‘Maximum amount of hydrogen can be obtained through this method at low cost HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 1. Thermo chemical production + Steam reforming Step 1: natal gus eae from spr compound. Mise wth stem and sent over a eee CHaHkO sabe) Re) CO ‘Step 2: wate go shit econ exoterm) (CosH20-"CO24 2 heat ticieny of ths metbal b AO%ke ooly method where maximum ydogen can be Veettom ind ndsstyeeunia + Partial Oxidation! Ceramic Membrane Reactor In he presences of sll umount of oxygen proes scared out. Here pia oxidation of methane is cated oto prods hyogen arial exition = * = Blomass Gasification and Pyobss The asia refine, wae, plant refine ca BE wd produce hydrogen tough sieaion and pros process Te boo bane ba carbo rts a iin scan turer rocte to produce hogs, 2, Electrolytic Production ‘+ Ibis a process of separating hydrogen and oxygen from water by passing electri current. If electrolyte is aaded It increases the conductivity and efficiency of process, When electricity is passes hydrogen attracted by ‘cathode and oxygen attracted by anode. Cathe 41-0" de 1: +4 OF Iv Proton exchange membrane Cathe 48° 462s Anode 2H.0_03 4e Water electrolsis-production of hyérogen using water. It's 3 convention ‘method. In this method high purity of hydrogen is obtained and can be teed for automotive purpoee ‘Steam electrolysis at high temperature say 2500 water s made to spit into oxygen and hydrogen but care tobe taken that at hightemperature ft should not recombine Photo electrolysis process by which current from a PY cel s aplied to break hydrogen and oxygen. Is practical efficiency 12.5% ‘Thermo chemical water splitting: bromine or iodine on heat spits up 2 water molecule, The typical temperature where maximum efficiency can be obtained is 00a, And efficiency ofthis proces i of around 40-50 By product of sodium or potassium chloride electrolysis (NaCl or KCl-n this method sodlum chive or potassium chloride will produce caustic soda oF potash NaclsHQOsBlesticty = U2 Hee NAOH + Kels#20/Eleticty-12 Ho» KOH + 44Ci + Reversible fuel cells: PEN uel cll in reverses used a electrolyze 3. Photolytc production: solar energy i used to produce hydrogen either by photo electrochemical or biological and photo biological ‘+ Photoclectrochemical process: soluble mital is dissolved init and this absorbs solar energy and produce electricity, semiconductor membrane isused as an absorber and as an electrolyte to produce hydrogen “Biological and Photo biological process tsa process where dvect solar ‘energy 1s Used to produce biogas algae and bacteria can be Used to Droduce hydrogen by bioloncal process of sythessEred5.1 BENEFITS OF HYDROGEN ENERGY The three basic benefits of hydrogen energy are as follows: 1, Use of hydrogen greatly reduces pollution: When hydrogen is combined with oxygen in a fuel cell, energy in the form of electricity is produced. This elect be used to power 158 | chapters vehicles, as a heat source, and for many other uses. The advantage of using hydrogen as an energy carrier is that when it combines with oxygen, the only by-products are water and heat, No greenhouse gasses or other particulates are produced by the use of hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen can be produced locally from numerous sources: Hydrogen can be produced either centrally, and then distributed, or onsite where it will be used. Hydrogen gas can be produced from methane, gasoline, biomass, coal, or water. Each of these sources brings with it differ- ent amounts of pollution, technical challenges, and energy requirements. 3. A sustainable production system if hydrogen is produced from electrolysis of water: Electrolysis is the method of separating water into hydrogen and oxygen. Renewable energy can be used to power electrolysers to produce hydrogen from water. Using renewable energy provides a sustainable system that is independent of petroleum products and is non-pollut- ing. Some of the renewable sources used to power electrolyses are wind, hydro, solar, and tidal energy. After the hydrogen is produced in an electrolyser, it can be used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, The by-products of the fuel cell process are water and heat. If fuel cells operate at high temperatures, the system can be set up as a co-generator, with the waste energy used for heating.eet ee cd This creates a copy tha Cee aod Deer uae ‘The main benefits of hydrogen energy are Palco a) SEE Cane Se ees eee eer teen en Seater ent * It does not produce greenhouse gases or harmful cod 2. Can Be Produced from Many Sources Seen ace ued Dee Tet * It-can be produced locally and used where needed. Soe a ees 3. Sustainable and Renewable * Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis of water Pee oe eed Peng ey ST Snr See er ce Ceca ets Dee arog SS converting fuel into electricity. Se Uy * Used in vehicles, electricity generation, heating Da Oreo * Hydrogen can store excess renewable energy for createdADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF HYDROGEN ENERGY Advantage: © Uncoupling of primary energy source and utilization * Hydrogen is a gas