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IA VIIIA
1 1.008
meters dm cm mm μm nm Å
2 4.003
Crystal Structures
H
Hydrogen
1Å = 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-4 10-1 1 HeHelium
1nm = 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-3 1 10
IIA 1μm = 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 1 103 104
IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
3 6.941 4 9.012 5 10.811 6 12.011 7 14.007 8 15.999 9 18.998 10 20.180
1mm = 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 103 106 107
Li
Lithium
Be
Beryllium
1cm = 10-2 10-1 1 10 104 107 108 B
Boron
C
Carbon
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
F
Fluorine
Ne Neon
0.108 1dm = 10-1 1 10 102 105 108 109 0.185 0.277 0.392 0.523 0.677 0.848
— — — — — — —
— — — — — —
—
1m = 1 10 102 103 106 109 1010
11 22.990 12 24.305 13 26.982 14 28.086 15 30.974 16 32.066 17 35.453 18 39.948

Na Mg
Sodium Magnesium
Al
Aluminum
Si
Silicon
P
Phosphorus
S
Sulfur
Cl
Chlorine
ArArgon
1.486 1.740 2.013 2.307 2.622 2.957
1.040
—
—
1.254
—
—
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB —
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
19 39.098 20 40.08 21 44.956 22 47.88 23 50.942 24 51.996 25 54.938 26 55.847 27 58.933 28 58.70 29 63.546 30 65.39 31 69.72 32 72.61 33 74.922 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.80

K
Potassium
Ca Sc
Calcium Scandium
Ti
Titanium
V
Vanadium
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
3.313 3.691 4.090 4.510 4.952 5.414 5.898 6.403 6.929 7.477 8.040 8.637 9.250 9.885 10.542 11.220 11.922 12.649
— 0.341 0.395 0.452 0.511 0.573 0.637 0.705 0.776 0.851 0.930 1.012 1.098 1.188 1.282 1.379 1.480 1.586
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
37 85.468 38 87.62 39 88.906 40 91.22 41 92.906 42 95.94 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.906 46 106.42 47 107.868 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.60 53 126.905 54 131.29

Rb Sr
Rubidium Strontium
Y
Yttrium
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In
Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium
Sn Sb Te
Tin Antimony Tellurium
I
Iodine
XeXenon
13.393 14.163 14.955 15.776 16.617 17.481 18.368 19.282 20.217 21.180 22.166 23.175 24.209 25.272 26.359 27.471 28.615 29.779
1.694 1.806 1.922 2.042 2.166 2.293 2.424 2.558 2.696 2.838 2.984 3.133 3.286 3.443 3.604 3.768 3.937 4.109
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
55 132.905 56 137.33 57 138.906 72 178.49 73 180.948 74 183.85 75 186.207 76 190.2 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.967 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.2 83 208.980 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222)

Cs Ba La Hf Ta
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum
W Re Os
Tungsten Rhenium Osmium
Ir
Iridium
Pt Au Hg Tl
Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium
Pb Bi Po At Rn
Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
30.971 32.196 33.441 55.801 57.450 59.305 61.122 62.989 64.906 66.834 68.804 70.806 72.869 74.989 77.091 79.272 81.513 83.771
4.286 4.465 4.650 7.898 8.145 8.396 8.651 8.910 9.174 9.441 9.712 9.987 10.256 10.550 10.837 11.129 11.425 11.725
— 0.779 0.833 1.644 1.709 1.774 1.842 1.910 1.978 2.048 2.120 2.191 2.268 2.342 2.419 2.505 2.585 2.665
87 (223) 88 226.025 89 227.028

Fr Ra Ac
Francium Radium Actinium
86.098 88.480 90.880 58 140.12 59 140.908 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.97 64 157.25 65 158.925 66 162.50 67 164.930 68 167.26 69 168.934 70 173.04 71 174.967
12.029 12.338 12.650

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
2.747 2.830 2.915

Atomic Atomic Alkali Earth Alkaline Earth Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
34.717 36.031 37.358 38.725 40.118 41.534 42.992 44.476 45.997 47.534 49.100 50.730 52.362 54.078
Number Weight 4.839 5.033 5.229 5.432 5.635 5.845 6.056 6.272 6.494 6.719 6.947 7.179 7.414 7.654
Rare Earth Other Metals 0.883 0.929 0.978 1.032 1.081 1.137 1.185 1.240 1.293 1.347 1.405 1.462 1.521 1.581

