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אمא
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ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ.
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ – ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ-
ﺩ .ﺸﻬﺭﺯﺍﺩ ﻨﻭﺍﺭ
ﺩ .ﺴﻌﺎﺩ ﺤﺸﺎﻨﻲ
ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺼﺩﻱ ﻤﺭﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ ) ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ(
ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺹ:
ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،
ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ) (78ﻋﻭﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﻭﺍ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ،
ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ.
ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ :ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ -ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ -ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ
Résumé :
cette étude a pour but de détecter le niveau du burn out chez les agents de protection civile au
niveau de certaines unités de la wilaya de Ouargla en Algérie. C’est une étude exploratrice sur un
échantillon de 78 agents de protection civile se déférent par rapport a leurs situation civile (mariés,
célibataires), l’ancienneté professionnelle et leurs niveau d’étude.
Mots clés : le burn out, Les agent de la protection civile- échelle de burn out de maslash.
Abstract :
The following study aimed to investigate the Burn out for the civilians protection who are working in
some unities in Ouargla in Alegria. This study is an exploratory study for the simple of 78 civilians
protection ,mean different by Their Social situation (single-married) Professional experience and their
educationnal level .
Key words : the burn out- the civilians protection - maslash’s burn out scale
-1ﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎﻝﻴﺔ :
ﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﺜـﺎل ) (Cozens,1993, Hurrell , 1987 ; Dugan et col,1996ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻭﻁ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ
ﻝﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﻤﺠﺩﺩﺍ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻓـﺎﻝﻔﺭﺩ
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻴﺠـﺩ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻝـﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﻴـﺩﺓ )ﺍﺤﻤـﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ
ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺩ 41 :2013،ﻋﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ.( 2001،
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﻗﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﹰﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼل ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﺒﺘﺎل. (1999,
181
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ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻝﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ )ﻝﻤﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻴﻭﺥ 08 :2011ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻲ.(2003,
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺸﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻲ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ %50ﻭ %80
ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ) ﺤﻜﻴﻤﺔ ﺁﻴﺕ ﺤﻤﻭﺩﺓ. (27 :2006 ،
ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻠﻘﺒﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻭﻝﺩ ﻀﻐﻁﺎ
ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺨﺭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻩ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺘﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ
ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻅﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ.
ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﻙ ) (Maslach , 1997ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤـل
ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ
ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤـل
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺩﺍﺌـﻪ )ﻝﻤﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻴﻭﺥ 18 :2011،ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻭﻱ.(2000،
ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ،ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺘﻭﺼﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ ،ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻤﻠﻪ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﺁﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ،
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻝﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩﻓﻌـﺕ
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻕ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍ 45ﺃﻝﻔﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴـﻨﻬﻡ 300
ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ،ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ 70ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ 30
[Link] ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺨﻤﺱ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﺌﻲ ﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﻭﺘﻐﻁﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻁـﺎﺭ
)(/travail/[Link]
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻓﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻠـﻕ ،ﺍﻝﺘـﻭﺘﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨـﺎﺓ
،ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻘﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺘﻘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ
ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻜﻭﺭﻨﻴل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻥ
ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺎ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺘﻬﺎ ) ﻓﺘﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺯﺭﻭﺍل.(180 :2010،
ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺤﺎﺭﺓ ) (2012ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻋـﻭﺍﻥ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻴﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻤﻭﺭﺍﻱ ) ( collings et murray,1996ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃ
ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝـﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺸـﺎﺭﺕ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺁﻡ ﻭﻫﺎﺭﻴﺴﻭﻥ ) (Um et Harrison,1998ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨـﺩﻤﺎﺕ )ﻓـﻭﺯﻱ ﻤﻴﻬـﻭﺒﻲ 85 :2011ﻋـﻥ ﻓﻬـﺩ
ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ.(2000،
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ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝـﺩﻯ ﺭﺠـﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ:
-1ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ :
.1-1ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ :ﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﺴـﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ؟
.2-1ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ:
- 1.2-1ﻫل ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ؟
-.2.2-1ﻫل ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ؟
-3.2-1ﻫل ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ؟
-2ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ :
.1-2ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ:
-ﻨﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴـﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ .
.2-2ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ:
-1.2-2ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
-2.2-2ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ.
-3.2-2ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ.
-3ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ :ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ :
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ. •
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ •
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ.
-4ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ :ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺒﺊ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺨـﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺸـﺩﻴﺩ
ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ،
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﺠﺌﺔ ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻡ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬـﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.
-5ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
.1-5ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ:
1.1-5ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ:
ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﻀﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﺘﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻼ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬـﺩ ،
ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﺭﺒﺭﺕ ﻓﺭﺩﻨﺒﺭﺠﺭ ، Herbert Freudenbergerﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤـﻥ
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ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ » ،« burnoutﺴﻨﺔ ،1974ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻜﺭﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ Maslach
ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻩ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋ ﺭﻑ ﻓﺭﻭﻴﺩﻨﺒﺭﺠﺭ ) (Freudenberger,1975ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ "ﺤﺎﻝﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻬـﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﻨـﺎﺘﺞ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻁﻠﻌﺎﺘﻪ" ).(Freudenberger,1975
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ) ،(Maslach ,1982ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ "ﻤﺘﻼﺯﻤـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺃﻋـﺭﺍﺽ
ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒﻲ ،ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺠـﺎﺯ
ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ،ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ ﻴـﺅﺩﻭﻥ ﻨﻭﻋـﹰﺎ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ) .ﺍﻝﺒﺘﺎل.(18 :1999،
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﻜﺒﺭﺍﻴﺩ ) ،(Mcbrideﻓﻴﻌ ﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ "ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ،ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ
ﺍﻝﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ،ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ
ﺃﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌ ﺭﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﻝﺩ ﻭﺭﻭﺙ
) (Roth et Gold ,1994ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ّﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘـﻪ ﻝـﻡ ﺘﻠﺒـﻲ،
ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺘﻪ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺨﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻤل ،ﻴﺭﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺴﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ )،ﻝﻤﻴﻌﻪ
ﺍﻝﺸﻴﻭﺥ (17 :2011،
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﻋﺴﻜﺭ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ (1986 ،ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫـﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﺴـﻠﻭﻙ
ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻜﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻩ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ )ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺴﻜﺭ(09 :1986 ،
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﺫﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ
ﻫﺩﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ.
.2.1-5ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ :ﻗﺩﻡ ﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﻻﻴﻥ ) (sead et lyne,1982ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﻤﻼ ﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ:
-1ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ :ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻐﻀﺏ – ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ – ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ -ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻹﻋﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌـﺎﻁﻔﻲ ،ﻓﻘـﺩﺍﻥ
ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺱ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺎﺕ -ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل .ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺨﺭﻴﺔ،ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺅﻡ،ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺒﺎﻻﺓ،ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ،ﻋﺩﻡ
ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ،ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ...ﺍﻝﺦ
-2ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ :ﻭﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺒﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻋـﺩﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻅـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ ،ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺸﻜﺎﻭﻱ ﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ،ﺘﺸﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝـﺩﻡ،ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺸـﺩﻴﺩ ،
ﺍﻝﺼﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل.
-3ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ :ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺫﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺨﺭﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺯﻤـﻼﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل ،ﺍﻻﺘﺼـﺎل
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻼﺀ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺅﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل .ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ
184
אد2015
/20
אمא
وא
-4ﺍﻻﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ :ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺯﻝـﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ،ﺍﻋﻁـﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻅﻑ ﻝﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘـﻪ ﻜﻭﻨـﻪ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺌـﻡ )ﻤﺤﻤـﺩ
ﻋﻭﺽ.(2007،18،
-5ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ :ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﺭ ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺸﻜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل )ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻝﻘﺯﻋﻲ.(3 ،2007،
ﺇﻥ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺴـﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﻫل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺴـﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺼـﺤﺘﻪ ،
ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ،ﻓﺘﺸﻜل ﻋﺒﺌﹰﺎ ﻭﺠﻬﺩﹰﺍ ﺜﻘﻴ ﹰ
ﻭﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻝﻺﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘـﻪ
ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ ﻭﻁﻼﺒﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻝﻠﻌﺯﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺸـﻁﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻪ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل.
