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Le document est une page HTML pour un chapitre de mathématiques de classe 9 sur les nombres réels. Il contient des styles CSS pour la mise en page et la présentation, ainsi que des sections pour les titres, les questions et les solutions. Le design est conçu pour être attrayant et facile à lire, avec des éléments interactifs pour l'apprentissage.

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0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)

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ch 2 code

Transféré par

kurovelvet2625

Nous prenons très au sérieux les droits relatifs au contenu. Si vous pensez qu’il s’agit de votre contenu, signalez une atteinte au droit d’auteur ici.

Formats disponibles

Téléchargez aux formats PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd

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</head>

<div class="chapter-tag">Class 9 Mathematics · Chapter 2</div>

<h1>Real<br><em>Numbers</em></h1>

<p class="hero-sub">A cinematic journey through rational numbers, irrational

numbers, surds, and the hidden mathematics inside every number you've ever
seen.</p>

<span>Begin reading</span>

</div>

</section>

<h3>What's Inside This Chapter</h3>

<ol>

<li><a href="#topic1">Properties of Rational Numbers</a></li>

<li><a href="#topic2">Properties of Irrational Numbers</a></li>

<li><a href="#topic3">Surds — The Irrational Roots</a></li>

<li><a href="#topic4">Comparison of Quadratic Surds</a></li>

<li><a href="#topic5">Operations on Quadratic Surds</a></li>

<li><a href="#topic6">Rationalization of Quadratic Surds</a></li>

<li><a href="#ps21">Practice Set 2.1 — Solved</a></li>

<li><a href="#ps22">Practice Set 2.2 — Solved</a></li>

<li><a href="#ps23">Practice Set 2.3 — Solved</a></li>

<li><a href="#ps24">Practice Set 2.4 — Solved</a></li>

<li><a href="#ps25">Practice Set 2.5 — Solved</a></li>

<li><a href="#ps2">Problem Set 2 — Solved</a></li>

</ol>

</div>

<section class="chapter-section" id="topic1">

<h2>Properties of Rational Numbers</h2>

<span class="subtitle">The well-behaved numbers</span>

</div>

<p class="cinematic-opener">Imagine you're splitting a pizza. You cut it into 7 equal

pieces and take 3. That fraction — 3 out of 7 — is a rational number. It has a pattern, a
rhythm. It behaves.</p>

<p>A <strong>rational number</strong> is any number that can be written as p/q,

where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0. The word "rational" comes from <em>ratio</em>
— literally a comparison between two whole numbers. Numbers like 1/2, -5/3, 7, 0, and
even -11 are all rational. (7 = 7/1. Zero = 0/1.)</p>

<p>Now here's what makes rational numbers wonderful — they always wear their
decimal form in one of exactly two disguises:</p>

</div>
<div class="formula-box">

<span class="formula-title">Decimal Forms of Rational Numbers</span>

<span class="label">Terminating</span>

<span class="value">2/5 = 0.4   |   101/8 = 12.625   (Decimal

stops)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Non-terminating recurring</span>

<span class="value">17/36 = 0.472̄   |   56/37 = 1.5̄1̄3̄   (Pattern

repeats)</span>

</div>

<p><strong>How do you know which one it is?</strong> Look at the denominator

(after simplifying the fraction). If the only prime factors of the denominator are 2 or 5 (or
both), the decimal terminates. If there's any other prime factor (like 3, 7, 11…), it
becomes non-terminating recurring.</p>

</div>

<span class="hook-label"> Memory Hook</span>

<strong>"Two and Five make it finite."</strong> — If the bottom has only 2s and 5s,
the decimal STOPS. Any other prime = decimal goes on forever (but repeats).

</div>

<div class="formula-box">
<span class="formula-title">Properties of Rational Numbers (if a, b, c are
rational)</span>

<span class="label">Commutative</span>

<span class="value">a + b = b + a   |   a × b = b × a</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Associative</span>

<span class="value">(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)   |   (a×b)×c = a×(b×c)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Identity</span>

<span class="value">a + 0 = a   |   a × 1 = a</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Inverse</span>

<span class="value">a + (−a) = 0   |   a × (1/a) = 1  (a ≠ 0)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Distributive</span>

<span class="value">a × (b + c) = a×b + a×c</span>

</div>

<p><strong>Converting recurring decimals back to p/q form:</strong> The trick is

beautiful. Let x equal the decimal. Multiply by 10, 100, or 1000 (depending on how many
digits repeat). Subtract the original equation. The repeating part cancels, and you're left
with a simple equation.</p>
</div>

<span class="analogy-icon"> </span>

<h4>The Cancellation Trick</h4>

<p>Example: Convert 0.777... to p/q form.</p>

Let x = 0.777...

10x = 7.777...

10x − x = 7.777... − 0.777...

9x = 7

x = 7/9</div>

<p>The repeating part (7, 7, 7...) completely cancels when you subtract! Magic? No
— just clever algebra.</p>

</div>

</section>

<div class="practice-set" id="ps21">

<span class="ps-badge">PS 2.1</span>

<h3>Practice Set 2.1 — Solved Step by Step</h3>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 1</span>

<div class="q-text">Classify the decimal form of the given rational numbers into
terminating and non-terminating recurring type.<br>

(i) 13/5   (ii) 2/11   (iii) 29/16   (iv) 17/125   (v) 11/6</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<span class="callout-label">Key Rule</span>

Check the prime factors of the denominator. Only 2 or 5 → Terminating. Any other
factor → Non-terminating recurring.

