izFke v/;k;

latho dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo

1
1-9-7- jgu&lgu
1-9-8- L=h ds izfr lEeku
1-9-9- misf{kr lekt ds izfr n`f”Vdks.k
1-9-10- oSpkfjd izfrc/nrk
1-10- lkfgR; ys[ku dh [Link]
2½ latho dk d`frRo %&
2-1- dgkuh laxzg
2-2- miU;kl
2-2-1-cky miU;kl
2-3- ukVd
2-4- ;k=k lkfgR;
2-5- lkfgR; ij fQYe
2-6- iqjLdkj ,oa lEeku
lanHkZ lwph

2
 Lkatho dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo
1-0½ latho dk thou ifjp; %
orZeku fganh dFkk lkfgR; esa latho us viuh vyx igpku cukbZ gS A
lekt dh osnuk dks viuh laosnuk cukus okys os l’kDr ,oa laosnu’khy
jpukdkj gS A latho us Hkkjrh; lekt dks cgqr utnhd ls ns[kk vkSj ij[kk gSA
ns’k esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa vkSj nq?kZVukvksa ij mudh utj jgrh gSA ‘kk;n blh
dkj.k lekt ds misf{kr] oafpr] ‘kksf”kr] ihfM+r lekt thou dh varO;ZoLFkk ij
xgjh [Link] djrs gSa A latho us viuk ys[ku :ih thou ncs&dqpys rcdksa ds
ukxfjdksa vkSj oafprkas ds fy, lefiZr dj fn;k gSA vius dFkk&lkfgR; esa mUgksaus
misf{kr lekt dh fLFkfr vkSj leL;kvksa dk ;FkkFkZ js[kkadu fd;k gS A vkt rd
ftl lekt dh osnuk dks utj vankt fd;k x;k Fkk] latho mudh odkyr
djrs gSa A muds lkfgR; esa nfyr] vkfnoklh] ‘kksf”kr] vlgk; vkSj ihfM+r ukjh
ds izfr ges’kk lgkuqHkwfr jgh gS] rks mPp oxZ vkSj ‘kks”kd oxZ ds izfr ges’kk
?k`.kk] uQjr fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A vr% ;gh muds lkfgR; dk dsanz jgk gS A [Link]
latho dk lkfgR; ges’kk gh fuEu oxZ ds etnwj] fdlku] nfyr] vlgk; ihfM+r
ukfj;ksa dks mPp oxZ ,oa ‘kks”kd oxZ ds f[+kykQ+ vkokt+ mBkus ;k fojks/k djus dh
[Link] nsrk gS A
bUlku ftl lkekftd] /kkfEkZd] jktuSfrd] lkaLd`frd ifjos’k esa tUe
ysrk gS] ml ifjos’k dk izHkko mlds O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo ij vo’; gh iM+rk
gSA fdlh Hkh jpukdkj ds d`frRo dks mlds thou vkSj vPNs&cqjs izlaxksa ls vyx
ugha fd;k tkrk A oSls rks jpukdkj dh izR;sd d`fr esa mldk O;fDrRo
izfrQfyr gksrk gS A mlds lkfgR;&l`tu dks O;fDrRo ls vyx djds ewY;kafdr

3
ugha fd;k tk ldrk A jpukdkj ds O;fDRkRo dk fuekZ.k mlds vklikl ds
ifjos’k] ikfjokfjd fLFkfr vkSj laLdkjksa ls gksrk gS A bl lanHkZ esa MkW- ds-ih-
t;k fy[krh gS&^^,d O;fDr ds [Link] O;fDrÙo fuekZ.k esa mlds ifjokj] ifjos’k
vkSj lekt dk ;ksxnku [Link] gS A**1 bl izdkj latho dh lkfgfR;d
jpukvksa esa fufHkZd] Lora= fopkjokysa O;fDrRo dks tkuus] ij[+kus ds fy, muds
thou ifjp; dks tkuuk vko’;d gksxk A
1-1- tUe %
fganh lkfgR; ds l’kDr dFkkdkj latho dk tUe 6 tqykbZ] 1947 esa
lqyrkuiqj ¼m-iz-½ ds ^ckaxjdyk xkao* esa ,d csgn xjhc fdlku ifjokj esa gqvkA
;g ifjokj Jfed e/;eoxhZ; Fkk A tgkWa lkfgR; ls nwj&nwj rd dksbZ ysunsu
ugha Fkk A ifjokj esa eq[; leL;k vFkkZHkko gksus ds dkj.k tUe frfFk ;kn
j[kuk bruh vko’;d ckr ugha Fkh A ^ckxjdyk* tSlk xkaWo vke Hkkjrh; xkWaokas
dh rqyuk esa fHkUu ugha Fkk A ogkWa Hkh vkfFkZd fo”kerk] lkekftd HksnHkko]
nkfjnz;] xjhch vkfn leL;k,Wa Hk;kud :i ys jgh Fkh A ,Sls ikfjokfjd]
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh ckyd dk tUe ;k tUefrfFk fo’ks”k
egÙo ugha j[krh A latho ds lanHkZ esa Hkh ;gh lp gS A vius tUefrfFk ds
ckjs esa os dgrs gaS] ^^tUefrfFk esjs tSls ifjokj ds fy, dksbZ egÙo dh ckr ugha
Fkh] vr% ikWapoha d{kk esa uke fy[kus ds fy, gsMekLVj lkgc dks gh djuh iM+h&
6 tqykbZ] 1947 A**2
1-2- uke %
Lkatho dk ifjokjokykas us jkelathou uke j[kk Fkk A cpiu ls gh mUgsa
jkelathou izlkn uke ls igpkuk tkrk Fkk] ijarq muds ^latho* ukedj.k dk
4
Js; dFkkdkj deys’oj dks tkrk gS A latho us viuh igyh dgkuh ^fdLlk ,d
chek daiuh dh ,tsalh dk* jkelathou izlkn ds uke ls ^lkfjdk* if=dk esa
Hksth Fkh] ftls dFkkdkj deys’oj us dkV&ihVdj ^latho* uke fn;k A Lo;a
latho vius cpiu ds uke ds lanHkZ esa dgrs gSa &^^latho ds fucZ/k O;kdj.k us
fdruh gh laKk,Wa nh& lathou] lthou] ltsou] lktu] ltkou vkSj latho A
bu rRle] rn~Hko ns’kt] fons’kt\ ukeksa ds lkFk jke vkSj izlkn ds milxZ&
vkSj ^ekLVj* dk loZuke& fo’ks”k.k A**3 [Link] Lo:i vkt fganh lkfgR; lalkj
mUgsa latho ds uke ls gh tkurk gS A
1-3- ekrk&firk% ifjokjtu %&
Lkatho dh ekrk dk uke t;jkethnsoh vkSj firk dk uke jke’kj.k izlkn
Fkk A ekrk&firk T;knk i<+s&fy[ks u gksus ds dkj.k fdlkuh gh djrs Fks A firk
jkstkuk Luku ds ckn egkHkkjr vkSj jkek;.k tSls v/;kfRed xazFkkas dk fuR; iBu
djrs Fks A ekrk t;jknsoh vf’kf{kr gh Fkh A t;jkethnsoh vkSj jke’kj.k izlkn
us pkj cPpksa dks tUe fn;k A latho buesa lcls NksVs csVs Fks A ifjokj esa lcls
NksVs gksus ds dkj.k os viuh ekWa ds ykM+ys Fks A latho Hkh vius ekWa ls cgqr
I;kj djrs Fks A mudh ftn ij og cspkjh fnu&jkr Hkkxrh Fkh A ijarq viuh
vkWa[kkas ds lkeus e>ys csVs dh e`R;q ns[kdj og cspkjh vius vkidkas laHkky u
ikbZ A firkth rks ,sls gh ej x;s Fks A bl izdkj latho dks de mez esa gh
vius ekrk&firk ds I;kj ls oafPkr jguk iM+k A
Lkatho ds ifjokjtuksa esa ekrk&firk ds lkFk gh cgu ijkuknsoh] HkkbZ
jkethou izlkn tks ifjokj esa cM+s Fks A NksVs HkkbZ dk uke jkef’[Link] Fkk A
vius ifjokjtuksa ds ckjs esa Lo;a latho dgrs gaS &^^firk dh pkj larkus Fkh A

