Cours
Article
1. L'article Zéro (Ø) : La généralité
C'est souvent le piège principal pour les francophones. On l'utilise quand on parle
de quelque chose en général.
Pluriels généraux : Quand tu parles de toutes les villes ou de tous les gens du
monde. Exemple : Ø Cities are centres for culture. (Les villes en général).
Concepts abstraits : Sentiments, concepts philosophiques ou techniques.
Exemple : Ø Communication, Ø isolation, Ø crime, Ø human history.
Repas, sports, langues et matières académiques : Exemple : I like Ø English. She
plays Ø football.
2. L'article défini : "The" (Le spécifique)
On utilise The quand on désigne quelque chose de précis, d'unique ou de déjà
mentionné.
Le complément du nom (La règle du "of") : C'est l'astuce la plus utile. Dès qu'il y
a "of" après le nom, on met presque toujours "the". Exemple : The role of future
cities. The growth of cities.
L'unique ou le défini par le contexte : Quand on parle d'une chose précise que
l'on peut pointer du doigt. Exemple : The air we breathe (celui que nous respirons
là, pas l'air en général).
Les superlatifs : Exemple : The greatest market failure.
Expressions de temps ou lieux géographiques précis : Exemple : The past
century, the modern world, the UK.
3. Les articles indéfinis : "A" / "An" (L'unité)
On les utilise pour désigner un seul élément parmi d'autres, non défini.
A : Devant un son consonne. (A city, a healthy life). An : Devant un son voyelle.
(An average European, an opportunity).
Utilisation : Pour introduire une information nouvelle ou une catégorie. Exemple :
Cities need a transport system (un système, n'importe lequel).
Tableau Récapitulatif : Lequel choisir ?
Cas de figure / Article / Exemple
Je parle d'un concept général (pluriel ou abstrait) / Ø (Zéro) / Ø Pollution is bad. Je
parle d'un truc précis ("celui de...", "le plus...") / The / The pollution in Paris. Je
parle d'un objet singulier parmi d'autres / A ou An / I live in a city. Il y a "of" juste
après le nom / The / The history of the world.
Quelques Trucs et Astuces (Tips)
Le test du "En général" : Si tu peux remplacer ton nom par "tous les [nom] du
monde", alors n'utilise pas d'article. Exemple : "Dogs are friendly" (Tous les
chiens du monde) -> Pas d'article.
L'adjectif transformé en nom : Pour parler d'un groupe social à partir d'un
adjectif, on utilise The. Exemple : The old (les vieux), the new (le nouveau/les
nouveautés), the poor (les pauvres).
Les expressions fixes : Certaines ne se discutent pas, il faut les apprendre.
Exemple : At the moment (en ce moment), at school (à l'école).
Préposition
1. Le Trio Essentiel : AT, IN, ON
Ces trois-là sont partout, que ce soit pour le temps ou pour le lieu.
A. Pour le Temps
Imagine une pyramide inversée : du plus précis au plus général.
AT (Précis) : Pour une heure précise ou un moment spécifique.
o Exemple : at 5:00 PM, at noon, at night.
ON (Moyen) : Pour les jours et les dates.
o Exemple : on Monday, on my birthday, on the 14th of July.
IN (Général) : Pour les longues périodes (mois, années, saisons).
o Exemple : in 2026, in summer, in the morning.
B. Pour le Lieu
AT (Un point précis) : Une adresse ou un lieu fonctionnel.
o Exemple : at the bus stop, at the office, at home.
ON (Une surface ou une ligne) :
o Exemple : on the table, on the wall, on Oxford Street.
IN (Un espace fermé ou une zone) :
o Exemple : in the car, in London, in the world.
2. Le Mouvement et la Direction
Quand il y a un déplacement, on utilise des prépositions spécifiques.
TO (Destination) : La plus commune pour indiquer où l'on va.
o Exemple : I'm going to the city.
INTO (Entrer dans) : Le mouvement vers l'intérieur d'un espace.
o Exemple : He walked into the building.
