Solutions – TP d’Algebre

13 février 2026

Question 1
Produits matriciels possibles

A ∈ M4×4 , B ∈ M4×2 , C ∈ M4×3 , D ∈ M2×4 .

— C × A : 4 × 3 par 4 × 4 → impossible (3 4).
— B × C : 4 × 2 par 4 × 3 → impossible (2 4).
— B × D : 4 × 2 par 2 × 4 → possible, résultat 4 × 4.
— D × B : 2 × 4 par 4 × 2 → possible, résultat 2 × 2.
— A × B : 4 × 4 par 4 × 2 → possible, résultat 4 × 2.
— D × C : 2 × 4 par 4 × 3 → possible, résultat 2 × 3.
— A × D : 4 × 4 par 2 × 4 → impossible (4 2).
— C × B : 4 × 3 par 4 × 2 → impossible (3 4).

Calculs des produits possibles

B×D

2 −1  
8 1  0 −2 4 −2
B=−2 −3 , D = −1 3 1 −1


−1 0
 
1 −7 7 −3
−1 −13 33 −17
BD = 
 3 −5 −11 7  ,
 tr(BD) = 1 − 13 − 11 + 2 = −21.
0 2 −4 2

D×B
 
−22 −14
DB = , tr(DB) = −22 + 1 = −21.
21 1

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A×B
   
1 1 1 −1 9 −3
0 1 −1 0   10 4
A=
−3 −2 0
, AB = 
−26 1  .

4
4 2 1 −2 24 −5

D×C
 
1 3 1  
1 −1 −1 0 10 4
C= , DC = .
2 1 0 1 −3 −3
3 −2 −1

Question 2
     
2 3 3 −1 1 −1 0 −1 1
L = 0 5 2 , M =  2 0 −2 , N = −3 2 3 .
1 −2 −4 3 2 3 −1 1 2
tr(L) = 2 + 5 − 4 = 3, tr(M ) = −1 + 0 + 3 = 2, tr(N ) = 0 + 2 + 2 = 4.

Question 3
     
3 −1 −2 1 1 7 −6 −12 −3
A =  1 −5 1  , B =  4 2 3 , C= 3 9 −12 .
−2 2 −4 −3 4 2 6 3 −3

3.1 Calculs des combinaisons linéaires

 
6 −2 −4
a) 2A =  2 −10 2 .
−4 4 −8
     
−2 −4 −1 1 1 7 −1 −3 6
b) 3 C + B =
1  1 3 −4 +  4 2 3 =  5 5 −1.
2 1 −1 −3 4 2 −1 5 1
c)
     
−4 −4 −28 24 −8 −16 30 60 15
−4B = −16 −8 −12 , 8A =  8 −40 8 , −5C = −15 −45 60 ,
12 −16 −8 −16 16 −32 −30 −15 15
 
50 48 −29
−4B + 8A − 5C =  −23 −93 56  .
−34 −15 −25

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 d)    
9 −3 −6 −2 −2 −14
3A =  3 −15 3  , −2B = −8 −4 −6  ,
−6 6 −12 6 −8 −4
 
1 −17 −23
3A − 2B + C = −2 −10 −15 .
6 1 −19
e)
     
−3 1 2 −3 −3 −21 12 24 6
−A = −1 5 −1 , −3B = −12 −6
 −9  , −2C =  −6 −18 24 ,
2 −2 4 9 −12 −6 −12 −6 6
 
6 22 −13
−A − 3B − 2C = −19
 −19 14  .
−1 −20 4

3.2 Traces

tr 31 C+B = −1+5+1 = 5,


tr(2A) = 6−10−8 = −12, tr(−4B+8A−5C) = 50−93−25 = −68,

tr(3A − 2B + C) = 1 − 10 − 19 = −28, tr(−A − 3B − 2C) = 6 − 19 + 4 = −9.

Question 4 (Propriétés)
     
7 −1 −2 1 1 7 −6 −12 −3
A =  1 −5 1  , B =  4 2 3 , C= 3 9 −12 .
−2 2 −4 −3 4 2 6 3 −3

4.1 Traces

tr(A) = 7 − 5 − 4 = −2, tr(B) = 1 + 2 + 2 = 5, tr(C) = −6 + 9 − 3 = 0.

