12.2. © Network Analysis ond Synthesis TWO-PORT NETWORK a input known as erminals, one pair at the input A two-port network has two pairs of fermit erent output port, as s input port and one pair at the output known as 01 : 137 There ae four variables 1. Fy hand fy — associated with a two-port 2 e expressed in terms of the other two variables. Thus, there wines network. Two of these variables can be expr oh T dependent vanales and wo independent variables. The number of possible combination generated . s uations fog vanables, taken two at a time is ‘C;, i¢., six. There are six possible sets of equations describing a ane network ot b 3 y Two:port network Vy — EJ two-port network ee Variables Equation MaZyht2yh | N=Zyh+2nh | Open-Circuit Impedance | Short-Circuit Admittance Transmission Inverse Transmission | Hybrid Inverse Hybrid =a Mi t+enh Describe open-circuit impedance parameters (2 parameters)_—— OO sure form, we can write ble ale Ml 21 Zn jLh (=[2)4] ‘re individual Z parameters for a given network can be defined by setting each of the port currents equal to zero. >» Case When the output port is open-circuited, i.c., /, In yy Ze q =O where Z,, is the driving-point impedance with the output port open-circuited. It is also called open-circuit input impedance. Similarly, Vy Zy= | N,-0 where Zy, is the transfer impedance with the output port open-circuited. It is also called open-circuit forward transfer impedance. > Case 2 When input port is open-circuited, i.e., J; y Zn =7| hli=o where Z,, is the transfer impedance with the input port open-circuited. It is also called open-circuit reverse transfer impedance. Similarly, Vy 2n=2| Daly-o where Z)» is the open-circuit driving-point impedance with 21 the input port open-circuited. It is also called open-circuit Zn ouput impedance. As these impedance parameters are measured with either the input or output port open-circuited, these are called open- circuit impedance parameters. Equivalent circuit of the two-port The equivalent circuit of the two-port network in terms of Z network in terms of Z parameter Parameters is shown in Fig. 12.2. 12.2.1 Condition for Reciprocity A network is said to be reciprocal if the ratio of excitation at one port to response at the other port is same if ©Xcitation and response are interchanged.1249 Nedwork Analysis ond Syothenis cae dat the input port with the Output port sho; 12 A vottage Fis applied (a) Ax shown in Big. MCicuitey 4 vey heh Network for deriv Ing conditi reciprocity, on «applied atthe ouput port with the input port short-circuited, 4 F ‘ Network O % Fi. 12.4 or deriving condition for reciprocity sihh’+ 2, Zp» ia Fe 2ide~ 2224 pee hala 12.2.2 Condition for For a network to be sy Wo-current ratio at the other pt the Voltage-to-current Tatio at one wit : ° at One port should be t as the voltage (4) When the output pom. one Othe ports open-circuit, be the same From the Z parameter, Caution uited, i.e, 0 Symmetry Metin——— TwoPort Networks ¥ 12.5 ) When the input port is open-circuited, ie. 4, = 0 From the Z parameter