾mÀ¶m V¶marMo dU©Z H$ê$Z
dèhmU åhUyZ ZoʶmgmR>r
Ho$boë¶m ì¶dñWoMr ‘m{hVr gm§Jm¶Mm
AZ² ‘wèhmir ~ZyZ ~m¶m§Zm ZoʶmMm AmJ«h Yam¶Mm.
...("Jmdm˦m AmH$m^modVr': 120)
OmJ{VH$sH$aU ¶wJmVhr Aem H${dVm {b{hë¶m Joë¶mV. ¶mMmM AW© ˶mMo bm^ Am{U
˶mMo A{^gaU ho Ho$di g§nH©$Jm‘r AgyZ Vo ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr gwYmê$Z {df‘Vm {Z‘y©bZ
H$aʶmBVnV Cn¶moJmMo {Z{üV Zmhr, Agm EH$ VXZwf§{JH$ {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm ¶oVmo.
6.10.1. Amodr
gbrb dmK ¶m§À¶m CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ H${dVoV nma§n[aH$ dmQ>mdr Aer "Om˶mVbr Amodr' ZmdmMr
Amho.
ÛmaHo$À¶m Xmar....
˶mÀ¶m Cä¶m J Jm¡iUr
Hy$Q> àý bmJo Y¸$m
‘|Xÿ Kw‘{dVo Am¸$m
ÛmaHo$À¶m Xmar....
ZI{eImÝV JdiUr
gmoZo ZmUo {hao ‘moVr
286
 Vm|S>r Vmo~am ^¡a ‘mVr
ÛmaHo$À¶m Xmar....
b§H$mnVrÀ¶m JdiUr
ew^‘ H$amo{V H$ë¶mU§
gmoS>VrVbo g§ñH$ma
ÛmaHo$À¶m Xmar....
Q>Z© ‘maVr Jm¡iUr
Xoe H$moUVm ^¶mU
Mmar ‘w§S>çm J M§Ji
ÛmaHo$À¶m Xmar....
añVm MwH$ë¶m JdiUr
AmVm Zmd Jmd ZmVr
dmOo nmD$bmMr ^rVr... ("aogH$mog© Am{U BVa H${dVm')
(dm¿m gbrb … 2008 … 44)
¶oWo {JaH$s ‘maUmè¶m JdiUr Zmhr Va Q>Z© ‘maUmè¶m JdiUr {MVmaë¶m Joë¶m AmhoV.
ho na§naoMo Img ZìdXmoÎmarH$aU Amho, Ago åhUmdo bmJVo.
6.10.2. Jm|Yir JrV
àH$me hmoiH$a ¶m§À¶m H$moaS>o ZjÌ ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV Jm|Yir JrV Amë¶mMo gmnS>Vo.
^ê$ Xo ¶§Xm ‘¥JmM§ Am^mi
ZmdmMm Vw¶m ¶iH$moQ> H$arb
dmhÿ Xo ¶§Xm dhiZmbo
ZmdmMm Vw¶m ¶iH$moQ> H$arb
{nHy$ Xo ¶§Xm I§S>r^a amg
ZmdmMm Vw¶m ¶iH$moQ> H$arb
^ê$ Xo JmB©Jwam§Zr JmoR>o
ZmdmMm Vw¶m ¶iH$moQ> H$arZ
- dmTy> Xo A§Jmda ‘yR>^a ‘m§g
ZmdmMm Vw¶m ¶iH$moQ> H$arb... ("H$moaS>o ZjÌ') (hmoiH$a, àH$me … 1996 : 2)
287
 ¶m Jm|Yir JrVmMm ‘wIS>m hm "ZmdmMm Vw¶m ¶iH$moQ> H$arb' ¶m nmbwnXmMm Amho.
dmMVmZm Jm|Yir JrVmMr b¶ EH$m dmMZ H$Q>mjmV OmUdVo. VWm{n, ¶m àH$maÀ¶m H${dVm AJa
JrVo ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoMr {Xem R>ady eH$V ZmhrV.
6.10.3. A^§J
‘amR>r H${dVoV gdmªV OmñV dmnabm Jobobm N>§X åhUyZ A^§JaMZoH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo.
ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVhr A^§J aMZoMo àm~ë¶ AgyZ J«m‘rU H${dVoV ¶m aMZoMr A{^춳Vr
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Pmbr Amho. J«m‘rU H${dVm {b{hUmè¶m ~hþVm§e H$dtZr A^§J aMZmàH$ma åhUyZ
hmVmibm Amho. lrH$m§V Xoe‘wI, àdrU ~m§XoH$a, g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma, Ho$ed gImam‘ Xoe‘wI,
Xo{dXmg Mm¡Yar, gwIXod T>mUHo$ ¶m§Zr ˶m§À¶m H${dVmg§J«hm§‘ܶo ñ’y$Q> ñdê$nmV A^§J {b{hbo
AmhoV. {dbmg nmQ>rb ("^§Jbobo A^§J'), lrH¥$îU amD$V ("VwH$mo ~mXehm'), ‘mYd OmYd
("Hw$idmS>r A^§J') AmXr H$dtZr g§nyU© H${dVmg§J«h "A^§Jg§J«h' åhUyZ {b{hbo AmhoV Ago
{XgVo.
åherMo boH$ê$
nmoQ>mVM ‘obo
V¡go AmVm Pmbo
^mdZm§Mo ... ("~ird§V') (Xoe‘wI, lrH$m§V : 1996 : 62)
Aem H$mhr {nidQy>Z Q>mH$Umè¶m A^§J Amoir lrH$m§V Xoe‘wI ¶m§Zr gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimV
{b{hë¶m.
Jm¶ åhgarÀ¶m H$mgo‘Yr XÿY
˶mgr aVr~mMo H$m¶ R>mdo
Jm¶Jwao XoVr eoU nmQ>r nmQ>r
˶mgr ‘m§Jë¶mMo H$m¶ ^mZ ("{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV')
(ndma, g§Vmof … 2008 … 94)
‘wimgH$Q> ImXbm Cg JmoS> hmoVm
‘Yw‘oh Pmbm AmVm nmMQ>mZo ("{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV')
(ndma, g§Vmof … 2008 : 95)
VWm{n, A^§J hmoʶmgmR>r ‘ZmMr Or EH$mË‘ A^§J H${dd¥Îmr Agmdr bmJVo {VMm A^md
¶m gd© H$dt‘ܶo AmT>iVmo. ¶mg AndmX AgyZ àdrU ~m§XoH$a ¶m§Zr ˶m§À¶m "¶oê$ åhUo' ¶m
288
g§J«hmV ¶m A^§J H${dd¥ÎmrMm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho. VwH$mam‘m§À¶m A^§JmVrb "¶oê$' àdrU
~m§XoH$a ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV AdVrU© Pmbm Amho.
¶oê$ åhUo ~mßnm, A§Ymê$Z ¶oVm
Xþ…ImMr dmÀ¶Vm
H$ê$ Z¶o;
eŠ¶Vm§Mr {bnr, Am^mi ^ê$Zr
ñdV…bm ñ‘ê$Zr
MmMnmdr ("¶oê$ åhUo') (~m§XoH$a, àdrU … 2000 : 8)
H$mimMm g§X^© XoUmar EH$ ‘hÎdmMr Aer aMZm ¶oWo AmT>iVo. {edm¶ hr A^§JaMZm
H${dVm åhUyZ ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoÀ¶m ‘yë¶g§H$ënZoV ¶mo½¶ar˶m ~gVo. ‘amR>rV AZoH$ H$dtZr
doimodoir A^§J aMZm Ho$br ˶mMo àm~ë¶ J«m‘rU H${dVoV OmñV Amho. ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV à’w$„
{eboXma, Xmgy d¡Ú, Ho$ed Xoe‘wI, AemoH$ WmoamV, g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma, H¡$bmg Xm¢S>, g§O¶
Mm¡Yar, VwH$mam‘ Ym§S>o, JUoe ^mH$ao, ZmJoe eobma, ‘w~maH$ eoI, h[ae hmVdQ>o, ‘Ww gmd§V,
lrH¥$îU amD$V, VwH$mam‘ pI„mao, Eoœ¶© nmQ>oH$a, Ho$ed IQ>tJ, ZrbH§$R> gmoZdUo, OJXre
H$X‘, g§Vmof Zmam¶UH$a, à^mH$a gmioJmdH$a H$dtZr A^§J{Z{‘©Vr Ho$br Amho. ¶mVrb H$mhr
AndmX dJiVm ~hþVm§e H$dr ho J«m‘rU g§doXZm 춳V H$aUmao AmhoV. A^§JaMZm hr H${dVoV
EImÚm ¶wJY‘m©à‘mUo AgyZ {VMm VodT>mM VmH$XrZo dmna hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. gmR>moÎmar {nT>rV
‘YwH$a Ho$Mo ¶m§Zm ho ^mZ hmoVo. Vgm A^§JH$Vm© ZìdXmoÎmar {nT>rV Zgë¶mMo Z‘yX H$amdo bmJVo.
6.10.4. JU
Eadr Ho$di V‘memV Agbobm JU ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVrb ‘hÎdnyU© H$dr ^wO§J ‘olm‘
¶m§À¶m "ZmÀ¶m' ¶m H${dVoV ‘yë¶mË‘H$ ZìdXmoÎmar Ame¶mgh AmT>iVmo. ˶mV g§nyU© "V‘mem'
C^m H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$drZo Ho$bm Amho.
øo {gdg§H$a {JaOmVZ¶m
JZZmBH$m na^dam
gw~ H$ma¶m©À¶m gw^o àama§^r
Z‘moZ Wwbm Bñdam
øo @øo @øo@@ øo@@
À¶mo¶² À¶mo¶² À¶mo¶² À¶mo¶²
289
 ^w§½¶mdmZr Jw§JwZ {OWë¶m {WV§ Mm|S>Š¶m
AmJwbr hmH$ë¶mdmZr {OëH$ar
’w$Jo ’w$Jdë¶mdmZr Jù¶mÀ¶m {eam§
KÅ>o nS>ë¶m ~moQ>m§¶da Omoa bmdVmo T>mobŠ¶m
Kwå‘m Kwå‘m Kwå‘m VmH$pãYH$ VmH$pùYH$
Jm¶Š¶m Vñgm Vñgm ‘ñVrV
na ZmÀ¶m Hw$R>r ‘obm ZmÀ¶m?... ("A^wO ‘mS>') (^wO§J ‘olm‘ : 2008 : 211)
à‘mU^mfoV AWdm Cd©[aV {R>H$mUr V‘memV "ho {ede§H$a {J[aOm VZ¶m' Agm gwê$
hmoUmam JU BWo Am{Xdmgr ~mobrV "øo {gdg§H$a {JaOmVZ¶m...' Agm gwê$ hmoVmo Amho. ¶mV
"ZmÀ¶m' ¶m nmÌmÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo ^wO§J ‘olm‘ ¶m§Zr g§nyU© V‘mem ¶m H${dVoV C^m H$ê$Z ˶mVrb
ÜdZr, b¶, {PbH$mar VgoM V‘memVrb dmÚo, ˶m§Mm AmdmO ˶mMo ^m{fH$ nS>gmX ¶m§Mm
n[aM¶ H${dVoV H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho.
6.10.5. bmdUr
bmdUr ho noedoH$mimnmgyZ ‘amR>r H${dVoMo d¡{eïç Amho. H$mhr J«m‘rU H$dtZr ZìdXmoÎmar
H$mimVhr bmdʶm {b{hë¶m AmhoV; VWm{n ˶m§Mm ~mO OJXre Io~wS>H$a ¶m§À¶m {MÌnQ>
bmdUrH$S>o PwH$Umam Agm Amho. Zm. Ym|. ‘hmZmoam§Zr bmdUrbm {ZgJ©dU©ZmMr A{^OmV OmoS>
{Xbr Amho. ˶mÀ¶mnwT>o AmOMr ‘amR>r bmdUr Zdo diU emoYy eH$bobr Zmhr. bú‘U ‘hm{S>H$
¶m H$drÀ¶m "Hw$Uã¶mMr H${dVm' ¶m eoVH$ar Xþ…ImÀ¶m H${dVoV bmdUr gmnS>Vo. "d{hVrMr
bmdUr' ho {VMo Zmd.
H$mhr Var H$éZ, H$g§ Var H$éZ, PQ>nQ> IQ>nQ> H$am
‘mPr ‘mimMr, ‘miamZmMr, am¶m, O‘rZ d{hVr H$am.

nmUr AmSy>Z nmUr {Oadm, ¶m§À¶m amZmV nmUr {’$adm

ìhimìhimV ~§YZr Kmbm, ~m§Y KmbyZ AmS>dm Zmbm
H$mR>‘oambm, ‘miamZmbm, PQ>nQ> nmUr ^am.