4.2 Vérification des propriétés

a) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) :
   
8 0 5 2 −12 2
A + B =  5 −3 4  , (A + B) + C = 8 6 −8 ,
−5 6 −2 1 9 −5
   
−5 −11 4 2 −12 2
B+C = 7 11 −9 , A + (B + C) = 8 6 −8 .
3 7 −1 1 9 −5
b) A + B = B + A : évident par calcul.
c) B + C = C + B : évident.

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 d) (A + Bt ) = At + Bt :
   
8 5 −5 7+1 1 + 4 −2 − 3
A + Bt = 0 −3 6  , At + Bt = −1 + 1 −5 + 2 2 + 4  = identique.
5 4 −2 −2 + 7 1 + 3 −4 + 2

e) (B + Ct ) = Bt + Ct : vérifié.
f) (A + Ct ) = At + Ct : vérifié.
g) (A + B + Ct ) = At + Bt + Ct : vérifié.
h) (AB)C = A(BC) :
   
9 −3 42 189 −9 −117
AB = −22 −5 −6  , (AB)C =  81 201 144  ,
18 −14 −16 −246 −390 162
   
39 18 −36 189 −9 −117
BC =  0 −21 −45 , A(BC) =  81 201 144  .
42 78 −45 −246 −390 162
i) AB ̸= BA :    
9 −3 42 −6 8 −29
AB = −22 −5 −6  , BA =  24 −8 −18 .
18 −14 −16 −21 −13 2
j) BC ̸= CB :    
39 18 −36 −45 −42 −84
BC =  0 −21 −45 , CB =  75 −27 24  .
42 78 −45 27 0 45
k) AC ̸= CA :    
−57 −99 −3 −48 60 12
AC = −15 −54 54  , CA =  54 −72 51 .
−6 30 −6 51 −27 3
l) (ABt ) = Bt At :
    
9 −22 18 1 4 −3 7 1 −2
ABt = −3 −5 −14 , Bt At = 1 2 4  −1 −5 2  = identique.
42 −6 −16 7 3 2 −2 1 −4

m) (ACt ) = Ct At : vérifié.
n) (BCt ) = Ct Bt : vérifié.
o) (ABCt ) = Ct Bt At : vérifié.
p) A(B + C) = AB + AC :
   
−5 −11 4 −48 −102 39
B+C = 7 11 −9 , A(B + C) = −37 −59 48  ,
3 7 −1 12 16 −22
   
9 −3 42 −57 −99 −3
AB + AC = −22 −5 −6  + −15 −54 54  = identique.
18 −14 −16 −6 30 −6

Question 4 (Calcul polynomial)

Soit  
−1 4
A= .
2 −3

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a) Calcul de M = A2 − 5A + 7I2
      
2−1 4 −1 4 1 + 8 −4 − 12 9 −16
A = = = .
2 −3 2 −3 −2 − 6 8 + 9 −8 17
   
−5 20 7 0
5A = , 7I2 = .
10 −15 0 7
         
2 9 −16 −5 20 7 0 9 + 5 + 7 −16 − 20 21 −36
M = A −5A+7I2 = − + = = .
−8 17 10 −15 0 7 −8 − 10 17 + 15 + 7 −18 39

b) Trace de M

tr(M ) = 21 + 39 = 60.

c) Trace de f (M )
La fonction f n’est pas définie dans l’énoncé. Si l’on prend f (x) = x2 + 3x − 4 (comme en
question 5.1), on aurait f (M ) = M 2 + 3M − 4I2 et tr(f (M )) = tr(M 2 ) + 3 tr(M ) − 8. Mais le
calcul n’est pas demandé.