equation, Weta h ¥ —=Zy) I, “ Hence, for the network to be symmetrical, ATU) ss a An 1 results for a two-port network are (a) I, en-circuited (b) 1) = 0.1 20° A, V;, rameters 1 £0° A, V, 3.1 280° V, V; 5.2 250° V,V, = 4.1 £-25° V with port 2 2 260° V, with port I open-circuited. Find Z 5.2250° 3.12 -80° = =52 250° =o = —80° “g OALZO® Q, = O1zo =312-80°2 = 414-25" _ 41 2-250, = 42200" _ 49 260° ies 0102 4 0.120° ~ Jence, the Z parameters are Zn Zi2]_[52250° 312-80" Zy Z|" |41Z-25° 42.260° EXAMPLE 12.2 @00 ind the Z parameters for the network shown in Fig. 12.5. Z 4 h : S 4 g }-—y— —— % % Ye Difficulty Level @ OO — Easy; O@ O— Medium; OO @ — DitticultNetw Analyst ond Syren 6 ls Fe ET ed put port is open-circuited, i.e. ) = 0. Case 1 When the out Applying KVL tor mesh I, WelAtZyh Also. Case 2 When the input port is open-circuited, i.e., J, = 0 Applying KVL to mesh 2, : - Vy = (2,423) ly V; ; Me] =+Z; Dalnzo ; Also, oe u 2, | =2, i Leo Hence, the Z parameters are [2 | Zt ky on Zale Ze oz 7, as shown in Fig. 12.6, ‘Second Method The network is redrawn, Applying KVL to mesh | 2 4 Bh+2sth-4 1 7 A424 Zyl, i) Applying KVL to mesh 2, " » “ C n+Zh +) F ; = tal +24 2,)1, 0 Comparing £4s 3) and (iy with Zparamet 2) [za 2, | Find 7 parameter jv a "the netwoy ‘ork shown in Fig. 1.7—__—__— TwoPort Networks ¥ I27 % GrmeeZ The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.8. my ee s Joo, Tey ee ; : << 2541 sé Si, 7 “ 5 [" 1 _2s+2 2s+1 2s+1’ ° Zparameters for the network shown in Fig. 12.9. h 19 19 b i : % 20 20 Ve 19 19 -2s a ¢ ¢ ¥ » aa) Sea =2h+2h ii) 4 he Ne lying KVL to mesh 3, 3 5 ~2h +2 +515 =0 2,2 ; heagh-zh iii)Yen van 12.8 ¥ Network Analysis ond Synthesis _ Substituting Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), , 4 y aah-ghtsh 4 = a htch 5 5 ‘Substituting Eq. (iii) in Eq. (ii), a4 Weth+gh-gh =fhsgh : Comparing Eqs (iv) and (v) with Z parameter equations, u4 ies Z|_|5 5 2 Zn} |4 6 as LNT) Find the Z parameters for the network shown in Fig. 12.11. ial 19 Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig, 12.12. Applying KVL to mesh 1, K=(s4)h-sh, (jy) o—wa—_, Applying KVL to mesh 2, % Mahesh ayy a) & C Applying KVL to mesh 3, h b a ~sh+sh+(2s4l)h =0 hestiy_ fan Sat --li) 2s+1 Fa. (i), Substituting Eq, (i Hci se | ar set Sta |eTwoPort Networks ¥ 12.9 ciryting Ea. (iii) in Eq. (id, V2 = sly +5 (seus sparing Eqs (iv) and (v) with Z parameter equations, wv) +3st1 5? [2 2 2s+1 sel Z Zn\"| 2 a 2st] Os 41. eta Pe 1d the open-circuit impedance parameters for the network shown in Fig. 12.13. Determine whether the york is symmetrical and reciprocal. 4a h | 19 30 b The network is redrawn, as shown in Fig. 12.14. bpplying KVL to mesh 1, W-Wh-h)-2h+h)=0 VW =3h+2h-b pplying KVL to mesh 2, Ye-3(a + h)- 2h +2) =0 Vy = 2 +5!2 4313 plying KVL to mesh 3, “4h, ~3.