NACE SP0169
INNOVACIONES EN LA REVISIÓN 2013
Ing Eduardo Carzoglio, TGN
con la colaboración del Lic. Arturo Burkart, CNEA
Para diseñar un sistema de protección catódica se debe definir:
Cuánta corriente es necesario inyectar
Cómo demostrar que la estructura está protegida
Para mantener un sistema de protección catódica se debe definir
Cómo verificar que la estructura se mantiene protegida
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 2
Como responde NACE a estas preguntas.
Recommended Practice
Control of External Corrosion on Underground
or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
NACE RP 0169-1969
NACE RP 0169-1992 / NACE SP0169-2007
NACE SP 0169-2013
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 3
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
For steel and cast iron structures:
1. A cathodic voltage of -0.850 Volts to a Cu/CuSO4 reference cell with
current applied.
2. A minimum cathodic voltage shift of 300 mV produced by the
application of protective currents.
3. A minimum cathodic polarization shift of 100 millivolts. The voltage
shift is determined by measuring the polarization decay.
4. A voltage at least as cathodic as the beginning of the Tafel Segment
of the E-log-I curve.
5. A net protective current flow from the electrolyte into the structure as
determined by an earth current technique.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 4
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
Para estructuras de acero o hierro fundido:
1. Un potencial catódico de -0.850 Volts respecto del electrodo de
referencia de Cu/CuSO4 con la corriente de protección aplicada.
2. Una variación catódica del potencial de 300 mV producida por la
aplicación de una corriente de protección.
3. Una variación catódica de la polarización de al menos 100 mV. La
variación del potencial se determina midiendo la caída de la polarización.
4. Un potencial al menos tan catódico como el del comienzo del
segmento de Tafel en la curva E-log-I.
5. Un flujo neto de corriente de protección desde el electrolito hacia la
estructura.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 5
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
There are general requirements applicable to each specific criterion.
1. Measurements made with the reference electrode as close as
practical to the pipeline.
2. Consideration to voltage drops other than those at the
structure electrolyte boundary.
3. Consideration of dissimilar metals.
4. Consideration of other structures.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 6
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
Existen consideraciones generales aplicables a cada uno de los
criterios.
1. Las mediciones deben ser hechas con el electrodo de
referencia tan cerca de la cañería como sea posible.
2. Se deben evaluar las caídas de potencial que no sean las
existentes en la interfase estrucutra electrolito.
3. Tener en cuenta la presencia de metales diferentes.
4. Tener en cuenta la presencia de otras estructuras.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 7
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
5. Consideration of stray currents.
6. Consideration of abnormal conditions
a) elevated temperatures
b) disbonded coating
c) shielding
d) bacterial attack
e) electrolyte contamination
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 8
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
5. Tener en cuenta la presencia de corrientes de interferencia.
6. Tener en cuenta condiciones anormales
a) temperaturas elevadas
b) revestimientos sin adherencia al sustrato
c) apantallamiento
d) ataque por bacterias
e) contaminación del electrolito
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 9
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
5. Tener en cuenta la presencia de corrientes de interferencia.
6. Tener en cuenta condiciones anormales
a) temperaturas elevadas
b) revestimientos sin adherencia al sustrato
c) apantallamiento
d) ataque por bacterias
e) contaminación del electrolito
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 10
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
1. Un potencial catódico de -0.850 Volts respecto del electrodo de
referencia de Cu/CuSO4 con la corriente de protección aplicada.
Tiene fundamento electroquímico teórico y está avalado por el uso en el
campo.
Al momento de medir se incorporan al potencial medido caídas IR en el
metal y en el electrolito.
En la RP no se enfatiza la necesidad de corregir estas caídas IR.
Sólo se dice que deben ser corregidas pero no se dan lineamientos sobre
como hacerlo.
Más aún muchos técnicos en Protección Catódica las consideran
beneficiosas.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 11
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
2. Una variación catódica del potencial de 300 mV producida por la
aplicación de una corriente de protección.
No tiene fundamento teórico que lo avale.