5
lcls cM+h cgu ijkuknsoh] tks fo/kok gks pqdh gS vkSj vius cPpksa ds lkFk jgrh
gS A ckdh cps ge rhu HkkbZ] lcls cMs HkkbZ jkthou izlkn] lqyrkuiqj esa
lwjkiwj dLcs esa ,d baVj dkWyst esa fQftDl ds ysdpsjj Fks A muesa NksVs
jkef’[Link]] pkSFkh Dykl rd i<+s Fks A var rd xkWao esa gh [ksrh&ckM+h djrs jgsa
A vc esjs nksuksa cM+s fnoaxr gks pqds gS A**4 vr% latho ds O;fDrRo ij
ekrk&firk vkSj ifjokjtuksa dk izHkko jgk gS A
1-4- cpiu %
Lkatho dk cpiu la;qDr ifjokj esa chrk A laosnuk vkSj vkReh;rk dks
c<+kus dk dke cpiu ls gh mUgsa ifjokj ls feyk A cpiu ls gh latho dks
la?k”kZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+k Fkk A ikfjokfjd vkfFkZd nqcZyrk ds dkj.k mUgsa f’k{kk
izkIr djus esa vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k A bl lanHkZ esa latho
fy[krs gaS fd] ^^vPNs uacjksa ds pyrs Ldwy esa Qhl ekQ Fkh] ojuk i<+kbZ chp esa
gh NksM+uh iM+rh A**5 bl izdkj latho dks vius cpiu dh i<+kbZ vHkkoxzLr
okrkoj.k esa iwjh djuh iM+h A mUgsa [ksyus ds fy, tkuoj cgqr gh ilan Fks A os
?kaVksa&?kaVksa HkaSl dh ihB ij cSB dj lSj djrs jgrs Fks A
Lkatho cpiu ls gh cgqr gksugkj cPps Fks A os viuk vf/kdka’k le;
[ksyus esa fcrkrs Fks A vius [ksy&dwn ds ckjs esa Lo;a os dgrs gaS &^^gk; tEi
ykWax tEi] xqYyh MaMk vkSj QqVckWy ftldk eSa dWIVu gh Fkk A**6 latho th dks
[ksyus ds lkFk gh fdlh Hkh pht dks ij[kus dh ftKklq n`f”V ls ns[kus dh vknr
Fkh&^^eaS mu fnuksa uax&/kMax fl;kjksa] uhy xk;ksa] yksefM+;ksa] fxygfj;ksa dks ftKklq
utjksa ls tkWapuk] ij[kuk] HkSal dh ihB ij cSBdj pjkxkg dh lSj fd;k djrk]
dsys dh Nky dh iugh] iykl ds iRrksa dk Vksi] dqbZ dh daBh] lksrs dk ikuh]

6
cl bUgha ls esjk okLrk Fkk A**7 xjhch ds lkFk latho dk fj’rk cpiu ls gh
xgjk Fkk A ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr lkekU; gksus ds dkj.k cpiu xjhch esa gh
chrk A viuh cpiu dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks O;Dr djrs gq, latho dgrs
gSa&^^firk] dkdk vkfn dqYVh esa etnwj Fks A cgqr de vk; Fkh A iPphl rhl
:Ik;s efgus feyrs Fks A jgus dks Hkh leqfpr LFkku ugha Fkk A dqYVh esa mu
fnuksa etnwjksa ds ?kjks esa fctyh] ty vkSj ik;[kkus ugha Fks A esjs firk dks
dkWVZlZ ulhc ugha gqvk A esys <sys esa nks iSls ik tkuk cgqr cM+h ckr Fkh A**8
Lkatho dk cpiu vR;ar n;uh; fLFkfr ds lkFk gh tkrh; HksnHkko dh
?k`.kk dks cpiu ls vuqHko djrs Fks A ^ckaxjdyk* xkWao esa Bkdqjksa vkSj czkã.kksa ds
opZLOk vkSj muds tkrh; HksnHkko ds vuqHko dks ;kn djrs gq, latho dgrs
gaS&^^eqM+dj ns[krk gWwa rks yxrk gS dksbZ dg jgk gS vjs mejko Qwyk vk;h gS]
cM+dh Bkdqjkbu lyke djks A D;k dgkWa viuh Qwyk vk;h gS & fctsFkqvk esys ls
xV~Vk vkSj pksgs dh tysch ysdj\ rks D;k gqvk] mUgas ckn esa [Link] fd;k tk
ldrk gS A vjs ?kksa?kk dgh dk] iafMr th vk, gS mBdj xksM+ ugh /kjuk ! ns[kk
Bkdqj vk jgs gS [kkV ls mBdj tSjke ckcw dguk A vksg brus mTtj diM+s er
iguks] jat gks tk;saxs A vkSj fxykl] blesa /kksch pekj dks ikuh ns fn;k \
Qsdks&Qsdks fxykl vc rqej&njokTts dkSu cM+eubZ ikuh fi;sxk A**9
bl izdkj latho dk cpiu xjhch dh ;krukvksa ds lkFk gh la?k”kZe;h
ifjos’k esa chrk gS A cpiu ls gh mudh laosnu’khyrk vkSj vkReh;rk ds dkj.k
mudkas lkfgR; dh vksj vkdf”kZr fd;k gS A vkSj cpiu dh ftKklq o`fRr us mUgsa
vkxs jlk;u rK Hkh cuk;k A ;gh [kksth izo`fr latho ds oSKkfud vkSj
lkfgfR;d psruk dk vk/kkj cuh A

7
1-5- f’k{kk %
dFkkdkj latho dh izkFkfed f’k{kk lu~ 1951 bZ- esa dqYVh esa f’koth ds
pkSjs ij pyusokyh jkes’oj xq:th dh ikB’kkyk esa v{kj Kku dh ‘kq:vkr gqbZ A
mudh f’k{kk dh ‘kq:vkr vR;ar ekewyh ikB’kkyk esa gqbZ A latho dks vkjafHkd
f’k{kk ds fy, dkdk }kjk rhu&pkj o”kZ dh vk;q esa uaxs iSj dqYVh xkWao yk;k
x;k Fkk A bl ?kVuk dks os vius thou esa vge ekurs gq, dgrs gSa& ^^ckyd
jke lathou ;fn dqYVh ugha vk;k gksrk rks fdlh dh gyokgh dj jgk gksrk ;k
<+ksj pjk jgk gksrk A**10 cpiu ls gh latho dk i<+kbZ dh vksj /;ku ugha Fkk A
ysfdu /khjs&/khjs /;ku c<+rk x;k vkSj f’k{kk mudh :fp dk fo”k; curk x;k A
vius f’k{kk ds vuqHko dks O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gaS&^^v/;;u dh ‘kq:vkrh o”kksaZ
esa jke lathou cgqr HkqyDdM+ Fkk A viuh isafly] dkWih] fdrkcsa [kks nsrk Fkk A
;ks mldh lkjh fdrkcsa ,d lkFk uRFkh dj nh tkrh Fkh vkSj isafly deht ls
ckWa/k nh tkrh Fkh A i<+us&fy[kus esa mldh :fp Fkh & ftlds dkj.k ikWapoha d{kk
esa mldk nkf[kyk mPp fo|ky;] dqYVh esa djk fn;k x;k A xkaWo esa mlus HksMks+a
dh lhax yM+kbZ ns[kh Fkh A blh dkj.k iwjh d{kk esa flj yM+kus esa mldk dksbZ
eqdkcyk u Fkk A i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ esa Hkh og fdlh ls de ugha Fkk A ikWapoh d{kk
esa gsMekLVj us mldh tUefrfFk] 6 tqykbZ] 1947 r; dh A latho ekurs gSa
fd rst gksus dh otg ls Qhl ekQ gks x;h] oukZ i<+kbZ laHko ugha gks ikrhA**11
latho us lu~ 1960 bZ- esa f}rh; [Link] esa eSfVªd dh ijh{kk [Link] dhA
lrjk lky dh mez esa gh izFke [Link] ds lkFk ch- ,Llh dh mikf/k gkfly dh A
[Link] Lo:i muds HkkbZ us mUgsa ,- ,e- vkbZ- bZ- i<+us ds fy, fnYyh Hkstk A
dkWyst esa nkf[ky gksrs gh latho ds thou esa nwljk vkdze.k gqvk] lkfgR; esa