FROM (Provenance) : L'origine du mouvement.
o Exemple : This bus comes from the airport.
THROUGH (À travers) : Traverser un volume ou une foule.
o Exemple : Traffic flows through the tunnel.
3. Les Prépositions de Relation (Logique)
Celles-ci t'aideront beaucoup pour tes exercices sur l'urbanisme et
l'environnement.
FOR (Pour/Pendant) : Indique le but ou une durée chiffrée.
o Exemple : A solution for pollution. I've lived here for 10 years.
BY (Par/Près de) : Indique le moyen de transport ou la proximité.
o Exemple : To travel by train. A house by the river.
WITH (Avec) : Accompagnement ou outil.
o Exemple : A city with many parks.
BETWEEN vs AMONG :
o Between : Entre deux éléments distincts. (Between the two
buildings).
o Among : Au milieu d'un groupe ou d'une foule. (Among the citizens).
connecteurs logiques
Ajouter une idée
and = et
She opened the window and sat down.
also = aussi
He also mentioned the budget issue.
besides = en plus / d’ailleurs
Besides, nobody objected to the proposal.
moreover = de plus
The plan is affordable; moreover, it is easy to implement.
furthermore = en outre
Furthermore, recent studies support this conclusion.
in addition = de plus
In addition, the software includes new security features.
what is more = qui plus est
The hotel was cheap; what is more, it was close to the beach.
not only … but also = non seulement… mais aussi
She is not only talented but also extremely disciplined.
Exprimer une conséquence
so = donc
It was raining, so we stayed inside.
therefore = par conséquent
The evidence was insufficient; therefore, the case was dismissed.
thus = ainsi / donc
The device was damaged, thus making the experiment impossible.
hence = d’où / par conséquent
He missed the deadline, hence the delay in production.
consequently = en conséquence
Sales dropped sharply; consequently, several stores closed.
as a result = par conséquent
The road was blocked; as a result, traffic became chaotic.
thereby = ce faisant / par là même
She simplified the process, thereby reducing costs.
accordingly = en conséquence
The weather warning was severe; accordingly, the event was canceled.
Opposer des idées
but = mais
I wanted to go, but I was too tired.
however = cependant
The task was difficult; however, they succeeded.
nevertheless = néanmoins
The risks were high; nevertheless, he accepted the mission.
nonetheless = toutefois / néanmoins
The data was incomplete; nonetheless, useful conclusions emerged.
although = bien que
Although she was nervous, she gave an excellent speech.
whereas = tandis que / alors que
John prefers tea, whereas Emily likes coffee.
on the other hand = d’un autre côté
The city is exciting; on the other hand, it is very expensive.
even though = même si
Even though it was late, they kept working.
Donner une cause
because = parce que
We left early because the traffic was terrible.
since = puisque
Since you are here, we can begin.
as = comme / puisque
As it was getting dark, we headed home.
due to = en raison de
The flight was canceled due to heavy snow.
owing to = en raison de
Owing to technical issues, the launch was postponed.
thanks to = grâce à
Thanks to her advice, the project succeeded.
for this reason = pour cette raison
He lacked experience; for this reason, he struggled initially.
Donner un exemple
for example = par exemple
Many countries, for example Canada, have strict environmental laws.
for instance = par exemple
Some animals, for instance dolphins, are highly intelligent.
such as = tel que / comme
European cities such as Rome and Prague attract millions of tourists.
namely = à savoir
Only one person knew the truth, namely the director.
in particular = en particulier
Several students, in particular Maria, performed exceptionally well.
Expliquer ou reformuler
in other words = autrement dit
The company is insolvent; in other words, it cannot pay its debts.
that is to say = c’est-à-dire
The meeting is postponed, that is to say delayed until next week.
namely = à savoir
Two people were responsible, namely the managers.
to put it differently = dit autrement
The system is inefficient; to put it differently, it wastes resources.