La interpretación de la variación de 300 mV es confusa.
Al aplicar la corriente de protección se producen caídas IR que desplazan
el potencial en sentido negativo.
Si no se sustraen las caídas IR se obtiene con mayor facilidad la
variación de 300 mV.
Si se sustraen las caídas IR no es más que una versión más restrictiva
del criterio de 100 mV de polarización.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 12
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
2. Una variación catódica del potencial de 300 mV producida por la
aplicación de una corriente de protección.
No tiene fundamento teórico que lo avale.
La interpretación de la variación de 300 mV es confusa.
Al aplicar la corriente de protección se producen caídas IR que desplazan
el potencial en sentido negativo.
Si no se sustraen las caídas IR se obtiene con mayor facilidad la
variación de 300 mV.
Si se sustraen las caídas IR no es más que una versión más restrictiva
del criterio de 100 mV de polarización.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 13
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
3. Una variación catódica de la polarización de al menos 100 mV. La
variación del potencial se determina midiendo la caída de la polarización
Una variación de la polarización de 100 mV en sentido negativo es una
indicación concluyente de que la estructura se está comportando como
cátodo.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 14
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
4. Un potencial al menos tan catódico como el del comienzo del
segmento de Tafel en la curva E-log-I.
La fundamentación teórica se basa en que sobre una superficie de acero
sin inyección de corriente ocurren reacciones de oxidación y reducción. A
medida que se va inyectando corriente las reacciones de reducción
comienzan a predominar. A partir de ese punto, sobre un gráfico E vs
Log I, se obtiene una recta, denominada segmento de Tafel. El potencial
en el punto de inicio indica adecuada protección catódica.
En estructuras complejas se necesitan muchas mediciones para
determinar el potencial de protección en cada punto, por lo que es de
aplicación compleja.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 15
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
4. Un potencial al menos tan catódico como el del comienzo del
segmento de Tafel en la curva E-log-I.
La fundamentación teórica se basa en que sobre una superficie de acero
sin inyección de corriente ocurren reacciones de oxidación y reducción. A
medida que se va inyectando corriente las reacciones de reducción
comienzan a predominar. A partir de ese punto, sobre un gráfico E vs
Log I, se obtiene una recta, denominada segmento de Tafel. El potencial
en el punto de inicio indica adecuada protección catódica.
En estructuras complejas se necesitan muchas mediciones para
determinar el potencial de protección en cada punto, por lo que es de
aplicación compleja.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 16
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
5. Un flujo neto de corriente de protección desde el electrolito hacia la
estructura.
Si la corriente eléctrica fluye desde el electrolito hacia la estructura, no
existen corrientes anódicas, por lo tanto no hay corrosión.
Este método exige efectuar gran cantidad de excavaciones sobre la
estructura.
Para simplificarlo se suelen hacer mediciones de la caída de potencial a
lo largo de la cañería apoyando los electrodos en la superficie del suelo.
Esta simplificación no permite detectar celdas de corrosión localizada
como pueden formarse entre la parte superior e inferior de cañerías de
gran diámetro.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 17
Críticas a los criterios de NACE RP 0169-1969
5. Un flujo neto de corriente de protección desde el electrolito hacia la
estructura.
Si la corriente eléctrica fluye desde el electrolito hacia la estructura, no
existen corrientes anódicas, por lo tanto no hay corrosión.
Este método exige efectuar gran cantidad de excavaciones sobre la
estructura.
Para simplificarlo se suelen hacer mediciones de la caída de potencial a
lo largo de la cañería apoyando los electrodos en la superficie del suelo.
Esta simplificación no permite detectar celdas de corrosión localizada
como pueden formarse entre la parte superior e inferior de cañerías de
gran diámetro.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 18
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
[Link] Corrosion control can be achieved at various levels of cathodic
polarization depending on the environmental conditions.
However, in the absence of specific data that demonstrate that
adequate cathodic protection has been achieved, one or more of
the following shall be apply:
[Link].1 A negative (cathodic) potential of at least 850 mV with
cathodic protection applied.