8
:fp gksrs gq, Hkh mUgsa foKku dk Nk= cuuk iM+k A viuh Hkkoukvksa dks Li”V
djrs gq, latho fy[krs gaS &^^HkS;k cukuk pkgrs Fks MkWDVj& bathfu;j A iSls dh
vkSdkr jfrHkj dh ugha Fkh A vkSj eq>s esa<+d&eNfy;ksa dks ns[kdj f?ku vkrh]
dkVuk rks nwj] Nwus dks Hkh eu ugha djrk A bathfu;fjax esa VsLV dh txg
viuh nwljh ijh{kk,Wa /;ku [khap ys tkrh A [Link] ds vk/kkj ij nks&,d txg
laHkkouk txh rks vk;q vkM+s vk x;h------l=g lky dh mez esa ch- ,Llh A
fnYyh Hkstk ,-,e-vkbZ-bZ- i<+us dks A -----v/k[kk;s ifjokj ds isV ij ,d
bathfu;j [kM+k djus dh dksf’k’k A**12
bl izdkj latho dk izkFkfed f’k{kk ls ysdj foKku ‘kk[kk ds
mPp&fo|kfoHkwf”kr vkSj lkfgfR;d jpuk lalkj rd dh f’k{kk dk lQj la?k”kZe;
Fkk A tks ikBdksa dks [Link] nsrk gS A
1-6- ukSdjh %
dFkkdkj latho dk ifjokj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls xjhc Fkk A ch- ,Llh gksus
ds ckn latho dks ukSdjh dj lqLFkkfir thou thus ds fy, la?k”kZ djuk iM+k A
lu~ 1965 bZ- esa dqYVh ds ykSg&bLikr dkj[kkus esa dsfeLV dh ukSdjh
djrs&djrs mUgksaus ,- vkbZ- lh dh mikf/k Hkh gkfly dh A Lo;a latho vius
vkjafHkd vkfFkZd la?k”kZ ds ckjs esa dgrs gaS&^^lkbafVLV cuus ds yksHk esa bafM;u
vk;ju ,.M LVhy daiuh] dqYVh if’pe caxky esa vflLVaV dsfeLV dh ukSdjh
tkWbZu dh] ckn esa ;g ew[kZrk tSlh gh yxh A dkj.k lkjk dqN :Vhu tkWc Fkk A
1971 esa ;g yksHk nwljh ckj izdV gqvk tc eSaus AIC dh ijh{kk ikl dh
mldk Hkh dksbZ ckSf/nd vkSj vkfFkZd ykHk ugha cu ik;k A**13 daiuh dh feyus
okys de osru esa iwjs ifjokj dk xqtkjk djuk laHko ugha Fkk A dHkh&dHkh mUgsa

9
vius LokfHkekuh O;fDrRo ds dkj.k dbZ ukSdfj;kWa Hkh NksM+uh iM+h gS A blh
dkj.k latho ukSdjh ds vykok vU; dke Hkh djrs jgas A bl lanHkZ esa latho
fy[krs gaS&^^oSls ;g vkneh dqN Hkh dj ldrk gS A fdlh chek daiuh dh ,tsalh
ys ys &,d tekus esa blus ,tsalh Hkh yh Fkh vkSj chek daifu;ksa ds dqpdz ij
,d dgkuh fy[kdj Niok nh rks ,tsalh NwV x;h A ;g dksbZ NksVk&eksVk fctusl
dj ldrk gS A ,d tekus esa ;g vkneh cgqr vPNk V~;wVj gqvk djrk Fkk A
lc lCtsDV Ik<+us okyk] igys ntsZ ls ysdj Lukrd Lrj rd dk lkfgR;] [Link]]
foKku] lkekU;Kku] djaV vQs;lZ] vaxzsth&fganh&ckaXyk&laLd`r lcdqN Bwl nsrk
Fkk cPpksa ds fnekx esa A**14 latho us ukSdjh rFkk O;olk; ds :i esa gj ,d
dke fd;k gS A ysfdu thou esa gkj ugha ekuh gS A ukSdjh dh tfVyrk vkSj
vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls fudyus ds fy, mUgksaus V;w’ku Hkh fy, gS A blh la?k”kZ dks
lacksf/kr djrs gq, jfo ‘kadj fy[krs gaS fd] ^^ikWap larkuksa ds nkf;Ro ds dkj.k
latho dks [kpZ dh vkiwfrZ ds fy, V;w’ku Hkh i<+kuk iM+k A ejksM dgkuh esa
muds V;w’ku thou dh ihM+k izfrfcafcr gS A mQ ! fdrus gkWaFk&ikWao ekjs exj
bl V;w’ku ds edM+&tky ls dgkWa fudy ik;s A tc ftanxh viuh ugha vkSjksa ds
uke ijoku p<+ pqdh gks rks lkjs vkjeku /kjas&ds /kjas jg tkrs gaS A**15
blh izdkj latho vkfFkZd vHkko dks >syrs gq, vf[kjdkj lu~ 2003 esa
bafM;u vk;ju ,.M LVhy daiuh can gksus ij ¼VRS½ LosPNk lsokfuo`fRr ysuh
iM+h A mlds ckn pkj eghus rd ^v{kj ioZ* dk laiknu fd;k A16 vkt orZeku
esa os lkfgR; ys[ku ds lkFk ^gal* ds dk;Zdkjh laiknd ds :i esa ys[ku dk;Z
gh dj jgs gaS A

