1. Articulo definido e indefinido.

The – A, An / Articles

Sirve para designar sujetos en singular, plural, masculino y femenino

Es definido porque se refiere a un sujeto específico.
Se usa para referirse a zonas geográficas, rios, coordilleras, canales, océanos y mares
Cuando se habla de los miembros de una familia como grupo, se usa el artículo the antes del apellido en
plural.
Con las décadas
Con superlativos y ordinales
Se emplea para referirse a cosas o personas que son únicas en el mundo, son algo único y especial.
Con paises de nombre en plural o que tengan la palabra republic, kingdom o states.
The: El, La, Los,
Las
The car, the cars, the house, the houses, the dog, the dogs, the apple, the apples
James is from the Republic of Ireland
My boyfriend is from the Czech Republic
I would like to swim in the Indian Ocean, and you?
The Amazon is the longest river in the world
I live in the small house with a blue door
The Smiths are coming for dinner today
He was born in the seventies
This is the highest building in Rome

Se utiliza para referirse a sujetos en masculino y femenino pero SOLO EN SINGULAR

Se utiiza con sujetos no específicos, generales.
A: un, una Se usa cuando la palabra que sigue empieza con SONIDO CONSONANTICO
Se utiliza con cosas que se pueden contar
A boy, a university, a european, a doctor, a uniform, a board
Se utiliza para referirse a sujetos en masculino y femenino pero SOLO EN SINGULAR
Se utiiza con sujetos no específicos, generales.
An: un, una Se usa cuando la palabra que sigue empieza con SONIDO VOCALICO
Se utiliza con cosas que se pueden contar
An eagle, an orange, an hour, an F, an honest man, an honor, an arc
unos, unas,
some chairs, some boards, some cellphones, some fish, some sheep, some people, some trees, some mice
algunos, algunas
 2. Formación del Plural / Plural Formation

Reglas Formación del plural

1 Norma general, agregar "S" al sujeto Wall - walls / Cap - caps
Kiss - kisses / Dish - dishes
Agregar "ES" si el sujeto termina en:
2 Watch - watches / Box - boxes
SS, SH,CH, X, Z, O.
Buzz - buzzes / Tomato - tomatoes
Si el sujeto termina en "y",
Party - parties
precedido por una consonante, se
3 Body - bodies
cambia la "y" por "i" y se agrega
Baby - babies
"es".
Toy - toys
Si el sujeto termina en "y",
Boy - boys
4 precedido por una vocal, se agrega
Bay - bays
"s" normalmente.
Tray - trays

Si la palabra termina en "f" o "fe" Wife -wives

5 Wolf - wolves
cambia a "ves"
Knife - knives

Child - children
Person - people
Foot - feet
Tooth - teeth
Algunas palabras forman su plural de Goose - geese
manera diferente, ya sea cambiando Man - men
6
parcial, totalmente o permaneciendo Woman - women
igual. Mouse - mice
Fish - fish
Deer - deer
Sheep - sheep
Ox - oxen
Cactus - cacti
Fungus – fungi
 3. Demostrativos / Demonstratives

Singular Plural
This These
ésta, éstos,
Cerca éstas
éste,
ésto
That Those
eso, esa, esos,
Lejos ese, esas,
aquello, aquellos,
aquella aquellas

4. Pronombres Personales / Personal Pronouns

Pronombres personales
I Yo 1ra Persona singular I play the guitar
You Tú, usted 2da persona singular You sing a song
He Él He catches the bus
She Ella 3ra persona singular She washes the dishes
It Ésto, ésta It rains a lot
We Nosotros (as) 1ra persona plural We work in Medellin
You Ustedes 2da persona plural You write a book
They Ellos, ellas 3ra persona plural They read the newspaper

Los pronombres pueden ser reemplazados por nombres propios, lugares,

objetos, entre otros. No siempre son la primera palabra de una oración
 5. Adjetivos Posesivos, Pronombres Posesivos, Pronombres Objeto, Pronombres Reflexivos /
Possessive Adjectives, Possessive Pronouns, Objective Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns

Pronombres Adjetivos Pronombres Pronombres Pronombres

personales posesivos posesivos objeto reflexivos
El mío, la mía,
I Yo my Mí, mis mine me Yo myself Yo mismo
los míos, las mías
Tú, usted, Los tuyos, las tuyas, yourself Tú mismo,
you your Tu, tus yours you Tú, a ti
ustedes el tuyo, la tuya yourselves ustedes mismos
he Él his Su (él) his El de él him Él, a él himself Él mismo
she Ella her Su (ella) hers La de ella her Ella, a ella herself Ella misma
it Esto its Su (esto) its Lo de esto it Esto, a esto itself Esto mismo
Nuestro (a) Lo nuestro, la nuestra, Nosotros
we Nosotros (as) our ours us ourselves Nosotros mismos
Nuestros (as) los nuestros, las nuestras (as)
they Ellos (as) their Su (ellos, ellas) theirs Lo de ellos, los de ellos them Ellos (as) themselves Ellos mismos
 6. Verbo To Be / To Be Verb

To be - Ser/Estar
Presente - Forma afirmativa
Pronombre Verbo Contracción Traducción
I am I'm Yo soy - estoy
Tu eres - estás Ustedes
You are You're
son - están
He is He's El es - está
She is She's Ella es - está
It is It's Esto es - está
We are We're Nosotros (as) somos - estamos
They are They're Ellos (as) son - están

To be - Ser/Estar
Presente - Forma negativa
Pronombre Verbo Negación Contracción Traducción
I am not I'm not Yo no soy - no estoy
Tu no eres - no estás Ustedes
You are not You're not / You aren't
no son - no están
He is not He's not / He isn't El no es - no está
She is not She's not / she isn't Ella no es - no está
It is not It's not / It isn't Esto no es - no está
We are not We're not / We aren't Nosotros (as) no somos - no estamos
They are not They're not / They aren't Ellos (as) no son - no están

To be - Ser/Estar
Presente - Forma interrogativa
Verbo Pronombre Traducción
Am I ...? Soy yo ? - estoy yo ?
Eres tú? - estás tú? Son ustedes?
Are you ...?
- Están ustedes?
Is he ...? Es él? - Está él?
Is she ...? Es ella? - Está ella?
Is it ...? Es ésto? - Está esto?
Are we ...? Somos nosotros (as)? - estamos?
Are they ...? Son ellos (as) - están?
 Pasado - Forma afirmativa
Pronombre Verbo Traducción
I was I was Yo era - estaba
Tu eras - estabas Ustedes
You were You were
eran - estaban
He was He was El era - estaba
She was She was Ella era - estaba
It was It was Esto era - estaba
We were We were Nosotros (as) eramos - estabamos
They were They were Ellos (as) eran - estaban

Pasado - Forma negativa

Pronombre Verbo Negación Contracción Traducción
I was not I wasn't Yo no era - no estaba
Tu no eras - no estabas Ustedes no
You were not You weren't
eran - no estaban
He was not He wasn't El no era - no estaba
She was not She wasn't Ella no era - no estaba
It was not It wasn't Esto no era - no estaba
We were not We weren't Nosotros (as) no eramos - no estábamos
They were not They weren't Ellos (as) no eran - no estaban

Pasado - Forma interrogativa

Verbo Pronombre Traducción
Was I ...? Era yo ? - estaba yo ?
Eras tú? - estabas tú?
Were you ...?
Eran ustedes? - Estaban ustedes?
Was he ...? Era él? - Estaba él?
Was she ...? Era ella? - Estaba ella?
Was it ...? Era ésto? - Estaba esto?
Were we ...? Eramos nosotros (as)? - estábamos?
Were they ...? Eran ellos (as) - estaban?
 Futuro - Forma afirmativa
Pronombre Auxiliar Verbo Traducción
I wil be Yo seré - estaré
Tu serás - estarás Ustedes
You will be
serán - estarán
He will be El será - estará
She will be Ella será - estará
It will be Esto será - estará
We will be Nosotros (as) seremos - estaremos
They will be Ellos (as) serán - estarán

