CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
5.2
(a)
(b)
5.3 (a)
(b)
1 .1 1 0
-3 3
755 m m H g 1 a tm m / m in 1 0 0 0 m o l
n CO 3
0 .0 4 4 m o l/m in
2 m a tm
0 .0 8 2 0 6 k m o lK
760 m m H g 300 K 1 km ol
5.4 Basis: Given flow rates of outlet gas. Assume ideal gas behavior
3 o
1 ( k g / m in ) 3 1 1 m / m in , 8 3 C , 1 a tm
m
n 3 ( k m o l / m in )
0 .7 0 k g H 2 O / k g
0 .1 2 k m o l H 2 O / k m o l
0 .3 0 k g S / k g
0 .8 8 k m o l d r y a ir / k m o l
n 2 ( k m o l a ir / m in )
V 2 ( m / m in )
3
4 ( k g S / m in)
m
o
1 6 7 C , - 4 0 cm H 2 O gauge
(a)
(b) If the velocity of the air is too high, the powdered milk would be blown out of the
reactor by the air instead of falling to the conveyor belt.
5.5
(a)
(b)
(c) CO2 sublimates ⇒ large volume change due to phase change ⇒ rapid pressure rise.
Sublimation causes temperature drop; afterwards, T gradually rises back to room
temperature, increase in T at constant V ⇒ slow pressure rise.
5.6 (a) It is safer to release a mixture that is too lean to ignite.
If a mixture that is rich is released in the atmosphere, it can diffuse in the air and the
C3H8 mole fraction can drop below the UFL, thereby producing a fire hazard.
(b)
fuel-air mixture
n 1 ( m o l / s )
n 3 ( m o l / s )
y C H 0 .0 4 0 3 m o l C 3 H 8
/ m ol
3 8 0 .0 2 0 5 m o l C 3 H 8 / m o l
n C 150 m ol C 3H /s
3H 8 8
diluting air
n 2 ( m o l / s )
(c)
(d)
5.7
o
2 4 C , 1 a tm
o
6 0 0 0 m L / m in 3 7 C , 1 a tm
lungs
n o u t ( m o l / m in )
n in (m o l / m in )
0 .1 5 1 O 2
0 .2 0 6 O 2
blood 0 .0 3 7 C O 2
0 .7 7 4 N 2
0 .7 5 0 N 2
0 .0 2 0 H 2 O
0 .0 6 2 H 2 O
(a)
(b)
5.8
(a) B a s is : 1 .0 m o l fe e d
9 0 % N O c o n v e rs io n : n 1 0 .1 0 ( 0 .2 0 ) 0 .0 2 0 m o l N O N O re a c te d = 0 .1 8 m o l
0 .1 8 m o l N O 0 .5 m o l O 2
O 2 b a la n c e: n 2 0 .8 0 ( 0 .2 1 ) 0 .0 7 8 0 m o l O 2
m ol N O
N 2
b a la n c e : n 3 0 .8 0 ( 0 .7 9 ) 0 .6 3 2 m o l N 2
0 .1 8 m o l N O 1 m o l N O 2
n4 0 .1 8 m o l N O 2 n f n 1 n 2 n 3 n 4 0 .9 1 m o l
1 m ol N O
0 .0 2 0 m o l N O m ol N O
y NO 0 .0 2 2
0 .9 1 m o l m ol
m ol O 2 m ol N m ol N O
0 .0 8 6 0 .6 9 5 0 .1 9 8
2 2
yO yN y NO
2 2 2
m ol m ol m ol
(b)
Pf 360 kPa
nf = n0 ( 1 m o l) 0 .9 5 m o l
P0 380 kPa
360 kPa
P (a tm ) = 3 .5 5 a tm
kPa
1 0 1 .3 a tm
5.9 B a s is : 1 0 0 k m o l d ry p ro d u c t g a s
(a) N 2
b a la n c e : 0 .7 9 n 2 0 .8 4 2 ( 1 0 0 ) n 2 = 1 0 6 .6 k m o l a ir
(b)