Voltage drops other than those across the structure-to-
electrolyte boundary must be considered for valid
interpretation of this voltage measurement.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 19
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
NOTE: Consideration is understood to mean the application of sound
engineering practice in determining the significance of voltage drops by
methods such as:
[Link].1.1 Measuring or calculating the voltage drops;
[Link].1.2 Reviewing the historical perfomance of the cathodic
protection system;
[Link].1.3 Evaluating the physical and electrical characteristics of the
pipe and its environment;
[Link].1.4 Determining whether or not there is physical evidence of
corrosion
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 20
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
[Link].2 A negative polarized potential of at least 850 mV relative to a
saturated Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode.
Definition: Polarized potential across the structure/electrolyte
interface that is the sum of the corrosion potential
and the cathodic polarization.
[Link].3 A minimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization between the
structure surface and a stable reference electrode contacting
the electrolyte. The formation or decay of polarization can be
measured to satisfy this criterion.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 21
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
[Link] Special conditions
[Link].1 On bare or ineffectively coated pipelines where long line
corrosion activity is of primary concern, the measurement of a net
protective current at predertined current discharge points from the
electrolyte to the pipe surface, as measured by an earth current
technique, may be sufficient.
[Link].2 In some situations, such as the presence of sulfides, bacteria,
elevated temperatures, acid environment, and dissimilar metals, the
criteria in Paragraph [Link] may not be sufficient.
[Link].3 When a pipeline is encased in concrete or buried in dry or
aereated high resistivity soil, values less negative than the criteria listed
in Paragraph [Link] may be sufficient.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
[Link] Precautionary notes
[Link].1 The earth current is often meaning-less in multiple pipe rights-
of-ways, in high resistivity surface soil, for deeply buried pipe, in stray
current areas, or where local corrosion cell action predominates.
[Link].2 Caution is advised against using polarized potentials less
negative than -850 mV for cathodic protection of pipelines when
operating pressures and conditions are conductive to stress corrosion
cracking.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
[Link] Precautionary notes (cont)
[Link].3 The use of excessive polarized potentials on coated pipelines
should be avoided to minimize cathodic disbondment of the coating.
[Link].4 Polarized potentials that result in excessive generation of
hydrogen should be avoided on all metals, particularly higher strength
steel, certain grades of stainlee steel, titanium, aluminum alloys, and
prestressed concrete pipe.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 24
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
6.3 Other considerations
6.3.1 Methods for determining voltage drops shall be selected and
applied using sound engineering practices.
Once determined, the voltage drops may be used for correcting
future measurements at the same location providing conditions,
such as pipe and cathodic protection system operating
conditions, soil characteristics and coating quality, remain similar.
(Note :placing the reference electrode next to the pipe surface
may not be at the pipe-electrolyte interface. A reference electrode
placed at a coated pipe surface may not be significantly reduce soil
voltage drop in the measurement if the nearest coating holiday is
remote from the reference electrode location).
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 25
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
6.3 Other considerations (Cont)
6.3.2 When it is impractical or considered unnecesary to disconnect all
current sources to correct voltage drops in the pipe-electrolyte
potential measurements, sound engineering practices should be
used to ensure that adequate cathodic protection has been achieved.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 26
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
6.3 Other considerations (Cont)
6.3.3 Where feasible and practicable, in-line inspection may be helpful in
determining the presence or absence of pitting corrosion
damage. Absence of corrosion damage or the halting of its
growth may indicate adequate corrosion control. The in- line
inspection technique, however, may not be capable of detecting all
types of corrosion damage, has limitations in its accuracy, and
may report as anomalies items that are not corrosion. For
example, longitudinal seam corrosion and general corrosion may
not be readily detected by in-line inspection. Also, possible
thickness variations, dents gouges, and external ferrous objects may
be detected as corrosion. The appropiate use of in-line inspection
must be carefully considered.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 27
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-1992
For steel and cast iron piping:
6.3 Other considerations (Cont)
6.3.4 Situations involving stray currents and stray electrical gradients
may exist that require special analysis.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 28
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.1 Introduction:
6.1.1 This section lists criteria for CP that indicate whether adequate
CP of a metallic piping system has been achieved.