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> 13/5 → Denominator = 5 = 5¹ → Only 5 → <span

class="answer">Terminating</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> 2/11 → Denominator = 11 (not 2 or 5) → <span

class="answer">Non-terminating recurring</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> 29/16 → Denominator = 16 = 2⁴ → Only 2 →

<span class="answer">Terminating</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> 17/125 → Denominator = 125 = 5³ → Only 5 →

<span class="answer">Terminating</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(v)</span> 11/6 → Denominator = 6 = 2 × 3 → Has 3 (not

just 2/5) → <span class="answer">Non-terminating recurring</span>

</div>
</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 2</span>

<div class="q-text">Write the following rational numbers in decimal form.<br>

(i) 127/200   (ii) 25/99   (iii) 23/7   (iv) 4/5   (v) 17/8</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> 127/200

<div class="math-block">200 = 2³ × 5² → Terminating

127/200 = 127 × 5 / (200 × 5) = 635/1000 = 0.635</div>

<div class="answer">127/200 = 0.635</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> 25/99

<div class="math-block">99 = 9 × 11 → Non-terminating recurring

Dividing: 25 ÷ 99 = 0.252525... = 0.2̄5̄</div>

<div class="answer">25/99 = 0.25̄ (25 repeats)</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> 23/7

<div class="math-block">7 is not 2 or 5 → Non-terminating recurring

23 ÷ 7 = 3.285714285714...= 3.2̄8̄5̄7̄1̄4̄</div>

<div class="answer">23/7 = 3.285714̄ (6-digit block repeats)</div>

</div>
<div class="sub-question">

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> 4/5

<div class="math-block">5 = 5¹ → Terminating

4/5 = 4×2/(5×2) = 8/10 = 0.8</div>

<div class="answer">4/5 = 0.8</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(v)</span> 17/8

<div class="math-block">8 = 2³ → Terminating

17/8 = 17 × 125 / (8 × 125) = 2125/1000 = 2.125</div>

<div class="answer">17/8 = 2.125</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 3</span>

<div class="q-text">Write the following rational numbers in p/q form.<br>

(i) 0.6̇   (ii) 0.3̄7̄   (iii) 3.1̄7̄   (iv) 15.8̄9̄   (v) 2.5̄1̄4̄</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> 0.666... (1 recurring digit → multiply by 10)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 0.666...

10x = 6.666...

10x − x = 6.666... − 0.666...

9x = 6
x = 6/9 = 2/3</div>

<div class="answer">0.6̄ = 2/3</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> 0.3737... (2 recurring digits → multiply by 100)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 0.3737...

100x = 37.3737...

100x − x = 37.3737... − 0.3737...

99x = 37

x = 37/99</div>

<div class="answer">0.3̄7̄ = 37/99</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> 3.1717... (2 recurring digits → multiply by

100)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 3.1717...

100x = 317.1717...

100x − x = 317.1717... − 3.1717...

99x = 314

x = 314/99</div>

<div class="answer">3.1̄7̄ = 314/99</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> 15.8989... (2 recurring digits → multiply by

100)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 15.8989...

100x = 1589.8989...

100x − x = 1589.8989... − 15.8989...

99x = 1574
x = 1574/99</div>

<div class="answer">15.8̄9̄ = 1574/99</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(v)</span> 2.514514... (3 recurring digits → multiply by

1000)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 2.514514...

1000x = 2514.514514...

1000x − x = 2514.514... − 2.514...

999x = 2512

x = 2512/999</div>

<div class="answer">2.5̄1̄4̄ = 2512/999</div>

</div>

<section class="chapter-section" id="topic2">

<h2>Properties of Irrational Numbers</h2>

<span class="subtitle">Numbers that never settle, never repeat</span>

</div>

</div>
<div class="prose">

<p class="cinematic-opener">Picture a square with each side exactly 1 unit long.

Now draw its diagonal. How long is that diagonal? Using Pythagoras, it's √(1² + 1²) = √2.
And here's the shocking part — that length cannot be written as any fraction. It goes on
forever, never repeating. It is irrational.</p>

<p>An <strong>irrational number</strong> is a real number whose decimal

expansion is <em>non-terminating and non-recurring</em>. It has no pattern. It never
ends. Famous examples: √2 = 1.41421356..., √3 = 1.73205..., π = 3.14159265...</p>

<p><strong>How do we prove √2 is irrational?</strong> We use a beautiful trick

called proof by contradiction — assume the opposite and show it leads to a logical
impossibility.</p>

</div>

<span class="proof-label">Proof that √2 is Irrational</span>

<div class="proof-step"><strong>Assume</strong> √2 is rational. Then √2 = p/q

where p, q are integers with no common factor.</div>

<div class="proof-step">Squaring both sides: 2 = p²/q² → so p² = 2q²</div>

<div class="proof-step">Since p² = 2q², p² is even → therefore p is even → p = 2t (for

some integer t)</div>

<div class="proof-step">Substitute back: 2q² = (2t)² = 4t² → q² = 2t² → q² is even → q is

even</div>

<div class="proof-step">Both p and q are even → they share factor 2. But we assumed
no common factor!</div>

<div class="proof-step"><span class="therefore">∴</span> Our assumption was

wrong. <strong>√2 is irrational. ✓</strong></div>

</div>

<div class="prose">
<p>Similarly, √3, √5, √7 — the square root of any number that is NOT a perfect
square is irrational.</p>

</div>

<span class="formula-title">Properties of Irrational Numbers</span>

<span class="label">Property 1</span>

<span class="value">rational ± irrational = IRRATIONAL   e.g., 2 + √3 is

irrational</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Property 2</span>

<span class="value">non-zero rational × irrational = IRRATIONAL   e.g., 4√2 is

irrational</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Property 3</span>

<span class="value">irrational ± irrational = rational OR irrational   (could go

either way!)</span>

</div>

<span class="analogy-icon"> </span>

<h4>The Surprising Property 3</h4>

<p>Two irrational numbers can cancel each other out! For example:</p>

<div class="math-block">√3 + (−√3) = 0    (rational!)

√2 × √2 = 2      (rational!)
√2 × √5 = √10   (irrational!)