6
5.10 B a s is: 1 .0 0 1 0 g a l. w a s te w a te r d a y . N e g le c t e v a p o ra tio n o f w a te r .
6
1. 0 0 1 0 gal / day E fflu e n t g a s : 6 8 F , 2 1 .3 p s ia (a s s u m e )
n 1 (lb -m o le s H 2 O /d a y) n 2 (lb -m o le s a ir/d a y)
0 .0 3 n 1 (lb -m o le s N H 3 /d a y) n 3 (lb -m o le s N H 3 /d a y)
6 3 6 3
300 10 ft a ir / d a y 300 10 ft a ir / d a y
6 8 F , 2 1 .3 p s ia n 1 (lb -m o le s H 2 O /d a y)
n 2 (lb -m o le s a ir/d a y) n 4 (lb -m o le s N H 3 /d a y)
(a)
5.11
PV 205 kPa 1 0 .0 m
3
/ m in
n e x it 3
0 .3 7 7 k m o l / m in
m k P a
RT 8 .3 1 4 653 K
k m o lK
0 .0 6 6 7 n 0 (k m o l H 2 S fe d ) 1.5 k m o l O 2 1 k m o l a ir
A ir fe e d to fu rn a c e : n a ir
(m in ) 1 k m o l H 2 S 0 .2 1 k m o l O 2
0 .4 7 6 4 n 0 k m o l a ir / m in
0 .4 7 6 4 n 0 (k m o l a ir) 0 .7 9 k m o l N
b a la n c e : n 3 0 .3 7 6 4 n 0 ( k m o l N
2
O v e ra ll N 2 2
/ m in )
(m in ) m in
0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l H 2 S ) 1 km ol S
O v e ra ll S b a la n c e : n 6 0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l S / m in )
(m in ) 1 km ol H 2S
O v e ra ll C O 2 b a la n c e : n 5 0 .8 0 0 n 0 (k m o l C O 2 / m in )
0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l H 2 S ) 2 km ol H n 4 k m o l H 2 O 2 km ol H
O v e ra ll H b a la n c e :
(m in ) 1 km ol H 2S m in 1 km ol H 2 O
n 4 = 0 .2 0 0 n 0 (k m o l H 2 O / m in )
n a ir = 0 .4 7 6 4 (0 .2 4 k m o l a ir / m in ) 0 .1 1 4 k m o l a ir / m in
5.12 B a s is : 1 0 0 k g o re fe d 8 2 .0 k g F e S 2 ( s ), 1 8 .0 k g I.
3
1 0 0 kg ore V out m (S T P )
n 2 (k m o l S O 2 )
0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 n 3 (k m o l S O 3 )
18 kg I n 4 (k m o l O 2 )
n 5 (k m o l N 2 )
4 0 % ex cess air
n 1 ( k m o l) m 6 (k g F e S 2 )
0 .2 1 O 2 m 7 (k g F e 2 O 3 )
0 .7 9 N 2 18 kg I
3
V1 m (S T P )
2 F e S 2 (s ) 11
2
O 2 (g )
Fe2O 3 (s )
4S O 2 (g )
2 F e S 2 (s ) 15
2
O 2 (g )
Fe2O 3 (s )
4S O 3 (g )
0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 7 .5 k m o l O 1 k m o l a ir re q ' d 1.4 0 k m o l a ir fe d
(a) n1 1 7 .0 8 k m o l a ir
2
2 km ol FeS 2 0 .2 1 k m o l O 2 k m o l a ir r e q ' d
( 0 .8 5 )( 0 .4 0 ) 0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 4 k m o l S O 2
n2 0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2
2 km ol FeS 2
( 0 .8 5 )( 0 .6 0 ) 0 .6 8 3 3 k m o l F e S 2 4 k m o l S O 2
n3 0 .6 9 7 0 k m o l S O 3
2 km ol FeS 2
.4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 5 .5 k m o l O
0 .2 1 1 7 .0 8 k m o l O
2 2
n fe d
4 2 4 km ol SO
2
.6 9 7 k m o l S O 7 .5 k m o l O
3 2
1 .6 4 1 k m o l O
4 km ol SO 2
3
V o u t = 0 .4 6 4 6 + 0 .6 9 7 0 + 1 .6 4 1 + 1 3 .4 9 k m o l 2 2 .4 S C M (S T P )/k m o l