Adequate CP can be achieved at various levels of cathodic
polarization depending on the environmental conditions.
As such, a single criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of CP
might not be satisfactory for all conditions or at all locations
along a structure.
The use of any approach, including a combination of methods or
criteria to achieve adequate corrosion control, is the
responsibility of the user, and should be based on the experience of
the user and the unique conditions influencing the piping
system(s).
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 29
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.1 Introduction:
6.1.1 (Cont)
In determining whether adequate corrosion control has been
achieved, the conditions and factors listed in Paragraph
[Link].1.2, Special Conditions ([Link]), and Relevant
Considerations (6.3) should be considered regardless of what methods
or criteria are used.
A commonly used benchmark for effective external corrosion
control is (a reduction in the corrosion rate to) 0.025 mm per year or
less.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.1 Introduction:
6.1.1 (Cont)
In determining whether adequate corrosion control has been
achieved, the conditions and factors listed in Paragraph
[Link].1.2, Special Conditions ([Link]), and Relevant
Considerations (6.3) should be considered regardless of what methods
or criteria are used.
A commonly used benchmark for effective external corrosion
control is (a reduction in the corrosion rate to) 0.025 mm per year or
less.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 31
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.1 Introduction:
6.1.1 In selecting the methods or criteria for a specific pipeline, the
following are the responsibilities of the user:
[Link] To determine the level of corrosion control that is
necessary and sufficient to address the specific
conditions.
[Link] To include a means to evaluate the effectiveness of that
method or criterion, whether used separately or in
combination.
[Link] To document the effectiveness of CP or other external
corrosion control measures. In the absence of such
documentation, at least one of the criteria in Paragraph
6.2 shall apply.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 32
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2 Criteria
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping
[Link] Criteria that have been documented through empirical evidence
to indicate corrosion control effectiveness on specific piping
systems may be used on those piping systems or others with the
same characteristics.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2 Criteria
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping
[Link] Criteria that have been documented through empirical evidence
to indicate corrosion control effectiveness on specific piping
systems may be used on those piping systems or others with the
same characteristics.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 34
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2 Criteria
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping
[Link] Criteria that have been documented through empirical evidence
to indicate corrosion control effectiveness on specific piping
systems may be used on those piping systems or others with the
same characteristics.
[Link] A minimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization. Either the
formation or the decay of polarization must be measured to satisfy
this criterion.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 35
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2 Criteria
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (Cont.)
[Link] A structure to electrolyte potential of -850 mV or more negative
as measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate
(CSE) reference electrode.
This potential may be either a direct measurement of the
polarized potential or a current-applied potential.
Interpretation of a current applied measurement requires
consideration of the significance of voltage drops in the earth and
metallic paths.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 36
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2 Criteria
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (Cont.)
[Link] A structure to electrolyte potential of -850 mV or more negative
as measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate
(CSE) reference electrode.
This potential may be either a direct measurement of the
polarized potential or a current-applied potential.
Interpretation of a current applied measurement requires
consideration of the significance of voltage drops in the earth and
metallic paths.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 37
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].1 Consideration is understood to mean the application of sound
engineering practice by either the following:
[Link].1.1 Measuring or calculating the voltage drops to establish
whether a potential of -850 mV or more negative across the
structure to electrolyte boundary has been achieved, or
[Link].1.2 Performing a technical evaluation of the system, including
data or information such as the following, used either
separately or in combination, which the user deems
necessary and sufficient for the situation:
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 38
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].1.2.1 Reviewing the historical performance of the cathodic
protection system, such as type of CP, consistency with
time of the potentials at individual test points along the
line, consistency of CP current over time, number of years
with CP, remedial CP activities, consistency of CIS over
time, and external corrosion-related leak history.
(Note: Leak history should not be used as the sole means
of determining adequate levels of CP).