Non-Metals Halogens 90 232.038 91 231.036 92 238.029 93 237.048 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (260)
Symbol Transition Metals Metalloids
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
K Energy (*) Noble Gases Thorium Protoactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
L Energy (*) Crystal 93.382 95.886 98.434 100.800 103.320 105.970 108.737 111.676 114.778 —
12.967 13.288 13.612 13.941 14.275 14.615 14.961 15.309 15.661 16.018
M Energy (*) Structure 2.991 3.077 3.165 3.253 3.344 3.435 3.539 3.634 3.731 3.829
Ele-
ment

Li
Atm.
No.

3
K움

0.052
K웁

0.055
Kab L움 L웁1 L웁2 L웂2 Llllab Lllab Llab M
EDAX
Be
B
C
N
4
5
6
7
0.108
0.185
0.277
0.392
0.112
0.192
0.284
0.400
Peak
O
F
Ne
Na
8
9
10
11
0.523
0.677
0.848
1.040
0.532
0.687
.857 0.867
1.067 1.071
0.022
0.034
0.022
0.034
0.048
0.055
Identification
Mg
Al
Si
12
13
14
1.254
1.486
1.740
1.295 1.303
1.553 1.560
1.829 1.840
0.049
0.072
0.098
0.050
0.073
0.099
0.063
0.087
0.118 [Link] Chart
P 15 2.013 2.139 2.143 0.128 0.129 0.153
S 16 2.307 2.465 2.470 0.136 0.164 0.193
Cl 17 2.622 2.815 2.819 0.202 0.203 0.238 Energy Element Atomic Principal Energy Element Atomic Principal Less Intense Lesser Intense Energy Element Atomic Principal Less Intense Lesser Intense
Ar 18 2.957 3.190 3.202 0.245 0.247 0.287 Signals Generated in the Scanning Electron Microscope Number Emission Number Emission Minor Linor Minor Line Number Emission Minor Linor Minor Line
Line Line Energy Line Energy Line Line Energy Line Energy Line
K 19 3.313 3.589 3.607 0.294 0.297 0.341 INCIDENT
Ca 20 3.691 4.012 4.037 0.341 0.349 0.353 0.399 ELECTRON
0-1 keV 2-3 keV 8-9 keV
Sc 21 4.090 4.460 4.488 0.395 0.406 0.4ll 0.462 BEAM