10
 fu”d”kZr% ;g Li”V gS fd latho dk ukSdjh ds :i esa thou lq[knk;d
ugha jgk gS] ysfdu blds fy, mUgksaus vius LokfHkeku dks ugha NksM+k ;g ckr
muds O;fDrRo dks vkSj Hkh Åij mBkrh gS A
1-7- fookg vkSj oSokfgd thou %
Lkatho dk fookg lu~ 1962 bZ- esa gqvk A mudh iRuh dk uke Jherh
^izHkkorhnsoh* gS A fookg ds le; latho dh vk;q dqy feykdj 9&10 o”kZ dh
Fkh A mudh iRuh dh f’k{kk pkSFkh d{kk rd gqbZ gS A latho dk fookg ,d
cky&fookg gh Fkk A iRuh vYif’kf{kr vkSj xzkeh.k laLdkjksa okyh Fkh A vius
oSokfgd thou ds ckjs esa latho dgrs gSa fd] ^^oSokfgd thou cgqr vPNk u
jgkA eSa yxHkx rugkb;ksa esa thrk jgk A ;s Hkh rks Bhd fd gj nnZ crk nsa dqN
nnZ dysts ls yxkus ds fy, gS A**17
Lkatho vkSj izHkkorhnsoh dk oSokfgd thou larkuksa dh n`f”V ls lQy jgk
gS A dqy feykdj budks ikWap larkus gaS A lcls cM+h csVh eatq ekufld :i ls
eancqf/n dh gS A nwljh csVh vatw vius vO;kogkfjd] vlkekU; ifr ds [Link]
ls grk’k gksdj ekWa&cki ds ikl okil ykSV vkbZ gS vkSj viuh vkB lky dh
csVh dks ysdj jgrh gS A vU; nks yM+fd;ksa dk fookg gqvk gS A os fnYyh esa
oSokfgd lq[kh thou chrk jgh gS A csVk larks”k ukSdjh ds fy, la?k”kZ djrs&djrs
var esa ,d daiuh esa dke dj jgk gS] tks viuh iRuh vkSj csVs ds lkFk latho
ds ikl gh jgrk gS A
Lkatho dk oSokfgd thou Hkh la?k”kZe; jgk gS A os lkfgR; iszeh rks iRuh
Hkxoku iszeh A izHkkorhnsoh nsoh&nsork] Hkwr&iszr] tknw&Vksuk vkfn ij fo’okl
j[kusokyh iRuh A ijarq latho dk bl ij fcydqy fo’okl ugha gS A nksukas [Link]
11
lkFk rks gaS ij ,d&nwljs ls oSpkfjd rkSj ij vufHkK A nksuks ifr&iRuh vc
ukuk&ukuh] nknk&nknh cus gSa] ysfdu LoHkko esa varj ugha A vius&vius LoHkko
ls ,d&nwljs ls isze djrs gaS A latho ds oSokfgd thou dh lokZf/kd =klnh ;g
gS fd mUgksaus vkthou viuh iRuh vkSj ean&cqf/n csVh ^eatq* lesr ikWap larkuksa
esa pkj csfV;kWa vkSj var esa csVk larks”k ds ukSdjh dks ysdj fpafrr jgrs gq, ns[kk
gS A
1-8- vfHk:fp %
Lkatho dks Hkk”kk ds izfr vf/kd vfHk:fp jgh gSa A vkt os foKku ds Nk=
gksdj Hkh Hkk”kk ds izfr vf/kd vfHk:fp gksus ls fganh lkfgR; esa viuk vyx&lk
LFkku fuekZ.k dj pqds gSa A vr% bldk Js; os vius ofj”B fe= ujsanz ukFk vks>k
dks nsrs gaS A fganh dfo;ksa esa mUgsa ^iar* cgqr gh fiz; gS A blds lkFk gh iszepan]
lqn’kZu] c[‘kh] ineyky iqUukyky] f’koiwtu lgk; vkfn ls iszfjr gksdj mUgksaus
igys ^ân; ifjorZu* dh gLrfyf[kr dgkuh ^iYyo* if=dk ds fy, fy[kh A
Lkatho dks lkfgR; ds lkFk [ksy&dwn esa rks cpiu ls gh vfHk:fp jgh gSA
mUgsa [kqyh gok cgqr gh vPNh yxrh gS A [ksyksa esa dcM~Mh] QqVckWy [ksyuk vkSj
ns[kuk vPNk yxrk gS A latho viuh vfHk:fp laca/kh fy[krs gaS fd] ^^vPNh
fdrkcas i<+uk] Hkze.k djuk] laxhr lquuk vkSj vPNk flusek ns[kuk lkFk gh
ukVd rFkk yksd tkxj.k fy[kuk ;k i<+uk eq>s ilan gS A**18
Hkkstu esa latho dks ‘kkdkgkj ilan gS A buds ?kj esa izkjaHk ls gh
‘kkdkgkj gh ilan fd;k tkrk gS A latho dzkafrdkjh Hkxrflag ds fopkjkas ls
izHkkfor gS A os ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds gSa A mUgsa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds izfr fo’ks”k
yxko gS A
12
1-9- O;fDrRo %
,d lQy dFkkdkj ds ihNs mldk O;fDrRo gksrk gS A jpukdkj ds
O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k mlds vklikl ds ifjos’k] ikfjokfjd fLFkfr] lkekftd
fLFkfr vkSj laLdkjksa ls gksrk gS A bl lanHkZ esa MkW-ds-ih t;k fy[krh gS fd]
^^,d O;fDr ds [Link] O;fDrRo fuekZ.k esa mlds ifjokj] ifjos’k vkSj lekt dk
;ksxnku [Link] gS A**19 blh izdkj latho dk O;fDrRo vlk/kkj.k O;fDr ls
izHkko’kkyh O;fDrRo esa ifjofrZZr gks x;k A latho tSls vlk/kkj.k O;fDr us
la?k”kZe; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Vdjkdj vius orZeku dk fuekZ.k fd;k A vkSj bruk
gh ugha vius ‘kCnksa ds ek/;e ls vius vuqHkoksa dks lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa esa ihjkasus
dk dke fd;k gS A vkt mlh lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa ds }kjk jkelathou ls latho
uke ls fganh lkfgR; lalkj mUgsa igpkurk gS A bruh cM+h rkdr ‘kCnksa esa gksrh
gS A ,d vlk/kkj.k O;fDr dks izHkko’kkyh O;fDr ds :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gS
A D;ksafd ‘kCnksa esa jpukdkj dh Nfo gksrh gS A Lo;a latho O;fDrRo ds ckjs esa
fy[krs gaS fd] ^^izR;sd ‘kCn ij ys[kd ds O;fDrRo dh Nki jgrh gSA**20
latho dk O;fDrRo cgqeq[kh izfrHkk dks O;Dr djrk gS A mudk O;fDrRo
cgqvk;keh gS] tks mudks [Link] nsus dk dke djrk gS A latho dk O;fDrRo
fdlh ds ifjp; dk eksgrkt ugha vkSj u gh ifjp; ds fy, yach&pkSM+h Hkwfedk
dh vko’;drk gS A
nqcyk iryk xksjs jax dk vkneh latho cgqeq[kh izfrHkk dk /kuh gS A
mHkjh gqbZ ukd vkSj yacs ckyksa okyk latho lkns fyckl esa jguk vkSj ‘kkdkgkj
Hkkstu djuk ilan djrk gS A lk/kkj.k fn[kus okyk ;g ekuo mWaph lksp dk
ekfyd gS A lknxh] drZO;&ijk;.krk] vfrfFk lRdkj] vUos”k.k n`f”V] LokfHkeku]

13
laosnu’khyrk] Hkkoqdrk] fuM+jrk] dfBu ifjJe] ca/kqRo] lerk] lekurk latho ds
O;fDrRo dh fo’ks”krk,Wa gSaA vkSj vU; fofHkUu igyqvksa dks foLrkjiwoZd ns[kk tk
ldrk gS A
1-9-1- v/;;u’khyrk %
Lkatho ,d v/;;u’khy O;fDr gS A os vf/kdka’k le; i<+us vkSj fy[kus
esa O;rhr djrs gSa A tgkWa fy[kus cSBrs gSa] mlh dejs esa vusd izdkj dh fdrkcsa]
if=dk,Wa jph gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A latho ij ns’kh&fons’kh lkfgR;dkjksa dk xgjk
izHkko iM+k gqvk gS A latho us xksdhZ] lk=Z] rkyLrk;] dkIdk] ps[ky nksLrksoLdh]
dkew tSls egku lkfgR;dkjksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS A
Lkatho dh v/;;u’khyrk dh yxu ds dkj.k os ges’kk fdrkcksa esa f?kjs
jgrs gaS A buds v/;;u ds lanHkZ esa ujsu dgrs gSa fd] ^^vius v/;;u&vftZr
Kku ds izpaM izrki ls ;g lkeus okys dks vuk;kl gh vged] vi<+ vkSj pqxn
Bgjk nsus dh dok;n esa tqV tkrk gS A**21 bl izdkj fofo/k lkfgR;ksa dk
v/;;u djus ds Ik’pkr buds Kku esa o`f/n bruh gks xbZ dh vuk;kl gh
lkeus okys dks mldh >yd ns[kus dks feyrh gS A buds gkFk esa dHkh Hkh] dgha
Hkh tks dqN yxrk gS] mls os ‘kh?kz i<+uk&fy[kuk izkjaHk djrs gaS A os v/;;u
djrs rFkk fy[krs le; ckj&ckj ns[krsa] i<+rs vkSj lksprs jgrs gSa A
1-9-2- LokfHkekuh %
latho ds O;fDrRo dh cM+h fo’ks”krk LokfHkeku gS A fdlh Hkh dher ij
bUgksaus vius LokfHkeku dks lqjf{kr j[kk gS A blh LokfHkekuh o`fRr ls latho
daiuh esa dke djrs jgs A vius Qk;ns ds fy, fdlh dh pkiywlh ugha dh u
dHkh fdlh dh [kq’kken dh A [Link] Lo:i mUgsa daiuh esa izkseks’ku ugha feykA
14
latho ‘kksgjr ds ihNs dHkh ugha yxs A LokfHkeku dks dqpydj feyus okyh
izfLkf/n ls os vkt rd dkslksa nwj jgs gaS A vkt Hkh latho LosPNk ls lsokfuo`r
gksdj lkfgR; esa LokfHkeku ls ftanxh th jgs gSa A os fdlh Hkh dher ij vius
fl/nkrksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks nkao ij ugha yxkrs A mUgksaus vius lkfgR; esa Hkh
LokfHkeku vkSj O;ogkj tSls ewY;ksa dks fpf=r fd;k gS A latho vkneh dk
dehukiu vkSj tkfrokn ls uQjr djrs gaS A blh laca/k esa latho dk dguk gS
fd] ^^ftl pht ls lcls T;knk uQjr gS] og gS & vkneh dk dehukiu A
tkfrokn] lkearokn] iWWwathokn] lkezkT;okn] foLrkjokn] mifuos’kokn blh dehusiu
ds Qwy vkSj Qy gS vkSj esjs ys[ku ds ;s gh fu’kkus jgsaxs A**22 mudk ekuuk
gS fd LokfHkeku bUlku dks la?k”kZ dh [Link] iznku djrk gS A LokfHkeku latho
ds O;fDrRo dh [kkl vkSj fo’ks”k fo’ks”krk gS A
1-9-3- laosnu’khyrk %
dFkkdkj latho cgqr laosnu’khy O;fDr gSa A latho ds O;fDrRo ds vusd
igyqvksa esa laosnu’khyrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A muds laosnu’khy O;fDrRo dk ifjp;
mudh vusd d`fr;ksa ls gksrk gS A vius dFkk lkfgR; esa nfyr] vkfnoklh]
efgyk] fdlku] etnwj vkfn misf{kr oxksZa ds izfr isze vkSj d:.kk dh vkLFkk
fpf=r dh gS A lkFk gh bu misf{kr oxksZa ij vU;k;&vR;kpkj djus okys mPp
oxZ ds izfr ?k`.kk ,oa }s”k O;Dr fd;k gS A
vius ikfjokfjd] fe= ifjokjokyksa ds nq[k&lq[kksa esa latho ges’kk lfdz;
jgrs Fks A latho dk uDlyh fe= ^lwjt* Fkk A mls tsy esa ;kruk nsdj ekj
fn;k x;k Fkk A latho us bl ?kVuk ls vkgr gksdj vius fe= ij ^vijk/k*
uked dgkuh fy[kh gS A xksSre lkU;ky latho ds ns’kHkDr fe= ds izfr d:.kk