When reviewing the historical performance of the CP
system, physical characteristics and results of direct
examinations and the environment should also be
considered.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 39
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].1.2.2 Determining whether there is physical evidence of
corrosion, such as by direct examination to determine
evidence of active corrosion and correlation of direct
examination data with other data such as CIS, DCVG
surveys, and ILI results. When direct examinations are
used, the number and extent of the examinations
performed as well as a comparison of the environments
and their relevance should be considered.
[Link].1.2.3 Evaluating the physical and electrical characteristics of the
pipe and its environment, such as type of electrolyte,
electrolyte resistivity, pH, dissolved oxygen content,
moisture content, degree of aeration, differences in pipe
metallurgy and installation dates, and variations in coating
types and condition.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].1.2.4 Physical characteristics and operational data, such as
coated or bare,
type of coating and possibility to shield CP,
proximity to other lines, especially other lines in the right-
of-way,
temperature of the pipe,
depth of the pipe,
proximity to potential stray current sources such as light
rail systems, HVAC and HVDC systems,
foreign structures with CP,
proximity and electrical isolation with structures of
varying metals where mixed-metal potentials are a
concern, locations where concrete weights and anchors are
installed, and changes in operating conditions over time.
.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].1.2.4 (Cont.)
locations where concrete weights and anchors are
installed, and changes in operating conditions over time.
Construction-related information alone might not provide
sufficient information to adequately evaluate the
effectiveness of CP, but should be considered during
direct examinations and reviewing historical
performances.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].1.2.5 Evaluation of indirect inspection data, such as above-grade
electrical surveys, ILI, and direct assessment.
[Link].1.2.6 Use of coupons to establish levels of current density, free
corrosion potential, levels of polarization, corrosion rates,
and comparisons between coupon and pipe potentials.
[Link].1.2.7 Other methods that confirm that sufficient polarization has
been achieved to control corrosion.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link] Special Conditions Applicable to Steel and Gray or Ductile Cast-
Iron Piping Systems.
[Link].1 When active MIC has been identified or is probable, (e.g.,
caused by acid-producing or sulfate-reducing bacteria), the
criteria listed in Paragraphs [Link] and [Link] might not be
sufficient. Under some conditions, a polarized potential of
–950 mV CSE or more negative or as much as 300 mV of
cathodic polarization might be required.
[Link].2 At elevated temperatures (> 40 °C ), the criteria listed in
Paragraphs [Link] and [Link] may not be sufficient. At
temperatures greater than 60 °C, the polarized potential of
–950 mV CSE or more negative might be required.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].3 On mill-scaled steel, cathodic polarization greater than 100 mV
might be required.
[Link].4 In uniformly high-resistivity well-aerated and well-drained soil,
polarized potentials less negative than –850 mV CSE might be
sufficient.
Note: ISO 15589-1 offers the following for consideration:
–750 mV CSE where soil resistivity is between 10,000 Ω.cm
and 100,000 Ω.cm, and
–650 mV CSE where soil resistivity is greater than
100,000 Ω.cm.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].5 Under certain circumstances, when well-coated pipelines are
installed in close proximity to HVAC power lines,
electromagnetically induced AC can cause external corrosion.
AC densities in excess of 30 A/m2 can be sufficient to cause
significant external corrosion of ferrous metals, and at AC
densities greater than 100 A/m2, AC corrosion is to be
expected even if a CP criterion is satisfied.
Furthermore, under some soil conditions, increasing the
cathodic polarization can increase AC corrosion as shown in
Figure 1.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
Figure 1:
Residual Corrosion Rate
of Carbon Steel
Specimens as a Function
of AC and CP Current
Density. Laboratory Tests
Performed in Simulated
Soil Conditions.
Innovaciones en SP0169-2013 47
Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
[Link].6 In weak acid environments, a polarized potential of –950 mV
CSE or more negative might be required.
[Link].7 When operating pressure and conditions are conducive to high
pH stress corrosion cracking, polarized potentials in the
cracking range relative to the temperature indicated in Figure
2 should be avoided.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.2.1 Criteria for steel and gray or ductile cast-iron piping (cont.)