hence can be stored easily compared to electricity * Hydrogen can be obtained from any primary source * Efficient when used as fuel cells * Very good safety records for specific application Disadvantage: * Very less efficiency * Low energy density * Need for high pressure and low temperature storage « Safety problems © High cost PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH HYDROGEN ENERGY Hydrogen Storage- it is a major issue. Because container used must withstand high pressure when hydrogen is stored. High Reactivity of Hydrogen- it is extremely reactive it is combustible and flammable. The filled container may explode. Cost and methods of hydrogen fuel production- the cost of production is very high and newer and cleaner technology need to be found. Consumer Demand-gas filling station to be changed to hydrogen filling, it should be free available to consumers and meet their demand. Cost of Changing Infrastructure- to accommodate hydrogen equipment and appliances.erorti’ 7 Se CT Cr ea ee eer es reducing pollution Can be produced from many sources ~ Obtain eee Cee ee ee nd cs Sen eee Se Renewable and sustainable - Can be produced Cee ene ood safety record ~ Safe in many specific Seed DU ecu Low efficiency in some production methods. Low energy density - Requires large storage aoe Dee ee et ced ees Safety risks ~ Highly flammable and combustible. ee) ee Cee eee) pees Problems Associated with Hydrogen cing Seen Seg eet rte ee ees DN ort See een Leas eee ee ees Se eeu ees SE ne comer! + Hydrogen fling stations are limite. ene et net ee nr) Re ea’ Se Eee Cera eos Deo oesPec aoeT BLS G Peer eMC ue lim ici) * Existing fuel systems must be modified for hydrogen use. Oe eo use ua BUCS eld BS Cus Applications of Hydrogen Energy . Fuel cell vehicles — Cars, buses, trucks. . Electricity generation — Used in fuel cells for power production. Ca Rm RNC Cunt ss Ry Etec La . Industrial applications — Petroleum refining and ee Ue ui . Hydrogen- powered generators — Backup power Ss ue MCU Re Oe RCM et industrial heating. A cl ee ORCC RU ACs Ca eae i ee og electronics and remote areas. Ob FWK: SACRO CC Late6.5.2 Considerations and Guidelines for Site Selection When looking for a place for a wind turbine, engineers consider factors such as wind hazards, characteristics of the land that affect wind speed, and the effects of one turbine on nearby turbines in wind farms. The following important factors need careful considerations: 1. Hill effect: When it approaches a hill, wind encounters high pressure because of the wind that has already built up against the hill, This compressed air rises and gains speed as it approaches the crest, or top of the hill. The installation of wind turbines on hilltops takes advantage of this increase in speed. 2. Roughness or the amount of friction that earth s surface exerts on wind: Oceans have very little roughness. A city or a forest has a great deal of roughness, which slows the wind. 3. Tunnel effect: The increase in air pressure undergoes when it encounters a solid obstacle. The increased air pressure causes the wind to gain speed as it passes between, for example, rows of buildings in a city or between two mountains, Placing a wind turbine in a mountain pass can be a good way to take advantage of wind speeds that are higher than those of the surrounding air. 4. Turbulence: Rapid changes in the speed and direction of the wind, often caused by the wind blowing over natural of artificial barriers are called turbulence, Turbulence causes not only fluctuations in the speed of the wind but also wear and tear on the turbine, Turbines are mounted on tall towers to avoid turbulence caused by ground obstacl 5. Variations in wind speed: During the day, winds usually blow faster than they do at the night because the sun heats the air, setting air currents in motion. In addition, wind speed can dif fer depending on the season of the year. This difference is a function of the sun, which heats different air masses around earth at different rates, depending on the tilt of the earth towards or away from the sun. 6. Wake: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. As wind passes over the blades of a turbine, the turbine seizes much of the energy and converts it into mechanical energy. The air coming out of the blade sweep has less energy because it has been slowed. The abrupt change in the speed makes the wind turbulent, a phenomenon called wake, Because of wake, ind turbines in a wind farm are generally placed about three rotor diameters away from one another in the direction of the wind, so that the wake from one turbine does not interfere with the operation of the one behind it, 7. Wind obstacles: Trees, buildings, and rock form lation of wind turbines. Any of these obstacles can reduce wind speed considerably and ions are the main obstacles in the insta 180 | chapter 6 increase turbulence. Wind obstacles like tall buildings cause wind shade, which can consid- erably reduce the speed of the wind, and therefore, the power output of a turbine. 