‘mP§ {edma Amho {~ZYmoH$, ¿¶md§ X‘mZ§ AmS>gmbr nrH$

Xm~m garZ§ D$gmMo ~oU§, ¶m§À¶m {edmar {nH$dm gmoZ§
290
gmV~mè¶mbm, {nH$noè¶mbm, PQ>nQ> Zm|XUr H$am.
‘mPr eoadmZr, ‘mPr ‘wa‘mQ>r am¶m O‘rZ d{hVr H$am.
("Hw$Uã¶mMr H${dVm') (‘hm{S>H$, bú‘U : 2006 : 31)
ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoMm ^modVmb ~Xbbobm AgVmZm Ho$di a§OZ‘yë¶ àYmZ aMZm hmoUo
lo¶ñH$a R>aV Zmhr. AemoH$ H$moVdmb ¶m§À¶m "ZwgVmM Jb~bm' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV bmdUrgÑe
aMZm Ho$bobr AmT>iVo.
H$er bmdVm gwImbm bmS>rJmoS>r...
H$er KoVm nbQ>r JS>o hmo,
H$mnm}aoQ> OJmV dmdaVmZm Vwåhr?
H$embm KÅ> {~bJyZ H$aVm C^§
N>ÌrEdT>§ AmH$me Vw‘À¶m ‘m϶mdaVr.
H$em ’w$bdVm BÀN>m {~J ~mOmamV
C§M ‘Zmoè¶m§Imbr.
H$moU XoV§ gmoSy>Z ~moQ> Vw‘M§ ¶oV§ PobnmQ>V Kar
H$go {’$adVm hmV
nwÝhm nwÝhm Amnë¶mM Mohè¶mdê$Z.
H$go CnQ>Vm Ho$g gnmQ> {‘erdabo.
H$er bmdVm gwImbm bmS>rJmoS>r KoVm OS>mdyZ S>moio EoeAmam‘r.
......
JS>o hmo, hr H$moUVr ‘ëQ>rZ°eZb Jw§Jr
amoO amoO ñdV:bmM ñdV:nmgyZ VmoS>ʶmMr ("ZwgVmM Jb~bm')
(H$moVdmb, AemoH$ : 2017 : 96)
AemoH$ H$moVdmb ¶m§Zm ZìdXmoÎmar dmñVdmMo bmdUrV H$m¶ H$amd¶mMo Amho, ho {ZXmZ
g‘Obobo {XgVo. ˶m§Zr ˶m Ñï>rZo ~Xb˶m dmñVdmMo Cn¶moOZ Amnë¶m H${dVoV Ho$ë¶mMo
{XgVo. VWm{n, bmdUrMr H$mhr A§J^yV d¡{eï²>¶ AmhoV ˶mMr nyV©Vm ¶m aMZoV hmoV Zmhr.
gbrb dmK ¶m§Mr "~¡R>H$sMr bmdUr' ¶m g§nyU© nmœ©^y‘rda nmhʶmgmaIr Amho.

291
 Ad§ am¶m
bm°JrZ H$aVm¶² Ýhd§... ("aogH$mog© Am{U BVa H${dVm')
(dmK, gbrb … 2008 : 36)
gbrb dmK ¶m§Zr bmdUr àH$mamVhr ^a Q>mH$br Amho. ˶m bmdUrbm ˶m§Zr "~¡R>H$sMr
bmdUr' åhQ>bo Amho. XmoZ eãXm§Mo erf©H$ gmoS>bo Va EHy$U bmdUr nwT>o ’$³V nmM eãXm§Mr
Amho.
"Ad§ am¶m
bm°JrZ H$aVm¶² Ýhd§' ¶m ‘wIS>çmV bmdUrMr ZOmH$V, {VMm R>gHo$~mOnUm, VgoM
bmdUrMo Û¡AWu AgUo ¶m gd© bmdUr d¡{eïçm§Mm ˶mV à˶¶ ¶oVmo. "bm°JrZ' hm eãX
AZoH$mW©gyMH$ Agm Pmbm AgyZ hm V§Ìmbm bmdUr {Xbobm Img CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ Y¸$m Amho,
Ago åhQ>ë¶mg dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. "bm°JrZ' eãXmMo Cn¶moOZ Agohr hmoD$ eH$Vo, hr Img
CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ OmUrd Amho. VWm{n, ¶m g§nyU© ZdonUmÀ¶m Ano{jV ‘mJUr g§X^m©V ¶m aMZoVrb
nwéfr ga§Om‘rMm ‘wÔm H$mhr {ZH$mbr {ZKmbobm Zmhr, CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ ‘mZ{gH$VoVhr ¶m àýmMo
CÎma gmnS>V Zmhr. AgoM ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo åhUmdo bmJob.
6.10.6. ^m|S>bm JrVo
^m|S>bm JrVo AJa ’o$amMr JmUr hm ‘amR>r H${dVoMm R>odm AmhoV. eŠ¶Vmo ¶m
AmH¥${V~§YmMo H${dVoV Cn¶moOZ KS>V Zmhr.
AmS> ~mB© AmS>moUr
EH$ qb~y Poby ~mB©
XmoZ qb~y Poby
XmoZ qb~y Poby ~mB©
VrZ qb~y Poby
VrZ qb~y Poby ~mB©
Mma qb~y Poby
Mma qb~y Poby ~mB© AmS> ~mB© AmS>moUr
nmM qb~y Poby
nmM qb~mMm nmUdR>m
‘mi Kmbr hU‘§Vm
292
 hU‘§VmMr {Zir hmoS>r ¶oVm OmVm H$‘io VmoS>r
H$‘imÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJo bnbr amUr amUr Zìho ¶‘wZm O‘wZm
EH$ ZmoQ> Poby ~mB© XmoZ ZmoQ>m Poby
XmoZ ZmoQ>m Poby ~mB© VrZ ZmoQ>m Poby
VrZ ZmoQ>m Poby ~mB© Mma ZmoQ>m Poby
Mma ZmoQ>m Poby ~mB©
nmM ZmoQ>m Poby
nmMeo ZmoQ>m§Mm J nwS>H$m ZmoQ>m§Mm hma Kmbr hU‘§Vm
hU‘§Vamdm§Mr ‘méVr JmS>r ¶oVm OmVm H$nS>o ’o$S>r
("boPr‘ IoiUmar nmoa§') (nmQ>rb, g§O¶ … 2007 : 79)
nma§n[aH$ JrVmbm ZH$iVnUo g‘H$mbmH$S>o AmUʶmMr à{H«$¶m ¶m boIZmV KS>br
Agë¶mMo {XgVo. ‘amR>r H${dVoV Aem aMZm AmVm bwáàm¶ hmoV AmhoV. ˶mÀ¶m IwUm ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoV Onë¶m OmV AmhoV. ¶mM nÕVrZo g§O¶ H¥$îUmOr nmQ>rb ¶m§Zr {d{dY bmoH$b¶r
Amnë¶m H${dVoV dmnaë¶m AmhoV. ˶m ZìdXmoÎmar ÑîQ>çm ‘hÎdmÀ¶m AmhoV.
6.10.7. boPr‘ JrV
"boPr‘ IoiUmar ‘wb§' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmVyZ g§O¶ H¥$îUmOr nmQ>rb ¶m§Zr Á¶m {d{dY
bmoH$b¶r Amnë¶m H${dVoV dmnaë¶m, ˶mn¡H$s EH$ boPr‘ JrV hmo¶. "{Xdg gwJrMo gwê$ Omhbo
Amobm Mmam ~¡b ‘mObo' ¶m lr. ~m. amZS>o ¶m§À¶m à{gÕ boPr‘ JrVmZ§Va ‘amR>rV boPr‘ JrVo
’$maer AmT>iV Zmhr.
{Q>nra {Q>nra {Q>nra {Q>nra Kw‘m¶ bmJVr hmbJr
‘mUwgH$sÀ¶m Zm˶m~ê$~a gm§Jm¶ bmJVr gbJr
X§J ìhdyZ ~KV hmVmV gJir bhmZ Wmoa§
Ord bmdyZ Vmb Ya˶mV boPr‘ IoiUmar nmoa§
("boPr‘ IoiUmar nmoa§') (nmQ>rb, g§O¶ … 2007 : 91)
boPr‘ JrVmV Ambobr H$hmUr, ˶mVrb boPr‘ IoiUmè¶m ‘wbm§Mr gm‘m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s, qhXÿ-
‘wñbr‘ àým§Zm {^S>ʶmMr VmH$X ¶m boPr‘ JrVmV Ambobr AmT>iVo. EHy$UM Zì¶m g‘mOmVrb
VéU ‘§S>io Am{U ˶m§Mr J„r~moimVrb gm‘m{OH$ H$m‘o ¶m§Mr XIb ¶m H${dVoZo KoVbr
Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
293
6.10.8. PS>Vr JrVo
lmdUmV ‘{hbm gUmMr JmUr JmVmV VWm{n nmoù¶mÀ¶m {Xder JmdH$m‘Jma, eoV‘Oya
AmXr H$ï>H$ar dJm©Vrb nwéf ~¡bm§Zm A§Kmoi KmbʶmÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo ZXrda KoD$Z OmVmV. ˶m§Zm
gOdVmV VgoM JmdX¡dVmg‘moa Xe©ZmÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo {‘adm¶bm VgoM {edma’o$arV nidm¶bm
ZoVmV. ¶m àg§Jr ˶m AmZ§XmV Vo Or JrVo JmVmV, ˶m§Zm PS>˶m åhUVmV. (A{YH$ nmhm.
(‘m§S>dH$a, ^mD$ (g§nm. gamo{OZr ~m~a) : lmdU ^mÐnX : 1985) ^wO§J ‘olm‘ ¶m§À¶m
"Kwå¶m' ¶m H${dVoV PS>VrMo eãX d b¶ dmnabr Amho. hr H${dVm AmVm AZwnbãY Amho, VWm{n
"{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV' H${dVmg§J«hmV Ama§^r ¶m PS>VrMm n[aM¶ hmoVmo.
PS>Vr XoUmamMr
MH$ MhmS>m
~¡b ~mohmS>m ~¡b Jobm nm¡UJS>m
nm¡UJS>mhÿZ AmUbr ‘mVr {^Odbr V§ Pmbr eoVr
eoVr {nH$br I§S>r^a Hw$Uã¶mÀ¶m OrdmMm hmb Abm~bm
ha~bm@@ ha@ ha ‘hmXod
.... ....
Jmd H$m‘JmamZo
Jm¶ë¶m ào‘mZo
OÝ‘Xm˶m ‘mVrÀ¶m
JmdÀ¶m ImoVrÀ¶m {ZT>imÀ¶m Km‘mÀ¶m
Owݶm Zì¶m MmbrÀ¶m gwImXþ…ImÀ¶m Owb‘r Vmoè¶mÀ¶m
ga§Om‘r WmQ>mÀ¶m
’$moS>ë¶m H$s H$dQ>çm gm§Jbr PS>˶m
ìhB©b {OdmMm Jë~bm
h~m}bm@@ hma..@@ åhmXod@@
("{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV') (ndma, g§Vmof : 2008 … 1-2)
~¡bm§g‘moa JrVo åhUyZ nmoim gmOam H$aUo VgoM ¶m PS>˶m amÌ^a åhUUo, Agm
JmdIoS>çmVrb EH$ ‘m¡pIH$ JrVàH$ma AgyZ ˶mMm AmT>i ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV AmT>iyZ ¶oVmo.