Ti 22 4.510 4.931 4.964 0.452 0.454 0.460 0.530 CHARACTERISTIC BACKSCATTERED

ELECTRONS 0.108 Be 4 K움 2.013 P 15 K움1,2 2.136 K웁 8.040 Cu 29 K움1,2 8.904 K웁1
V 23 4.952 5.426 5.463 0.511 0.5l2 0.5l9 0.604
X-RAY PHOTONS
2.042 Zr 40 L움 2.124 L웁1 8.145 Ta 73 L움 9.342 L웁1 9.650 L웁2
0.185 B 5 K움 8.396 W 74 L움 9.671 L웁1 9.960 L웁2
Cr 24 5.414 5.946 5.988 0.573 0.574 0.588 0.695 2.048 Pt 78 M움 2.127 M웁
Mn 25 5.898 6.489 6.536 0.637 0.639 0.650 0.762 0.277 C 6 K움 2.120 Au 79 M움 2.204 M웁 8.637 Zn 30 K움1,2 9.570 K웁1
BREMSSTRAHLUNG
Fe 26 6.403 7.057 7.110 0.705 0.707 0.721 0.849 SECONDARY
0.341 Ca 20 L움 8.651 Re 75 L움 10.008 L웁1 10.274 L웁2
ELECTRONS 2.166 Nb 41 L움1 2.257 L웁1 8.910 Os 76 L움 10.354 L웁1 10.597 L웁2
Co 27 6.929 7.648 7.708 0.776 0.779 0.794 0.929
Ni 28 7.477 8.263 8.330 0.851 0.853 0.870 1.015 VISIBLE LIGHT AUGER
0.392 N 7 K움 2.191 Hg 80 M움 2.282 M웁 9-10 keV
Cu 29 8.040 8.904 8.979 0.930 0.933 0.953 1.100
(CATHODE-
LUMINESCENCE)
ELECTRONS
0.395 Sc 21 L움 2.268 Tl 81 M움 2.362 M웁 9.174 Ir 77 L움 10.706 L웁1 10.919 L웁2
Zn 30 8.637 9.570 9.660 1.012 1.022 1.045 1.198 SPECIMEN 0.452 Ti 22 L움 2.293 Mo 42 L움1 2.394 L웁1 9.250 Ga 31 K움1,2 10.262 K웁
Ga 31 9.250 10.262 10.336 1.098 1.117 1.145 1.303 2.307 S 16 K움1,2 2.465 K웁 9.441 Pt 78 L움 11.069 L웁1 11.249 L웁2
Ge 32 9.873 10.978 11.102 1.188 1.217 1.249 1.413 ABSORBED 0.511 V 23 L움 9.712 Au 79 L움 11.440 L웁1 11.583 L웁2
1.282 ELECTRONS 2.342 Pb 82 M움 2.442 M웁
As 33 10.542 11.722 11.862 1.323 1.358 1.529 0.523 O 8 K움 9.873 Ge 32 K움1,2 10.978 K웁
Se 34 11.220 12.494 12.652 1.379 1.434 1.474 1.652 2.419 Bi 83 M움 2.525 M웁
0.573 Cr 24 L움 9.987 Hg 80 L움 11.821 L웁1 11.922 L웁2
Br 35 11.922 13.286 13.468 1.480 1.553 1.599 1.781 ELASTICALLY TRANSMITTED AND
2.424 Tc 43 L움1 2.536 L웁1 10-11 keV
Kr 36 12.649 14.107 14.322 1.586 1.677 1.729 1.916 SCATTERED INELASTICALLY SCATTERED 0.637 Mn 25 L움 2.558 Ru 44 L움1 2.683 L웁1 10.256 Tl 81 L움 12.211 L웁1 12.270 L웁2
Rb 37 13.393 14.956 15.200 1.694 1.806 1.866 2.063 ELECTRONS ELECTRONS
0.677 F 9 K움 2.622 Cl 17 K움1,2 2.815 K웁 10.542 As 33 K움1,2 11.722 K웁
Sr 38 14.163 15.830 16.104 1.806 1.941 2.008 2.217 2.696 Rh 45 L움1 2.834 L웁1 3.001 L웁2 10.550 Pb 82 L움 12.612 L웁1 12.621 L웁2
Y 39 14.955 16.731 17.035 1.922 2.079 2.154 2.376 0.705 Fe 26 L움
Zr 40 15.776 17.660 17.996 2.042 2.124 2.222 2.305 2.541 2.838 Pd 46 L움1 2.990 L웁1 3.170 L웁2 10.837 Bi 83 L움 13.024 L웁1 12.978 L웁2
0.776 Co 27 L움 11-12 keV
Nb 41 16.617 18.729 18.984 2.166 2.257 2.370 2.464 2.710 2.957 Ar 18 K움1,2 3.190 K웁