8. Wind shear: It is the differences in wind speeds at different heights. When a turbine blade is pointed straight upward, the speed of the wind hitting its tip can be, for example, 9 miles (14 km) per hour, but when the blade is pointing straight downward, the speed of the wind hitting its tip can be 7 miles (11 km) per hour. This difference places stress on the blades. Further, too much wind shear can cause the turbine to failChoosing the right site for wind turbine is the most important decision. Further, the location plays a vital part in the performance and efficiency of a wind turbine. The following guidelines can be followed to evaluate site for the installation of wind turbines: pe » ow 2 2 . Turbines work best when on high and exposed sites. Coastal sites are especially good. . Town centres and highly populated residential areas are usually not suitable sites for wind turbines. . Avoid roof-mounted turbines as there is no guarantee that these devices will not damage property through vibration, The farther the distance between the turbine and the power requirement, the more power will be lost in the cable, The distance of the cabling will also impact the overall cost of the installation. . Turbulence disrupts the air flow that can wear down the blades and reduces the lifecycle of the turbine. It is recommended that installing a turbine may be considered only when the distance between the turbine and the nearest obstacle is more than twice the height of the turbine, or when the height of the turbine is more than twice the height of the nearest obstacle. Small turbines require an average wind speed of over 4.5 mvs to produce an efficient level of electricity. . If site is in a remote location, connecting wind turbine to the national grid will be very expensive and it may be worth considering an off-grid connection instead using battery storage.Worldwide Wind Energy Scenario in 2010 As per the World Wind Energy Report 2010, wind energy scenario in 2010 is summarized as follows: Worldwide capacity reached 196,630 MW, out of which 37,642 MW were added in 2010, slightly less than the capacity in 2009. Wind power showed a growth rate of 23.6%, the lowest growth since 2004 and the second lowest growth of the past decade. All wind turbines installed by the end of 2010 worldwide can generate 430 TWh per annum; this wind power is more than the total electricity demand of the United Kingdom, the sixth largest economy of the world, and equalling 2,5% of the global electricity consumption. China became number one in total installed capacity and the centre of the international wind industry, and it added 18,928 MW within one year, accounting for more than 50% of the world’s market for new wind turbines. Major decrease in new installations can be observed in North America and USA lost its number one position in total capacity to China. Many Western European countries are showing stagnation, whereas there is strong growth in the number of Eastern European countries. Germany keeps its number one position in Europe with 27,215 MW, followed by Spain with 20,676 MW. The highest shares of wind power can be found in three European countries: Denmark (21%), Portugal (18%), and Spain (16%). Asia accounted for the largest share of new installations (54,6%), followed by Europe (27,0%) and North America (16,7%). Latin America (1,2%) and Africa (0,4%) still played only a marginal role in new installations. Africa: North Africa represents still lion share of installed capacity, while wind energy plays hardly a role yet in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nuclear disaster in Japan and oil spill in Gulf of Mexico will have long-term impact on the prospects of wind energy. Governments need to urgently reinforce their wind energy policies. WWEA sees a global capacity 0f600,000 MW as possible by 2015 and more than 1,500,000MW by 2020.Pee World-wide Wind Energy Scenario (2010) eee ee ee eee! eee cere td 2. Growth Rate Oe eee tod Erne Ts Wind urine insted world could Peennery nT een T tT re 3. Chin Leading Position Ce) paren CO eon) Eee Teena peony Ce ee a occ cod Eee enna! cere an > spain 168 ene ee ea Se eect) eects 8. Win nergy in ton Se eee Ce eee eect ini Seon ere aan) ane Sear+ Disadvantage: high initial cost, incteased sk of Seismic sensitive, risk of over exploiting resources ————— Electrical Direct heat usore i F437. Sle Fash gctermal elect powe ant Blctical load (ae ae —— GI)er See et ee ory Per ee oe on ents high-temperature geothermal water (usually above Soe eet ed cs Cd een On ea Seen ns on Es Oe acy hot water instantly converts into steam (called Seay Oe ee Ln Pay Seana) or © Steam rotates the turbine blades. cd Se eed De etl on Fre Soe a eet eerie rte 6. Cooling Tower See nen! oe See es on Sere ee ee eres cate Seen) ess ees emer See ae ey Sree Deore See ee ete) seismic activitypeer re) Pee Le on) etn oe et eed improved version ofthe single-lash system that Ce nn? Cees eee © High-temperature geothermal fuid is brought sean Creed © The fluid enters the frst separator, Se eee Eats eee Low-Pressure Separator © The remaining hot water still contains eet © Pressure Is reduced again, producing addtional Cea Peer nnd SE urn ary Oe en eat) ot