15
vkSj nq%[k dks O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gaS &^^eaSus latho dks mu ns’kHkDrksa ds fy,
QwV&QwVdj jksrs gq, ns[kk gS A**23 blls Li”V gksrk gS fd lpeqp latho cgqr gh
laosnu’khy O;fDr gS A bUgsa fdlh ij vU;k;] vR;kpkj gksrk gqvk ns[kk ugha
tkrk A
1-9-4- ftKklq ,oa ‘kks/k izo`fÙk %
dFkkdkj latho ftKklq izo`fÙk ds O;fDr gS A os foKku ‘kk[kk ds Nk= gksus
ds dkj.k muds O;fDrRo esa ftKklq ,oa ‘kks/k izo`fÙk gksuk LokHkkfod gS A ;g
ftKklq izo`fÙk buesa cpiu ls iuirh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A latho cpiu esa gh
fl;kjksa] uhyxk;s] yksefM+;ksa] fxygfj;ksa vkfn dks ftKklq utjksa ls ns[krs&ij[krs
FksA
latho ds ftKklk izo`fr us gh mUgsa ;FkkFkZoknh cuk;k gS A ;gh ;FkkFkZokn
muds lkfgR; esa dsanz cudj mHkjdj vk;k gS A ^ldZl*] ^lko/kku ! uhps vkx
gSa*] ^/kkj*] ^QkWal* tSls miU;kl mudh ;FkkFkZoknh ;k ftKklq izo`fr ds mnkgj.k
gSA bl izdkj latho ds ftKklk ,oa ‘kks/k izo`fr muds O;fDrRo dh [kkl
fo’ks”krk,Wa jgh gS A
1-9-5- fuM+j O;fDrRo %
dFkkdkj latho ds fuM+j O;fDrRo dk ifjp; mudh jpukvksa ls feyrk gSA
mudh cgqpfpZr ^vijk/k* dgkuh esa iwjh O;oLFkk dks os dB?kjs esa j[krs gSa vkSj
iz’kklu] iqfyl] U;k;ikfydk] lc ij iz’u fpUg yxkrs gaS A latho dh bl
^vijk/k* dgkuh ds ckjs esa jfoHkw”k.k dk dFku gS&^^Lora= Hkkjr esa fganh dh ;g
igyh dgkuh Fkh] ftlus Li”V vkSj nks Vqd Lojkas esa okLrfod vijk/kh dks lkeus
j[kk gS a**24 blls Li”V gksrk gS fd] latho ds fuM+jrk dk ifjp; ;gkWa feyrk
16
gSA latho dk ^taxy tgkWa ‘kq: gksrk gS* miU;kl fy[kus ds fy, lkexzh tqVkuk
,d izdkj dh fuM+jrk dh dlkSVh esa gh vkrk gS A vr% latho ds O;fDrRo esa
fuM+jrk fo’ks”krk Li”V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A
1-9-6- dBksj ifjJeh %
latho ges’kk viuh jpukvksa dk fuekZ.k viuh vkWa[kkas ns[kh ij fo’okl
j[kdj djrs gS A blhfy, latho viuh jpukvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lHkh izdkj
dh lkexzh bdB~Bk djus ds fy, vyx&vyx LFkku ij tkrs gaS A ogkWa gj pht
dks ns[krs&ij[krs gSa A blls mudh jpukvksa esa lthork vkrh gS A blds fy, os
Je djus esa fo’okl j[krs gSa A
latho us vc rd viuh jpukvksa dh tkudkjh ikus ds fy, vusd nqxZe
izns’kksa dh ;k=k,Wa Hkh dh gS A bl lac/k esa latho fy[krs gaS fd] ^^eSa
igkM+&igkM] taxy&taxy] leqnz] ns’k&ns’kkarj] xkao] uxj] egkuxj fdrus uke
yWaw tgkWa&tgkWa dh eSus ;k=k,Wa dh gS A**25 blh izdkj latho us Lo;a tks ns[kk]
vuqHko fd;k mls viuh jpuk dk fo”k; cuk;k gS A mUgksaus ^taxy tgkWa ‘kq:
gksrk gS* vkSj ^/kkj* vkfn miU;klksa ds fy, taxy esa tkdj ogkWa ds ifjos’k]
vkfnokfl;ksa dk thou] jhfr&fjokt] R;kSgkj vkfn dh tkudkjh ikbZ gS A mUgksaus
^taxy tgkaW ‘kq: gksrk gS* ds fy, 13 o”kZ vFkd ifjJe fd;k A blfy, izLrqr
miU;kl vkfnoklh thou dk nLrkost cu x;k gS A gky gh esa ^QWakl* uked
miU;kl egkjk”Vª ds fonHkZ foHkkx ds fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k tSlh ToyUr
leL;k ij fy[kk gS A fdlkukas] vkRegR;kxzLr ifjokjksa ds dbZ lk{kkRdkj fy, A
fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr vkSj vkRegR;k fdlkuksa dh iw[+rk vkdM+ksa ds M+sVk ds fy, dbZ
ifjJe latho dks [Link] iM+s A rc tk ds miU;kl lQy gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A

17
1-9-7- jgu&lgu %
gj O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dh >yd vf/kdka’kr% mlds jgu&lgu ls feyrh
gS A latho ,d izfrHkklaiUu vkSj cgqpfpZr O;fDr gksdj Hkh mudk jgu&lgu
fcydqy lkh/kk&lk/kk gS A os os’kHkw”kk esa lh/ks&lkns diM+s ilan djrs gaS A os lnhZ
ds ekSle esa lnhZ ls cpus ds fy, fdV igudj xys esa ,d e°yj M+kyrs gaS A
buds jgu&lgu laca/kh latho fy[krs gaS fd] ^^blus viuk Xyst [kks pqdk
dkesZy jax dk ,d dksV iguk gqvk gS] xys esa uhyk e°yj dl dj yisV fy;k
gS] myV dj ds’k >kM+us ls psgjk dqN vf/kd gh yacksrjk] mBh gqbZ ukd exj
uhps ls pkSM+h] f[ktkch cky dh lQsn [kwWafV;kWa tSls MaBy ;qDr I;kt A**26 bl
izdkj fganh lkfgR; ds pfpZr dFkkdkj latho vius jgu&lgu esa cgqr gh
lh/kkiu ilan djrs gaS A
1-9-8- L=h ds izfr lEeku %
izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr esa L=h iwtuh; oanuh; gS A ysfdu iq:”kksa ds
izfr L=h ‘kksf”kr vkSj misf{kr gS A Lora=rk ds ckn L=h lafo/kkfud vf/kdkjksa ds
dkj.k iq:”kksa ds cjkcj vf/kdkj ds fy, vkokt++ mBkrh jgh gS A latho Hkh blh
lerkoknh vkokt dh iqf”V djrs gq, L=h vf/kdkjksa dks vius lkfgR; ds ek/;e
ls fpf=r djrs gaS A L=h dk fp=.k latho ,d eknh ds leku u djrs gq, ,d
bUlku ds :i esa djrs gSa A L=h ds fofo/k :iksa esa ekWa] iRuh] cgu] nksLr vkfn
dk fp=.k lEeku ls djrs gSa A MkW- fxfjtk dqekjh vkj- dgrh gaS fd] ^^latho
L=h dk fp=.k ;kSu ‘kks”k.k ds :Ik eas ugha djuk pkgrs gSa A mUgksaus viuh
dFkkvksa esa L=h dks mPp LFkku fn;k gS A vktdy L=h dh ekU;rk feV~Vh ls Hkh
uhps gks x;h gS A L=h [kqys jkLrs ij] clxkM+h esa] jsy&xkMh esa vdsyh ;k vius