.3.1-5ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻲ ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ :ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼـل
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺠل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ) (Maslachﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ.
.2-5ﺭﺠل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ:
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺭﺠل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺢ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻴﻕ ،ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻴـﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻀـﺎﻨﺎﺕ،
ﺍﻝﺯﻻﺯل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻘﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻴﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ،
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻨﺎﻕ ،ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﻼل ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ
ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻹﺠﻼﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﺼﻑ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻘﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ .ﻓﺭﺠل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﻀﻁﺭ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل 24ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻴل ﻨﻬـﺎﺭ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩﺍ ﺠﺴﺩﻴﺎ ﺠﺒﺎﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺒـﺫﻝﻙ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺄﻫﺒﺎ ﻜل ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻁﺎﺭﺉ ،ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺭ .ﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ
،ﻜﺎﻝﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻠﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ.
-6ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ :ﺘ ﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻲ ،ﻷﻨﹼـﻪ ﺍﻝﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ ﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ
ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ.
-7ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ :ﺘﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
.1-7ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ :ﺘﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ 78ﻓﺭﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﻤﻠـﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠـﺔ،
ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ.
.2-7ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ :ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ ) ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﺠـﻲ
ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺭ(.
.3-7ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ :ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺸﻬﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﻔﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ . 2015
-8ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ :ﺘ ﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺼﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺩﺭﺕ ﺒــ ) (78ﻋﻭﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋـﻭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ ، ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ:
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ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (01ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
% ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ % % ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ
%24.36 19 ≤ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ %51.28 ﺃﻋﺯﺏ %5.13 ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ
40 04
59 > 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ
%75.64 %48.72 38 %15.38 12
/ / / ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ
/ / / %56.41 44 ﻥ = 78
/ / / / / / %23.07 18 ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
%100 78 ﻤﺞ %100 78 ﻤﺞ ﻤﺞ
%100 78
ﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗـﺩﺭ ﻋـﺩﺩ
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ،ﺃ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺒـ) ،(04ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ) ،(%5.13ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻓﺒﻠﻎ ) ،(12ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ
) ،(%15.38ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ) (44ﻓـﺭﺩﺍ ،ﻭﺒﻨﺴـﺒﺔ
) ،(%56.41ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ) ،(18ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ).(%23.07
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ،ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋـﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ) (19ﻓﺭﺩﺍ ،ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ) ،(%24.36ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ ﻝـﻴﺱ ﻝـﺩﻴﻬﻡ
ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ) 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ( ،ﻓﻘﺩﺭ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ) ،(59ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ).(%75.64
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ،ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ) (38ﻓﺭﺩﺍ ،ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ) ،(%48.72ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠـﻎ )(40
ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ).(%51.28
-9ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ) (Maslach,1986ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﺎﻝﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ )ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻴﻭﺘﻲ (180 :2010،
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ) (22ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺴﺄل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺴـﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻬﻨﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ؛ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻤـﺭﺓ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ
.3ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺠـﺎﺯ .2ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﻠﹼـﺩ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺴـﻲ. ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺩﺘﻪ ،ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ. :ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ.
ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘ ﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﺠﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺘﹼﺎل ﻭﻁﺒﻘﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ) (Maslach,1986ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ،ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻓﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ.
ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻕ ،ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل
ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻼﺯﻤﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻭﻭﺭﻝـﻲ ﻭﺁﺨـﺭﻭﻥ(Worley et al., 2008)،
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وא
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ 45ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ )ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ( ،ﻭﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺜﻼﺜﺔ )ﺒﻌـﺩ
ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ( ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ،ﻭﺃﻥ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ )ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻴﻭﺘﻲ (180 :2010،
- 10ﻋﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
.1-10ﻋﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ :
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺘﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ
ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (2ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ-
ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ % % %
ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
78 % 11.53 09 %23.27 18 %51.38 51
ﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ) ،(09ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ،ﺃ
ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ) (%11.53ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺃﻭ
ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ) (58ﻓﺭﺩﺍ ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ) (%51.38ﻭ 18ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ) (%23.27ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺠﺎل
ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺭﺘﻔـﻊ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ.
ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺤﺎﺭﺓ ) ،(2012ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺘﺩﻨﻲ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ .
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻜﻭﺭﻨﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺎ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻨﺸﻁﺘﻬﺎ ) ﻓﺘﻴﺤـﺔ ﺒـﻥ ﺯﺭﻭﺍل،2010،
.(180
ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤـل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁـﺔ
،ﻓﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل ﻴﺴـﺎﻫﻡ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺤل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل ﻭﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﺘﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﻝﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤـل
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼـﺩﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻡ ﻭﻫﺎﺭﻴﺴـﻭﻥ ) Um et
(Harrison,1998ﺍﻥ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل
ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ )ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﻤﻴﻬﻭﺒﻲ.(85 ،2011 ،
ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﻪ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﻙ ) (Maslach , 1997.ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ،ﻓﻬﻭ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻫﻡ
187
אد2015
/20
אمא
وא
ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻪ )ﻝﻤﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻴﻭﺥ
18 :2011،ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻭﻱ.(2000،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ،ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ )ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ( ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ
ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻭﻁـﺔ ﺒﺭﺠـﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ.
.2-10ﻋﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ:
.1.2-10ﺘﻨﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ،
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ :
ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (03ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﻥ=(78
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻑ ﺩﺡ ﻉ ﻡ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
2.42 9.02 41 ﺃﻋﺯﺏ
0.186 76 ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ
2.46 8.97 37 ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ
ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ،(02ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ
ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﺍﺏ ﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ )ﻡ= ،( 9.02ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﻉ= ،( 2.42ﺃ ﻤﺎ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻘـﺩ ﻭﺼـل
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ )ﻡ= (8.97ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـ )ﻉ= ،(2.46ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ" ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ) ( p<0.01ﻓﺈﻨـﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻰ.
-2ﻭﺘﻨﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ :
ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (04ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ )ﻥ=(78
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻑ ﺩﺡ ﻉ ﻡ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
2.37 8.98 57 > 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ
0.762 76 ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ
2.61 9.04 21 < 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ
ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ،(04ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺨﺒﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻗـﺩ
ﺒﻠﻎ )ﻡ= (8.98ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﻉ= ،(2.37ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻔـﻭﻕ ﻤـﺩﺓ
ﻤﺭﻀﻬﻡ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ )ﻡ= ،(9.04ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـ )ﻉ= ،(2.61ﺃ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ"
ﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ = ،0.762ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ" ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ) ( p<0.01ﻓﺈﻨﻬـﺎ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ 10ﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ( ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ.
-3ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ،ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ:
188
אد2015
/20
אمא
وא
ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (05ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ )ﻥ=.(78
ﻉ ﻡ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ
4 3.59 8.25 04 ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ 73 2.98 9.09 12 ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
77
0.01 2.5 9.27 44 ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ
1.5 8.61 18 ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (05ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﻔﺌﺔ
ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ )ﻡ= ،(8.25ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـ )ﻉ= ،(3.59ﻓﻲ ﺤـﻴﻥ ﻭﺼـل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ
ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ )ﻡ= (9.09ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـ )ﻉ= ،(2.98ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﻔﺌـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ )ﻡ= ،(9.27ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـ )ﻉ= ،(7.49ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼل ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺒﻲ
)ﻡ= ،(30.54ﻭﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺒـ )ﻉ= .(2.5ﺃ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ " ﻑ" ﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺒﻠﻐـﺕ
) ،(1.427ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ" ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ) ،( p<0.01ﻓﺈﻨـﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ
ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ )ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ،ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ،ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ .
ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺤﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻝﻁﻔﻲ ) (2001ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﻓـﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺱ ﻭﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ) ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺤﺭﺏ ،(45 ،1998،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻔـﻕ
ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﺘﺎﻭﻱ ) (1991ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ) ﻋﻴﺴﻰ .(1995 ،
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺭﻴﻡ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ) ،(2010ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺒـﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ .
ﻝﻜﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺤﺎﺭﺓ ) ،(2012ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺇﺤﺼـﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ )ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ-ﻋﺎﺯﺒﻴﻥ( ،ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻻ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺭ ) ،(1994ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ،ﻭﺫﻭ ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺘـﺩﻨﻲ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ،ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﺎﺭﻗﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﺤﺎﺕ :
ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ
ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ :
.1ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻤﻘﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ.
-2ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ .
-3ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻏﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﺕ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.
-4ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻨﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ.
189
אد2015
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אمא
وא
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ:
-1ﺁﻴﺕ ﺤﻤﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻜﻴﻤﺔ ) :(2006ﺩﻭﺭ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼـﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺴـﺩﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ.
-2ﺍﻝﺒﺘﺎل،ﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ : (1999) ،ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺩﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺠـل ﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ
ﺃﻓﻀل ﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ" ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ.
-3ﺍﻝﻅﻔـﺭﻱ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻴﻭﺘﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ) :(2010ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻠﻁﻨﺔ ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ،6ﻋﺩﺩ 3، 2010، 175 - 190
-4ﺒﻥ ﺯﺭﻭﺍل ﻓﺘﻴﺤﺔ ) :(2010ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ :ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺼﺩﻱ ﻤﺭﺒـﺎﺡ ﻭﺭﻗﻠـﺔ،
ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ، 04ﺠﻭﺍﻥ . 2010
-5ﺒﻭﺤﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻫﻨﺎﺀ : (2012) ،ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻭﻻﻴﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻁﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ
-6ﺒﻭﻋﻼﻡ ،ﻤﻬﺩﻱ : (2003) ،ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻋـﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴـﺔ،
ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻁﻔﻭﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ2.
-7ﺤﺭﺏ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ : (1998) ،ﻅﺎھﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘیﺭ ،ﻏیﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ.
-8ﺩﺭﺩﻴﺭ ،ﻨﺸﻭﺓ ﻜﺭﻡ ) :(2008ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻁ )ﺃ-ﺏ( ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴـﺔ
ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺼﺤﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻭﻡ ،ﻤﺼﺭ.
-9ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻡ ) :(2010ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴـﺔ
ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻜﺭﺓ" ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻁﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ.
-10ﻋﺴﻜﺭ ،ﻋﻠﻲ ) ،(1986ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺕ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ ,3ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ،10ﺹ.9
-11ﻜﺎﻤل ﺇﺒﺭﺍھیﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ،ﺴﻬﺎﻡ )ﺩ.ﺱ( :ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺭیﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل ،ﻤﺭﻜـﺯ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺤـﻭﺙ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻭﻗﻴﻥ ،ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.
-12ﻤﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻴﻭﺥ ،ﻝﻤﻴﻌﻪ ) :(2011ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ " ،ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺕ
ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻴﻑ /ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ" ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﻨﻴل ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺩﻨﻤﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
-13ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻭﺽ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ) ،(2007ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅیﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﺩ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯیﻊ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ـ
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ.
-14ﻤﻴﻬﻭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ) : (2011ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ" ،ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ﺒـﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼـﺤﻴﺔ
ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ" ،ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ،8ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ،ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻁﻔﻭﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،2ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ.
[Link] et Leiter. M.P(1997) : The Truth About Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress
and What To DO About It. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
[Link],[Link],D,d’hore (1999) : prédicateurs de l’épuisement professionnel des infirmiers,
une étude dans un hôpital universitaire, recherche en soin infermiers,N 59.
[Link] (2013) : La gestion du stress chez les intervenants, les gestionnaires et les bénévoles en
contexte du séisme, module 8, version4,France.
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