See ey pene Condenser Son Le ood Ro See a ty Peete nr © Condensed water and remaining geothermal Cee ee tery ‘Advantages Oe ee mL ed Pos Se Tad Sod Cd eer See Ee Lenn + Requires very high-temperature geothermalDry Steam-Based Geothermal PowerPlant * Uses superheated pressurized steam at 1800 -3500 * Steam produced directly from the reservoir will run the power generator * Dry seam system are simple and require Steam condensate injection piping Minimal steam cleaning device * Rock catcher to remove large solids * Centrifugal separator to remove condensate and small solids particles Final scrubber to remove dissolved solids Electrical ut fr ae water Injection ‘well Fig 3.6 Dry steam geothermal electric power plant Flash Geothermal power Plant ‘+ Uses hot water above 180: -260= © The hot water at high pressure from the underground is pulled using a pipeline and when it reaches the surface it has low pressure then atmosphere this cause fluid to vaporize rapidly. © The hot water is flashed to flash tank by lowering the pressure causing vaporized steam. * Then this steam is passed to the turbine coupled to a generator. * Advantages: verylow emission, safe, reliable, immune to change in weather condition, cost effective, sustainable, small footprint, no fuel cost.Operation of geothermal Plant ‘+ Similar to fuel fired plant, no boilers and auxiliary required. * Can be operated without clock attention hence alarm may be used for attention when required. ‘+ Regular inspection must be carried out. + Because of high noise due to steam jet ejector ear protector must be used. Because of overloading during night time due to pressure at turbines, device sensor must be used. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED ‘+ Estimation of power life of reservoir (size to be built) + Separation of steam from steam water mixture and its transport through pipelines to power houses. ‘The origin of dry steam that differ from hot water are unknown + Selection of materials suitable for plant. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ‘* Gaseous and particulate emission: emits CO2, H2S, CH4, NH3, mercury component, lead, boron etc. this contributes to acid rain, global warming and noxious smell. + Land pollution: degradation of usable soil, disposition of pollutant on surface harms plant and may enter food chain. + Subsidence Effect: Lowering of ground level when fluids are removed + Seismic Hazards: resources are found at high geological activity this effects geo field on seismic hazards. + Water Pollution: contamination of surface and ground water by geo fluid is at high risk. This may lead to adverse effect * Biological effect: Numerous unknown effect exist on operation of bionature. Environment in imbalanced because of chemical changes in water, soil and air. «Social Effect: Problem of noise and land use.WASTE RECOVERY MANAGEMENT SCHEME On sto processing| ion] [Store Enorgy |_| waste | [Prcomena] | covect Storage | | Treatment! [ Finay utitzaion |~/204 8 “storage || gorey nt sposal generation storage |_| processing + Energy recovery + | Figure 3.10 schematic representation of waste refuse energy management The major part of waste obtained after the energy utilization is non organic. This waste to be identified separated and processed and treated further for extracting energy. There are two types of energy recover system used * separation of metals, papers, and glass from the remaining waste through the process such as size reduction, screening, vibrating, and electronic scanning, a truly homogeneous inexpensive separation system will provide competitive input to waste energy utilization, * Conversion of remaining waste product to usable form of energy and energy conversion may include the following: Generation of methane gas (biogas) Other gas (biological fuel) Generation of electricity bio gas or thermo mechanical process Composting of fertilizers Treatment: it is a process where reduce waste to convert to non-harmful forms with or without energy recovery. The technique selected should be accepted socially, environmentally and economically. In India 10%-50% of amount used for recycling and rest run out for salaries, transport ‘of waste and many. Waste can be reduced by 3 R techniques Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF WASTE RECYCLING + Advantage * Disadvantage + Reduce damage to environment + High cost of recycling + Reduced consumption of energy Durability and small life span of + Reduced impact and pollution recycled items © Mitigate global warming © Unsafe and unhygienic process + Promotes sustainable u of resourcesBenefits of Plastic Recycling The following are the benefits of plastic recycling: 1. Energy and natural resource conservation: The first and foremost benefit of recycling of plastics is the conservation of petroleum products (oil and natural gas) and water used for making new plastic products. A large amount of petroleum and natural gas can be saved by recycling plastics. Oil and natural gas are two of the main components used for the production of the raw materials used to make plastic. These natural resources are not only in limited supply, but also in high demand for other important uses such as powering automobiles and producing electricity. Because plastic materials are already in such abundance, recycling these existing materials means that fewer natural resources are used for production of new plastic materials. 