2√3 − √3 = √3    (irrational!)</div>

<p>It all depends on the specific numbers. That's what makes irrational numbers
unpredictable — and fascinating.</p>

</div>

<span class="hook-label"> Memory Hook</span>

<strong>Irrational numbers: "NTN-NR"</strong> — Non-Terminating, Non-Recurring.

No stop, no repeat. If you see a decimal that goes on forever with zero pattern — that's
irrational territory.

</div>

</section>

<div class="practice-set" id="ps22">

<span class="ps-badge">PS 2.2</span>

<h3>Practice Set 2.2 — Solved Step by Step</h3>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 1</span>

<div class="q-text">Show that 4√2 is an irrational number.</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Proof by Contradiction</div>

<div class="proof-block">
<span class="proof-label">Proof</span>

<div class="proof-step"><strong>Assume</strong> 4√2 is rational. Then 4√2 =

p/q for integers p, q (q ≠ 0).</div>

<div class="proof-step">Dividing both sides by 4: √2 = p/4q</div>

<div class="proof-step">Since p and 4q are both integers, p/4q is rational.</div>

<div class="proof-step">This means √2 is rational — but we know √2 is irrational.

Contradiction! ✗</div>

<div class="proof-step"><span class="therefore">∴</span> Our assumption is

wrong. <strong>4√2 is irrational. ✓</strong></div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 2</span>

<div class="q-text">Prove that 3 + √5 is an irrational number.</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Proof by Contradiction</div>

<span class="proof-label">Proof</span>

<div class="proof-step"><strong>Assume</strong> 3 + √5 is rational. Let 3 + √5 =

p/q (p, q integers, q ≠ 0).</div>

<div class="proof-step">Rearranging: √5 = p/q − 3 = (p − 3q)/q</div>

<div class="proof-step">Since (p − 3q)/q is a ratio of integers, it is rational.</div>

<div class="proof-step">So √5 is rational — but √5 is irrational. Contradiction!

✗</div>

<div class="proof-step"><span class="therefore">∴</span> 3 + √5 is irrational.

✓</div>

</div>
</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 3</span>

<div class="q-text">Represent the numbers √5 and √10 on a number line.</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

For √5: Draw OA = 2 units (horizontal) and AB = 1 unit (vertical) using compass.

Then OB = √(2² + 1²) = √(4+1) = √5. Mark this point on number line.

For √10: Draw OA = 3 units and AB = 1 unit (vertical).

Then OB = √(3² + 1²) = √(9+1) = √10. Mark on number line.

Number Line:

←——|——|———|———|——|→

0 1 √5 √10 4

≈2.24 ≈3.16</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 4</span>

<div class="q-text">Write any three rational numbers between the two numbers
given below.<br>
(i) 0.3 and −0.5   (ii) −2.3 and −2.33   (iii) 5.2 and 5.3   (iv) −4.5 and
−4.6</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

Between any two rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers.
Just pick decimals that fall between the given range!

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> Between 0.3 and −0.5 (range: −0.5 to 0.3)

<div class="answer">−0.2, 0.0, 0.1  ✓</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> Between −2.3 and −2.33 (note: −2.3 >

−2.33, so range is small)

<div class="answer">−2.31, −2.32, −2.315  ✓</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> Between 5.2 and 5.3

<div class="answer">5.21, 5.25, 5.29  ✓</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> Between −4.5 and −4.6 (note: −4.5 > −4.6)

<div class="answer">−4.51, −4.55, −4.59  ✓</div>

</div>

</div>
</div>

</div>

<section class="chapter-section" id="topic3">

<h2>Surds</h2>

<span class="subtitle">The irrational roots with a name</span>

</div>

<p class="cinematic-opener">Not every root is irrational. √25 = 5, perfectly rational.

√64 = 8, calm and rational. But √7? That number is wild — non-terminating, non-
recurring, forever running. When an irrational root comes from a rational number, we
give it a special name: a surd.</p>

<p>A <strong>surd</strong> is an irrational nth root of a positive rational number.

Formally: if n is an integer > 1, and <em>a</em> is a positive rational number, and the
nth root of <em>a</em> is irrational, then ⁿ√a is called a surd.</p>

</div>

<span class="formula-title">Parts of a Surd: ⁿ√a</span>

<span class="label">√ (radical sign)</span>

<span class="value">The symbol showing we're taking a root</span>

</div>

<span class="label">n (index/order)</span>

<span class="value">Which root? 2 = square root, 3 = cube root, etc.</span>

</div>

<span class="label">a (radicand)</span>

<span class="value">The number under the radical sign</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Quadratic Surd</span>

<span class="value">Surd of order 2 (square root) — what we study this

year</span>

</div>

<p style="font-size:13px;margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted)">7 is rational, √7 is

irrational ✓</p>

</div>

<h5>✗ Not a Surd</h5>

<p style="font-size:13px;margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted)">∛27 = 3, which is

rational ✗</p>

</div>
<div class="mini-card">

<p style="font-size:13px;margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted)">4th root of 8 is

irrational ✓</p>

</div>

<h5>✗ Not a Surd</h5>

<p style="font-size:13px;margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted)">∛8 = 2, which is

rational ✗</p>

</div>

<p><strong>Simplest form of a surd:</strong> A surd like √48 can be simplified. Pull

out the largest perfect square: √48 = √(16 × 3) = 4√3. Now 4√3 is in simplest form — the
radicand 3 has no perfect square factor.</p>

<p><strong>Like surds (similar surds):</strong> Two surds are "like" if they have the
same order AND the same radicand. Example: 3√5 and 7√5 are like surds. To check if
two surds are like, simplify them first! √45 = 3√5 and √20 = 2√5 — after simplifying,
both have radicand 5, so they ARE like surds.</p>

</div>

<span class="hook-label"> Memory Hook</span>

<strong>Surd = Irrational root from a rational number.</strong> If the root is rational

(like √4 = 2), it's NOT a surd. The word "surd" literally means "deaf/mute" in Latin — a
number that can't be "heard" as a ratio!