Futuro - Forma negativa

Pronombre Auxiliar Verbo Traducción
I won't be I won't be Yo no seré- estaré
Tu no serás - estarás Ustedes no
You won't be You won't be
serán - estarán
He won't be He won't be El no será - estará
She won't be She won't be Ella no será - estará
It won't be I won't be Esto no será -estará
We won't be We won't be Nosotros (as) no seremos - estaremos
They won't be They won't be Ellos (as) no serán - no estarán

Futuro - Forma interrogativa

Auxiliar Pronombre Traducción
Will I be ...? Seré yo ? - estaré yo ?
Serás tú? - estarás tú?
Will you be ...?
Serán ustedes? - Estarán ustedes?
Will he be ...? Será él? - Estará él?
Will she be ...? Será ella? - Estará ella?
Will it be ...? Será ésto? - Estará esto?
Will we be ...? Seremos nosotros (as)? - estaremos?
Will they be ...? Serán ellos (as) - estarán?
 7. Tiempos Progresivos / Progressive Tenses

Presente progresivo
I am writing I am not writing Am I writing?
You are eating You are not eating Are you eating?
He is reading He is not reading Is he reading?
She is speaking She is not speaking Is she speaking?
It is raining It is not raining Is it raining?
We are listening to We are not listening to Are we listening to?
You are painting You are not painting Are you painting?
They are jumping They are not jumping Are they jumping?
Verbo to be en presente

Verbo to be en presente

Verbo to be en presente
Verbo principal con ING

Verbo principal con ING

Verbo principal con ING

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
Negación

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

Pasado progresivo
I was writing I was not writing Was I writing?
You were eating You were not eating Were you eating?
He was reading He was not reading Was he reading?
She was speaking She was not speaking Was she speaking?
It was raining It was not raining Was it raining?
We were listening to We were not listening to Were we listening to?
You were painting You were not painting Were you painting?
They were jumping They were not jumping Were they jumping?
Verbo principal con ING

Verbo principal con ING

Verbo principal con ING

Verbo to be en pasado

Verbo to be en pasado

Verbo to be en pasado
Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
Negación

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

 Futuro progresivo
I will be writing I won´t be writing Will I be writing?
You will be eating You won´t be eating Will you be eating?
He will be reading He won´t be reading Will he be reading?
She will be speaking She won´t be speaking Will she be speaking?
It will be raining It won´t be raining Will it be raining?
We will be listening to We won´t be listening to Will we be listening to?
You will be painting You won´t be painting Will you be painting?
They will be jumping They won´t be jumping Will they be jumping?

Auxiliar de futuro negativo

Verbo to be en infinitivo

Verbo to be en infinitivo

Verbo to be en infinitivo
Verbo principal con ING

Verbo principal con ING

Verbo principal con ING

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
Auxiliar de futuro

Auxiliar de futuro
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
 8. Tiempos Simples / Simple Tenses

Presente Simple
I write I don't write Do I write?
You eat You don't eat Do you eat?
He reads He doesn't read Does he read?
She speaks She doesn't speak Does she speak?
It rains It doesn't rain Does it rain?
We listen to We don't listen to Do we listen to?
You paint You don't paint Do you paint?
They jump Verbo principal en presente, teniendo en cuenta They don't jump Do they jump?

Auxiliar de interrogación en presente simple

la "s" en la tercera persona del singular

Verbo principal en presente

Verbo principal en presente

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
Auxiliar de negación

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

 Pasado Simple
I wrote I didn't write Did I write?
You ate You didn't eat Did you eat?
He read He didn't read Did he read?
She spoke She didn't speak Did she speak?
It rained It didn't rain Did it rain?
We listened to We didn't listen to Did we listen to?
You painted You didn't paint Did you paint?
They jumped They didn't jump Did they jump?
Verbo principal en pasado teniendo en cuenta si es regular o

Auxiliar de interrogación en pasado simple

Verbo principal en presente

Verbo principal en presente

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
Auxiliar de negación
irregular

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

 Futuro Simple
I will write I won't write Will I write?
You will eat You won't eat Will you eat?
He will read He won't read Will he read?
She will speak She won't speak Will she speak?
It will rain It won't rain Will it rain?
We will listen to We won't listen to Will we listen to?
You will paint You won't paint Will you paint?
They will jump They won't jump Will they jump?