2. Environmental protection: The benefits of recycling of plastics include reduction in emission of greenhouse gases in its manufacturing by burning petroleum and natural gases. As the use of petroleum products are reduced in manufacturing of ‘new plastics, the greenhouse gas emission will also reduce. Factories that produce plastic products from raw materials also produce a great deal of harmful greenhouse gases. By using recycled plastic materials, production time is greatly reduced, which means that less greenhouse emissions are making their way into the atmosphere. Plastics being a major contributor to the worldwide waste can cause serious environmental concerns because of their non-degradable nature that keeps them intact for a very long time. One of the important benefits of recycling of plastics is that it saves life of animals, birds, and aquatic creatures from fatal due to ingestion of plastics. Pollution of air, soil, and water is greatly reduced by recycling of plastics. 3. Reducing the dumping (landfill) spaces: Plastics are not a biodegradable material, which means that it can sit in a landfill for hundreds or thousands of years. Recycling plastic products also keeps them out of landfills and allows the plastics to be reused in manufacturing new products. Best of all, plastics can be indefinitely recycled, which means they could potentially be eradicated from landfills altogether. Landfill space is largely reduced by recycling of plastic. 4, Energy conservation: By using recyclable plastic materials, factories can produce new plastic products using approximately 2/3 less energy than with raw material production.RECYCLING OF PLASTIC 1+ Recycling rates for diferent types of plastic differ gravely ‘Plastic are very good asset to recycling program ‘+ Plastic can be divided into 2 major categories ‘+ Thermosets: solidifies or sets irteversibly when heated 1. This forced air inter is used to heat feedstock inside the process vessel 2. The process alr is isolated from oxygen and exposed to vacuum Durable and strong Uses: automobiles, construction, nk, ete ‘+ Thermoplastics: softens when exposed to heat and retums to original conduction at room temperature Can be easily shaped Uses- milk jug, floor coverings, credit cards etc. ‘+ Recycling of plastic is one ofthe important environmental agenda in the 3's. = Process 1. Collection of plastic waste 2. Collected waste goes to material recovery facility where they are sorted by type and bated. 4. Sent to reclaiming facility, where any trash or dirt is stored, plastic are washed and ground in small flakes. 4. flotation tank may be used to separate contamination based on density 5. Flakes are then dried, melted, filtered and formed into pellets Pellets are then shipped into manufacturing plant, where they are made Into new products. Plastic come in Varity of colour and chemical composition this is identified by a code named as plastic Resin Identification code ranging from 1-7. Benefits of plastic recycling - energy and natural resource conservation, environmental protection, reducing the dumping area, energy conservation. ‘Thermal Depotymerisation Method to convert waste plastic into usable form, a catalytic pyrolysis process i sed to convert waste plastic to liquid hydrocarbons, coke and gas which then can be used as boller fuel for power generation. Steps involved in pyrolysis of plastic 1 evenly heating the plastic to a narrow temperature without much temperature variation 2. removing oxygen completely from pyrolysis chamber ‘managing carbon rich char by-product before it acts asa thermal insulator 44, Careful condensation and fractionation of the pyrolysis vapour to produce distillate of good quality and consistency. Plastic waste to oll production: India- Surat(Gujrath isthe first plate in India to-convert plastic waste to crude oil and pellets. It involves following process 1. A forced air is heated by gas burner 2, The energy from burner is Used for depolymeristion 3. The oll obtained is refined for use. Waste plastic to Electricity generation: non biodegradable plastic are break down ‘in combustor to produce alternate source of fuel energy. A double tank ‘combustor design is used. In this method plastic Is first processed in upper tank through pyrolysis which converts solid plastic into gas. The flows to the lower tank where it is burned with oxidants to generate heat and steam. The heat sustains the combustor and the steam can be used to generate electricity ‘Advantage and disadvantage of recycling [Advantage [Disadvantage «Its good for environment ‘+ Bad for environment Because it + Its good for practicing green lif takes 100's of year to degrade. + It saves energy, resource, + Money, time energy 1 spent on ‘and money. recycling + Ithas high significant value then coal(more energy required to burn)