294
6.10.9. YZJar JrVo
gmVmam {OëømVrb ‘mU VmbwŠ¶mVrb "Hw$iH$OmB©' Vo gm§Jbr {OëømVrb "gaH$mobr'
n¶ªVMm ‘mUJ§JoÀ¶m Imoè¶mVrb EHy$U àXoe "‘mUXoe' åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. ‘hmamï´>mVrb
gmVmam, gm§Jbr, gmobmnya ¶m {OëømV ‘mU ZXrMo Imoao AgyZ {VWo ~mobbr OmUmar ~mobr
‘mUXoer ~mobr hmo¶.
YZJa Amnë¶m ‘|T>çm MmaVmZm JmdmoJmd {’$aVmV. Xaå¶mZ, {eIa qeJUmnya d
{~amo~mÀ¶m OÌobm Vo AmZ§XmZo YZJar T>mob dmOdyZ hmVmV, é‘mb CS>dyZ Oo Z¥Ë¶ H$aVmV,
˶mg JOr Z¥Ë¶ åhUVmV, Oo ~mob Vo JmVmV Vr "JOr JrVo' dm "gw§~amZ'åhUyZ AmoiIbr
OmVmV. ¶m {edm¶ ˶mV Mmb, R>oH$m ~XbyZ Z¥Ë¶ ~XbVo ˶mg "JOr Km¶' Ago åhUVmV.
"gw§~amZ' åhUOo XodmMo "ñ‘aU' ¶m AWu "ñ‘aU' eãXmdê$Z bmoH$^mfoV "gw§~amZ' àM{bV
Pmbo Amho. ˶mVrb b¶rMr "JOr JrVo' / "gw§~amZ' ‘amR>r H${dVoV Ambobr AmhoV.
H$mVaUrbm ‘|T>çm Amë¶m
~¸$i n¡H$m ¶oB©b dmo
{~é~mÀ¶m O̧‘Yr
Jwbmb aodS>çm CYiy dmo
S>m|JamV Xod AdKS> KmQ>
H$mù¶m H$mVimMm ~gm¶mbm nmQ>
MT>UrMm ‘mWm JmU§ JmVm JmVm
bmoʶmdmUr ‘D$ dmQ> ìhD$Z OmB©b dmo... ("{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV')
(ndma, g§Vmof … 2008 … 110)
H$mVaUrbm ‘|T>çm Amë¶m H$s Oo JOo Ioibo OmVmV, ˶m àg§JrMo "gw§~amZ' Amho.
JÁ¶mMr bmoH$b¶ YZJar T>mobmgmo~V AgVo. g‘mOmVrb gmܶm-^mÚm bmoH$m§À¶m ~mi~moY
^mfoMm à˶¶ ¶m JrVmV AmT>iVmo.
‘mohZ nmQ>rb ‘mUXoe n[agamVrb gm{hp˶H$ hmo¶. ˶m§À¶m H${dVm ¶m YZJar
‘|T>nmim§À¶m gwIXþ:ImÀ¶m Amoì¶m hmoV. ˶m§Mr JOr hr H${dVm C„oIZr¶ Amho.
JOr
J^m©i nhmQ>
295
JOrÀ¶m AmodrVyZ Jmd^a C‘bV amhVo
Om˶mVyZ ‘D$gyV nrR> Jimdo Ver à˶oH$ Amodr
A„mXr, ZwH$˶mM n§I ’w$Q>ë¶m nmIamJV
Hw$R>ë¶mem ‘wbmIV Jƒ XmQ>bobo
AmaodmS>rMo ~Z, {H$Þar ‘§Owi nmdm
T>mob H¡$VmimMr gmW
gmao H$go œmgmdmQ>o ’w$bbobo ñnem©BVHo$M
W§S>Jma eãX.

JOr : YZJa nmoa

Ho$irÀ¶m ~m§Yrd A§JmMr, hiHw§$S>mMm bon bodyZ
VadS>rV gmoZMm’$m ’w$byZ Amë¶mJV
JOr, JmVmJmVmM Amodr Aܶm©da Q>mHy$Z Jobr
VoìhmnmgyZ AdgonwZdobm
{VÀ¶m Jmoarnë¶mS>,dmJim§Zr JO~Oboë¶m
qMM~ZmV {VÀ¶m Caboë¶m Amoì¶m EoHy$ ¶oVmV

Jmd
JOrÀ¶m Jmoar në¶mS>
S>moù¶mg‘moa {VÀ¶m nmonQ>r ~mhþbrgmaI§
qMM~Z Mm§XU§ {nD$Z W§S>Jma S>mobV§¶
{h‘{ZWi˶m M‘H$Mm§Xʶm bwH$bwH$ H$arV
nmZm§À¶m H$modù¶m A§Jmer ‘ñVr H$aVmV
XÿYYwVbo ~Jio, ZwH$˶mM ’w$Q>ë¶m e|S>çmda
‘mZm AdKSy>Z JdJdr Pmon KoVmV
Aem doir
daÀ¶m {Zù¶m nmoH$irVyZ Om˶mdmMyZ nrR> Jimdo Vgm JOrMm Jim
‘moH$im ‘moH$im hmoV ahmVmo
296
 && AmaodmS>r˦m ~Zm Ԥ{Xa &&
&& T>mobH¡$Vmir dmOr ndm J
JmdH$ar XMHy$Z C^o AmhoV
Oer PmS>oM Wm§dbr AmhoV {nRy>anwZdobm
("Jmd Am{U ‘mVoÀ¶m H${dVm')
(nmQ>rb, ‘mohZ : 2005 … 14-15)
darb JOr H${dVm YZJam§Mo OrdZ{dœ {MVmaVo Amho. VgoM ˶mVrb b¶H$marMm
XoIrb ˶mVyZ à˶¶ ¶oVmo.
6.10.10. ìhB©H$ / hmo¶rH$/ ^mH$UyH$
ìhB©H$ åhUOo "Oo ¶oWyZ nwT>o hmoB©b' Vo "ìhB©H$' / "hmo¶rH$' gm§JUo. ˶mbmM H$mhr ^mJmV
"H$éUm ^mH$Uo' ¶mVrb eãXmdê$Z "^mH$UyH$' Agm eãX ~Z{dbm Jobm Amho. VmoM nwT>o àM{bV
Pmbobm {XgVmo. Xodmbm Ho$boë¶m H$éUoMr "^mH$UyH$' Agm ¶m eãXmMm AW© H$mT>Vm ¶oVmo. adtÐ
R>mHy$a ¶m§À¶m "XñVwaIwÔ' H${dVmg§J«hmV "^mH$UyH$' H${dVm Amho.
V§~mIyMm ~§~mIy ìhB©b, S>m|JamMm ^m|Ja ìhB©b.
dmB©Q> d§Jmi ‘m¶§Xmi {nH§$b, Mm§Jë¶mMr Ëdm§S> H$mi§ ìhB©b.
CgmMm H$mD$g ìhB©b, ‘mZgmMm H$mZyg ìhB©b.
‘mZwgH$sMm H$mi nS>ob, boH$ambm ‘m¶ nmaIr ìhB©b.
~mnmbm boH$, ^mdmbm ^BZ, gmgè¶m§Zm gyZ d{iH$Zma ÝhmB©.
Xmݶmbm YmaZ, ‘mZgmbm ‘aZ, ‘mJo åhmoa§ A§Yma ìhB©b.

~m§YmAmS> ~m§Y, {ed§AmS> {ed, {nH$b§ Var BH$Zma ÝhmB©.

{M‘Zrbm Mmam, ‘mZgmbm Wmam, OZmdambm d¡aZ bm^Zma ÝhmB©.

YaVrMr ‘m¶m, ‘mZgmMr H$m¶m, {OH$S§> {VH$S§> Vm§~S§> ìhB©b.

{hdmù¶mV nmD$g, CÝhmù¶mV W§S>r, ‘oKmMr H$mdS> J¡ah§Jm‘r ìhB©b.

KamVbr bjw‘r añ˶mda B©b, {N>Zmb ~mB© nmbIrV {‘admob.