</div>
</section>

<section class="chapter-section" id="topic4">

<h2>Comparison of Quadratic Surds</h2>

<span class="subtitle">Which surd is bigger?</span>

</div>

<p class="cinematic-opener">6√2 versus 5√5 — which is bigger? You can't just look
at them. But here's the secret: square them both, and the bigger square reveals the
bigger surd.</p>

<p>The key fact: if a and b are positive real numbers, then a < b if and only if a² <
b². So to compare surds, we square them and compare the results — no radicals, just
regular numbers!</p>

</div>

<span class="analogy-icon"> </span>

<h4>The Squaring Method</h4>

<div class="math-block">Compare 6√2 and 5√5:

(6√2)² = 36 × 2 = 72

(5√5)² = 25 × 5 = 125

Since 72 < 125, ∴ 6√2 < 5√5 ✓

Compare 7√2 and 5√3:

(7√2)² = 49 × 2 = 98

(5√3)² = 25 × 3 = 75

Since 98 > 75, ∴ 7√2 > 5√3 ✓</div>

</div>

<span class="hook-label"> Memory Hook</span>

<strong>"Square and compare!"</strong> — To compare two surds, square each

one. The one with the bigger square is the bigger surd.

</div>

</section>

<section class="chapter-section" id="topic5">

<h2>Operations on Quadratic Surds</h2>

<span class="subtitle">Adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing</span>

</div>

<p class="cinematic-opener">Think of surds like fruits. You can add 3 apples + 5

apples = 8 apples. But you cannot add 3 apples + 5 oranges — they're different. Same
with surds: 3√2 + 5√2 = 8√2. But 3√2 + 5√3 stays as is, because they're different
surds.</p>
<p><strong>Addition and subtraction</strong> work only with like surds. Group the
coefficients, keep the surd part same.</p>

<p><strong>Multiplication:</strong> √a × √b = √(ab). Multiply the numbers under

the radical.</p>

<p><strong>Division:</strong> √a ÷ √b = √(a/b). Divide inside the radical.</p>

</div>

<span class="formula-title">Key Rules for Quadratic Surds</span>

<span class="label">√a × √a</span>

<span class="value">= a   (The radical disappears!)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">√(a²) </span>

<span class="value">= a   (Square root of a perfect square = the number

itself)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">√a × √b</span>

<span class="value">= √(ab)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">√a ÷ √b</span>

<span class="value">= √(a/b)</span>

</div>
<div class="formula-row">

<span class="label">p√a + q√a</span>

<span class="value">= (p+q)√a   (like adding like terms)</span>

</div>

<span class="hook-label"> Memory Hook</span>

<strong>√a × √a = a</strong> — A surd times itself gives you back the number. This
is the golden rule of surds!

</div>

</section>

<section class="chapter-section" id="topic6">

<h2>Rationalization of Quadratic Surds</h2>

<span class="subtitle">Making the denominator "normal"</span>

</div>

<p class="cinematic-opener">Imagine trying to split 5 equally among √3 people.

That fraction — 5/√3 — feels messy. Mathematicians don't like irrational denominators.
So we "rationalize" — multiply cleverly to remove the surd from the bottom.</p>
<p>If the product of two surds gives a rational number, each is the
<strong>rationalizing factor</strong> of the other. The simplest strategy: multiply
numerator and denominator by the conjugate or the simplest rationalizing factor.</p>

</div>

<span class="formula-title">Rationalizing Factor Strategies</span>

<span class="label">For √a</span>

<span class="value">Multiply by √a   → √a × √a = a (rational)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">For a + √b</span>

<span class="value">Multiply by (a − √b)   → uses (a+b)(a−b) = a²−b²</span>

</div>

<span class="label">For √a + √b</span>

<span class="value">Multiply by (√a − √b)   → (√a)²−(√b)² = a−b

(rational!)</span>

</div>

<span class="label">Conjugate Pair</span>

<span class="value">√a+√b and √a−√b are conjugates. Their product is ALWAYS

rational.</span>

</div>

<span class="analogy-icon"> </span>

<h4>The Conjugate Magic</h4>

<div class="math-block">(√5 + √3)(√5 − √3) = (√5)² − (√3)² = 5 − 3 = 2 ✓ Rational!

(3 + √7)(3 − √7) = 9 − 7 = 2 ✓ Rational!

(2√3 + √5)(2√3 − √5) = 12 − 5 = 7 ✓ Rational!</div>

<p>Conjugates always give rational products. That's exactly why we use them to
rationalize denominators that contain binomial surds.</p>

</div>

<span class="hook-label"> Memory Hook</span>

<strong>(a+b)(a−b) = a²−b²</strong> — This is the identity that kills the surd in the
denominator. Conjugate = same numbers, opposite sign in the middle.

</div>

</section>

<div class="practice-set" id="ps23">

<span class="ps-badge">PS 2.3</span>

<h3>Practice Set 2.3 — Solved Step by Step</h3>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 1</span>

<div class="q-text">State the order of the surds given below.<br>

(i) ∛7   (ii) 5√12   (iii) ⁴√10   (iv) √39   (v) ∛18</div>
<div class="solution">

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="info-callout"><span class="callout-label">Reminder</span>Order =

the n in ⁿ√a. For √ (square root), n = 2. For ∛ (cube root), n = 3.</div>

<div class="sub-question"><span class="sub-label">(i)</span> ∛7 → <span

class="answer">Order = 3</span></div>

<div class="sub-question"><span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> 5√12 → √ means

order 2 → <span class="answer">Order = 2</span></div>

<div class="sub-question"><span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> ⁴√10 → <span

class="answer">Order = 4</span></div>

<div class="sub-question"><span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> √39 → <span

class="answer">Order = 2</span></div>

<div class="sub-question"><span class="sub-label">(v)</span> ∛18 → <span

class="answer">Order = 3</span></div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 2</span>

<div class="q-text">State which of the following are surds. Justify.<br>

(i) ∛51   (ii) ⁴√16   (iii) ⁵√81   (iv) √256   (v) ∛64   (vi)
√(22/7)</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> ∛51 — Is cube root of 51 rational? 51 = 3 × 17,

not a perfect cube. ∛51 is irrational.