Figure 2:
SCC Range of Pipe Steel in Carbonate/Bicarbonate Environments.
Note: This figure is not applicable to all grades of steel and in all electrolytes.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.3 Relevant considerations
6.3.1 Potential measurements related to criteria are intended to be
made with respect to reference electrodes at 25 °C.
Common practice does not require a temperature correction
within 10 °C of this temperature. For temperature correction factors,
see Table 2.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.3 Relevant considerations
6.3.2 When feasible and practicable, ILI of pipelines can be an
effective method for determining the presence or absence of corrosion
damage.
Absence of external corrosion damage or the halting of its
growth can indicate adequate external corrosion control.
The appropriate use of ILI must be carefully considered.
The ILI technique, however, might not be capable of detecting all
types of external corrosion damage, has limitations in its
accuracy, and might report as anomalies items that are not external
corrosion.
For example, longitudinal seam corrosion and general corrosion
might not be readily detected by in-line inspection when
magnetic tools are used.
Also, possible thickness variations, dents, gouges, and external
ferrous objects might be detected as corrosion.
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.3 Relevant considerations
6.3.3 The amount of cathodic polarization maintained on a metallic
surface can be affected by changes in electrolyte conditions, CP
system or structure configuration changes, and changes in
influencing sources of AC or DC.
These factors should be considered when tests are performed to
satisfy the CP criteria.
6.3.4 In mixed-metal piping systems, CP can typically be achieved at a
polarized potential that is 100 mV more negative than the open-
circuit potential of the most active metal in the system.
Amphoteric materials, such as aluminum or lead, which could be
damaged by high alkalinity created by CP, might need to be
electrically isolated and separately protected
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Criterios de NACE RP 0169-2013
6.3 Relevant considerations
6.3.5 Cathodic polarization levels that result in excessive generation of
atomic hydrogen should be avoided on all metals susceptible to
hydrogen embrittlement.
6.3.6 On externally coated pipelines, as the level of cathodic
polarization increases, the pH at the structure-to-electrolyte interface
increases, which can increase the risk of blistering or disbondment of
the coating.
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6.3 Relevant considerations
6.3.7 Reliable measurement of potentials and therefore interpretation
of CP criteria can be significantly affected by the presence of
electrical shielding.
Electrical shielding can be caused by disbonded coatings,
thermal insulation, loose wrappers, high-resistivity rock or soils,
metal structures or pipelines that are close to the structure being
protected, and other man-made materials partially or completely
surrounding the pipeline.
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Appendix B
Review of International Standards
(Nonmandatory)
The following are summaries and direct copies (published with
permission) of some international and country standards and regulations
on cathodic protection criteria.
•Australian Standard, AS/NZS 2832.1, “Cathodic Protection of Metals
Part 1: Pipes and Cables.”
•British Standard BS 7361, “Cathodic protection, Part 1. Code of practice
for land and marine applications”, 1991 edition.
•Canadian Standard, “Recommended Practice for the Control of External
Corrosion on Buried or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems”, OCC-1,
published by the Canadian Gas Association.
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Appendix B
Review of International Standards
(Nonmandatory)
(Cont.)
•ISO 15589-1, “Petroleum and natural gas industries - Cathodic
protection for pipeline transportation systems—Part 1: On-land
pipelines,” is now also EN 14919-1 (with minor modifications that do not
affect the summary of criteria given under the “International” heading).
•German Standard DIN 30 676 of October 1985, titled “Design and
application of cathodic protection of external surfaces,”
•3 Japanese Standard
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Appendix B
Review of International Standards
(Nonmandatory)
(Cont.)
•The National Standard of the Russian Federation, GOST 51164-98, is
titled “Main Steel Pipelines, General Requirements for Protection Against
Corrosion.”
•USA, 49 CFR Part 192, Appendix D, cathodic protection requirements for
natural gas pipelines
•USA, 49 CFR Part 195, Subpart H, cathodic protection requirements for
hazardous liquid pipelines
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