18
nksLr ds lkFk Hkh py ugha ldrh A vkt lc dgh cykRdkj dk f’kdkj cu
tkrh gSA csVk ekWa dks] cgu dks] firk] csVh dks bl izdkj py jgs gaS A vk/kqfud
fodkl esa foKku c<+us ls oSKkfud midj.k Hkh tYnh ,d rjax cu x;s gSa A ;s
lc gksus ij Hkh L=h dk dksbZ j{kk ekxZ ugha A og ftl izdkj ls lcyk cuuk
pkgrh gS] mlh izdkj ls mls vcyk cuk;k tk jgk gS A iq:”k oxZ ,slk D;ksa gks
x;s gS\ latho tSls egku lkfgR;dkj L=h dks [Link]; LFkku nsdj dFkkvksa
}kjk nwljksa dks fn[kkuk pkgrs gaS A**27 bl izdkj latho L=h dks miU;klksa]
dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh lkekU; LFkku nsrs gaS] tks orZeku dky dh ekax vkSj t:jr gSA
1-9-9- misf{kr lekt ds izfr n`f”Vdks.k %
latho cpiu ls gh mPp oxZ }kjk nfyr] vkfnoklh] L=h] fdlku] vkSj
etnwjksa ij vU;k;&vR;kpkj ns[krs vk;s gaS A bl vU;k; vkSj ‘kks”k.k dks misf{kr
lekt fdl izdkj lgrk gS] ;g dkQh utnhd ls ns[kk vkSj ij[kk gSA [Link]
Lo:i mUgksaus vius dFkk lkfgR; esa nfyr] vkfnoklh] ihfM+r ukfj;ksa] fdlku]
etnwjksa tSls ‘kksf”kr ,oa misf{kr lekt dh osnukvksa dks laosnuk ds :i esa fpf=r
fd;k gS A mUgsa vU;k;&vR;kpkj ds f[+kykQ fonzksg djus vkSj [kM+s jgus dh
[Link] latho us nh gS A
lkfgR; vkSj lekt esa vVwV laca/k gS A lekt esa tks Hkh ifjorZu gksrs gSa
lkfgR; esa mudh vfHkO;fDr vo’; gksrh gS A blh n`f”Vdks.k dks ekurs gq,Wa
latho us vius lkfgR; esa misf{kr lekt dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd]
‘kSf{kd] /kkfeZd ,oa lkaLd`frd fLFkfr dks ;FkkFkZ ds lkFk vk, gq, cnyko dks
okLro :i esa fpf=r fd;k gS A loZgkjk oxZ gks ;k nfyr] vkfnoklh gks ;k L=h
lHkh dks lkekftd Lrj ij lekurk dk ntkZ] vf/kdkj feyus dh ekax latho

19
vius lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls djrs gaS A os ,d lkekftd vkanksyu dks gh NsM+us
dh Hkwfedk vius lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls ysrs gq, Li”V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrs gaS A
misf{kr lekt ds izfr mudk n`f”Vdks.k laosnu’khyrk ds lkFk gh vkanksyukRed
gSA
1-9-10- oSpkfjd izfrc/nrk %
ckSf/nd Lrj fdruk mPpdksfV dk gS] blh ij O;fDr dh O;fDrRo dh ek=k
ukih tkrh gS A blh lanHkZ esa ;’kiky th Li”V :i esa dgrs gaS fd] ^^euq”; ds
fopkj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Lora= ugh gksrs gSaA**28 ;kus O;fDr dk thou vkSj
ifjfLFkfr dk oSpkfjd i{k ij izHkko iM+rk gS A latho dk thou vkSj ifjfLFkfr
la?k”kZe; jgh gS A os cpiu ls ftKklq izo`fr ds gksus ds dkj.k oSpkfjdrk dk
i{k muesa iuirk Fkk A Nk= thou esa foKku dh f’k{kk ls rkfdZdrk ,oa ‘kks/k
izo`fr dh Hkwfedk c<+rh xbZ A xksdhZ] lk=] rkyLrk;] dkVdk] ps[ky nksLrksa
oLdh] dkew] Hkxr flax tSls egku pfj= ds v/;;u ls foosdrk dk Lrj mPp
dksfV dk cuk gS A ekDlZokn] uDlyh vkanksyu] Hkxr flag dk Lokra™; vkanksyu
ls latho ges’kk iszfjr jgs gSa A bu dzkafrdkjh vkosx us mudh oSpkfjd n`f”V dks
x<+us esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS A
latho fo”kerkoknh O;oLFkk dks cnyus dk liuk ns[krs gaS A os viuk
vkn’kZ egku ns’kHkDr vkSj dzakfrdkjh Hkxrflag dks ekurs gaS A vius f’k{kk dky
esa Hkxrflag dh vksj vkdf”kZr gksuk LokHkkfod gS A latho th fy[krs gaS&^^ftl
O;fDr dh lcls T;knk dnz djrk gwWa os gS Hkxrflag A ftl pht ls lcls T;knk
uQjr gS og gS vkneh dk dehukiu A tkfrokn] lkearokn] iwWathokn]

20
lkezkT;okn] foLrkjokn&mifuos’kokn blh dehusiu ds Qwy vkSj Qy gSa vkSj esjs
ys[ku ds ;s fu’kkus gS A**29
bl izdkj latho dh oSpkfjd izfrc/nrk i{k dh ÅWapkbZ Li”V gksrh gS] tks
,d jpukdkj esa gksrh gS A
fu”d”kZ ds :i esa dgs rks] latho ds O;fDrRo ds vusd igyqvksa ls Li”V
gksrk gS fd os ,d Js”B jpukdkj gS A ,d Js”B jpukdkj esa lkekftd n`f”Vdks.k]
laosnu’khy] ftKklq izo`fr] oSpkfjdrk] LokfHkeku vkSj dBksj ifjJe tSls [Link] dk
gksuk t:jh gksrk gS A rHkh og viuh d`fr dks U;k; ns ldrk gS A laatho esa
bu [Link] dk lap; gksuk mUgsa ,d l’kDr ,oa laosnu’khy jpukdkj cuus esa vkt
rd dksbZ jksd ugh ldk A lekt dks cgqr utnhd ls ns[kdj] le>dj] os
ij[krs gaS A ns’k esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa vkSj nq?kZVukvksa ij mudh utj jgrh gS A
ogh utj lkfgR; esa ;FkkFkZ cudj vkrh gS A ;gh ckr latho th dks vU;
lkfgR;dkjksa ls vyx djrh gS A
1-10- lkfgR; ys[ku dh [Link] %
dFkkdkj latho dks lkfgR; ys[ku ds izfr tks ekgkSy Fkk og ifjokj esa
gYdk&gYdk Fkk vkSj ifjos’k esa dqN T;knk A fQj Hkh ekrk&firk vkSj cM+s HkkbZ
lkfgR; ys[ku ds izkjafHkd [Link] L=ksr jgs A HkkbZ ,d dFkkdkj gksus ds dkj.k
lkfgR; esa :fp j[krs Fks A HkkbZ ^ljLorh*] ^dSfj;j ,.M dkslsZl* if=dk,Wa ?kj esa
ykrs Fks A ;s lc i<+us dk lqvolj latho dks cpiu ls gh feyk A latho MkW-
fxjh’k dkf’kn dks vius lk{kkRdkj esa dgrs gaS fd] ^^fganh lkfgR; lsok lfefr
ds uke ls ,d laLFkk pyrh Fkh A vUrk{kjh gksrh Fkh] ftl esa lkfgR; dh