3 6 5 S C M /1 0 0 k g o re fe d
0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2
y SO 1 0 0 % 2 .9 % ; y S O 4 .3 % ; y O 1 0 .1 % ; y N 8 2 .8 %
2 3 2 2
1 6 .2 8 5 k m o l
(b)
converter
0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2 n SO ( k m o l)
2
0 .6 9 7 k m o l S O 3 n SO ( k m o l)
3
1. 6 3 3 k m o l O 2 nO ( k m o l)
2
1 3 .4 9 k m o l N 2 nN ( k m o l)
2
L e t (k m o l) = e x te n t o f re a c tio n
n S O 0 .4 6 4 6
0 .4 6 4 6 0 .6 9 7
y SO , y SO
2
n S O 0 .6 9 7
1 6 .2 9 - 2
1
1 6 .2 9 - 12
2 3
3
n O 1 .6 4 1 1
1 .6 4 1 12
2 2
1 3 .4 9
nN 1 3 .4 9 yO , yN
1 6 .2 9 - 2 1 6 .2 9 - 12
2
2 1 2
n = 1 6 .2 9 - 12
1
P y SO ( 0 .6 9 7 ) 1 6 .2 9 1
2
2 -1
P K p (T )
3 2
K p (T )= 1 1
P y SO ( P y O ) ( 0 .4 6 4 6 ) 1 .6 4 1 1
2 2
2 2 2
-1
9 .5 3 a tm 0 .1 7 0 7 k m o l
o 2
P = 1 a tm , T = 6 0 0 C , K p
0 .4 6 4 6 0 .2 9 3 9 k m o l S O 2 r e a c te d
n S O 0 .2 9 3 9 k m o l f S O 0 .3 6 7
2 2
0 .4 6 4 6 k m o l S O 2 f e d
-1
3 9 7 a tm 0 .4 5 4 8 k m o l
o 2
P = 1 a tm , T = 4 0 0 C , K p
n S O 0 .0 0 9 8 k m o l f S O 0 .9 7 9
2 2
The gases are initially heated in order to get the reaction going at a reasonable rate. Once
the reaction approaches equilibrium the gases are cooled to produce a higher equilibrium
conversion of SO2.
(c) S O 3 le a v in g c o n v e rte r: (0 .6 9 7 0 + 0 .4 6 8 7 ) k m o l = 1 .1 5 6 k m o l
1 .1 5 6 k m o l S O 1 km ol H 2SO 98 kg H 2SO
3 4 4
1 1 3 .3 k g H 2 S O 4
m in 1 km ol SO 3
km ol
0 .6 8 3 k m o l F e S 2 2 km ol S 3 2 .1 k g S
S u lfu r in o re: 4 3 .8 k g S
km ol FeS 2 km ol
1 1 3 .3 k g H 2 S O 4 kg H 2S O 4
2 .5 9
4 3 .8 k g S kg S
0 .6 8 3 k m o l F e S 2 2 km ol S 1 km ol H 2S O 98 kg
1 3 3 .9 k g H 2 S O
4
100% [Link] S : 4
km ol FeS 2 1 km ol S km ol
1 3 3 .9 k g H 2 S O kg H 2S O
3 .0 6
4 4
4 3 .8 k g S kg S
The sulfur is not completely converted to H2SO4 because of (i) incomplete oxidation of
FeS2 in the roasting furnace, (ii) incomplete conversion of SO2 to SO3 in the converter.
5.13
n 4 (k m o l C O / h )
n 5 (k m o l H 2 / h )
Reactor separator
n 1 ( k m o l C O / h ) 100 km ol C O / h n 4 ( k m o l C O /h ) n 6 (k m o l C H 3 O H /h )
n 2 ( k m o l H 2 / h ) n 3 (k m o l H 2 / h )
n 5 ( k m o l H 2 /h )
T (K ), P (k P a )
H (% H excess) n 6 ( k m o l C H 3 O H /h )
xs 2
T, P
(a)
% X S H 2 , 2 a to m ic b a la n c e s , E q . re la tio n f o u r e q u a tio n s in n 3 , n 4 , n 5 , a n d n 6
5% excess H 2
in re a c to r fe e d :
100 m ol C O 2 m ol H 2
re q 'd 1 .0 5 m o l H 2
fe d m ol H
n3 210
2
h m ol C O 1 m ol H 2
re q 'd h
C b a la n c e: 1 0 0 (1) n 4 (1) n 6 (1) n 4 1 n 6 (1 )
H b a la n c e: 2 1 0 ( 2 ) n 5 ( 2 ) n 6 ( 4 ) n 5 2 1 0 2 n 6 (2 )
n T n 4 n 5 n 6 1 0 0 n 6 2 1 0 2 n 6 n 6 3 1 0 2 n 6