Mo 42 17.481 19.599 20.001 2.293 2.394 2.523 2.627 2.880 Resolution: 0.833 La 57 M움 2.984 Ag 47 L움1 3.150 L웁1 3.347 L웁2 11.129 Po 84 L움1 13.445 L웁1 13.338 L웁2
Tc 43 18.368 20.608 21.044 2.424 2.536 2.677 2.794 3.055 0.848 Ne 10 K움 2.991 Th 90 M움 3.145 M웁 3.369 M웂 11.220 Se 34 K움1,2 12.494 K웁
Ru 44 19.282 21.646 22.116 2.558 2.683 2.837 2.966 3.232 11.425 At 85 L움1 13.874 L웁1 14.065 L웁3
2.696 2.834 3.001 FWHM = R2 + 2.4236 (E - 5894) 0.851 Ni 28 L움 3-4 keV 11.725 Rn 86 L움1 14.313 L웁1 14.509 L웁3
Rh 45 20.217 22.712 23.216 3.002 3.144 3.416
Pd 46 21.180 23.806 24.344 2.838 2.990 3.171 3.172 3.330 3.607 0.883 Ce 58 M움 3.077 Pa 91 M움 3.239 M웁 3.465 M웂 11.922 Br 35 K움1,2 13.286 K웁
Ag 47 22.166 24.928 25.512 2.984 3.150 3.347 3.350 3.525 3.807 0.929 Pr 59 M움 3.133 Cd 48 L움1 3.316 L웁1 3.528 L웁2 12-13 keV
Cd 48 23.175 26.081 26.711 3.133 3.316 3.528 3.537 3.727 4.018 3.165 U 92 M움 3.336 M웁 3.563 M웂 12.029 Fr 87 L움1 14.768 L웁1 14.448 L웁2
In 49 24.209 27.260 27.937 3.286 3.487 3.713 3.730 3.939 4.237 0.930 Cu 29 L움 12.338 Ra 88 L움1 15.233 L웁1 14.839 L웁2
3.286 In 49 L움1 3.487 L웁1 3.713 L웁2
Sn 50 25.272 28.467 29.190 3.443 3.662 3.904 3.928 4.157 4.464 0.978 Nd 60 M움 12.649 Kr 36 K움1,2 14.107 K웁1
Sb 51 26.359 29.797 30.481 3.604 3.843 4.100 4.132 4.381 4.698 Bragg's Law: 3.313 K 19 K움1,2 3.589 K웁
12.650 Ac 89 L움1 15.711 L웁1 15.929 L웁3
Te 52 27.471 30.974 31.811 3.768 4.029 4.301 4.341 4.612 4.939 1-2 keV 3.443 Sn 50 L움1 3.662 L웁1 3.904 L웁2
I 53 28.615 32.272 33.167 3.937 4.220 4.507 4.558 4.853 5.191 nλ = 2d sinθ 1.012 Zn 30 L움 3.604 Sb 51 L움1 3.843 L웁 4.100 L웁2
12.967 Th 90 L움1 16.201 L웁1 15.621 L웁2
13-14 keV
Xe 54 29.779 33.600 34.590 4.109 4.417 4.717 4.781 5.103 5.452 1.040 Na 11 K움 3.691 Ca 20 K움1,2 4.012 K웁 13.288 Pa 91 L움1 16.699 L웁1 16.022 L웁2
Cs 55 30.971 34.960 35.987 4.286 4.619 4.935 5.011 5.357 5.720 3.768 Te 52 L움 4.029 L웁1 4.301 L웁2 13.393 Rb 37 K움1,2 14.956 K웁
Ba 56 32.196 36.354 37.542 4.465 4.827 5.156 5.246 5.622 5.995 0.779 1.081 Sm 62 M움
4.650 5.041 5.383 3.937 I 53 L움 4.220 L웁1 4.507 L웁2 13.612 U 92 L움1 17.217 L웁1 16.425 L웁2
La 57 33.441 37.771 38.934 5.483 5.888 6.267 0.833 1.098 Ga 31 L움
Ce 58 34.717 39.223 40.453 4.893 5.261 5.612 5.723 6.160 6.547 0.883 Energy Wavelength 4-5 keV 14-15 keV
Pr 59 36.031 5.033 5.488 5.849 5.962 6.438 6.833 0.929 1.137 Eu 63 M움 4.090 Sc 21 K움1,2 4.460 K웁1 14.163 Sr 38 K움1,2 15.830 K웁
Nd 60 37.358 5.229 5.721 6.088 6.208 6.722 7.128 0.978 λ= 12.396 1.185 Gd 64 M움 4.109 Xe 54 L움 4.417 L웁1 4.717 L웁2 14.955 Y 39 K움1,2 16.731 K웁