qnOè¶mVbm amKy ^mfU H$aob, Hw$Ìm dmKmbm ’$mSy>Z ImVrb.
297
 ~mn-boH$mV V§Q>o bmJVrb, H$mJXmMm KmoS>m Iyi bmdrb, nm¶arMm Ym|S>m H$igmbm
OmB©b, hmVmÀ¶m OmJr nm¶ ’w$Q>Vrb Y§Úmbm ‘§Xr, d{H$bmbm M§Xr, J[a~mbm ݶmd ‘hmJ ìhB©b.
{hOS>çmÀ¶m OmJr ‘mH$S>mM§ amO B©b, CemMr ^mH$a Cembm amhrb. OmVnmV KmVnmV {eJobm
OmB©b, Mm¡H$mV nwVim Amgdo T>miVrb. VoÀ¶m nwT>çmV ^memZ gm§JVrb, na V|Mr {eH$dZ
¶oerbm Q>m§JVrb. CJdVm noQ>§b, ‘mdiVm BP§b, ‘mZygM ‘mZgmMm d¡ar ìhmB©b. {Vga§ noQ>b§
Va Mm¡W§ Hw$R>b§? Amb‘ Xþ{Z¶m Amog ìhB©b, g‘X§ OiyZ ImH$ ìhmB©b,na VoÀ¶mVyZM Zd§
Oë‘mbm B©b. YaVr‘mVm Yw‘gm¶ bmJbr¶m, H$moZ {VÀ¶m {OdmMm OmZo? ^wH§$bm Kmg, VmÝhobm
nmZr, AmnZM Amnbm VmaZhma ìhB©b. AmB©bm AmB©, ^Zrbm ^Z, ‘mZgmbm ‘mZyg åhZV
OmB©b. amo{hZrMm noam, ‘mo˶mMm Vwam, AmO noab§ Va CÚm Vamê$Z B©b. ObXr H$am, Zdr {~O§
noam, ÝhmB©Va dm’$gm {ZKyZ OmB©b. ZdVrMm H$dim ^§S>mè¶mbm {ndim. {~aXodmMm ^JV
^mH$UyH$ gm§Jrb... ("XñVwaIwÔ') (R>mHy$a aqdÐ : 2004 : 68)
"ìhB©H$ qH$dm ^mH$UyH$' ho bmoH$X¡dVmÀ¶m ^JVmH$Sy>Z M¡Ì ‘{hݶmV Aj¶V¥Vr¶m gUmbm
df©^amMr ^{dî¶dmUr gm§{JVbr OmVo. ˶mV ZmVr, g‘mO, nrH$n[apñWVr, gwH$mi, XþîH$mi,
¶wÕ, gm‘m{OH$ KQ>Zm, ew^-Aew^ KQ>Zm ¶m ~Ôb gyMH$ Aem Hy$Q>^mfoV ^{dî¶dmUr Ho$br
OmVo. {~aXodmMm ^JV hr ^mH$UyH$ gmXa H$aVmo Amho. ho {ZdoXZ eodQ>r ¶mV ¶oVo Amho. hm ìh¶rH$
AJa ^mH$UyH$ àH$ma AÚmnhr J«m‘rU g‘mOmMo A§J AgyZ ˶mdê$Z Amnë¶m ^mdr
gwIXþ…ImMm A§XmO Ho$bm OmVmo.
6.10.11. MidirMr JrVo
emhra {dbmg KmoJao, g§^mOr ^JV ¶m§Mo ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV MidirVrb JmʶmV ‘moR>o
¶moJXmZ AgyZ ˶m§Mr JrVo, nmodmS>m hr nma§n[aH$ b¶r d JmdmH$S>rb ^OZo, ^méS>o, em{har,
^o{XH$ Jm¶Z ¶m§Zm AZwgê$Z Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
emhra g§^mOr ^JV ¶m§Zr {deof H$ï> KoD$Z MidirÀ¶m Jmʶm§Mo AZoH$ Obgo gmXa Ho$bo
AmhoV. ˶m§Zr {b{hboë¶m JrVm§Zm JmdmÀ¶m ‘mVrMm dmg AgyZ n[adV©Z, H«$m§Vr ¶m§Mr ˶m§À¶m
Jmʶmbm AmoT> Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
VmoS> ‘Xm©, VmoS> hr MmH$moar
VmoS> ‘Xm©, VmoS> hr MmH$moar
VmoS> ~mB©, VmoS> hr MmH$moar
VmoS> VmoS> VmoS> VmoS>, VmoS> hr MmH$moar
298
 ‘w³VrM§ JrV åhUm, amV hm¶ A§Ymar
JmdmnmgyZ Amnë¶m ehamV nmVya
~m¶m§nmgyZ Amnë¶m nmoamnmVya
gdmªZm ‘mVrer B‘mZ hm¶ a§
Var ~r Myb H$m Jw‘mZ hm¶ a§... (JmUr ‘wº$sMr) (^JV, g§^mOr : 2000 : 27)
VgoM g§^mOr ^JV ¶m§Mo JmObobo {dÚmWu MidirVrb "{eH$Umè¶m ^mdm a§' ho JrV
A˶§V ‘hÎdmMo Amho. ˶mMm Ame¶ bmoH$b¶H$marVyZ AmH$mambm ¶oVmo.
...
{eH$Umè¶m ^mdm a§, {b{hUmè¶m ^mdm a§ dmMUmè¶m ^mdm a§, aS>Umè¶m ^mdm a§
eoVmÀ¶m ~m§YmdaZ§, ‘r hmH$ Vwbm XoVmo¶ O§JbmÀ¶m J^m©‘YZ§, ‘r hmH$ Vwbm XoVmo¶ ‘r eoV‘Oya
~mobVmo¶, ‘r Am{Xdmgr ~mobVmo¶ ¶§ÌmÀ¶m MH«$m‘YZ§, ‘r H$m‘Jma ~mobVmo¶... (JmUr ‘wº$sMr)
(^JV, g§^mOr : 2000 : 33)
MidirVrb JrVo hr A˶§V àIa g‘mOdmñVd 춳V H$aVmV. nwT>rb H$mimV g{MZ
‘mir, erVb gmR>o ¶m§Zr hm àdmg A{YH$ J{V‘mZ Ho$bm Amho bmoH$b¶ AZwgaUo ho ˶m§Mo
d¡{eïç> Amho. nma§n[aH$ b¶ na§Vw Ame¶ gwYmaUmdmXr 춳V hmoVmo. MidirMr JrVo JmʶmV
ZdrZ VéU-VéUr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda AmH${f©V hmoV AmhoV, hr ¶m eãX d Jmʶm§Mr {H$‘¶m
hmo¶.
6.11. {d{dY aMZm àH$mam§Mm dmna
‘m¡{IH$ Am{dîH$ma énm§à‘mUoM ZìdXmoÎma H$mimV hm¶Hy$, JPb Am{U {dS>§~Z H$mì¶
ho àH$mahr hmVmibo Jobo, ˶mMr ‘m{hVr nmhÿ ¶m.
6.11.1. hm¶Hy$
hm¶Hy$ hm OnmZr H$mì¶àH$ma. Vmo ‘amR>rV {earf n¡ AmXtÀ¶m à¶ËZmZo éObm. gmR>moÎmar
H$mimnmgyZ ˶mMo ApñVËd ‘amR>rV Amho. VWm{n ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV Vmo H$mhr VwaiH$ H$dtZr
hmVmibm Amho. Xo{dXmg Mm¡Yar, ‘mohZ ~moago ¶m§Zr OmUrdnyd©H$ hm¶Hy$ {b{hbo AmhoV. BVa
H$dtZr AOmUVm hm¶Hy$ Owi{dbo AgʶmMr eŠ¶Vm Amho. Xo{dXmg Mm¡Yar ¶m§À¶m "Vgm H$mhrM
AW© Zmhr' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV "VrZmoir' ZmdmZo hm¶Hy$ Amë¶mMo {XgVmV. ˶m§Mr CXmhaUo
nwT>rbà‘mUo-
299
H$m°’$s hmD$g nonaÀ¶m aÔrV amoO nmUr KmbyZ
à˶oH$ Q>o~bmer amoO Pwai {eaVo Hw§$S>rV {hadr Vwig
Zdm nmD$g VmÁ¶m ~mVå¶m ImVo Jobr Amho Hw$OyZ
KmQ>Xma añ˶mda VwSy§>~ Vù¶mda JmS>r doJmV
gigiUmè¶mdmhZm§Mo d«U [aH$m‘rM Va§JVo¶ {Zamonmbm PmS>m§Mo
XþV’$m© PmS>o nmiyZ ‘m¡Z ZjrXma KmJa {hado hmV ...

...("Vgm H$mhrM AW© Zmhr') (Mm¡Yar, Xo{dXmg … 2002 … 54-55 )

Mm¡Yar ¶m§À¶m hm¶Hy$ aMZm 5-7-5, 8-9-8, 8-12-10, 9-11-11 Aem
AjaMaUmV Amë¶mMo {XgVo. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVobm gmOogm d Ver ‘yë¶mË‘H$Vm OmUrdnyd©H$
aMZmV§Ì àYmZ àH$mamV Zgë¶mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho. ZìdXmoÎmar OrdZ dmñVdmÀ¶m
H$moU˶mhr IwUm ¶mV AmT>iV ZmhrV. aMZmV§ÌmMo ApñVËd d H$mbgmnoj EdT>oM ‘yë¶ ¶m
àH$mamg Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
6.11.2. JPb
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV ‘yë¶gmnoj Agbobo H$dr lrYa {Vido ¶m§Zr "S>oH°$Wbm°Z'
¶m§À¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV JPbboIZ AmT>iVo. VWm{n "‘amR>r JPb' ¶m Cn{d^mJmV 92 d
"qhXr JPb' ¶m Cn{d^mJmV 87 JPbgÑím aMZm 84 n¥ð>mV {b{hë¶m Joë¶m AmhoV. VyVm©g
˶m§À¶m ‘amR>r JPb aMZm§Mm AmnU {dMma H$ê$ ¶m. ¶m aMZmV JPbo~amo~a eoa, é~m¶m
AmXr aMZm§MmXoIrb g‘mdoe Amho.
~wS>dyZ H$mR> Vmê$V am{hbo JPb hr ˶m§À¶mgmR>r
‘hmdmXi Á¶m§Zr hgV {nbo JPb hr ˶m§À¶mgmR>r

amoJr Ambo ~ao Pmbo hgbo Am{U {ZKyZ Jobo

BpñnVir Oo H°$Ýga am{hbo JPb hr ˶m§À¶mgmR>r

Amgdm§Zm AmV KoVbo hþ§XŠ¶m§Zm AmV KoVbo

Ka Á¶m§Zr nmhþʶm§Zm {Xbo JPb hr ˶m§À¶mgmR>r

300
 Am^mi CJdbo Zmhr nm¡{U©‘m Va ‘mhrV ZìhVr
MÝÐ Var Oo Pmbo {H$b{H$bo JPb hr ˶m§À¶mgmR>r

‘wIdQ>o Oo amJmZo lr CR>bo ˶m§Mr {jVr Zmhr

‘¡{’$br Oo Mohao am{hbo JPb hr ˶m§À¶mgmR>r
...( "S>oH°$Wbm°Z') ({Vido, lrYa … 2004 … 5)
darb aMZm nmhVm hr aMZm ¶mVrb {df¶ hm EH$M Agbm Var à˶oH$ {ÛnXr ñd¶§^y-
ñd¶§nyU©-ñdV§Ì Aer Amho. ¶mdê$Z hr JPb "JµObo ‘wgb{gëm²' ¶m àH$mamVrb hmo¶. VWm{n
¶mVrb "‘mÌm' AWdm JPboVrb Amdí¶H$ "~ha' (d¥Îm) nmibo Jobobo Zmhr. ¶m JPboÀ¶m
eodQ>À¶m eoamV (‘³Vm) eoamV ({ÛnXrV) H$drZo ñdV…Mo Zmd ("V»Ibyg') "lrYa' ¶m AWm©Zo
g§jon H$ê$Z "lr' Ago Jw§’$bo Amho. nwT>rb H$mhr JPbmV "lrYa' Ago nyU© Jw§’$ë¶mMo AmT>iVo.
AmYw{ZH$ ‘wÐU ¶§Ìo Amë¶mZo Owݶm ‘m¡pIH$ na§naoVrb "V»Ibyg' ¶moOʶmdê$Z {Vido
¶m§À¶mda H$mb~mø JPboMm à^md {gÕ hmoVmo. VWm{n EHy$U JPbm§V d¡{dܶ AgyZ ¶m JPbm
gwYmaUmdmXr ("Va¸$sng§X') VgoM AmYw{ZH$ Zd‘VdmXr ñdê$nmÀ¶m, Zì¶m {dMmam§Mo àm~ë¶
‘m§S>Umè¶m Aem ("OXrX') àH$mamVë¶m AmhoV. n§Yam H«$‘mH$m§Mr JPb {OMm n{hbm eoa,
BVHo$M øm OJʶmMo gma qhS>V Amho gd©Ì ‘mPo Am¶wî¶ ~r‘ma qhS>V Amho
{Od§V R>ody ‘m¶m ‘r AmgdmZm H$gm S>moù¶mV gd© Jmoir~ma qhS>V Amho...
...( "S>oH°$Wbm°Z') ({Vido, lrYa … 2004 … 21-28)
Agm Amho, {VÀ¶mV EHy$U 63 eoa AmhoV. BV³¶m ~hwg§»¶oZo eoa Agbobr {Vido
¶m§Mr hr JPb aMZm ~hþYm ‘amR>rVbr gdmªV ‘moR>r JPb R>aʶmMr eŠ¶Vm Amho. ¶mM
JPboMm eodQ>Mm eoa AmYw{ZH$ g§doXZoMm ~Z{dʶmgmR>r lrYa {Vido B§J«Or eãXhr ("bâO')
dmnaVmV,
emoYy ZH$mo g§JrV B{Vhmg ~ÝXrerV à˶oH$ VwH$S>çmV EH$ {MËH$ma qhS>V Amho
lr ñQ>mQ>© B{‘{O¶oQ>br B§{S>¶m BO {gar¶g gd©M nmoñQ>mV EdT>r Vma qhS>V Amho...
...( "S>oH°$Wbm°Z') ({Vido, lrYa … 2004 … 21-28)
EHy$UM {Vido ¶m§Zr ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV ‘w³V JPbm {b{hë¶m AmhoV, Ago {dYmZ ¶m
{Z{‘ÎmmZo H$aVm ¶oUo eŠ¶ Amho.