Question 5.1
 
1 −2 1
A = −4 0 1 , f (x) = x2 + 3x − 4.
3 1 4

a) Calcul de f (A) = A2 + 3A − 4I3

    
1 −2 1 1 −2 1 12 −1 3
A2 = −4 0 1 −4 0 1 = −1 9 0  .
3 1 4 3 1 4 11 −2 20
   
3 −6 3 −4 0 0
3A = −12 0 3  , −4I3 =  0 −4 0  .
9 3 12 0 0 −4
   
12 + 3 − 4 −1 − 6 + 0 3 + 3 + 0 11 −7 6
f (A) = A2 + 3A − 4I3 = −1 − 12 + 0 9 + 0 − 4 0 + 3 + 0  = −13 5 3  .
11 + 9 + 0 −2 + 3 + 0 20 + 12 − 4 20 1 28

b) Trace de A

tr(A) = 1 + 0 + 4 = 5.

c) Trace de f (A)

tr(f (A)) = 11 + 5 + 28 = 44.

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Question 5.2
 
1 1 7
B =  0 −2 3 , f (x) = 5x2 − 2x − 5.
−3 4 2

a) Calcul de f (B) = 5B 2 − 2B − 5I3

    
1 1 7 1 1 7 −20 27 24
B 2 =  0 −2 3  0 −2 3 =  −9 16 0  .
−3 4 2 −3 4 2 −9 −3 −5
     
−100 135 120 −2 −2 −14 −5 0 0
5B 2 =  −45 80 0  , −2B =  0 4 −6  , −5I3 =  0 −5 0  .
−45 −15 −25 6 −8 −4 0 0 −5
   
−100 − 2 − 5 135 − 2 + 0 120 − 14 + 0 −107 133 106
f (B) = 5B 2 −2B−5I3 =  −45 + 0 + 0 80 + 4 − 5 0 − 6 + 0  =  −45 79 −6  .
−45 + 6 + 0 −15 − 8 + 0 −25 − 4 − 5 −39 −23 −34

b) Trace de B

tr(B) = 1 − 2 + 2 = 1.

c) Trace de f (B)

tr(f (B)) = −107 + 79 − 34 = −62.

Question 5.3
 
−6 −12 −3
C= 3 9 −12 , f (x) = −x2 − 3x + 2.
6 3 −3

a) Calcul de f (C) = −C 2 − 3C + 2I3

    
−6 −12 −3 −6 −12 −3 −18 −45 171
C2 =  3 9 −12  3 9 −12 = −63 9 −81 .
6 3 −3 6 3 −3 −45 −54 −45
     
18 45 −171 18 36 9 2 0 0
−C 2 = 63 −9 81  , −3C =  −9 −27 36 , 2I3 = 0 2 0 .
45 54 45 −18 −9 9 0 0 2
   
18 + 18 + 2 45 + 36 + 0 −171 + 9 + 0 38 81 −162
f (C) = −C 2 − 3C + 2I3 =  63 − 9 + 0 −9 − 27 + 2 81 + 36 + 0  = 54 −34 117  .
45 − 18 + 0 54 − 9 + 0 45 + 9 + 2 27 45 56

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b) Trace de C

tr(C) = −6 + 9 − 3 = 0.

c) Trace de f (C)

tr(f (C)) = 38 − 34 + 56 = 60.

Question 6
     
0 1 2 −1 1 5 0 12 3
A =  2 3 1 , B =  4 −3 3  , C = 3 0 12 ,
−4 2 −2 −3 0 −2 6 3 0
et X matrice 3 × 3 inconnue.

6.1 Résolution des équations matricielles

q) (A + B)X + C = 0
 
−1 2 7
A + B =  6 0 4  , det(A + B) = 84 ̸= 0,
−7 2 −4
 
−8 22 8
1 
(A + B)−1 = −4 53 46  .
84
12 −12 −12
X = −(A + B)−1 C
  
−8 22 8 0 12 3
1
= − −4 53 46  3 0 12
84
12 −12 −12 6 3 0
   
−114 72 −240 114 −72 240
1 1 
= − −435 −90 −624 = 435 90 624  .
84 84
108 −108 108 −108 108 −108
Après simplification :
 19 6 20 
−
 14 7 7 
 145 15 52 
X=
 .
28 14 7 
9 9 9
 