(Iy + 1y)-Ms 1h) =0 1)-31p +815 =0 3 1 atid oli1210 7 Network Analysis ond Spi Substituting Eq. (iit) in Eq. 13, yamert-(pi-g Ip 2B 19 eBRtol gitg? Substituting Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), ‘ ¥,=2h+5h (jn -is) ‘Comparing Eqs (iv) and (v) with Z parameter equations, 2B 19 ae ia ze. 6 aon 2 Za) 19 31 7 8 8 Since Z;, # Z, the network is not symmetrical Since Z;3 = Z, the network is reciprocal. SHORT-CIRCUIT ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (YPARAMETERS) The Y parameters of a {wo-port network may be defined by expressing the two- Po currents J, and I in terms ofthe two-port voltages Vand Vy, (ile)= SUH) =Nih+eh h=NVi+¥nV, Cilbs SDA] 12.3 Describe short-circuit admittance parameters (Y parameters) In matrix form, we can write > Cosel When the output por i short-circuited ie, V,=0 Lie, Y= 4 K y .. where Yj, is the driving-point ag Imittance wit “it input adminance. ith the output port short-circuited, Itis also called shore"TwoPort Networks ¥ 2.41 Yi the transfer admittance with the output port short-circuited. Its also called short-circuit forward fer admittance. Case 2. When the input port is short-circuited, ie., Vy = 0 ere Yip is the transfer admittance with the input port short-circuited. It is also called short-circuit reverse nsfer admittance. ilarly, ly Yn =| m= Ii=0 ere Yay is the short-circuit driving-point admittance with the input port short-circuited. It is also called the wnt circuit output admittance. these admittance parameters are measured with either input or output port short-circuited, these are called riecircuit admittance parameters. equivalent circuit of the two-port network in terms of ¥ parameters is shown in Fig. 12.15 2.3.1 Condition for Reciprocity (a) Asshown in Fig, 12.16, voltage ¥, is applied at input port with the output port short-circuited. Network. | Network for deriving condition for reciprocity ie, From the ¥ parameter equation,=~ 12.12_¥_ Network eee aaa fe in Fi ed at output port with the input port ae (b) As shown in Fig. lage pli tput ps Por shone * ie, é . hel ‘| Network From the Y parameter equation, PMEATA Network for deriving condition for reciprocity Hence, for the network to be reciprocal, bt ten %, ie, Yi2=Ya 12.3.2 Condition for Symmetry (2) When the output port is short-ciruited, ie., Vy = 0. From the Y parameter equation, hata, : ne a (©) When the input port is short-circuited, ie, V, =0, From the Y parameter equation, h=Ynb, 1 h Yn Hence, forthe network to be symmetrical, Test results for a two-port network are (@) Port 2 short-eireuited: ¥, = 50 zopy, 1212-3041 (b) Port 1 short-circuited: Vr =50 LUV, 1,33 2-159, Find ¥ parameters, ee Ady fy at} = 21-30", I ° 0 1 Thy s0zi = 20RL-30°, Yeh) _nlte-20° pg oy7-20 ° Vahey 50Z0° 4 alec ~0.022.2~7 L o Yn= FT) = s0zor 00222-2004, Mase) 3618 9 062-15" Filjao Yalneg 50202TwoPort Networks 12.13 ence the ¥ parameters are [r Ya] _[ 0.0422-30° 0.0222 - 20° Yo 0.0222 ~20° 0.06.2 - 15° @00 ya parameters forthe network shown in Fig. 12.18, hoa ® aa o oT —Www——9 vy Va o— = 4 Method se] When the output port is short-circuited, ie., V> = 0, as shown in Fig. 12.19, 2x3 6 il 14 at Q Raaltagnlts 3a 30k V0 ve 3vy pn pen ih Hence, the Y parameters are Yi Na Yn Yn Second Method (Refer Fig. 12.18) Applying KCL at node 3, % hth=2 