21
dfork,Wa pyrh Fkh A blds ckn vPNk lkfgR; fy[kus ds fy,] vPNh Hkk”kk
fy[kus dks izksRlkgu nsusokys cgqr vPNs f’k{kd esjs ikl Fks A**30
latho izsepan] lqn’kZu tSls ys[kdksa dks i<+dj ys[ku dh vksj c<+s A os
viuk lkfgfR;d xq: ujsanzukFk vks>k dks ekurs gaS A31 ftudh [Link] ls mUgksaus
lkfgR; ys[ku vkjaHk fd;k A [Link] Lo:i i<+kbZ ds lkFk gh Hkk”kk ds izfr
eksg ds dkj.k igyh dgkuh ^iYyos* gLr fyf[kr if=dk esa vk;h A blds ckn
^/keZ;qx*] ^fganwLrku*] ^fnueku* vkfn if=dkvksa esa latho dh dfork,Wa] dgkuh;kWa
vkus yxhA dgkuh ds ckn miU;kl vkus yxs vkSj latho dks fganh lkfgR; laLkkj
esa ,d l’kDr dFkkdkj ds :i esa igpku feyh A orZeku esa ukxktZqu]
deys’oj vkSj jktsanz ;kno vkfn lkfgR;dkj muds ys[ku dks maPp dksfV dk
ekurs gaSA
latho ds thou ifjp; dk bfrgkl thou la?k”kZ ls [Link] L=ksr dh vksj
tkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A vkfFkZd] lkekftd] ‘kSf{kd fLFkfr;ksa ls la?k”kZ djds
,d l’kDr ,oa laosnu’khy dFkkdkj ds :i esa mHkjdj vkuk fdlh [Link] L=ksr
ls de ugha gS A LokfHkeku] fuM+jrk] laosnu’khyrk] dBksj ifjJeh] oSpkfjd
izfrc/nrk] tSls [Link] ls vkSj nfyr] vkfnoklh] L=h] fdlku] etnwj vkfn
misf{kr lekt ds izfr laosnu’khyrk dh izfrc/nrk ls latho dk O;fDrRo vkSj
Hkh ÅWapkbZ dks Nwrk gS A ;kus lkekftd fparu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, latho
vius lkfgfR;d fparu ds Lrj dks mij mBkus esa lQy gq,a gSA
2½ latho dk d`frRo %
latho ledkyhu fganh lkfgR; ds l’kDr ,oa izHkko’kkyh dFkkdkj gS A
muds lkfgfR;d fo”k; ;FkkFkZ thou ls tw>us okys gS] vuqHkoksa ls [Link] gS]
22
blfy, os thou dh fudVrk dh vuqHkwfr iznku djrs gSa A latho tuoknh /kkjk
ds izeq[k dFkkdkj gS A mUgksaus fganh lkfgR; esa vusd dgkuh laxzg vkSj miU;kl
fy[kdj viuk lkfgR; c<+k;k gS A cpiu ls gh i<+kbZ dh vknr gksus ds dkj.k
cgqr tYnh gh latho dFkkdkj cu lds A os xr rhl lkyksa ls lkfgR; dk
fuekZ.k djrs vk;s gSa A mu lkfgR; dk ifjp; fuEefyf[kr eqn~nksa ds ek/;e ls
ns[kk tk ldrk gS A
2-1½ dgkuh laxzg %
1- latho dh dFkk&;k=k % igyk iM+ko] lu~ 2008 bZ- esa [Link] izdk’ku] u;h
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
2- latho dh dFkk&;k=k % nwljk iM+ko] lu~ 2008 bZ- esa [Link] izdk’ku] u;h
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
3- latho dh dFkk&;k=k % rhljk iM+ko] lu 2008 bZ- esa [Link] izdk’ku] u;h
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
4- rhllky dk lQjukek] izFke laLdj.k lu 1981 bZ- esa v{kj izdk’ku]
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
5- Hkwfedk vkSj vU; dgkfu;kWa] izFke laLdj.k lu 1987 bZ- esa ijkx izdk’ku]
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
6- vki ;gkWa gS] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1984 bZ- esa v{kj izdk’ku] fnYyh ls
izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
7- iszr eqfDr] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1991 bZ- esa fn’kk izdk’ku] fnYyh ls
izdkf’kr gqvk gS A

23
8- nqfu;k dh lcls glhu vkSjr] izFke laLdj.k lu 1990 bZ- esa ;k=h
izdk’ku] fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
9- [Link] L=ksr vkSj vU; dgkfu;kWa] izFke laLdj.k lu 1999 bZ- fdrkc?kj]
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
10- CySd gksy] izFke laLdj.k lu 1997 bZ- esa fn’kk izdk’ku] fnYyh ls
izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
11- Mk;u vkSj vU; dgkfu;kWa] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1999 bZ- esa uS’kuy
fyVjsjh fe’ku ls izdkf’kr gqvk A
12- [kkst] izFke laLdj.k] lu 2000 bZ- esa fn’kk izdk’ku ls izdkf’kr gqvk gSA
13- xfr dk igyk fl/nkar] izFke laLdj.k] lu 2004 bZ- esa es?kk cqDl ls
izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
14- xqQk dk vkneh] izFke laLdj.k] lu 2006 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; KkuihB] fnYyh
ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
2-2½ miU;kl %
1- fdlux<+ ds vgsjh] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1981 bZ- esa ehuk{kh iqLrd eafnj]
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
2- ldZl] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1984 bZ- esa v{kj izdk’ku fnYyh ls izdkf’kr
gqvk gS A
3- lko/kku ! uhps vkx gS] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1986 bZ- ls jk/kkd`”.k izdk’ku]
fnYyh ls izdkf’kr gqvk gS A

24
4- /kkj] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1990 bZ- esa jk/kkd`”.k izdk’ku] fnYyh ls izdkf’kr
gqvk gS A
5- ikWao rys dh nwc] izFke laLdj.k] lu~ 1995 bZ- esa izoh.k izdk’ku] fnYyh ls
gqvk gSA
6- taxy tgkWa ‘kq: gksrk gS] izFke laLdj.k] lu 2000 bZ- esa jk/kkd`”.k
izdk’ku] fnYyh ls gqvk gS A
7- lw=/kkj] izFke laLdj.k lu 2003 bZ- esa jk/kkd`”.k izdk’ku] fnYyh ls gqvk
gS A
8- vkdk’k paik] izFke laLdj.k] lu 2009 bZ- esa jk/kkd`”.k izdk’ku] fnYyh ls
gqvk gS A
9- jg x;h fn’kk,Wa blh ikj] izFke laLdj.k] lu 2012 bZ- esa jktdey
izdk’ku }kjk izdkf’kr gqvk gS A
10- QkWal] izFke LkaLdj.k] lu 2015 bZ- esa [Link] izdk’ku }kjk izdkf’kr gqqvk
gS A
2-2-1- cky miU;kl %
1- jkuh dh lk;] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1984 bZ- esa v{kj izdk’ku] fnYyh ls
gqvk gS A
2- Mk;u] izFke laLdj.k] lu 1999 bZ- esa uS’kuy fyVjsjh fe’ku] fnYyh ls
izdkf’kr gqvk gS A

25
2-3½ ukVd %
1- vkWijs’ku tksukdh la- dejesokMh ds l`at; lacks/ku if=dk esa izdkf’kr gS A
2-4½ ;k=k lkfgR; %
1- lkr leanj ikj
2-5½ lkfgR; ij fQYe %
1- lko/kku ! uhps vkx gS] miU;kl ij ^dkyk ghjk* uked VsfyfQYe cukbZ xbZ
gS A
2- izdk’k >k izksMD’ku }kjk ^fgejs[kk* dgkuh ij fQYe fuekZ.k gks jgh gS A
bl izdkj latho dh lkfgfR;d yach lwph feyrh gS] tks latho dks fganh
lkfgR; lalkj dk dFkkdkj ds :i esa igpku nsrh gS A izLrqr vuqla/kku ds
r`rh; v/;k; esa foLrkj ls muds lkfgR; dh foospu dh tk;xh A v/;k; dh
n`f”V ls izLrqr v/;k; esa dsoy ifjp; fn;k tk jgk gS A
2-6½ iqjLdkj ,oa lEeku %
Lkatho ds lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku ds dkj.k mUgsa dbZ iqjLdkj ,oa lEEkku feys
gS] tks bl izdkj gS &
1- latho dh cgqpfpZr dgkuh ^vijk/k* ds fy, mUgsa lu~ 1980 bZ- esa lkfjdk
loZHkk”kk dgkuh izfr;ksfxrk esa ^VkbZEl vkWQ bafM+;k* dk izFke iqjLdkj nsdj
lEekfur fd;k x;k gS A
2- lu~ 1997 bZ- esa dFkkys[ku ds fy, y[kuÅ }kjk ^dFkkdze lEeku* nsdj
lEekfur fd;k x;k gS A