Auxiliar de interrogación en futuro simple

Verbo principal en presente

Verbo principal en presente

Verbo principal en presente

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
Auxiliar de negación
Auxiliar de futuro

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

 9. Tiempos Perfectos / Perfect Tenses

Presente perfecto
I have written I have not written Have I written?
You have eaten You have not eaten Have you eaten?
He has read He has not read Has he read?
She has spoken She has not spoken Has she spoken?
It has rained It has not rained Has it rained?
We have listened to We have not listened to Have we listened to?
You have painted You have not painted Have you painted?
They have jumped They have not jumped Have they jumped?
Auxiliar de presente perfecto

Auxiliar de presente perfecto

Auxiliar de presente perfecto

Negación (haven't - hasn't)
Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
en participio pasado

en participio pasado

en participio pasado
Verbo principal

Verbo principal

Verbo principal
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

Pasado perfecto
I had written I had not written had I written?
You had eaten You had not eaten had you eaten?
He had read He had not read had he read?
She had spoken She had not spoken had she spoken?
It had rained It had not rained had it rained?
We had listened to We had not listened to had we listened to?
You had painted You had not painted had you painted?
They had jumped They had not jumped had they jumped?
Auxiliar de pasado perfecto

Auxiliar de pasado perfecto

Auxiliar de pasado perfecto

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
en participio pasado

en participio pasado

en participio pasado
Verbo principal

Verbo principal

Verbo principal
Negación

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

 Futuro perfecto
I will have written I won't have written Will I have written?
You will have eaten You won't have eaten Will you have eaten?
He will have read He won't have read Will he have read?
She will have spoken She won't have spoken Will she have spoken?
It will have rained It won't have rained Will it have rained?
We will have listened to We won't have listened to Will we have listened to?
You will have painted You won't have painted Will you have painted?
They will have jumped They won't have jumped Will they have jumped?
Auxiliar de presente perfecto

Auxiliar de presente perfecto

Auxiliar de presente perfecto

Auxiliar de futuro negativo
Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal

Pronombre personal
en participio pasado

en participio pasado

en participio pasado
Auxiliar de futuro

Auxiliar de futuro
Verbo principal

Verbo principal

Verbo principal
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

10. Adverbs of Frecuency

% Adverb of frecuency Meaning Example

100% Always Siempre My students always write in English
90% Usually Usualmente Our family and i usually walk in the afternoon

80% Normally - Generally Normalmente - Manuela normally gets good grades

Generalmente
A menudo -
70% Often - Frecuently My wife often reads in bed at night
Frecuentemente
50% Sometimes Algunas veces Your son sometimes runs at school
30% Occasionally Ocasionalmente I occasionally sing in the shower
10% Seldom Pocas veces Those people seldom sing at work
5% Hardly ever - Rarely Casi nunca - Rara vez Michael and Joe hardly ever get angry
0% Never Nunca Sophia never eats meat
 11. Verbos Modales / Modal Verbs

Can Poder They can swim can't - cannot - can not Can they swim?
Pasado de
Could poder. He could play couldn't - could not Could he play?
Podría.

May Poder I may go I may not go May I go?

(formal)

Might Podría. It might rain It might not rain Might it rain?

50-50
Must Deber We must go mustn't - must not Must we go?
Do you have to
You have to write You don't have to write?
Have to Tener que
She has to stay She doesn't have to Does she have to
sing?
Should Debería I should stay shouldn't - should not Should I stay?
Debería
Ought to (formal- They ought to know They ought not to No aplica
literario)

Will Aux de You will travel You won't travel Will you travel?
futuro
Aux de
Shall futuro. We shall end We shall not end Shall we end?
I - we
Condicional
Would (terminación They would read wouldn't - would not Would they read?
-ría)