<div class="answer">✓ SURD (51 is rational, ∛51 is irrational)</div>

</div>
<div class="sub-question">

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> ⁴√16 — 16 = 2⁴, so ⁴√16 = 2 (rational)

<div class="answer">✗ NOT a surd (result is rational)</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> ⁵√81 — 81 = 3⁴. Is 3⁴/⁵ rational? 81 is not a

perfect 5th power. ⁵√81 is irrational.

<div class="answer">✓ SURD</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> √256 — 256 = 16², so √256 = 16 (rational)

<div class="answer">✗ NOT a surd</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(v)</span> ∛64 — 64 = 4³, so ∛64 = 4 (rational)

<div class="answer">✗ NOT a surd</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(vi)</span> √(22/7) — 22/7 is rational, and 22/7 is not a

perfect square. So √(22/7) is irrational.

<div class="answer">✓ SURD</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 3</span>

<div class="q-text">Classify into like surds and unlike surds.<br>

(i) √52, 5√13   (ii) √68, 5√3   (iii) 4√18, 7√2<br>

(iv) 19√12, 6√3   (v) 5√22, 7√33   (vi) 5√5, √75</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Simplify first, then compare

radicands</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> √52 = √(4×13) = 2√13  |  5√13 →

Both have radicand 13 <span class="answer">→ LIKE SURDS</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> √68 = √(4×17) = 2√17  |  5√3 →

Radicands 17 and 3 differ <span class="answer">→ UNLIKE SURDS</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> 4√18 = 4×3√2 = 12√2  |  7√2 →

Both have radicand 2 <span class="answer">→ LIKE SURDS</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> 19√12 = 19×2√3 = 38√3  |  6√3

→ Both have radicand 3 <span class="answer">→ LIKE SURDS</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(v)</span> 5√22 and 7√33 → Different radicands (22 and

33) <span class="answer">→ UNLIKE SURDS</span>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(vi)</span> 5√5 and √75 = 5√3 → Radicands 5 and 3

differ <span class="answer">→ UNLIKE SURDS</span>

</div>
</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 4</span>

<div class="q-text">Simplify the following surds.<br>

(i) √27   (ii) √50   (iii) √250   (iv) √112   (v) √168</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Pull out the largest perfect square</div>

<div class="math-block">√27 = √(9 × 3) = √9 × √3 = 3√3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√50 = √(25 × 2) = √25 × √2 = 5√2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√250 = √(25 × 10) = √25 × √10 = 5√10</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√112 = √(16 × 7) = √16 × √7 = 4√7</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√168 = √(4 × 42) = √4 × √42 = 2√42</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 5</span>

<div class="q-text">Compare the following pair of surds.<br>

(i) 7√2, 5√3   (ii) √247, √274   (iii) 2√7, √28<br>

(iv) 5√5, 7√2   (v) 4√42, 9√2   (vi) 5√3, 9   (vii) 7, 2√5</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Square each surd, then compare</div>

<div class="math-block">(7√2)² = 49 × 2 = 98

(5√3)² = 25 × 3 = 75

98 > 75</div>

<div class="answer">7√2 > 5√3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(√247)² = 247

(√274)² = 274

247 < 274</div>

<div class="answer">√247 < √274</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(2√7)² = 4 × 7 = 28

(√28)² = 28

Equal!</div>

<div class="answer">2√7 = √28</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(5√5)² = 25 × 5 = 125

(7√2)² = 49 × 2 = 98

125 > 98</div>

<div class="answer">5√5 > 7√2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(4√42)² = 16 × 42 = 672

(9√2)² = 81 × 2 = 162

672 > 162</div>

<div class="answer">4√42 > 9√2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(5√3)² = 25 × 3 = 75
9² = 81

75 < 81</div>

<div class="answer">5√3 < 9</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">7² = 49

(2√5)² = 4 × 5 = 20

49 > 20</div>

<div class="answer">7 > 2√5</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 6</span>

<div class="q-text">Simplify.<br>

(i) 5√3 + 8√3   (ii) 9√5 − 4√5 + √125<br>

(iii) 7√48 − √27 − 3√3   (iv) √7 − (3/5)√7 + 2√7</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="math-block">5√3 + 8√3 = (5 + 8)√3 = 13√3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√125 = √(25 × 5) = 5√5

9√5 − 4√5 + 5√5 = (9 − 4 + 5)√5 = 10√5</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">7√48 = 7 × √(16×3) = 7 × 4√3 = 28√3

√27 = 3√3

= 28√3 − 3√3 − 3√3 = (28 − 3 − 3)√3 = 22√3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√7 − (3/5)√7 + 2√7

= (1 − 3/5 + 2)√7

= (5/5 − 3/5 + 10/5)√7

= (12/5)√7</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 7</span>

<div class="q-text">Multiply and write the answer in simplest form.<br>

(i) 3√12 × √18   (ii) 3√12 × 7√15   (iii) 3√8 × √5   (iv) 5√8 ×
2√8</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="math-block">3√12 × √18 = 3 × √(12 × 18) = 3 × √216

√216 = √(36 × 6) = 6√6

= 3 × 6√6 = 18√6</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">3√12 × 7√15 = 21 × √(12 × 15) = 21 × √180

√180 = √(36 × 5) = 6√5

= 21 × 6√5 = 126√5</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">3√8 × √5 = 3 × √(8 × 5) = 3√40

√40 = √(4 × 10) = 2√10

= 3 × 2√10 = 6√10</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">5√8 × 2√8 = 10 × (√8 × √8) = 10 × 8 = 80</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 8</span>