S o lv in g fo r n 6 n 6 7 5 .7 k m o l M /h
n 4 1 0 0 n 6 2 4 .3 k m o l C O /h , n 5 2 1 0 2 n 6 5 8 .6 k m o l H 2
/h
1 km ol C O 2 km ol H
n1 n 6 7 5 .7 k m o l C O /h , n 2 n 6 1 5 1 k m o l H 2 /h
2
1 km ol M 1 km ol M
3
2 2 .4 m (S T P )
V re c n 4 n 5 1860 SC M H
km ol
(b)
n 3 (k m o l n 4 (k m o l n 5 (k m o l
P (k P a ) T (K ) H x s (% ) K p (T)E 8 K p P ^2 H 2/h) C O /h) H 2/h)
1000 500 5 9.1E + 01 0.91 210 74.45 158.90
5000 500 5 9.1E + 01 22.78 210 91.00 192.00
10000 500 5 9.1E + 01 91.11 210 13.28 36.56
5000 400 5 3.1E + 04 7849.77 210 1.07 12.15
5000 500 5 9.1E+ 01 22.78 210 24.32 58.64
5000 600 5 1.6E + 00 0.41 210 85.42 180.84
5000 500 0 9.1E + 01 22.78 200 26.65 53.30
5000 500 5 9.1E + 01 22.78 210 24.32 58.64
5000 500 10 9.1E + 01 22.78 220 22.23 64.45
n 6 (k m o l ntot K p P ^2 - n 1 (k m o l n 2 (k m o l V re c
M /h) (k m o l/ h ) K pc E 8 K p c P ^2 C O /h) H 2/h) (S C M H )
25.55 258.90 9 . 1 E -0 1 1 . 3 E -0 5 25.55 51.10 5227
9.00 292.00 2 . 3 E -0 1 2.3E + 01 9.00 18.00 6339
86.72 136.56 9.1E + 01 4 . 9 E -0 3 86.72 173.44 1116
98.93 112.15 7.8E + 03 3 . 2 E -0 8 98.93 197.85 296
75.68 158.64 2.3E+ 01 3 . 4 E -0 3 75.68 151.36 1858
14.58 280.84 4 . 1 E -0 1 -2 . 9 E -0 4 14.58 29.16 5964
73.35 153.30 2.3E + 01 9 . 8 E -0 3 73.35 146.70 1791
75.68 158.64 2.3E + 01 3 . 4 E -0 3 75.68 151.36 1858
77.77 164.45 2.3E + 01 -3 . 1 E -0 3 77.77 155.55 1942
(c) Increase yield by raising pressure, lowering temperature, increasing Hxs. Increasing the
pressure raises costs because more compression is needed.
(d) If the temperature is too low, a low reaction rate may keep the reaction from reaching
equilibrium in a reasonable time period.
(e) Assumed that reaction reached equilibrium, ideal gas behavior, complete condensation of
methanol, not steady-state measurement errors.
5.14 (a)
RT 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L a tm 2 2 3 K
(b) V id e a l 0 .3 6 6 L / m o l
P m o l K 5 0 .0 a tm
(c)
T(K ) P (a t m ) c3 c2 c1 c0 V (id e a l) V f(V ) % e rro r
(L / m o l) (L / m o l)
223 1.0 1.0 -1 8 . 3 3 6 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 18.2994 18.2633 0.0000 0.2
223 10.0 10.0 -1 8 . 6 6 5 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 1.8299 1.7939 0.0000 2.0
223 50.0 50.0 -2 0 . 1 2 9 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 0.3660 0.3313 0.0008 10.5
223 100.0 100.0 -2 1 . 9 5 9 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 0.1830 0.1532 -0 . 0 0 0 7 19.4
223 200.0 200.0 -2 5 . 6 1 9 4 1.33 -0 . 0 4 8 7 0.0915 0.0835 0.0002 9.6
(d) 1 eq. in 1 unknown - use Newton-Raphson.
g
1 5 0 V 4 0 .2 5 9 V + 1 .3 3
2
Eq. (A.2-13) a
V
s o lv e
g
Eq. (A.2-14) ad g d
a
Then (k + 1 ) V
V (k ) d Guess V (1 ) V id e a l 0 .3 6 6 0 L / m o l .
