BASIC COMMUNICATIONS Wavelength Frequency Bandwidth Th Oscillator Operating Frequency @ Certain Temperature fr = fo + Kfo(T —T,) Collector Voltage Vetnax) = Wee ‘Quality Factor Shape Factor SF= Beas Image Frequency Fonage +2he Image Frequency Rejection Ratio A IFRRImage Frequency Rejection Ratio JERR = [15 UP? i Optimum Coupling Coefficient A, = 15k, Bandwidth Bak, MODULATION Modulation Index m als Vas — Vain © Vinx + Vinin Total Modulation Index (AM) m mp = fm? +m? + Fm, Upper and Lower Sideband Voltage mil Viss = Vase = "3 Upper and Lower Sideband Frequency Fass = fe ~ fn fase = fe + fon Bandwidth (AM) BW = 2m Total Transmitting Power m Pe (1+ z ) Total Sideband Power Pam Pose => Power Saving of Double Sideband ‘Suppressed Carrier Pre Pra ~ Prose Praw x 100 Emitter Modulator Voltage Gain A,=A,(1+m) Modulation index for Single Sideband z ‘Quality Factor _ ky(log 745/20) = ap Qm, = fm Fra) Percent Modulation (FM) ve = x 100 Carrier Swing CS.= Bees FM Bandwidth Carson's Rule BW = 2(5nax + frm) FM Exact Bandwidth BW =2nf, FM Narrow Bandwidth BW = 2m FM Wideband Bandwidth BW =25 Noise Phase Shift NOISE Effective Noise Bandwicth © Busy = 5 Be Total Harmonic Distortion ¥ ver = Vee x 100 Tniamanct Noise Power PB, =KIB Noise Voltage Vy = JVs? + Vina? + Vs? + ‘Shot Noise ty = J2q1oB Signal-to-Noise Ratio S/N(€B) = LOlog(P./P,) Signal-to-Noise Ratio S/N(AB) = 20108(V./¥,) Noise Factor Noise FigureEquivalent Noise Temperature Taq = 290(F ~ 1) RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION Velocity of Propagation Characteristic Impedance of a Medium 377 Power Density Py =EH Power Density Pe Fart Pp =: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRP = PrGr Power Density PrGr Po are Electric Field intensity Effective Antenna Area 2G Ae =a Snell's Law ‘nysinB, = msindy Refractive Index ne Snell's LawMaximum Usable Frequency fe 036 Optimum Working Frequency OWF = 0.85MUF ‘MUF Distance between Transmitting and Receiving Antennas d= {TTh; + /iTin Distance between Transmitting and Receiving Antennas d= JThr + JThe Free Space Loss FSL = 324 +20logd + 20logf Time between Fades ANTENNAS Radial Length Dipole Gain G(dBd) = G(dBi) —2.14dB Antenna Power Gain G=nD Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRP = P;Gr Folded-Dipole Impedance Z= 73? Helical Antenna Gain 1SNS(xD)? —TRANSMISSION LINES Wavelength Characteristic Impedance le iC Characteristic impedance of Paral Wire Cable Characteristic Impedance of Balanced 4-wire Reflection Coefficient SWR-1 SWR+1 Phase Shift @ = (360°) Standing Wave Ratio SWR= itP= Gesway Reflected Power RaPP, Load Power PL =R(-T?) Impedance Matching = Gq) (Quarter-wavelength Transformer Characteristic Impedance Zo = Stohr Microstrip Characteristic Impedance Xa 87 (et Vetta \o8w+e, Stripline Characteristic Impedence Open-Wire (Microstrip) Transmission Line 120 OVE Zo FIBER OPTICS Index of Refraction Snell’s Law nysin8, = n;sind, Critical angle Numerical Aperture WA = nem? NA = sin6mas Maximum Acceptance Angle max = Sin* (yng? =") Acceptance Cone Scone = 2OpeSingle Mode Cutoff Wavelength Bit Rate for NRZ Code Irradiance Bit Rate for UPRZ Code _t “EXT Bit Rate for UPNRZ code fe 1 4 TERTTELEPHONY Pulse Dialing Duration $= Yat) + @— Dt, Tone Dialing Duration tandt@-Dk DC Loop Resistance Tr =To(1— Gos) ‘Trunk Utilization Via Net Loss VNL = 0.2t + 0.4(d5) Crosstalk Decibel Unit Bx = 90— crosstalk loss dB Number of Full-Duplex Cellular ‘Channels F=6GN Total Channel Capacity in a Cellular Area C=mF Frequency Reuse Factor ‘Co-Channel Reuse Ratio. Q=vin ‘AMPS Transmit Carrier Frequency fe = 0.03N+ 825 fe = 0.03(N — 1023) + 825 AMPS Receive Carrier Frequency fe =f +45Mhz (GSM Frequency Shit between Mark ‘and Space Sn — fe = 0-5fy GSM Maximum Transmitted