<div class="q-text">Divide and write the answer in simplest form.<br>

(i) √98 ÷ √2   (ii) √125 ÷ √50   (iii) √54 ÷ √27   (iv) √310 ÷
√5</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="math-block">√98 ÷ √2 = √(98/2) = √49 = 7</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√125 ÷ √50 = √(125/50) = √(5/2) = √10/2</div>

<div class="answer">√10 / 2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√54 ÷ √27 = √(54/27) = √2</div>

</div>
<div class="sub-question">

<div class="math-block">√310 ÷ √5 = √(310/5) = √62</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 9</span>

<div class="q-text">Rationalize the denominator.<br>

(i) 3/√5   (ii) 1/√14   (iii) 5/√7   (iv) 6/(9√3)   (v) 11/√3</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Multiply top and bottom by the surd in

denominator</div>

<div class="math-block">3/√5 = (3 × √5)/(√5 × √5) = 3√5/5</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">1/√14 = (1 × √14)/(√14 × √14) = √14/14</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">6/(9√3) = (6 × √3)/(9√3 × √3) = 6√3/(9 × 3) = 6√3/27 =

2√3/9</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">11/√3 = (11 × √3)/(√3 × √3) = 11√3/3</div>

</div>

<div class="practice-set" id="ps24">

<span class="ps-badge">PS 2.4</span>

<h3>Practice Set 2.4 — Binomial Surds</h3>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 1</span>

<div class="q-text">Multiply.<br>

(i) √3(√7 − √3)   (ii) (√5 − √7)√2   (iii) (3√2 − √3)(4√3 − √2)</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Use distributive property</div>

<div class="math-block">√3(√7 − √3)

= √3 × √7 − √3 × √3

= √21 − 3</div>

<div class="answer">√21 − 3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(√5 − √7) × √2

= √5 × √2 − √7 × √2

= √10 − √14</div>

<div class="answer">√10 − √14</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(3√2 − √3)(4√3 − √2)

= 3√2 × 4√3 − 3√2 × √2 − √3 × 4√3 + √3 × √2

= 12√6 − 3(2) − 4(3) + √6

= 12√6 − 6 − 12 + √6

= 13√6 − 18</div>
<div class="answer">13√6 − 18</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 2</span>

<div class="q-text">Rationalize the denominator.<br>

(i) 1/(√7 + √2)   (ii) 3/(2√5 − 3√2)   (iii) 4/(7 + 4√3)   (iv) (√5 −
√3)/(√5 + √3)</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Multiply by conjugate</div>

<div class="math-block">1/(√7 + √2)

Conjugate of (√7 + √2) is (√7 − √2)

= 1/(√7 + √2) × (√7 − √2)/(√7 − √2)

= (√7 − √2) / ((√7)² − (√2)²)

= (√7 − √2) / (7 − 2)

= (√7 − √2) / 5</div>

<div class="answer">(√7 − √2) / 5</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">3 / (2√5 − 3√2)

Conjugate is (2√5 + 3√2)

= 3(2√5 + 3√2) / ((2√5)² − (3√2)²)

= 3(2√5 + 3√2) / (4×5 − 9×2)

= 3(2√5 + 3√2) / (20 − 18)

= 3(2√5 + 3√2) / 2</div>

<div class="answer">3(2√5 + 3√2) / 2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">4 / (7 + 4√3)

Conjugate is (7 − 4√3)

= 4(7 − 4√3) / (7² − (4√3)²)

= 4(7 − 4√3) / (49 − 48)

= 4(7 − 4√3) / 1

= 28 − 16√3</div>

<div class="answer">28 − 16√3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(√5 − √3) / (√5 + √3)

Multiply numerator and denominator by (√5 − √3):

= (√5 − √3)² / ((√5)² − (√3)²)

= (5 − 2√15 + 3) / (5 − 3)

= (8 − 2√15) / 2

= 4 − √15</div>

<div class="answer">4 − √15</div>

</div>

<div class="practice-set" id="ps25">

<span class="ps-badge">PS 2.5</span>

<h3>Practice Set 2.5 — Absolute Value</h3>

</div>

<span class="callout-label">What is Absolute Value?</span>

The absolute value |x| is the distance of x from zero on the number line. Always non-
negative!

<div class="math-block">If x > 0: |x| = x e.g., |5| = 5

If x = 0: |x| = 0 e.g., |0| = 0

If x < 0: |x| = −x e.g., |−5| = −(−5) = 5</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 1</span>

<div class="q-text">Find the value.<br>

(i) |15 − 2|   (ii) |4 − 9|   (iii) |7| × |−4|</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Evaluate inside brackets first, then take

absolute value</div>

<div class="math-block">|15 − 2| = |13| = 13</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">|4 − 9| = |−5| = 5</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">|7| × |−4| = 7 × 4 = 28</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 2</span>

<div class="q-text">Solve.<br>

(i) |3x − 5| = 1   (ii) |7 − 2x| = 5   (iii) |(8−x)/2| = 5   (iv) |5 + x/4| =
5</div>

<div class="solution">
<div class="solution-label">Solution — If |A| = k, then A = +k or A = −k</div>

<div class="math-block">|3x − 5| = 1

Case 1: 3x − 5 = +1 → 3x = 6 → x = 2

Case 2: 3x − 5 = −1 → 3x = 4 → x = 4/3</div>

<div class="answer">x = 2  or  x = 4/3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">|7 − 2x| = 5

Case 1: 7 − 2x = 5 → −2x = −2 → x = 1

Case 2: 7 − 2x = −5 → −2x = −12 → x = 6</div>

<div class="answer">x = 1  or  x = 6</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">|(8−x)/2| = 5

Case 1: (8−x)/2 = 5 → 8−x = 10 → x = −2

Case 2: (8−x)/2 = −5 → 8−x = −10 → x = 18</div>

<div class="answer">x = −2  or  x = 18</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">|5 + x/4| = 5

Case 1: 5 + x/4 = 5 → x/4 = 0 → x = 0

Case 2: 5 + x/4 = −5 → x/4 = −10 → x = −40</div>

<div class="answer">x = 0  or  x = −40</div>

</div>

<div class="practice-set" id="ps2">

<span class="ps-badge">PROBLEM SET 2</span>

<h3>Problem Set 2 — Fully Solved</h3>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 1</span>

<div class="q-text">Choose the correct alternative answer for the questions given
below.</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> Which one of the following is an irrational

number?