V (k + 1 )
(k )
V
1 0.3660 0.33714
2 0.33714 0.33137
3 0.33137 0.33114
4 0.33114 0.33114 converged
5.15 (a)
(b)
P ro b le m 5 . 6 3 -S R K E q u a t io n S p re a d s h e e t
S p e c ie s CO2
Tc (K ) 304.2 R = 0 . 0 8 2 0 6 m ^3 a t m / k m o l K
P c (a t m ) 72.9
0.225
a 3 . 6 5 3 9 2 4 m ^6 a t m / k m o l^2
b 0 . 0 2 9 6 6 8 m ^3 / k m o l
m 0.826312
f(V )= B 1 4 * E 1 4 ^3 -0 . 0 8 2 0 6 * A 1 4 * E 1 4 ^2 + ($ B $ 7 * C 1 4 -$ B $ 8 ^2 * B 1 4 -$ B $ 8 * 0 . 0 8 2 0 6 * A 1 4 )* E 1 4 -C 1 4 * $ B $ 7 * $ B $ 8
T(K ) P (a t m ) a lp h a V (id e a l) V (S R K ) f(V )
200 6.8 1.3370 2.4135 2.1125 0.0003
250 12.3 1.1604 1.6679 1.4727 0.0001
300 6.8 1.0115 3.6203 3.4972 0.0001
300 21.5 1.0115 1.1450 1.0149 0.0000
300 50.0 1.0115 0.4924 0.3392 0.0001
(c) E-Z Solve solves the equation f(V)=0 in one step. Answers identical to VSRK values in
part b.
(d)
5.16 (a)
(b)
5.17
V 5 0 .0 m L 4 4 .0 1 g
5.18 (a) V = 4 4 0 .1 m L / m o l
n 5 .0 0 g m ol
RT 8 2 .0 6 m L a tm 1000 K
P = 1 8 6 a tm
V m o l K 4 4 0 .1 m L / m o l
(b) For C O 2 : T c 3 0 4 .2 K , P c 7 2 .9 a tm
T 1000 K
Tr 3 .2 8 7 3
Tc 3 0 4 .2 K
id e a l V P c 4 4 0 .1 m L 7 2 .9 a tm m ol K
Vr 1. 2 8
R Tc m o l 3 0 4 .2 K 8 2 .0 6 m L a tm
id e a l
F ig u re 5 .4 -3 : V r 1 .2 8 a n d T r 3 .2 9 z = 1 .0 2
zR T 1 .0 2 8 2 .0 6 m L a tm m ol 1000 K
P= 1 9 0 a tm
Vˆ m ol K 4 4 0 .1 m L
6 2 2
a = 3 .6 5 4 1 0 m L a tm /m o l , b = 2 9 .6 7 m L /m o l, m 0 .8 2 6 3,
(c)
(1 0 0 0 K ) 0 .1 0 7 7
5.19 (a) F o r C O : T c 1 3 3 .0 K , P c 3 4 .5 a tm
2 5 1 4 .7 p s ia 1 5 0 L 1 a tm m ol K
n1 1022 m ol
1 .0 2 3 0 0 K 1 4 .7 p s ia 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L a tm
2 2 5 9 .7 p s ia 1 5 0 L 1 a tm m ol K
n2 918 m ol
1 .0 2 3 0 0 K 1 4 .7 p s ia 0 .0 8 2 0 6 L a tm
n1 n 2
n le a k = 1.7 3 m o l / h
60 h
6 3
PV 200 10 m ol C O 1 a tm 3 0 .7 m 1000 L
(b) n 2 y 2 n a ir y 2
L a tm 3
0 .2 5 m o l
RT m o l a ir 0 .0 8 2 0 6 m o lK
300 K m
n2 0 .2 5 m o l
t m in 0 .1 4 h
n le a k 1 .7 3 m o l / h
t m in w o u ld b e g re a te r b e c a u s e th e ro o m is n o t p e rfe c tl y s e a le d
(c) (i) CO may not be evenly dispersed in the room air; (ii) you could walk into a high
concentration area; (iii) there may be residual CO left from another tank; (iv) the tank
temperature could be higher than the room temperature, and the estimate of gas escaping
could be low.
5.20
P in V in
3
z in n R T in P o u t z in T in ft 1 4 .7 p s ia 1 .0 1 4 2 3 .2 K
V in V o u t 1 5 ,0 0 0
P o u t V o u t z out n R Tout P in z out Tout m in 2 0 0 0 p s ia 1 .0 0 3 7 3 .2
3
1 2 6 ft / m in
If the ideal gas equation of state were used, the factor 1.01 would instead be 1.00
1 % e rro r
5.21
Final: P r 1 8 8 9 .7 5 2 4 .8 3 .6 z 1 0 .9 7
Total moles leaked:
1 0 .3 m o l C O
Mole% CO in room = 1 0 0 % 1. 0 % C O
9 7 3 .4 m o l