301
 darb CëboI Pmboë¶m eoamVrb Amoir Oem bâ’o$Xma AmhoV Vgo A{YH$ N>moQ>o d¥Îm
AgUmè¶m JPbmhr AmhoV. CXm-
Xo ’w$bm§Zm Zmd ‘mPo
VoM Amho Jmd ‘mPo
{‘iob Vwbm Aly {OWo
S>moio {VWo bmd ‘mPo
‘rM Zmhr AmoiIUma
AmoiIVrb Kmd ‘mPo
qOH$bog Vo S>md VwPo
hmabobo S>md ‘mPo
‘r AmVm H$aVmo EH$M
‘rM KoVmo R>md ‘mPo...
...( "S>oH°$Wbm°Z') ({Vido, lrYa … 2004 … 42-43)
"‘Zmoa‘m' ¶m N>moQ>çm d¥ÎmmV JPboMm n{hbm eoa {b{hbm Amho, VWm{n nwT>o Vr {eñV
nmibr Zgë¶mMo {XgVo, VgoM EH$M {df¶ ¶mV gbJnUo hmVmibm Agë¶mZo hr Am{U hr
JPboÀ¶m ZmdmImbr Agbobr ^mdH${dVm R>aVo. ZìdXmoÎmar {nT>rV ñdV§Ì[a˶m ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
JPbH$ma JPbboIZ H$arV AmhoV. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoÀ¶m MM}V Vo Ho$di H$mbgmnojVoZo
‘moS>VmV, VgoM ho JPbH$ma ZìdXmoÎmar g§H$ënZm, Ame¶ ¶mnmgyZ Xÿa AgyZ ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoMr ‘yë¶gmnojVm ˶m§À¶m R>m¶r AmT>iyZ ¶oV Zmhr. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoÀ¶m EHy$U CnbãY
MM}V AÚmn H$moU˶mhr JPbH$mamMm C„oI Ho$bm Joë¶mMo {XgV Zmhr. ˶m H$maUmZo ˶m§Mm
Aä¶mg H$aUo C{MV R>aUma Zmhr. ¶mg nwï>r åhUyZ gm{h˶ AH$mX‘rZo am‘ n§{S>V ¶m§Mo "‘amR>r
JOb : AY©eVH$mMm àdmg' ho g§nmXZ nmhVm ˶mV OÝ‘VmaIoZwgma 1960 d ˶mZ§Va
OÝ‘bobo d ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV {bhÿ bmJbobo EHy$U 23 JPbH$ma H$dr gmnS>VmV. g§~§{YV
g§nmXZmVrb n¥ð> H«$. 91 Vo 205 darb JPbm dmMyZ nmhVm {H$aH$moi AndmX (énoe Xoe‘wI
d gVre XamS>o ¶m§Mo H$mhr eoa) dJiVm ZìdXZ§VaÀ¶m ~XbmMo {MÌU JPboV ¶oV Zmhr.
JPbgÑí¶ H${dVm {bhrV Agbo Var lrYa {Vido ¶m§Mm C„oI àW‘nmgyZ ZìdXmoÎmar
H${dVoÀ¶m AJ«^mJr Agë¶mMo {XgVo, VgoM ˶m§Zr JPboMo erf©H$ dmnê$Z AZoH$ "‘w³V' JPb
{b{hë¶m Agë¶mMo åhUmdo bmJVo.
302
6.11.3. {dS§>~Z H$mì¶
gdmªZm ‘m{hVr Agboë¶m ‘yi à{gÕ H${dVoV H$mhr ’o$a’$ma H$ê$Z hmñ¶agàYmZ
Ame¶ {Z‘m©U H$aUo hm {dS§>~Z H$mì¶mMm CÔoe AgVmo. ˶mV ‘yi H$dr d ˶mMr H${dVm ¶m§Mr
pI„r CS>{dʶmMm CÔoe ZgVmo. {dS§>~ZmVyZ {dZmoXr aMZm V¶ma H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ AgVmo. ‘yi
H${dVoVrb ê$n, b¶ Z ~XbVm ˶mM e¡brV {dS§>~Z AmH$mambm ¶mdo bmJVo. {dS§>~Z XO}Xma
hmoʶmgmR>r {dS§>~Z H$aUmè¶m H$drH$S>o ‘yi H$dr, H${dVm, gm{h˶-g§ñH¥$Vr ¶m~ÔbMm {deof
Aä¶mg VgoM Vmo ˶m~m~VMm CÎm‘ OmUH$ma Agmdm bmJVmo. ‘amR>r H${dVoÀ¶m B{VhmgmV
AmMm¶© à. Ho$. AÌo ¶m§Mm "P|Sy>Mr ’w$bo' hm A˶§V ‘hÎdmMm {dS§>~ZH${dVm g§J«h à{gÕ Amho.
˶mV VËH$mbrZ H$dr d ˶m§À¶m H${dVm§À¶m e¡br {dS§>~ZmMm A§V^m©d Pmbobm Amho. ¶m Z§Va
‘moR>çm H$mbmdYrZo {dœmg dgoH$a ¶m§Mm "~m§S>Jwio' hm {dS§>~Z H${dVmg§J«h à{gÕ Pmbm. nwT>o
˶mMm {dñVma hmoD$Z "H$b‘r H${dVm' hm {dS§>~Z H${dVmg§J«h àH$m{eV Pmbm. ˶mbm ZmJZmW
H$moÎmmn„o ¶m§Mr {ddoMH$ àñVmdZm AgyZ ˶m g§nyU© H${dVm E|erÀ¶m XeH$mV {b{hë¶m Joë¶m
AmhoV. H$mbÑïçm ho boIZ ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVobm nmœ©^y‘rà‘mUo Amho.
VWm{n ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV {dS§>~Z H${dVoMm àdmh jrU ñdénmV AgyZ H$mhr H$dtZr
{dS§>~Z H${dVm {b{hë¶m AmhoV. ˶m§Mr H$mhr CXmhaUo AmVm nmhÿ ¶m. am‘Xmgm§À¶m ‘ZmMo
ûcmoH$m§da adtÐ R>mHy$a ¶m§Zr {dS§>~Z Ho$bo Amho.
gÎmmYre Vmo B©e gdm© JwUm§Mm &
‘wima§^ Ama§^ Vmo d¡^dmMm &&
Z‘y MmaXm ~mn AmOm V¶mMm &
J‘y n§W AmZ§V ‘ÎmmgwImMm &&1&&
‘Zm g‚mZm dm‘‘mJ}Mr Omdo &
VarM H$m¶©^mJ gmYVmo ñd^mdo &&
OZr d§Ú Vo gd© gmoSy>{Z Úmdo&
OJr qZÚ Vo gd©^mdo H$amdo &&2&&
gXm gd©Xm ‘Zr ñdmW© qMVrV Omdm&
V¶mgmR>rM gd© AmQ>m{nQ>m H$amdm &
^«ï>mMma hm Wmoa gm§Sy> Z¶o Vmo&
OJr VmoM Vmo ‘mZdr Yݶ hmoVmo&&3&& ... ("XñVwaIwÔ') (R>mHy$a, adtÐ … 2004 … 79)
303
 darb {dS§>~ZmV bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmVrb ^«ï>mMma, KamUoemhr, ñdmW©, AßnbnmoQ>onUm ¶m
gdmªZm g‘mOmV {‘imboë¶m à{Vð>oMm ‘wÔm Iw‘mgXma eãX d e¡brV aMbm Amho.
JmOboë¶m {MÌnQ>JrVm§Mr AZoH$ {dS§>~Z JrVo H$dr gmXa H$aV AgVmV. Zmam¶U gw‘§V
¶m§Zr AZoH$ JmObob¶m {MÌnQ> JrVm§Mo d ^mdJrVm§Mo {dS§>~Z Ho$bo Amho. OJXre Io~wS>H$a
¶m§Mo "{H$Vr gm§Jy ‘r gm§Jy Hw$Umbm AmO AmZ§Xr AmZ§X Pmbm' ¶m JrVmMo " amgbrbm' ¶m ZmdmZo
{dS§>~Z Ho$bo Amho.
{H$Vr gm§Jy ‘r gm§Jy Hw$Umbm Amë¶m àMmamg AmO ~ma~mbm
noJ ‘mê$ Mbm JXu O‘dy Mbm Ambm Ambm Am°H}$ñQ´>m Ambm &&Y¥.&&

{e{~amÀ¶m amÌr J hm¶doÀ¶m H$mR>r J JmoHy$i AdVabo

½bmg KoD$ hmVmV ZmMy Jmdy VmbmV P|S>ohr ’w$a’w$abo
ZoVm {XgVmo CRy>Z M‘Mo Ambo ZQy>Z ew^« ImXrMm e¥§Jma Ho$bm ...