<div class="mcq-option">(A) √(16/25) = 4/5 ✗ (rational)</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(B) √5 ✓ IRRATIONAL</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(C) 3/9 = 1/3 ✗ (rational)</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) √196 = 14 ✗ (rational)</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (B) √5</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> Which of the following is an irrational

number?

<div class="mcq-option">(A) 0.17 — terminating</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) 1.513̄ — recurring</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(C) 0.2746̄ — recurring</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(D) 0.101001000... ✓ Non-terminating, non-

recurring</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (D) 0.101001000...</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> Decimal expansion of which is non-

terminating recurring?

<div class="mcq-option">(A) 2/5 — denom has only 5 → terminating</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) 3/16 — denom 16 = 2⁴ → terminating</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(C) 3/11 — denom 11 is neither 2 nor 5 ✓</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) 137/25 — denom 25 = 5² → terminating</div>

</div>
<div class="answer">Answer: (C) 3/11</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> Every point on the number line represents

which numbers?

<div class="mcq-option">(A) Natural numbers</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) Irrational numbers</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(C) Rational numbers</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(D) Real numbers ✓</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (D) Real numbers</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(v)</span> 0.4̄ in p/q form is:

<div class="math-block">Let x = 0.444...

10x = 4.444...

9x = 4

x = 4/9</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(A) 4/9 ✓</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) 40/9</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(C) 3.6/9</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) 36/9</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (A) 4/9</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(vi)</span> What is √n, if n is not a perfect square?

<div class="mcq-option">(A) Natural number</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) Rational number</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(C) Irrational number ✓</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) All of the above</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (C) Irrational number</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(vii)</span> Which of the following is NOT a surd?

<div class="mcq-option">(A) √7 — irrational → surd</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) ∛17 — irrational → surd</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(C) ∛64 = 4 ✓ rational, NOT a surd</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) √193 — irrational → surd</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (C) ∛64</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(viii)</span> What is the order of the surd ∛(√5)?

<div class="math-block">∛(√5) = ∛(5^(1/2)) = 5^(1/6) = ⁶√5

Order = 6</div>
<div class="mcq-options">

<div class="mcq-option">(A) 3</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) 2</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(C) 6 ✓</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) 5</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (C) 6</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ix)</span> Which one is the conjugate pair of 2√5 + √3?

<div class="math-block">Conjugate of (2√5 + √3) is (2√5 − √3) or equivalently (√3

− 2√5)

Option (A) = −2√5 + √3 = √3 − 2√5 = −(2√5 − √3) ✓ (Valid conjugate form)</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(A) −2√5 + √3 ✓</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(B) −2√5 − √3</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(C) 2√3 − √5</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) √3 + 2√5 (same as given)</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (A) −2√5 + √3</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(x)</span> Value of |12 − (13 + 7) × 4|

<div class="math-block">First: (13 + 7) = 20

Then: 20 × 4 = 80

Then: 12 − 80 = −68
Finally: |−68| = 68</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(A) −68</div>

<div class="mcq-option correct">(B) 68 ✓</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(C) −32</div>

<div class="mcq-option">(D) 32</div>

</div>

<div class="answer">Answer: (B) 68</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 2</span>

<div class="q-text">Write the following numbers in p/q form.<br>

(i) 0.555   (ii) 29.5̄6̄8̄   (iii) 9.315315...   (iv) 357.417417...  
(v) 30.2̄1̄9̄</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<span class="sub-label">(i)</span> 0.555...

<div class="math-block">Let x = 0.555...

10x = 5.555...

9x = 5

x = 5/9</div>

<span class="sub-label">(ii)</span> 29.56868... (68 is recurring after 5)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 29.56868...

10x = 295.6868...

1000x = 29568.6868...

1000x − 10x = 29568.68... − 295.68...

990x = 29273

x = 29273/990</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iii)</span> 9.315315... (315 repeats)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 9.315315...

1000x = 9315.315315...

999x = 9315 − 9 = 9306

x = 9306/999 = 1034/111</div>

</div>

<span class="sub-label">(iv)</span> 357.417417... (417 repeats)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 357.417417...

1000x = 357417.417417...

999x = 357417 − 357 = 357060

x = 357060/999 = 119020/333</div>

</div>

<div class="sub-question">
<span class="sub-label">(v)</span> 30.219219... (219 repeats)

<div class="math-block">Let x = 30.219219...

1000x = 30219.219219...

999x = 30219 − 30 = 30189

x = 30189/999 = 10063/333</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 3</span>

<div class="q-text">Write the following numbers in decimal form.<br>

(i) −5/7   (ii) 9/11   (iii) √5   (iv) 121/13   (v) 29/8</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="math-block">−5/7 = −0.714285714285...

= −0.714285̄ (non-terminating recurring)</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">9/11 = 0.818181...

= 0.8̄1̄ (non-terminating recurring)</div>

<div class="math-block">√5 = 2.2360679... (non-terminating, non-recurring)

It is irrational — no repeating pattern</div>

<div class="answer">2.2360679... (irrational)</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">121/13 = 9.307692307692...