12. Palabras Interrogativas / WH – Questions

Como
WH-Question Español Ejemplo Ejemplo
conector
What Qué - Cuál What do you do? que You get what you give
When Cuándo When is your birthday? cuando Ann and Matt met when they were young
Where Dónde Where did she live? donde Let's go where she is living
Who Quién Who are your parents? quien The man who sold his car
Why Por qué Why will you go?
Which Cuál Which is your pencil? el cual, The Lord of Rings, which is adapted from the books
Whose De quién Whose are those shoes? cuyo The car whose driver is a young man
How Cómo How do they feel? como They know how to speak in German

How old - Qué edad How many - Cuántos (Contable)

How often - Qué tan a menudo How much - Cuánto (Incontable)
How fast - Qué tan rápido How well - Qué tan bien
How long - Cuánto tiempo How tall - Qué tan alto
How much - Cuánto dinero How big - Qué tan grande
 13. Comparativos y Superlativos / Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparativos Superlativos Ejemplos

fast, clean, tall, big, smart, cold, nice, hot, funny, angry, bitter, brave, bright, busy,
calm, cheap, clear, clever, close, clumsy, cool, crazy, creepy, crunchy, dark, deep,
Se agrega "er"
Se agrega dirty, dry, dull, dumb, early, faint, fancy, far, fat, few, fit, fresh, friendly, full,
al adjetivo,
"est" al gloomy, great, gross, guilty, happy, hard, healthy, heavy, high, hollow, hungry, icy,
generalmente
adjetivo, itchy, kind, large, lazy, light, little, lonely, low, mad, mean, messy, nasty, naughty,
Cortos llevan la
lleva el near, neat, new, noisy, old, polite, poor, pretty, proud, pure, quick, rare, rich,
palabra "than"
artículo risky, rough, rude, sad, safe, scary, shallow, shiny, short, shy, silly, simple, skinny,
a
"the" antes sleepy, slim, slimy, slow, small, smart, smelly, smooth, soft, soon, spicy, stingy,
continuación.
strange, strict, strong, sunny, sweaty, sweet, tan, tasty, thin, thirsty, tiny, ugly,
warm, weak, weird, wet, wide, wild, windy, wise, young

Se escribe la
Se escriben
palabra Intellectual, dangerous, exciting, interesting, difficult, generous, attractive, stylish,
las palabras
"more" antes excited, challenging, beautiful, frightening, wonderful, fantastic, confortable,
Largos "the most"
y "than" annoying, amazing, important, intelligent, expensive, useful, precise, colorful,
antes del
después del deliciuos
adjetivo
adjetivo

Irregulares as - as less - than

Se pueden utilizar las Cuando se quiere

palabras as - as antes y hacer una
Bad - worse - the worst después del adjetivo, comparación de
Good - better - the best cuando lo que quiero inferioridad,
Far - farther - the farthest comparar es una utilizamos less -
late - later - the latest igualdad, traduciendo tan than, antes y
Little - less - the least - como. Ej. después del
Much - more - the most She is as tall as her sister adjetivo. Ej.
Ella es tan alta como su My dog is less
hermana noisy than yours
 14. Condicionales / Conditionals

Condicional Condición Resultado

0 if Presente simple Presente simple
1 if Presente simple Futuro simple
2 if Pasado simple Would + infinitivo
3 if Pasado perfecto Would + presente perfecto

Usos
General truths or actions that are always true, like a scientific fact.
For things that are likely to happen in the present or inmediate future.
Unreal-unlikely to happen in the present or future; also use to give advice.
Unreal situations in the past, either something happened or didn't happen

15. Voz Pasiva / Passive Voice

Tiempo Voz activa Voz pasiva

Presente simple Mark Twain writes the book The book is written by Mark Twain
Pasado simple Mark Twain wrote the book The book was written by Mark Twain
Futuro simple Mark Twain will write the book The book will be written by Mark Twain
Presente progresivo Mark Twain is writing the book The book is being written by Mark Twain
Pasado progresivo Mark Twain was writing the book The book was being written by Mark Twain
Futuro progresivo Mark Twain will be writing the book The book will be being written by Mark Twain
Presente perfecto Mark Twain has written the book The book has been written by Mark Twain
Pasado perfecto Mark Twain had written the book The book had been written by Mark Twain
Futuro perfecto Mark Twain will have written the book The book will have been written by Mark Twain