hth=> Substituting Eqs (i) and (i) in Eq, (ii), y-4y+ 228 eae Substituting Eq. (iv) in Eq. (i), Substituting Eq, (iv) in Eg, (i 2 is Tht ¥, Comparing Eas (¥) and (vi) with ¥p te non? ‘rameter equati ions, hi wp] - [i el n iy ali) onl) (ii)TwoFort Networks ¥_ 12.15 ¥ parameters of the network shown in Fig. 12.21. ff; 20 VY 22 lution From Fig. 12.21, (ii) prlying KCL at node 3, h+h+3%2=0 (iii) bstituting Eqs (i) and (ii) in Eq. (iii), K-Vs 2 2% =VY+7V_ it ahtoNs | shitghe co) hostituting Eq. (iv) in Eq. (i), sl) bstituting Eq. (iv) in Eq. (ii), vi)12.16 ¥ Network Analysis and Synthesis ) with Y parameter equations, Comparing Egs (v) and (vi : ! Na 4 4 ff 1 3 4 4 Wan PAL 00 Determine ¥ parameters for the network shown in Fig. 12.22. Determine whether the network is symm and reciprocal eg , © © 22 @® » Solution From Fig. 12.31, oli) Applying KCL at node 3, Ci) Applying KCL at node 2, sli) Substituting Eq. (i) in Eq, (ii), i) Substituting Eq. (iv) in Eq, (i), wl)TwoPort Networks 12.17 iruting Eq, (iv) in Eq. (iii), Avi) omparing Eqs (v) and (vi) with Y parameter equations, ileal Ke Y2]_)2 74 Yo Yay |i 5 4 the network is not symmetrical. the network is reciprocal. - 00® ¢ the short-circuit admittance parameters for the network shown in Fig. 12.23. k 19 19 bh <—o z ¢ ol s 1-18 Y a =Ki-V%3 -@) volving KCL at node 3, 4, Gh) 1 1 5 = (st) K—-he 4 plying KCL at node 2, he a-"s) nape s =(s+)a-Vs12.18. ¥ Network Anolis and Syothe TN s ) in Eq. (i. Substituting Eq. (0 i senetsen fii (st ahehth 1 Ly, yest Wert sa2? 5 Substituting Eq, (iv) in Eq. (i), 1,1 ) = th |-h ier o5 itaah|-" fy Substituting Eq. (iv) in Eq. (ii), = 1 1 : = -| —h+—rh h=(st+)" (4 i+ :) oy Steely, s+2 s+2 {m Comparing Eqs (v) and (vi) with ¥ parameter equations, : gel eel [i rs 542 542 Yo In} ] 1 s°+3s+1 S+2 542 Determine Y parameters for the network shown in Fig. 12.25. h 3F tr i ad aaa t “ gia 1H Vs o—___| = Solution The transformed network i ir Solution a : From Fig. 12.26, 'sshown in Fig. 12.26,fwoPort Meterorks 7 IZI9 sping KCL at noe 3, SiMe 4 Ky ee > 4 oat tw) As +) Aske? cctuting Eq. (i) in Eq. (i), (iti) lying KCL at node 2, iv) tuting Eq, (ii) in Eq. (iv), 2 2 2 si+2 s s s fe V,-2 + V, 25? lat +1) | 2 3 #_y,[s +2? Jy, ast) 2s 4s? +1) 3 4 2 7 s'+6s° +4 y+, c As? +1) 4s(s? +1) wy yparing Eqs (iii) and (v) with Y parameter equation, st2s st Yr Ne As? +1) As? +1) Ya Ne S st+6s? +4 “HS 4x7 +1)aa * Ceo Obtain Y parameters of the network shown in Fig. 12.27. = gl ~ Applying KCL at node 1, ahicB Mich 1 I s =(stI)K-shy-Vy ~~ Applying KCL at node 2, i 7 Aaah Boh 1 I s =(st+)h-si-Vy fi Applying KCL at node 3, (s+2)4,-K-¥, =0 1 1 Fae : . Tait ah substituting Eq (i) in Eg. (i), h “ors -(E +n) S+2 0 st+2 =| S+D42)-1] [s(s42)41 [eh] +2) hk a(S 43041), (242541 sez ea?TwoPort Networks ¥ 12.21 pstituting Eq. (iii) in Eq. (ii), 1 h=(+)h-sh- (4n itch :) [2h «pet l, (s+2) (s+2) 2 2 =| S42s41)p, fe +3s41), =v) st2 s+2 Eqs (iv) and (v) with ¥ parameter equations, 9? 43541 _(s? +2541) (fh el s+2 s+2 Yo Yoo St+2s41) 5243541 s+2 s+2 24 | TDANCAAICCIAAI Ranasanwenn s-—