= 9.3̄0̄7̄6̄9̄2̄ (non-terminating recurring)</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">29/8 = 29/8 = 3.625 (terminating, since 8 = 2³)</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 4</span>

<div class="q-text">Show that 5 + √7 is an irrational number.</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Proof by Contradiction</div>

<div class="proof-block">
<span class="proof-label">Proof</span>

<div class="proof-step"><strong>Assume</strong> 5 + √7 is rational. Let 5 + √7 =

p/q where p, q are integers, q ≠ 0.</div>

<div class="proof-step">Rearranging: √7 = p/q − 5 = (p − 5q)/q</div>

<div class="proof-step">Since p, q are integers, (p − 5q)/q is rational.</div>

<div class="proof-step">So √7 is rational — but √7 is known to be irrational.

Contradiction! ✗</div>

<div class="proof-step"><span class="therefore">∴</span> Our assumption is

wrong. <strong>5 + √7 is irrational. ✓</strong></div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 5</span>

<div class="q-text">Write the following surds in simplest form.<br>

(i) (3/4)√8   (ii) −(5/9)√45</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="math-block">(3/4)√8

√8 = √(4 × 2) = 2√2

= (3/4) × 2√2

= (3/2)√2 = 3√2/2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">−(5/9)√45

√45 = √(9 × 5) = 3√5

= −(5/9) × 3√5

= −(5/3)√5 = −5√5/3</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 6</span>

<div class="q-text">Write the simplest form of rationalising factor for the given
surds.<br>

(i) √32   (ii) √50   (iii) √27   (iv) (3/5)√10   (v) 3√72  
(vi) 4√11</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution — Simplify the surd first, then the rationalizing

factor is just the surd part</div>

<div class="math-block">√32 = √(16×2) = 4√2

Rationalizing factor: √2 (since 4√2 × √2 = 4×2 = 8, rational)</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√50 = 5√2

Rationalizing factor: √2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√27 = 3√3

Rationalizing factor: √3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">(3/5)√10 — radicand is 10

Rationalizing factor: √10</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">3√72 = 3 × √(36×2) = 3 × 6√2 = 18√2

Rationalizing factor: √2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">4√11 — radicand is 11

Rationalizing factor: √11</div>

</div>

</div>
</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 7</span>

<div class="q-text">Simplify.<br>

(i) (4/7)√147 + (3/8)√192 − (1/5)√75<br>

(ii) 5√3 + 2√27 + 1/√3<br>

(iii) √216 − 5√6 + √294 − 3/√6<br>

(iv) 4√12 − √75 − 7√48<br>

(v*) 2√48 − √75 − 1/√3</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="math-block">√147 = √(49×3) = 7√3 → (4/7)(7√3) = 4√3

√192 = √(64×3) = 8√3 → (3/8)(8√3) = 3√3

√75 = √(25×3) = 5√3 → (1/5)(5√3) = √3

= 4√3 + 3√3 − √3 = 6√3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">5√3 + 2√27 + 1/√3

= 5√3 + 2(3√3) + √3/3

= 5√3 + 6√3 + √3/3

= 11√3 + √3/3

= (33√3 + √3)/3
= 34√3/3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">√216 = √(36×6) = 6√6

√294 = √(49×6) = 7√6

3/√6 = 3√6/6 = √6/2

= 6√6 − 5√6 + 7√6 − √6/2

= 8√6 − √6/2

= (16√6 − √6)/2 = 15√6/2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">4√12 = 4(2√3) = 8√3

√75 = 5√3

7√48 = 7(4√3) = 28√3

= 8√3 − 5√3 − 28√3 = −25√3</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">2√48 = 2(4√3) = 8√3

√75 = 5√3

1/√3 = √3/3

= 8√3 − 5√3 − √3/3

= 3√3 − √3/3
= (9√3 − √3)/3 = 8√3/3</div>

</div>

<span class="q-number">Question 8</span>

<div class="q-text">Rationalize the denominator.<br>

(i) 1/√5   (ii) 2/(3√7)   (iii) 1/(√3−√2)   (iv) 1/(3√5+2√2)   (v)
12/(4√3−√2)</div>

<div class="solution-label">Solution</div>

<div class="math-block">1/√5 × √5/√5 = √5/5</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">2/(3√7) × √7/√7 = 2√7/(3×7) = 2√7/21</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">1/(√3 − √2) — conjugate is (√3 + √2)

= (√3 + √2)/((√3)² − (√2)²) = (√3 + √2)/(3−2) = √3 + √2</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">1/(3√5 + 2√2) — conjugate is (3√5 − 2√2)

= (3√5 − 2√2)/((3√5)² − (2√2)²)

= (3√5 − 2√2)/(45 − 8)

= (3√5 − 2√2)/37</div>

<div class="answer">(3√5 − 2√2)/37</div>

</div>

<div class="math-block">12/(4√3 − √2) — conjugate is (4√3 + √2)

= 12(4√3 + √2)/((4√3)² − (√2)²)

= 12(4√3 + √2)/(48 − 2)

= 12(4√3 + √2)/46

= 6(4√3 + √2)/23</div>

<div class="answer">6(4√3 + √2)/23</div>

</div>

<h3>You just conquered Real Numbers.</h3>

<p>From the simple patterns of rational fractions to the wild, never-ending irrational
numbers. From surds that look complicated but follow beautiful rules, to rationalization
that makes messy denominators clean. You understand the deep structure of the
number line now — every single point on it, every decimal, every root. That's real
mathematics.</p>

</div>

<div class="memory-hook" style="margin-bottom:60px;">

<span class="hook-label"> Final Memory Sheet</span>

<strong>Rational:</strong> p/q form, decimal terminates or recurs  | 

<strong>Irrational:</strong> NTN-NR decimal  | 

<strong>Surd:</strong> Irrational nth root of a rational  | 

<strong>Conjugate:</strong> (a+b) and (a−b) — product is rational  | 

<strong>Absolute value:</strong> always ≥ 0, distance from zero

</div>

Class 9 Mathematics · Chapter 2 — Real Numbers  ·  Maharashtra Board

Textbook Solutions

</footer>

</body>

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