Frequency Srna GSM Minimum Transmitted Frequency Frnin = fo — 0.25fi CDMA Radiated Power P,dBm = —76d8 ~ P +025f,MICROWAVE DEVICES ‘Waveguide Longer Dimension Rectangular Waveguide Cutoft Frequency Rectangular Waveguide Cutoff Wavelength Circular Waveguide Gutort Wavelength Group Velocity ce EB Phase Velocity Phase Velocity he Guide Wavelength ay = Guide Wavelength ay = 0 Magnetron Average Power¢ Fn = 35 Minimum Usable Frequency Ran = Doppler Shift Frequency 2vf, b=2 Fresnel Zone Clearance = 06F; TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE Distance between Transmitter and Receiver K-Factor Facmiy agony 15K Fs comyacim) 1275K Fresnel Zone ndicim acm) =173 Be 73 Telia Aaa) ay Feceey(dsim acm)Fresnel Zone Clearance ed emiy emi) R= 43 | on — Fine )(Aaniydama)) nd yam dream) R= 104 |“ an — [fean:y(Ascem am) Nth Fresnel Zone Radius Avil Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (ERP) EIRPeeye = Prcasw) + Gras) EIRP = Pry Free Space Loss FSL = 324+ 20l0gd im) + 20109 forts) FSL = 924 + 20109 im) + 20109 ce) FSL = 36.6 + 2010gdni) + 20109 forse) FSL = 96.6 + 20logdmi) + 200g fen) scowopte raed Ser prt) mote See Ratio of the Received to Transmitted Power 9G) = Gua + ean ~Fen Availability MTBF 4" TBF + MTR Unavailability ya __MTTR MTBF +MTTR Reliability R= (1— Outage) x 100 Antenna and Feedline Equivalent Noise Temperature (= 1290+, } ig Equivalent Noise Temperature Tyg = 290(F—1) Energy per Bit per Noise Density Ratio B= te Noise Power Density Ny = kT Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Cc 5 (4B) = RSL com) — Nap Receive Signal Level (RSL) RSLeaew) = Preaww + Greasy + Cxcasy —FSLes) Fade Margin FMgz = 30logD + 10 log(6AB fen.) = 10log(1 -R) -70DIGITAL AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS Coding Emciency Ne Nr Hamming Code 2amtnt1 Baud-to-Bit rate Conversion 6, (4B) = (S/N),aB — (5/11) ,aB ‘Shannon-Hartley Theorem on Information Capacity C= Blogs(1 + S/N) Aliasing Frequency Ta = fe — In Mary Encoding m= log.N FSK Frequency Deviation Mn = Bl FSK Minimum Bandwidth B=2Of +h) FSK Baud Rate baud BPSK Minimum Double-Sided Nyquist Bandwidth Sn = fo QPSK Nyquist Bandwidth fir 8-PSK | 8-QAM Nyquist Bandwidth _f ~2 16-PSK / 16-QAM Nyquist Bandwidth Bandwidth Efficiency BWe5; £ Dynamic Range DR = 1.76 + 6.02m(dB) Dynamic Range on =H Dynamic Range DR=2*-1 Maximum Quantization Error Data RateACOUSTICS & BROADCASTING ‘Sound Loudness Phon = 40 + 10 log,(Sone) ‘Sound Power Level (PWL) rire 1020.) PWL=10 logygW + 120 ‘Sound Power Level from an Isotropic Source PWL=SPL+ 20 logd +11 ‘Sound Power Level from a Source at Ground Level PWL=SPL + 20 loggd +8 ‘Sound Pressure Level (SPL) P. SPL = 20logi0(5) SPL = 20 logsW +94 ‘Sound intensity 4nd? ‘Sound Intensity Level (SIL) SIL= 010902) SIL = 10 loguol +120 Nth Decade h=fx1o Reverberation Time Stephen and Bate Equation RT yp = 1(0.012\ + 0.1070) Sabine Equation v KI = 0.1615 v Rlqq = 0.161 5 RT. = 0049 0 = 0.08975 Norris-Eyring Equation Rlg = 0.161 Gy v =3=a) Helmholtz Resonator Frequency alr RT eq = 0.049. fratingChannel Frequency (Ch.2-4) fy = 54+ 6(C,-2) Channel Frequency (Ch.7-13) f= 174460, -D alee Y-signal ¥ =030R +0596 + 0.11B Channel Frequency (Ch.14-83) signal f= 470+ 6(C, - 14) T= 060R - 0.286 - 0.328 Ploture Carrier Frequency @-signal Rafts Q = 021R 0.526 — 0.318 ‘Sound Carrier Frequency C-signal magnitude Sp = fy t 125445 c= (FFE Color Sub-Carrier Frequency C-signal phase Gy = fy #1254358 Velocity of Sound in Terms of Young's Modulus and Density Video Frequency Response N E 135 me la Differential Gain Horizontal Scanning Time in terms of number of pixels p, = (1-3) 100 x th=n x 0.125pseconds ‘Tape Recorded Wavelength at f From: ECE Solutions in Electronics Systems & Technologies (Arceo & De Vera)