Comparer
likewise = de même
The north suffered flooding; likewise, the south experienced severe
storms.
similarly = de la même manière
The first experiment failed; similarly, the second produced poor results.
in the same way = de la même façon
Children learn languages quickly; in the same way, adults improve through
practice.
Insister ou renforcer une idée
indeed = en effet
The solution was difficult; indeed, nobody solved it completely.
in fact = en fait
The situation was worse than expected; in fact, the company was
bankrupt.
above all = surtout
Above all, we must remain calm.
certainly = certainement
This method is certainly more efficient.
Organiser un discours
firstly = premièrement
Firstly, we need to identify the problem.
secondly = deuxièmement
Secondly, we should consider the financial impact.
finally = finalement
Finally, the committee approved the proposal.
meanwhile = pendant ce temps
Sarah prepared the report; meanwhile, Tom contacted the clients.
subsequently = par la suite
The contract was signed and subsequently revised.
Conclure
in conclusion = en conclusion
In conclusion, the strategy proved highly effective.
to sum up = pour résumer
To sum up, the project was successful despite the delays.
overall = dans l’ensemble
Overall, customer satisfaction has improved.
ultimately = au final
Ultimately, the decision depends on public opinion.
all things considered = tout bien considéré
All things considered, it was the best option
FORMES VERBALES EN ANGLAIS — Résumé
1. TO + verbe (infinitif)
Pour exprimer un but : He worked hard to succeed.
Après un adjectif : She was happy to help.
Après : agree / decide / hope / manage / plan / promise / refuse / seem / tend
2. Verbe seul (sans TO)
Après les modaux : can, must, should, will, would...
You should call him.
Après make / let / help :
She made me rewrite it. He let me leave. She helped me finish.
3. Verbe + ING (gérondif)
Comme sujet : Working late is tiring.
Après une préposition : after, before, without, by, in...
She left without saying goodbye.
Après : avoid / consider / enjoy / finish / keep / mind / suggest / risk / involve
4. TO = préposition → oblige le ING
be used to + ING → être habitué à : I'm used to working late.
look forward to + ING → avoir hâte de : I look forward to meeting you.
object to + ING → s'opposer à : He objected to paying.
5. Habitudes passées
used to + verbe → habitude terminée : I used to play football.
would + verbe → habitude passée (style soutenu) : He would visit every Sunday.
⚠️would = habitudes seulement, pas états : on dit He used to live in Paris, pas
would live.
6. Present Perfect
have/has + participe passé → expérience, résultat, lien avec le présent
She has finished the report. Have you ever worked abroad?
Mots clés : already / yet / ever / never / just / recently
7. Present Perfect Continuous
have/has been + ING → action qui dure depuis le passé jusqu'à maintenant
I have been working here for 5 years.
Résultat → Present Perfect / Durée → Present Perfect Continuous
8. Futurs
will → décision spontanée : I'll call you later.
going to → plan ou prédiction visible : We're going to launch a new product.
will be + ING → action en cours dans le futur : I'll be flying to Tokyo.
will have + pp → action terminée avant un moment futur : She will have finished
by Friday.
9. Conditionnels
0 — vérité générale : If you heat water, it boils.
1 — possibilité réelle : If it rains, we'll stay.
2 — hypothèse imaginaire : If I were rich, I would travel.
3 — regret passé : If they had listened, they would have succeeded.
10. Voix passive
be + participe passé : The report was written. English is spoken worldwide.
11. Modaux passés
should have + pp → reproche : You should have told me.
could have + pp → possibilité manquée : They could have won.
must have + pp → déduction : She must have forgotten.
might have + pp → possibilité incertaine : He might have missed the train.
12. Had better / Would rather
had better + verbe → conseil fort : You'd better leave now.
would rather + verbe → préférence : I'd rather stay home.
Voici le cours complet, prêt à copier dans Word :
QUESTION FORMS EN ANGLAIS — Cours complet
1. La structure de base d'une question
En anglais, pour poser une question, on inverse le sujet et l'auxiliaire.
Affirmation : She is working.
Question : Is she working?
Affirmation : They have finished.
Question : Have they finished?