àMmamg a§J ¶oVm Jmd gmam a§Jbm {S>{OQ>b da {S>{OQ>b MT>o

bnyZ N>nyZ {JarYmar dmQ>Vmo J ZmoQ>m ^mar n¡emMo nS>Vr gS>o
’$ma Pmbr Zem Yw§X {XgVr {Xem gÎmogmR>rMr hr amgbrbm..
(...à˶j EoH$bobo) (gw‘§V, Zmam¶U)
H${dVoV gÎmogmR>r amOH$maUr bmoH$m§Mr Mmbbobr amgbrbm {dS§>~ZmÀ¶m nmVirdê$Z {M{ÌV
Ho$bobr Amho. {dZmoX ho OrdZmMo A{d^mÁ¶ A§J Amho. ˶m~Ôb g‘mOmMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ OodT>m CXma
Am{U CXmÎm AgVmo, VodT>r g‘mOmMr C§Mr A{YH$ AgVo.
6.12. àmXo{eH$ ~mobtMm dmna
‘hmamï´>mVrb {d{dY ~mobr H$dtH$Sy>Z Amnë¶m H${dVoV dmnaë¶m Joë¶mMo {XgVo.
˶m~ÔbMm ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV Ame¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘H$maH$VogmR>r H$dtH$Sy>Z ~mobr ^mfoV boIZ
Pmë¶mMo {XgVo Amho. ˶m ~mobtMr ‘m{hVr KoD$ ¶m.
6.12.1. H$moH$Ur ~mobr
H$moH$U àm§VmVrb AZoH$ H$dr ‘amR>r H${dVoV 춳V hmoV AgVmZm ñWm{ZH$ Agboë¶m
˶m§À¶m H$moH$Ur ~mobrVhr 춳V hmoV AgVmV. àdrU ~m§XoH$a, JmoqdX H$mOaoH$a, AO¶ H$m§S>a,
draYdb na~, A{Zb YmHy$ H$m§~ir Ago ‘hÎdmMo H$dr Amnë¶m aMZoV AYyZ‘YyZ H$moH$Ur
304
~mobrMm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z XoVmV. A{Zb YmHy$ H$m§~ir ¶m§À¶m "{H$b{H$ë¶m COoS>mMr {Varn' ¶m
H${dVmg§J«hmV H$moH$Ur ~mobrVë¶m H${dVm Amboë¶m AmhoV. H$moH$Ur ~mobrMm Z‘wZm åhUyZ ˶m
AmXe© AmhoV.
Q>¡‘ Z¡
{earH²$ H$idbm§d² V² åh§Vm nañnaM Q>mH$m YJdyZ.
nwÞm nwÞm gm§JyZ ~JQ>bm - AmderH$ A{¾ ømo {PbmZ§M XodyMmo AmgVm§..
åh§Vm- Q>¡‘ Z¡.
nmoam§Mr najm hm
{Z {‘eogbm gmgy era¶obdmë¶m§Mr {JßQ> bmJbrhm§;
Vr AmUyH$
{VÀ¶mg§JQ> OmìMm hm. Q>rdrda XmIdV§bo...
....("{H$b{H$ë¶m COoS>mMr {Varn') (H$m§~io, A{Zb … 2011 … 61)
AmB©À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§VaXoIrb ‘wbmbm {VMm A§Ë¶g§ñH$ma H$aʶmg ¶m¶bm doi Zmhr, "Q>mB©‘ Zmhr'
åhUV hm ‘wbJm ({Pb) ‘mÌ Or H$maUo nwT>o H$aV AmhoV, Vr A˶§V CÛoJOZH$ Aer AmhoV.
ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimVrb g§doXZhrZVm g§dmX ¶gVyZ à˶jmV ¶oVo.
6.12.2. ‘amR>dmS>r / XŠIZr ~mobr
‘amR>dmS>r ~mobrV {b{hUmao AZoH$ H$dr hmoD$Z Jobo AmhoV VWm{n {VMo doJionU
AYmoao{IV H$aUmam H$dr AJa H${dVmg§J«h ’$magm AmT>iyZ ¶oV Zmhr. B§Ð{OV ^mboamd, a‘oe
{M„o (Zm§Jê$Z nS>bob§ eVH$), ‘hoe ‘moao, OJXre H$X‘, Ho$ed IQ>tJ, lram‘ JìhmUo,
AbrH$S>o {bhÿ bmJbobo A‘¥V Vob§J AmXtÀ¶m H${dVoV ‘amR>dmS>r eãX S>moH$mdVmV.
lrH$m§V Xoe‘wI ho gܶm ‘amR>dmS>m a{hdmer AmhoV. ¶m ݶm¶mZo ˶m§À¶m H${dVm Ambobo
eãXdmñVd ho ‘amR>dmS>r Ago Agë¶mMo åhUVm ¶oD$ eH$Vo. ˶m§À¶m H${dVoV...
gm§Odoir WHy$Z Amë¶mda
Ord Jimbobm EH${MV hmoD$Z nm¶mda nmUr KoV...
^mD$ ao Vy AmV Myb Var noQ>d' åhUV
q~ÐmdUmnmer Vy ݶmhmiV ~gbobr
Vwierbm Zmhr KmVb§ nmUr åhUyZ XþImdbobr
...
305
 VemV Pmbobm Ka^ê$Z Yya
Mwbrdaë¶m ‘m§S>dmÀ¶m nmZmnmZm§VyZ nm§Jbobm
"^mD$ ao Vwho H$dio S>moio hmoVrb bmb ~gmd§ bmJV§ nwñVH$ KoD$Z
...("AmfmT>‘mVr') (Xoe‘wI, lrH$m§V … 2006 : 75)
¶mVrb R>iH$ Ho$bobo eãX d Amoir ¶m ‘amR>dmS>m ~mobrMr d¡{eï¶o 춳V H$aVmV.
‘amR>dmS>m hm {ZOm‘mÀ¶m amOdQ>rImbr hmoVm, Vmo à^md {VWë¶m ‘amR>r ^mfH$m§da hr Pmbobm
AmT>iVmo. qhXr- ‘amR>r {‘lUmMr ‘amR>r XŠIZr ~mobr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. {VMm dmna
n¥ÏdramO Vm¡a ¶m§À¶m EH$m H${dVoV Pmbobm {XgVmo.
dmo nù¶m nù¶m AZ² YnH$Z {Jè¶m
EogmM Hw$N> hþAm ~oMmao {H$gmZ H$m
nhboM ~mobm Wm
nmUr Á¶mXm ‘V IMm©d
g§H$[aV noM {Obmo
~mobm Wm ‘¢
n¡gm ^moV ~war ~mV
g~ ^mJVo CgHo$ nrN>o
dmo ^r Vmo ^mJm
A~ ^m½¶m ^m½¶m Am¡a YnH$Z {Jè¶m
‘w§noM...
(Jmd Am{U ehamÀ¶m ‘Ymo‘Y) (Vm¡a, n¥ÏdramO … 2013 : 89)
hr ~mobr XŠIZr ~mobr ‘amR>dmS>m, bJVMo Ah‘XZJa, gmobmnya ho {Oëho d nwT>o WoQ>
h¡Xam~mXn¶ªV EoH$m¶bm {‘iVo. {VMo Cn¶moOZ eoVH$ar ì¶Wm ‘m§S>ʶmgmR>r Vm¡a ¶m§Zr Ho$bobo
Amho.
6.12.3. A{hamUr ~mobr
A{hamUr àXoemVrb H$dtH$Sy>Z ‘w»¶ àdmhYmaoV A{hamUr H${dVm ¶oUo Ano{jV Amho.
amdgmho~ Hw$da ¶m§À¶m "hadboë¶m AmdmOmMr {’$¶m©X' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV "~mn' ¶m erf©H$mMr
A{hamUr ^mfoVrb H${dVm Ambr Amho.
‘hm^maV JrVm Zhr {bIr am‘H$Wm
306
 {bIr‘r Vo~am‘mR>r ‘Zm ~mnZr H${dVm.
’$moS>m IS>H$bo ¶mZr Am{U {OÎm H$a§ nmZr
gmar IoVZm ߶ma‘m ¶m§Zr ~¶Zr OdmZr
nrH$ nmZrZ§ {edma OUy ¶mZ§ KaXma
am~o ‘m¶ ~amo~a VoM gmga-‘mhoa
Agmo W§S>r CZ dmam Agmo nmD$gݶm Ymam
...( "hadë¶m AmdmOmMr {’$¶m©X') (Hw$da, amdgmho~ : 2017 … 66 )
gwYra Xodao ¶m§Mm g§nyU© H${dVmg§J«h hm A{hamUr ^mfoV {b{hbm Jobm Amho. ˶mVrb
EH$ H${dVm ˶mVrb AZwdmXmgh CXmhaUmXmIb...
åhgZdQ>rM§ ñdJ©Z§ Xma- ñ‘emZ^y‘rM ñdJm©M§ Xma
...‘Zm {‘ÌZ§ Ameo åhZZ§ ìhV§ ‘m¶m {‘ÌmM§ Ag§ åhUU§ hmoV§
˶mZm Jmddaݶm ˶mÀ¶m JmdmdaÀ¶m
‘Ýøm H${dVmñ‘m ‘m¶m H${dVm§‘ܶo
‘mohñZm PmS>ñZmgmaIr ‘mohmÀ¶m PmS>mgmaIr
{hadmJma S>m|JañZmgmaIr {haì¶mJma S>m|JamgmaIr
{ZgQ>mù¶m nm§XrñZmgmaIr {ZgaS>çm nm§XrgmaIr
YJYJVr ^yVOmJr YJYJ˶m ^wVmÀ¶m OmJoMr
åhgZdQ>r ñ‘emZ^y‘r
H$m~a§ Zhr ¶oV ! ... H$m ~ao ¶oV Zmhr ! ...
-Aem ¶oio Aem doir
^¶mU åhgZdQ>r~r ^¶mU ñ‘emZ^y‘rgwÕm
ñdJ©Z§ XmaM ìhg ! ñdJm©Mo Xma ìhm¶Mr
Am{Z åhZer Vo Am{U åhUerb Va
‘Ýhr H${dVmM eo Am»Ir ‘mPr H${dVmM Amho A»Ir
åhgZOmoJr ! ... ñ‘emZOmoJr

...("Am{X‘ VmbZ§ g§JrV') (Xodao, gwYra … 2000 … 5) (AZwdmX-

g§emoYZ {dÚmWu)