26
3- if’pe caxky dh vksj ls lu~ 1998 bZ- esa yksdlEeku lekjksg esa fn;k
x;k A
4- latho dk cgqpfpZr miU;kl ^taxy tgkWa ls ‘kq: gksrk gS* ds fy, mUgsa lu~
2001 esa ^banq ‘kekZ varjkZ”Vªh; dFkk lEeku* yanu iqjLdkj nsdj lEekfur fd;k
x;k gSa A
5- lu~ 2005 bZ- esa dFkk&lkfgR; ds fy, tcyiqj esa ^igy lEeku* nsdj
lEekfur fd;k x;k gS A
6- lu~ 2008 bZ- esa lq/kk ^dFkk lEeku* nsdj lEekfur fd;k x;k gS A
izLrqr iqjLdkj ,oa lEeku dh yach lwph ds ckotwn latho ds dFkk
lkfgR; dks feyus okyk ikBd oxZ fnu ij fnu c<+ jgk gS A ;g Hkh dksbZ
lEeku ls de ugha gS A vkt latho ds dFkk lkfgR; ij Hkkjr ds
fo’ofo|ky;ksa esa gj txg ‘kks/k&dk;Z gks jgk gSa A mudk lkfgR;
ikBd&vkykspd&’kks/kkFkhZ dks vkdf”kZr djrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A D;ksafd latho
us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa u;s vkSj vuNq, fo”k;ksa dks izLrqr fd;k gS A lu~
1998 bZ- esa jkuhxat esa ^latho yksd&lEeku* esa jktasnz ;kno us latho ds
lkfgR; esa fofo/krk dks ns[kdj dgk Fkk fd& ^^fganh dFkk&lkfgR; esa izsepan]
;’kiky ds ckn latho gh rhljs ys[kd gSa] ftudk ys[ku lalkj fofo/krkvksa ls
[Link] gS] bruh fofo/krk [Link] esa Hkh ugha gS A**32

27
fu”d”kZ %
ledkyhu fganh dFkk&lkfgR; esa latho dk uke ukekafdr lkfgR;dkjksa dh
lwph esa gS A latho dBhu ifjJe djds vkSj viuh vkfFkZd raxh dk lkeuk
djrs gq, lkfgR;dkj cus gS A
latho ,d lkekU; ifjokj esa tUes cPps Fks A vius xjhch dk mi;ksx
mUgksaus dke;kch ikus ds fy, ugha fd;k gS A ekrk&firk vkSj cM+s HkkbZ ds
lg;ksx ls izkFkfed f’k{kk ls ysdj foKku dh f’k{kk rd dkQh la?k”kZ fd;k gS]
ysfdu gkj ugha ekuh A ikfjokfjd thou esa Hkh mUgsa la?k”kZ gh djuk iM+k gS A
dksbZ Hkh pht+ ;k lq[kn vuqHko lataho ds thou esa lgt ugha vkbZ gSA mlds
fy, ifjJe djus gh iM+s A daiuh esa dke djrs&djrs latho us viuh i<+kbZ
iwjh dh gS vkSj lkFk gh lkfgfR;d :fp dks Hkh laHkkyk gS A bruk la?k”kZ ‘kk;n
fdlh Hkh lkfgR;dkj ds thou esa ugha vk;k gks A
latho ds O;fDrRo ds vusd igyqvksa ls Li”V gksrk gS fd os ,d Js”B
dFkkdkj gS A ,d Js”B dFkkdkj esa lkekftd n`f”Vdks.k vksj lkfgfR;d fparu
gksuk t:jh gksrk gS A lekt esa tks Hkh ifjorZu gksrs gSa lkfgR; esa mudh
vfHkO;fDr vo’; gksrh gS A bl dlkSVh ij latho ,d lkfgR;dkj ds :i esa
[kjs mrjrs gSa A muds O;fDrRo dh fo’ks”krkvksa esa laosnu’khyrk] LokfHkeku]
ftKklq] oSpkfjd izfrc/nrk] dBksj ifjJe] fuM+jrk vkSj L=h] vkfnoklh] nfyr
etnwj ds izfr d:.kk dh n`f”V vkfn [Link] dk lap; gS A blh O;fDrRo ds
vk/kkj ij latho lkekftd fparu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] lkfgfR;d fparu ds
Lrj dks mij mBkus esa lQy gq, gS A orZeku le; esa latho us yxHkx 12

28
miU;kl] 14 dgkuh laxzg ,d ukVd vkSj dbZ ;k=k&lkfgR; fuekZu fd;k gSA
[Link] Lo:i latho dks vusdksa iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur Hkh fd;k gS A
var esa bruk gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd latho ds O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo dk
foe’kZ djus ds ckn ge dg ldrs gSa fd] mUgksaus thou dks ftl :i esa ns[kk]
tkuk vkSj le>k gS ogh lkfgR; essa mHkjdj vk;k gS A vkSj orZeku fganh
lkfgR; dks latho dh igpku gqbZ gS A

29
 lanHkZ lwph
v-dz- jpuk dk uke jpukdkj i`”V dz-
1- dFkkdkj deys’oj & MkW- t;k ts- ih- 24
2- lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vkSj dFkkdkj latho &
MkW- ‘kgktgku [Link] 258
3- latho dh dgkfu;kWa f’kYi ,oa ‘kSfyxr v/;;u &
MkW- Lusgk ikVhy 18
4- ifjf’k”V ,d] lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vkSj dFkkdkj latho &
MkW- ‘kgktgku [Link] 258
5- latho dh dgkfu;kWa & MkW- Lusgk ikVhy 19
6- ifjf’k”V ,d] lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vkSj dFkkdkj latho &
MkW- ‘kgktgku [Link] 259
7- ogh ogh
8- ogh ogh
9- dFkkns’k ¼if=dk½ & twu 1999] la- gfjukjk;.k 07
10- latho O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo &MkW- jkepanz ek:rh yksa<s 15
11- ogh ogh 11
12- ogh ogh 16

30
13- lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vkSj dFkkdkj latho] ifjf’k”V&1
MkW- ‘kgktgku [Link] 260
14- lat; lacks/ku % jtr t;arh vad] 1990
laiknd dejesokMh 102
15- rhl lky dk lQjukek & latho 122
16- lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vkSj dFkkdkj latho &¼ifjf’k”V&c½
MkW- ‘kgktgku [Link] 05
17- lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vkSj dFkkdkj latho & ifjf’k”V&1
MkW- ‘kgktgku [Link] 260
18- lk{kkRdkj &latho dh dgkfu;kWa f’kYi ,oa f’kYixr v/;;u&
MkW- Lusgk ikVhy 111
19- dFkkdkj deys’oj & MkW- t;k ds- ih- 42
20- okxFkZ & ekpZ]1997 la- dkfy;k johanz 107
21- latho dh dgkfu;kWa & MkW- Lusgk ikVhy 23
22- latho &viuh ckr ppkZ & la- ;ksxsnz nos 05
23- lk{kkRdkj& xkSre lU;ky % dFkkns’k] flracj]1997&
laik- gfjukjk;.k 21
24- igy iqfLrdk] Qjojh] 2000 bZ- jfoHkw”k.k la-Kkuajtu 12
25- lk{kkRdkj&latho dh dgkfu;kWa] ‘kSyh ,oa f’kYixr v/;;u&
MkW- Lusgk ikVhy 111

31
26- dFkkdkj latho & laik- dkf’kn fxjh’k 26
27- latho ds miU;klksa esa ifjfLFkfrd vocks/k &
MkW- fxfjtk dqekjh vkj- 22
28- ;’kiky dh [Link] dgkfu;kWa &[kaM Hkkx&2 &;’kiky 216
29- viuh ckr &ldZl latho 05
30- MkW- latho ds miU;klksa esa ifjfLFkfrd cks/k &
MkW- fxjhtk dqekjh vkj- 23&24
31- ‘kks/k izca/k &¼MkW- ck-vk-fo- vkSjaxkckn½ latho ds dFkk&lkfgR;
esa loZgkjkoxZ dk fp=.k &
izk- larks”k jk;cksys 158
32- dFkkdkj latho & fo’oT;ksrh 35

32