La règle : Auxiliaire + Sujet + Verbe ?
2. Quand il n'y a pas d'auxiliaire → DO / DOES / DID
C'est le piège principal pour les francophones.
Si la phrase n'a pas d'auxiliaire, on ajoute do, does ou did.
Do → présent avec I / you / we / they
Does → présent avec he / she / it
Did → passé (tous les sujets)
Exemples :
You work here. → Do you work here?
She likes coffee. → Does she like coffee?
They went out. → Did they go out?
⚠️Quand on utilise did, le verbe principal reste à la base (sans -ed) :
Did they went? ❌
Did they go? ✅
3. Les mots interrogatifs (Wh- words)
Ce sont les mots qui commencent la question pour demander une information
précise.
What → quoi / que / quel
What do you do? What is this?
Who → qui (personne)
Who called you?
Which → lequel / laquelle (choix limité)
Which colour do you prefer, red or blue?
Where → où
Where do you live?
When → quand
When did she arrive?
Why → pourquoi
Why are you late?
How → comment
How do you say this in English?
Whose → à qui (possession)
Whose bag is this?
4. Les formes avec HOW (très importantes)
How seul ne suffit pas toujours. On le combine avec d'autres mots.
How long → combien de temps / quelle longueur
How long have you been waiting?
How far → à quelle distance
How far is the station?
How often → à quelle fréquence
How often do you exercise?
How much → combien (non-comptable / argent)
How much does it cost? How much water do you drink?
How many → combien (comptable)
How many people came? How many hours did you work?
How old → quel âge
How old are you?
How tall → quelle taille (personne)
How tall is he?
How big → quelle taille (objet / lieu)
How big is the apartment?
How fast → à quelle vitesse
How fast were you driving?
How soon → dans combien de temps
How soon can you finish?
How come → comment ça se fait (informel)
How come you didn't tell me?
5. Subject questions vs Object questions
C'est un point très important et souvent mal compris.
Object question → on pose la question sur l'objet → structure normale avec
DO/DID
She called John. → Who did she call?
Subject question → on pose la question sur le sujet → PAS de do/does/did,
structure directe
John called her. → Who called her?
Exemples comparés :
Who did you see? → tu es le sujet, on demande l'objet (qui tu as vu)
Who saw you? → on demande qui a fait l'action (le sujet)
What happened? → subject question, pas de did
What did you do? → object question, avec did
6. Yes/No questions vs Wh- questions
Yes/No question → on peut répondre oui ou non
Are you ready? Do you speak English? Have you eaten?
Wh- question → on demande une information précise
Where are you going? What did you eat? Who are you with?
7. Question tags
On les ajoute à la fin d'une phrase pour chercher une confirmation.
Règle : phrase positive → tag négatif / phrase négative → tag positif
It's cold, isn't it?
She doesn't know, does she?
They have left, haven't they?
You didn't call, did you?
He can swim, can't he?
⚠️Cas particulier : I am → aren't I ?
I'm late, aren't I?
8. Indirect questions (questions polies)
Quand on veut être poli, on intègre la question dans une phrase plus longue.
La structure change : on n'inverse plus le sujet et l'auxiliaire.
Direct : Where does she work?
Indirect : Could you tell me where she works?
Direct : What time is it?
Indirect : Do you know what time it is?
Expressions pour commencer une indirect question :
Could you tell me...
Do you know...
I was wondering...
Would you mind telling me...
I'd like to know...
⚠️Avec une Yes/No question, on ajoute if ou whether :
Direct : Is he coming?
Indirect : Do you know if he is coming?
9. Résumé visuel — Quelle structure choisir ?
Tu as un auxiliaire (is/are/was/have/will...) → inverse directement
Is she ready? Have they arrived?
Tu n'as pas d'auxiliaire → ajoute do/does/did
Do you like it? Did they come?
Tu poses la question sur le sujet → pas de do/does/did
Who told you that? What happened?
Tu veux être poli → indirect question, pas d'inversion
Could you tell me where he is?