307
 darb XmoZ àm{V{Z{YH$ A{hamUr H${dVm ¶m ImZXoer àm§VmV amhUmè¶m VgoM H$idU,
gQ>mUm, ‘mboJmd ¶m H$g‘m nÅ>m åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmUmè¶m ^mJmVrb H$dtÀ¶m AgyZ ¶m ^mfoV
‘amR>r, JwOamVr, {^bmoar ^mfoMo Adeof Agë¶mMo {XgVmV.
6.12.4. ‘mUXoer ~mobr
‘hmamï´>mVrb "‘mUXoe' åhUOo ‘mUJ§Jm ZXrÀ¶m AmgnmgMm Omo ^mJ Amho, Vmo ‘mUXoe
øm ZmdmZ§ AmoiIbm OmVmo. ¶m ZmdmImbr gmobmnya, gm§Jbr d gmVmam øm {VÝhr {Oëøm§À¶m
EH$‘oH$m§À¶m hÔrVbm WmoS>m WmoS>m àXoe ¶oV AgVmo (gm§JmoboH$a, A{dZme : 2016 : 85) ¶m
CX²JmamZwgma ‘mUJ§JoÀ¶m Imoè¶mVrb EHy$U àXoe ‘mUXoe åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo ho g‘OVo.
˶mV ~mobbr OmUmar ~mobr hr "‘mUXoer' ~mobr hmo¶. ¶m n[agamVrb ‘mohZ nmQ>rb ¶m§À¶m "Jmd
Am{U ‘mVoÀ¶m H${dVm' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV ‘mUXoer ~mobrMo d¡{eïç AmT>iVo.
dmnñ¶mM§ amZ
~m§Xmbm Sw>em XoV
nmUr ‘wgw§S>çmZ§ niV§¶
Im§S>nmQ> Q>å‘ ’w$JdyZ
Cñ‘mZm Q>mH$V§¶
aÔ ‘m§S>çm AmH$S>ë¶m Var
amZ^a ’w$Q>V§¶
hÎmr A§JmMr nmUr
nidyZ ~oOma H$aV§¶
ho H$m¶ ìh¡H$ ‘Zmd§
nmUr ~oVmZ§ nmOm H$s
dmnñ¶mM§ ‘mO§ amZ
KmV ‘moS> hþB©b H$s?'
~m§Ymda§M {hadr eodar
^mÔaUrJV hþ~r
~m§Ymnë¶mS> eoOmarU
hmir XoV I‹S>r
'Ym ‘moQ>marM§ nmUr
308
 {H$Vr H$g§ Amdê$§?
Amdê$Amdê$’w$Q>V§¶
H$m nmQ>mV AmS>do nSy>? .... ("Jmd Am{U ‘mVoÀ¶m H${dVm')
(nmQ>rb, ‘mohZ : 2005 … 27)
‘mUXoer ~mobrV "Y' >"X' Agm Am{U "X' >"Y' Agm CbQ>gwbQ> hmoVmo. Va "T>'> "S>',
"~'> "^' AemarVrZo gwb^ Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. qH$dm CƒmañWmZmMo gmå¶ Agboë¶m 춧OZ
gmaUrV ho Cƒma ‘mJonwT>o gwb^ H$aʶmMr gwb^nÕVr {XgVo. "Tw>em'-Sw>em, "~m§Y'-"~m§X',
"~hmÔa'-"^mÔa', "Xhm' Mo "Ym' Aer ‘w³Vn[adV©Zo ‘mUXoer ~mobrV hmoVmV. eãXm§Mo ‘hmàmU
Cƒma H$aVmZm ‘w³Vn[adV©Z KS>Vo Agm {ZîH$f© ¶mdê$Z {ZKVmo, VgoM gd© gm‘mݶnUo gd©
Cƒma gwb^ H$aʶmH$S>o ~mobr§Mm H$b AmT>iVmo. Vr ~mobrMr EH$ àd¥ÎmrM Agë¶mMo ‘mZmdo
bmJVo.
6.12.5. ZJar ~mobr
A{dZme Jm¶H$dmS> ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ZJar ~mobrMo nS>gmX AmhoV. "Ord H$mnamgmaIm'
¶m H${dVoV Vo {b{hVmV.
‘hmZJar ’o$H$bm Jobmo ^m|S>bm ~mdabmo
JimRy>Z OmVmZm
....
C^m amhr OÝ‘XmVm AmoR>r YramMo eãX nmoQ>r VwQ>o Vma Vma
S>m|Jamer PQy>Z Kar naVë¶mda
{M‘UrÀ¶m COoS>mV {nbm§Zm Odi KoV
Xohm-‘ZmMm erU hbH$m H$aV
Og§ A„X {ZnQy>Z H$mT>md§ Km‘^ab§ bbmQ>
....
"XqiÐr Jar~mMr ‘oìhUr
Añdb JwXJwë¶m H$aUmar
{VMo Z¥Ë¶ H$am¶Mo MmoMbo
C^§ amøb§ nm{hOr
ZoñVwZm~yV {Vbm H$ê$Z'... ("qIS>rV JmoR>bob§ gwI')
309
 (Jm¶H$dmS>, A{dZme … 2017 … 32)
H${dVoVbo eãX JmdmMr Jmoï> gm§JVmV ^mod§S>bm > ^m|S>bm Aem ‘w ³V n[adV©Zmgmo~VM
JimRy>Z, A„X, XqiÐr, nm{hOr hm Img bhoOm ZJar ~mobrMo d¡{eï>ç g‘Obm OmVmo.
"{nT>rnoñVa ߶mXo‘mV', "^«{‘ï>mMm OmhraZm‘m' ¶m H${dVm g§J«hmV ZJar ~mobrMr ê$no AmT>iVmV.
ZJar ~mobrMr H$mhr ê$no e{eH$m§V qeXo, H¡$bmg Xm¢S>, g§Xrn H$mio AmXtÀ¶m H${dVm§‘ܶo
gmnS>VmV. ho H$dr ZìdXmoÎmar H$mbnojVoer g§~§{YV Ago AmhoV.
6.12.6. {^bmoar ~mobr
Am{Xdmgr H${dVm§‘YyZ {d{dY ~mobr CbJS>V OmVmV. dmhê$ gmoZdUo ¶m§Mr ~mobr ^mfm
{^bmoar Amho. ˶m§Mm AZwdmX ˶m§Zr ñdV… ˶m§À¶m g§J«hmV Ho$bm Amho.
Vìd¶
"Ago H$Á¶ma§
H$moZr BMmaZm V
Jmb’$Å>o bmb ìhB© OmV,
Zhm V H$Mwar‘m§ H$m|S>r XoV Vo H$mB©~r H$amoV
EH$ eãX Zhm H$mSy> Á¶m|, Amn
{VñZr {déÕ.
Zhm nQ>§ V, nmR> {’$amB© boZm Omo¶§ XoIob Vm BgamB© OmZm Omo¶§
H$Xr Iy~ Orìda dZr V Jmd gmoS>rZ qZJr OmZm
Omo¶§ JwnMwnH$m¶~r ghZ H$adm
A춶 Am{‘Zm O‘mZm
Amdb AmI§
Jar~mbm ......
...
(JmoYS>) (‘yi H${dVm) (gmoZdUo, dmhé … 2006 … 52-53)

310
 Voìhm ..
Ag§ ho H$m ~wdm!
H$moUr {dMmab§ Va
Jmb’$S>o bmb hmoD$Z OmVmV.
Zmhr Va OobmV nmR>dyZ H$m|Sy>Z XoVmV. Vo H$mhrhr H$amoV.
EH$ eãX CƒmaVm H$m‘m Z¶o AmnU
˶m§À¶m {déÕ.
Zgob nQ>V Va, nmR> {’$adyZ ¿¶m¶bm hdr hr
~{KVb§ Agob Vo {dgê$Z Om¶bm hd§
JwnMyn
H$mhrhr ghZ H$amd§,
Voìhm AmVmMm O‘mZm
Mm§Jb§ åhUVmo J[a~m§Zm
... (JmoYS> : 53) (AZwdm{XV H${dVm) (gmoZdUo, dmhé … 2006 … 52-53)
ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV àmXo{eH$ ~mobtMo ApñVËd ho Am{Xdmgr~hþb ^mJmV amhUmè¶m
H$dtÀ¶m H${dVoV Ano{jV Amho. dmhê$ gmoZdUo, ^wO§J ‘olm‘, gwZrb Hw$‘ao, Mm‘wbmb amR>dm,
AmË‘mam‘ amR>moS>, Hw$gw‘ Ambm‘, {dZm¶H$ Vw‘am‘, dm‘Z eoi‘mHo$ AmXtZm {d{dY Am{Xdmgr
~mobr AdJV AmhoV. ¶mV ^wO§J ‘olm‘ ¶m§Zr Jm|S>r, naYmZr, nmdam, {^bmoar, Jmoa‘mQ>r, ~§Omam
Aem gd© ~mobtMm n[aM¶ ˶m§À¶m H${dVoV {R>H${R>H$mUr H$ê$Z {Xbm. ˶m§Mm "CbJwbmZ' hm
H${dVmg§J«h ˶mMr gmj Amho.
6.12.7. ~§~¡æ¶m / ‘w§~B© ~mobr
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV qhXr, B§J«Or ^mfm dmnaë¶m OmV AmhoV. VWm{n qhXr ^mfoÀ¶m
AZoH$ ~mobr, Cn~mobr AmhoV. qhXr ^mfoMr N>Q>m Agbobr ‘w§~B©Mr qhXr hr ^maV^a ~§~¡¶m
~mobr, ‘w§~B© ~mobr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. ‘w§~B©À¶m AYmo{dœmV dmnabr OmUmar, qhXr
{MÌnQ>mVyZ ^oQ>Umar {d{dY ^mfH$ JQ>mH$Sy>Z ~mobbr OmUmar hr ~mobr ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV
‘hmZJar VgoM BVahr H$dtH$Sy>Z dmnabr Joë¶mMo {XgVo. ho‘§V {XdQ>o, dO}e gmob§H$s, lrYa

311
{Vido, AéU H$mio, ^wO§J ‘olm‘ ¶m§Zr ¶m ~mobrMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. àm{V{Z{YH$ åhUyZ ^wO§J
‘olm‘ ¶m§Mr H${dVm nmhÿ ¶m.
Am±Q>r Ho$ AÈo> no Z¡ J¶m Vmo ~¡MoZ
hmo OmVo g~
Š¶m H$Vm©, AmnwZH$m Om°~rM Eogm Kw‘Zo H$m
Am°S>©a boZo H$m MoH$ ^r, {’$a H${‘eZ n¸$m
H$a Ho$ Zhm Ymo Ho$ Am±Q>r H$m Wmo~S>m
ho ¶§J ‘¡Z H$moB© N>moH$ar H$m M¸$a Š¶m?
amoO BVZm Xoa H$mo AmVm-
‘mD$§Q> ‘oar H$s O~ VH$ hm§ Zhr, V~ VH$ Zmo emXr-...
("A^wO ‘mS>') (‘olm‘, ^wO§J … 2008 … 225)
¶m ~mobrV Ambobo {‘leãX ho ‘w§~B©À¶m ~mobrV H$m¶‘ dmnabo OmVmV. ˶mg ~§~¡æ¶m
qhXr åhUV AgV. qhXr {MÌnQ>mV AYmo{dœmMo g§dmX ¶m ^mfoV gmXa Ho$bo OmVmV. ^wO§J
‘olm‘ ¶m§Zr ¶m ~mobrMm dmna MnIbnUo Ho$ë¶mMo {XgVo. ^wO§J ‘olm‘ ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m EHy$UM
H${dVoV Jm|S>r, naYmZr, H$mobm‘r, ~§Omam, Jmoa‘mQ>r Aem BVahr ~mobr§V H${dVm {b{hë¶m
Agë¶mZo AmnU ‘mJo nm{hbo Amho.
6.12.8. gm‘doXr ~mobr
‘w§~B© eoOmar AgUmè¶m dgB©V AZoH$ ~mobr ~mobë¶m OmVmV. ˶mn¡H$s EH$ ~mobr
"gm‘doXr' ~mobr åhUyZ n[a{MV Amho. ’o${bŠg {S>gmoPm ¶m§À¶m "Zm|XrZm§Xr' ¶m H${dVmg§J«hmV
"dUw©H$m' ¶m àH$mamVë¶m H${dVoV "gm‘doXr' ~mobr AmT>iVo. ¶m ~mobrV H${dVm Am{U gmo~VM
˶mMm AZwdmX H$drZo {Xbm Amho. ˶mVrb EH$ VwH$S>m CXmhaUmXmIb nmhÿ¶m.
~mam dhamB© ~m¶ ‘m¶r
Am§Jù¶{e amUr ‘m¶r
Vm|S> AOyZ {^Obm YwYmZo
Vy hmaIr ê$n hb°br nmoar ZdVr Jm
˶m Xmar ... ˶m ñdJm©gmo ‘mhmb C{eH$ nS>bo Jm
(~m` ‘mPr ~mam dfm©Mr A§JUmVbr amUr ‘mPr Vm|S> AOyZ {^Obob§ XwYmZ§ VwÂ`m gmaIr
gw§Xa ‘wbJr ZìhVr Ë`mÀ`m Xmar... Ë`mÀ`m ñdJm©Vbm amOdmS>m Amog nS>bm hmoVm H$m?)