Pm 61 38.725 5.432 5.960 6.338 6.459 7.013 7.434 1.032 15-16 keV
Sm 62 40.118 5.635 6.204 6.586 6.716 7.312 7.747 1.081 E 1.188 Ge 32 L움 4.286 Cs 55 L움 4.619 L웁1 4.935 L웁2 15.776 Zr 40 K움1,2 17.660 K웁
Eu 63 41.534 5.845 6.455 6.842 1.240 Tb 65 M움 4.465 Ba 56 L움 4.827 L웁1 5.156 L웁2 16-17 keV
6.979 7.618 8.059 1.131
Gd 64 42.992 6.056 6.712 7.102 7.242 7.930 8.385 1.185 1.254 Mg 12 K움 4.510 Ti 22 K움1,2 4.931 K웁1 16.617 Nb 41 K움1,2 18.729 K웁
Tb 65 44.476 6.272 6.977 7.365 7.514 8.251 8.715 1.240 4.650 La 57 L움 5.041 L웁1 5.383 L웁2
Dy 66 45.997 6.494 7.246 7.634 7.880 8.582 9.050 1.293 1.282 As 33 L움 4.839 Ce 58 L움 5.261 L웁1 5.612 L웁2
Ho 67 47.534 6.719 7.524 7.910 8.066 8.915 9.398 1.347 FWHM = Full Width Half Maximum 1.293 Dy 66 M움 4.952 V 23 K움1,2 5.426 K웁1 Above 17 keV
Er 68 49.100 6.947 7.809 8.188 8.356 9.260 9.756 1.405 1.347 Ho 67 M움 17.481 (17.476, 17.371) Mo 42 K움1,2 19.599 K웁
Tm 69 50.730 7.179 8.100 8.467 9.424 8.648 9.615 10.119 1.462 R = Resolution (eV) @ MnKα 5-6 keV
7.414 8.400 8.757 9.778 1.379 Se 34 L움 5.033 Pr 59 L움 5.488 L웁1 5.849 L웁2 18.368 (18.364, 18.248) Tc 43 K움1,2 20.608 K웁
Yb 70 52.362 8.942 9.974 10.489 1.521
Lu 71 54.078 7.654 8.706 9.045 10.142 9.247 10.343 10.872 1.581 E = X-ray Energy 1.405 Er 68 M움 5.229 Nd 60 L움 5.721 L웁1 6.088 L웁2 19.282 (19.276, 19.147) Ru 44 K움1,2 21.646 K웁
Hf 72 55.801 7.898 9.021 9.346 10.514 9.556 10.734 11.272 1.644 5.414 Cr 24 K움1,2 5.946 K웁1 20.217 (20.213, 20.070) Rh 45 K움1,2 22.712 K웁
Ta 73 57.450 8.145 9.342 9.650 10.893 9.875 11.130 11.680 1.709 λ = Wavelength (Angstroms) 1.462 Tm 69 M움
5.432 Pm 61 L움 5.960 L웁1 6.338 L웁2 21.180 (21.174, 21.017) Pd 46 K움1,2 23.806 K웁
W 74 59.305 8.396 9.671 9.960 11.284 10.198 11.537 12.098 1.774 1.480 Br 35 L움
Re 75 61.122 8.651 10.008 10.274 11.683 10.529 11.953 12.529 1.842 5.635 Sm 62 L움 6.204 L웁1 6.586 L웁2 22.166 (22.159, 21.987) Ag 47 K움1,2 24.928 K웁
Os 76 62.989 8.910 10.354 10.597 12.093 10.866 12.379 12.969 1.910 1.486 Al 13 K움 5.845 Eu 63 L움 6.455 L웁1 6.842 L웁2 23.175 (23.170, 22.980) Cd 48 K움1,2 26.081 K웁1,3
Ir 77 64.906 9.174 10.706 10.919 12.510 11.210 12.818 13.421 1.978 1.521 Yb 70 M움 5.898 Mn 25 K움1,2 6.489 K웁1 24.209 (24.206, 23.998) In 49 K움1,2 27.260 K웁1,3
Pt 78 66.834 9.441 11.069 11.249 12.940 11.560 13.270 13.880 2.048 Energies of the Principal X-Ray Emission Lines 1.581 Lu 71 M움 6-7 keV
Au 79 68.804 9.712 11.440 11.583 13.379 11.919 13.734 14.351 2.120 25.272 (25.267, 25.040) Sn 50 K움1,2 28.467 K웁1,3
1.586 Kr 36 L움 6.056 Gd 64 L움 6.712 L웁1 7.102 L웁2 26.359 (26.355, 26.106) Sb 51 K움1,2 29.797 K웁1,3