− −
7 7 7

r) AX + B = 0
 
−8 6 −5
1 
det(A) = 32 ̸= 0, A−1 = 0 8 4 .
32
16 −4 −2

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 X = −A−1 B
  
−8 6 −5 −1 1 5
1
=−  0 8 4   4 −3 3 
32
16 −4 −2 −3 0 −2
 47 13 3 
−
 32 16 8 
 
47 −26 −12
1   5 3 1
=− 20 −24 16  =  − −  .
32  8 4 2
−26 28 72 
13 7 9

− −
16 8 4

s) BX + C = 0
 
6 2 18
1
det(B) = −52 ̸= 0, B −1 = − −1 17 23  .
52
−9 −3 −1
  
6 2 18 0 12 3
1 
X = −B −1 C = − −1 17 23  3 0 12
−52
−9 −3 −1 6 3 0
 57 63 21 
 26 26 26 
 
114 126 42
1   189 57 201 
= 189 57 201  =  .
52  52 52 52 
−15 −111 −63 
15 111 63

− − −
52 52 52

t) CX + (A + B)t = 0

   
−36 9 144 −1 6 −7
1 
det(C) = 891 ̸= 0, C −1 = 72 −18 9  , (A + B)t =  2 0 2  .
891
9 72 −36 7 4 −4

X = −C −1 (A + B)t
  
−36 9 144 −1 6 −7
1 
=− 72 −18 9   2 0 2 
891
9 72 −36 7 4 −4
 118 40 34 
− −
 99 99 99 
 
1062 360 −306
1   5 52 64 
=− −45 468 −576 =  − .
891  99 99 99 
−117 −90 225 
13 10 25

−
99 99 99

u) A + (B + C)t X = 0
   
−1 13 8 −1 7 3
B + C =  7 −3 15  , (B + C)t =  13 −3 3  .
3 3 −2 8 15 −2

8
  
−39 59 30
1 
det((B + C)t ) = 1046 ̸= 0, [(B + C)t ]−1 = 50 −22 42  .
1046
219 71 −88
−1
X = − (B + C)t A

  
−39 59 30 0 1 2
1 
=− 50 −22 42   2 3 1
1046
219 71 −88 −4 2 −2
 1 99 79 
−
523 523 1046 
 
−2 198 −79 
1   106 34 3 
=− −212 68 −6  =  − .
1046  523 523 523 
494 256 685 
247 128 685

− − −
523 523 1046

v) (A + C)t X = −B
   
0 13 5 0 5 2
t
A + C = 5 3 13  , (A + C) = 13 3
 5 .
2 5 −2 5 13 −2
 
−71 36 19
1 
det((A + C)t ) = 563 ̸= 0, [(A + C)t ]−1 = 51 −10 26  .
563
154 25 −65
−1
X = − (A + C)t B

  
−71 36 19 −1 1 5
1 
=− 51 −10 26   4 −3 3 
563
154 25 −65 −3 0 −2
 158 179 285 
−
 563 563 563 
 
158 −179 −285
1   169 81 173 
=− −169 81 173  =
 − − .
563 563 563 563 
141 79 975 
141 79 975

− − −
563 563 563

6.2 Traces

tr(A) = 0 + 3 − 2 = 1, tr(B) = −1 − 3 − 2 = −6, tr(C) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.

Pour chaque solution X :

19 15 9 19 + 15 − 18 16 8
— q) tr(X) = + − = = = .
14 14 7 14 14 7
47 3 9 47 6 47 48 95
— r) tr(X) = − + − = − − = − − =− .
32 4 4 32 4 32 32 32
57 57 63 114 + 57 − 63 108 27
— s) tr(X) = + − = = = .
26 52 52 52 52 13
118 52 25 195 65
— t) tr(X) = − − − =− =− .
99 99 99 99 33
1 34 685 33 685 −66 − 685 751
— u) tr(X) = − − =− − = =− .
523 523 1046 523 1046 1046 1046
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 158 81 975 1214
— v) tr(X) = − − − =− .
563 563 563 563

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