312
 ...(Zm|XrZm§Xr) ({S>gmoPm, ’o${bŠg : 2017 : 79)
¶m{edm¶ dgB© nÅ>çmVyZ {b{hUmao Bp½Z{e¶g S>m¶g dO}e gmoi§H$s {g{g{b¶m
H$mìhm©bmo, gm¶‘Z ‘mQ>uZ ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV ¶oWrb "gm‘doXr' "dmS>dir' ~mobmMo Adeof
AmT>iVmV VgoM AZoH$ AݶàH$maÀ¶m ~mobr ‘amR>rV AgyZ ˶m§Mm J§^raVoZo H${dVoV dmna
Pmbm Amho, Aer CXmhaUo ¶oWo {Xbr AmhoV.
6.13. {ZîH$f©
1. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ¶m nmœ©^y‘rda ^m{fH$ e¡brÀ¶m ~Xbboë¶m
AWm©Zo ~Xbbobm ^m{fH$ AdH$me emoYʶmgmaIm Amho. AZoH$ H$dtÀ¶m H${dVoV
e¡brÀ¶m A§JmZo C„oIZr¶ Agm ZìdXmoÎmar ^m{fH$ AdH$me AmT>iVmo. hm AdH$me
à{V‘m, àVrHo$, {MÝh, {‘WHo$ ¶m§VyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo. H${dVoMr ^mfme¡br eãXaMZm, {VMr
g§dmXmË‘H$Vm, b¶, Jo¶Vm ¶mVyZ gmnS>Vo. H${dVoMr Am{dîH$ma ê$no ñ’y$Q>, ‘w ³VN>§X,
A^§J, H$WZê$no, Zdo AmH¥${V~§Y d gm{h˶àH$mamMo {‘lU ¶mVyZ 춳V hmoVmV.
2. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ ~Xbboë¶m g‘mOmV AZoH$
Zdo ~Xb hmoD$Z ‘mZdr OrdZ‘mZ ~Xbbo, Vo "{S>{OQ>b' ñdê$nmMo ~Zbo.
g§JUH${dœmer g§~§{YV AZoH$ à{V‘m ‘amR>r H${dVoV g‘W©nUo dmnaë¶m OmD$ bmJë¶m.
3. ‘hmZJar¶ g§doXZoV CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ g§X^m©Zo à{V‘m§Mm dmna Pmbm Agë¶mMo {XgVo.
OrdZXe©Z {OVHo$ {Zamio {VVŠ¶m à{V‘m Amnbo {Zamio ê$n YmaU H$aVmV.
à{V‘m{Z{‘©Vr hr ‘mZgà{H«$¶m AgyZ Vr H$mbàdmhÑîQ>çm A{YH$ Zdr ~ZV OmVo.
4. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV H$dtZr nmʶmÀ¶m à{V‘m Ag§»¶ doim dmnaë¶m AmhoV. {XZH$a
‘Zda, AéU H$mio, A{dZme Jm¶H$dmS>, ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio AmXtZr nmʶmÀ¶m
AZoH$ à{V‘m H${dVoV dmnaë¶m AmhoV.
5. ^mfoV AJXrM Zì¶mZo ¶oD$ KmVbobr qH$dm AJXr Zì¶mZo Ambobr àVrHo$ hr n{hë¶m
H$mimV ApñWa AgVmV; VWm{n Vr H$m¶‘À¶m dmnamZo ^mfoV pñWamdy bmJVmV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmVë¶m Zì¶m àVrH$m§~Ôb Vo pñWamdʶmMr à{H«$¶m ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r
H${dVoV Pmbr Amho.
6. ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoV Amboë¶m ZdàVrH$m§‘YyZ ~w{ÕJå¶Vm hr Zì¶mZo éidbr Jobr Amho.
ZìdXmoÎmar H$mbmdYrV ~«±S> hoM àVrH$ åhUyZ ‘mݶVm nmdV AmhoV. àVrH$m§Mm àdmg hm
gm§Ho${VH$, àmg§{JH$, d¡{œH$ Agm AgyZ ˶m§Mm AZw^d hm gmd©{ÌH$, gmd©H$m{bH$ Agm
313
 EH$M Agë¶mMo ˶m§À¶m Cn¶moOZmZ§Va {XgyZ ¶oVo. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV Zì¶mZo
Amboë¶m àVrH$m§Mo ñdmJV Ho$bo AgyZ ˶m§Mr ^mfoV éOdU Pmbr Amho Ago åhUVm
¶oVo.
7. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV nma§n[aH$ {‘WH$ AmYmambm KoD$Z H${dVm {b{hUo VgoM g§nyU©
Zdo {‘WH$ V¶ma H$ê$Z Zdr {‘WH$ H${dVm {b{hUo ¶m {‘WH$ {MÌUmVrb àd¥Îmr {XgVmV.
˶m ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVobm {deofñdê$n R>adV AmhoV.
8. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV bmHy$S>VmoS>çmMo {‘WH$ dma§dma dmnabo Joë¶mMo {XgVo. g§Vmof
nÙmH$a ndma, g§Ord Im§S>oH$a, ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio, ho‘§V {XdQ>o ¶m§À¶m H${dVoV
^«{‘ï>, Hw$~S>çm, V¥Vr¶ nwéfmMr, gH$a Aer XrK©H${dVoVrb g§nyU© Zdr V¶ma Ho$bobr
{‘WHo$ C„oIZr¶ Aer AmhoV.
9. am‘m¶U-‘hm^maV Aer nwamUH$mbrZ nmÌoXoIrb dma§dma {‘WH$ åhUyZ doJdoJù¶m
H${dVoV AdVaVmV. Aer dma§dma dmnabr OmUmar {‘WHo$ EHy$U dmL²>‘¶rZ g§ñH¥$Vrda
àH$me Q>mH$VmV. {d{dY OmJ{VH$ H$sVuMo {MÌH$ma, H$bmH$ma, ˶m§À¶m H$bmH¥$Vr ¶m§Mr
{‘WHo$ {ZVrZ ^aV dmK, ‘§Joe Zmam¶Uamd H$mio, ho‘§V {XdQ>o, n¥ÏdramO Vm¡a AmXtÀ¶m
H${dVm§‘ܶo Ambobr AmhoV.
10. H${dVoV ¶oUmar eãXaMZm, g§dmXmË‘H$Vm, H${dVoVrb b¶ d {VMr Jo¶VmnyU© aMZm,
eãX, dmŠ¶ nwZamd¥Îmr, JÚàm¶Vm VgoM qhXr, B§JOr Ago na^mfm§Mo g§X^©, g§JUH$,
‘mo~mB©b ‘°goqOJMr ^mfm, Om{hamVrVrb ^mfm ¶m gdmªVyZ ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMr
^mfme¡br emoYVm ¶oVo.
11. ^mfme¡br eãXaMZm, AXbm~Xb d AZmH$bZr¶ eãX{Z{‘©Vr, eãX{d^«‘,
ZdeãX{Z{‘©Vr eãXH${dVm ¶m e¡br emoYmÀ¶m AmYmao ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMr
eãXe¡br hr nma§n[aH$ H${dVonojm doJir Agë¶mMo {XgyZ ¶oVo.
12. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMr b¶ê$no emoYV AgVmZm g‘mÝVaVm e¡br, nmbwnX b¶,
Am§Vag§{hVmË‘H$Vm ¶mÛmao ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVrb b¶rMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo.
13. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoMo ^mfmd¡{eïç ho ‘mo~mB©b d g§JUH$mMr ^mfm, qhXr, B§J«Or
^mfoMm dmna, Om{hamVrVrb ^mfm, A{eï>, Adm©ƒ / Aûcrb ^mfm... Aem ^mfoMm
dmna H$aV VgoM ‘mܶ‘^mfoMm EHy$U à^md nMdV Amnbo ZdonU {gÕ H$aVmZm {XgVo.

314
14. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoV {MÌOm{Udm àH$Q> hmoV AmhoV. aoIm{MÌmVbr H${dVm dmMH$mbm
{MÌH$boÀ¶m VËg‘ kmZmH$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. Ñí¶mË‘H$ Agboë¶m H${dVm§‘wiohr ZìdXmoÎmar
‘amR>r H${dVoV à¶moJerbVm AmT>iVo.
15. bmoH$JmUr dm ˶m ñdê$nmÀ¶m H${dVm§Mo àm~ë¶ ho ZìdXmoÎmar H$mbgmnoj H${dVoV gdmªV
‘moR>çm à‘mUmda AmT>iVo. Amodr, Jm|Yir JrV, A^§J, bmdUr, ^m|S>bm JrVo, PS>Vr
JrVo, JOr JrVo, gw§~amZ, ìhB©H$ / hmo¶rH$/ ^mH$UyH$ Aem nma§n[aH$ JrVmV H$mhr
{R>H$mUr ZìdXmoÎmar à¶moJerb OmUrd AmT>iVo, VgoM MidirMr JrVo hr ¶m ZìdXmoÎmar
H$mimVrb bmoH$à~moYZmMr gmYZo Agë¶mMo {gÕ hmoVo.
16. ZìdXmoÎmar H$mbI§S>mV ¶m nydu ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda dmnabo Jobobo H$mì¶àH$ma hm¶Hy$,
JPb, {dS§>~Z H$mì¶ AmXr jrU Pmë¶mMo {XgVo. Ho$di H$mbgmnoj ApñVËd am{hë¶mZo
¶m H$mì¶àH$mam§‘YyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aU ~XbmMr ‘yë¶mË‘H$ hmVmiUr hmoVmZm {XgV Zmhr.
17. ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVm {d{dY àmXo{eH$ ~mobrV {b{hbobr AmT>iVo. ZìdXmoÎmar
H$mbI§S> hm OmJ{VH$sH$aU à{H«$¶o‘wio ^mfoMo gnmQ>rH$aU hmoʶmMm ‘mZbm Jobm
AgVmZm ‘amR>rV ‘mÌ H$moH$Ur, ‘amR>dmS>r ,XŠIZr, A{hamUr, ‘mUXoer, ZJar ~mobr,
{^bmoar, ~§~¡¶m/ ‘w§~B© ~mobr qhXr ~mobrV H${dVm {b{hbr Joë¶mMo {XgVo. VgoM ˶m
~mobr H${dVm§Zr Amnbr gm§ñH¥${VH$Vm {Q>H$dyZ R>odë¶mMo {XgVo.
6.14. g‘mamon
ZìdXmoÎmar ‘amR>r H${dVoÀ¶m e¡brMm Aä¶mg hm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ¶m nmœ©^y‘rda
~Xbboë¶m ^m{fH$ g§aMZoMm Aä¶mg hmo¶. ˶mVyZ AmnUmg ZìdXmoÎmar H${dVoVrb eãX,
eãX~§Y, à{V‘m, àVrHo$, b¶, ^mfm ¶m§À¶m EHy$U ~XbmMm à˶¶ ¶oVmo Amho. ^mfm g§{‘l
hmoʶmgmo~VM {VMm H${dVoVrb dmna A{YH$ JÚàm¶ Pmë¶mMo {XgVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm
n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ^mfoMo d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dœmMo gnmQ>rH$aU hmoUma Ago ‘mZbo OmʶmÀ¶m H$mimV
J«m‘rU d Xoer b¶tMo ApñVËd ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda AmT>ibo Amho. ho AmnU ¶m àH$aUmV
Aä¶mgbo Amho.
nwT>rb gmVì¶m àH$aUmV AmnU EHy$U à~§YmMm Cng§hma dmMUma AmhmoV. à~§YmMo
{ZîH$f© EH${ÌV[a˶m ܶmZr KoD$Z ˶mVyZ à~§YmÀ¶m A§{V‘ {ZîH$fm©H$S>o dmQ>Mmb H$aUma
AmhmoV.

315
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