Hg 80 70.806 9.987 11.821 11.922 13.828 12.284 14.212 14.840 2.191
Tl 81 72.869 10.256 12.211 12.270 14.289 12.658 14.698 15.340 2.268
X-RAY ENERGY 6.272 Tb 65 L움 6.977 L웁1 7.365 L웁2
KeV 1.644 Hf 72 M움 27.471 (27.468, 27.197) Te 52 K움1,2 30.974 K웁1,3
Pb 82 74.989 10.550 12.612 12.621 14.762 13.038 15.203 15.852 2.342 6.403 Fe 26 K움1,2 7.057 K웁1
1.694 Rb 37 L움 28.615 (28.607, 28.312 I 53 K움1,2 32.272 K웁1,3
Bi 83 77.091 10.837 13.024 12.978 15.245 13.424 15.717 16.373 2.419 40
K웁
6.494 Dy 66 L움 7.246 L웁1 7.634 L웁2
Po 84 79.272 11.129 13.445 13.338 15.741 13.817 16.244 16.935 2.505 K움 1.709 Ta 73 M움 6.719 Ho 67 L움 7.524 L웁1 7.910 L웁2 29.779 (29.774, 29.453) Xe 54 K움1,2 33.600 K웁1,3
At 85 81.513 11.425 13.874 13.669 16.249 14.215 16.784 17.490 2.585 1.740 Si 14 K움 6.929 Co 27 K움1,2 7.648 K웁1 30.971 (30.968, 30.620) Cs 55 K움1,2 34.960 K웁1,3
Rn 86 83.711 11.725 14.313 14.069 16.768 14.618 17.337 18.058 2.665 30 32.196 (32.188, 31.812) Ba 56 K움1,2 36.354 K웁1.3
Fr 87 86.098 12.029 14.768 14.443 17.300 15.028 17.904 18.638 2.747 1.774 W 74 M움 6.947 Er 68 L움 7.809 L웁1 8.188 L웁2
Ra 88 88.480 12.338 15.233 14.833 17.845 15.441 18.482 19.234 2.830 7-8 keV 33.441 (33.436, 33.028) La 57 K움1,2 37.771 K웁1,3
1.806 Sr 38 L움
Ac 89 90.880 12.650 15.711 15.229 18.405 15.865 19.078 19.842 2.915 L웁 7.179 Tm 69 L움 8.100 L웁1 8.467 L웁2 34.717 (34.714, 34.273) Ce 58 K움1,2 39.223 K웁1,3
Th 90 93.382 12.967 16.201 15.621 18.979 16.296 19.679 20.459 2.991
20
1.842 Re 75 M움 7.414 Yb 70 L움 8.400 L웁1 8.755 L웁2 36.031 (36.020, 35.544) Pr 59 K움1,2 40.771 K웁1,3
Pa 91 95.886 13.288 16.699 16.022 19.565 16.765 20.358 21.168 3.077 L움
1.910 Os 76 M움 7.477 Ni 28 K움1,2 8.263 K웁1 37.358 (37.355, 36.841) Nd 60 K움1,2
U 92 98.434 13.612 17.217 16.425 20.164 17.162 20.943 21.766 3.165 1.922 Y 39 L움
10 7.654 Lu 71 L움 8.706 L웁1 9.045 L웁2 38.725 (38.718, 38.165) Pm 61 K움1,2
Ele- Atm.
ment No. K움 K웁 Kab L움 L웁1 L웁2 L웂2 Llllab Lllab Llab M M 1.978 Ir 77 M움 7.898 Hf 72 L움 9.021 L웁1 9.346 L웁2 40.118 (40.111, 39.516) Sm 62 K움1,2
A listing of each element from lithium upwards by increasing Energy Element Atomic Principal Energy Element Atomic Principal Less Intense Lesser Intense Energy Individual Energies Element Atomic Principal Less Intense
0 20 40 60 80 100
atomic number with attendant K, L & M Line energies (up to 40 keV). ATOMIC NUMBER
Number Emission Number Emission Minor Linor Minor Line Number Emission Minor Linor
Line Line Energy Line Energy Line Line Energy Line