Identidades Trigonométricas Esenciales
Cargado por
Rasha M.R.TashtoushIdentidades Trigonométricas Esenciales
Cargado por
Rasha M.R.Tashtoush7 ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY
7.1 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
1. An equation is called an identity if it is valid for all values of the variable. The equation 2x x x is an algebraic identity
and the equation sin2 x cos2 x 1 is a trigonometric identity.
2. The fact that cos x has the same value as cos x for any x can be expressed as the identity cos x cos x.
sin t
3. cos t tan t cos t sin t
cos t
1
4. cos t csc t cos t cot t
sin t
1
5. sin sec sin tan
cos
sin 1 1
6. tan csc sec
cos sin cos
sin2 x 1 sin2 x 1 cos2 x
7. tan2 x sec2 x 2
2
2
1
cos x cos x cos x cos2 x
1
sec x cos x sin x tan x
8.
csc x 1 cos x
sin x
cos u sin2 u cos2 u 1
9. sin u cot u cos u sin u cos u csc u
sin u sin u sin u
r s sin2
10. cos2 1 tan2 cos2 1 cos2 sin2 1
cos2
1
sec cos cos 1 cos2 sin2 sin
11. cos tan
sin sin sin cos sin cos cos
cos
cot sin cos cos
12. sec
csc sin 1 1 sin 2 cos2
sin
sin
1
sin x sec x sin x
13. cos x 1
tan x cos x
sin x
1
cos x sec x cos x
14. cos x sin x
cot x cos x cos x
sin x
sin t tan t sin t tan t
15. cos t 1
tan t sin t tan t
cos t
1 cot A cos A
16. 1 cot A sin A sin A sin A cot A sin A sin A sin A cos A
csc A sin A
r s
17. cos3 x sin2 x cos x cos x cos2 x sin2 x cos x
513
514 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
r sr s
18. sin4 cos4 cos2 sin2 cos2 sin2 cos2 cos2 sin2
sec2 x 1 tan2 x sin2 x
19. cos2 x sin2 x.
sec2 x sec2 x cos2 x
sec2 x 1 1
Another method: 1 1 cos2 x sin2 x
sec2 x sec2 x
1 cos2 x
sec x cos x 2 2
20. cos x cos x 1 cos x sin x sin x
tan x sin x sin x sin x
cos x
1 cos y 1 cos y 1 cos y 1 cos y cos y
21. cos y
1 sec y 1 cos y 1 1 cos y 1
1
cos y cos y
1 sin y 1 sin y 1 sin y
22. sin y
1 csc y 1 1
1 1 sin y
sin y sin y
1 sin u cos u 1 sin u2 cos2 u 1 2 sin u sin2 u cos2 u 1 2 sin u 1
23.
cos u 1 sin u cos u 1 sin u cos u 1 sin u cos u 1 sin u
2 2 sin u 2 1 sin u 2
2 sec u
cos u 1 sin u cos u 1 sin u cos u
sin t 1 cos t
24. Note that because sin2 t 1 cos2 t 1 cos t 1 cos t, we can write . Thus,
1 cos t sin t
sin t 1 cos t 1 cos t
csc t cot t.
1 cos t sin t sin t sin t
cos x cos x cos2 x 1 sin2 x 1 sin x 1 sin x
25. 1 sin x
sec x tan x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x
cos x cos x
cot A 1 cot A 1 tan A 1 tan A
26. Because tan A tan A, cot A
1 tan A 1 tan A tan A tan A 1 tan A
1 1 1 sin 1 sin 2
27. 2
2 sec2
1 sin 1 sin 1 sin cos2
2 tan2 x 1 1 tan2 x 1 1 tan2 x 1 sec2 x
28. 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
1
sec x sec x sec x sec x sec x sec2 x
1 1
11 cos2 x
sec2 x sec2 x
SECTION 7.1 Trigonometric Identities 515
sin y
cos x cos x cos2 x 1 sin2 x tan y cos y sin2 y 1 cos2 y
29. (a) 30. (a)
sec x sin x 1 sin x sin x csc y 1 cos y cos y
sin x
cos x sin y
1 sin2 x 1 cos2 y
csc x sin x sec y cos y
sin x sin x cos y cos y
(b) We graph each side of the equation and see that the (b) We graph each side of the equation and see that the
cos x tan x
graphs of y and y csc x sin x are graphs of y and y sec x cos x are
sec x sin x csc x
identical, confirming that the equation is an identity. identical, confirming that the equation is an identity.
1
1
-5 5
-5 5
-1
-1
sin sin cos tan x sin x
31. sin cos 32. cos x sin x
tan sin sin sec x cos x
cos
cos u sec u 1 cot x sec x cos x 1
33. cos u cot u cot u 34. sin x 1
tan u cos u csc x sin x cos x
sin y
tan y cos y sin2 y 1 cos2 y 1 1 1
35. cos y
csc y 1 cos y cos y cos y cos y sec y
sin y
cos2 ) 1 sin2 ) 1
36. sin ) csc ) sin )
sin ) sin ) sin )
37. cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x
cos cos2 sin2 1
38. cot cos sin cos sin csc
sin sin sin
sin cos sin2 cos2 1
39. tan cot sec csc
cos sin cos sin cos sin
40. sin x cos x2 sin2 x 2 sin x cos x cos2 x 1 2 sin x cos x
1
41. 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos2 sin2
csc2
cos x sin x
42. cos2 x sin2 x 1
sec x csc x
1 1
43. 2
sec2 y 1 tan2 y
1 sin y cos2 y
1 1 sin2 x cos2 x
44. csc x sin x sin x cos x cot x
sin x sin x sin x
r s r s
45. tan x cot x2 tan2 x 2 tan x cot x cot2 x tan2 x 2 cot2 x tan2 x 1 cot2 x 1 sec2 x csc2 x
r s r s
46. tan2 x cot2 x sec2 x 1 csc2 x 1 sec2 x csc2 x
r s2 r s2 r s
47. 1 sin2 t cos2 t 4 sin2 t cos2 t 2 cos2 t 4 sin2 t cos2 t 4 cos2 t cos2 t sin2 t 4 cos2 t
516 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
48. r s
sin x cos x2 1 sin2 x cos2 x 2 sin x cos x 1 2 sin x cos x sin2 x cos2 x 1
2 sin x cos x
1
2 sin x cos x 1 1
cos2 x sin2 x 1
49. csc x cos2 x sin x csc x
sin x sin x sin x
t u r s
cos2 t 1
50. cot2 t cos2 t 2
cos 2 t cos2 t
2
1 cos2 t csc2 t 1 cot2 t cos2 t
sin t sin t
sin x cos x2 sin x cos x2 sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin2 x cos2 x
51.
sin2 x cos2 x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x2
K L2 r s2
52. sin x cos x4 sin x cos x2 sin2 x 2 sin x cos x cos2 x 1 2 sin x cos x2
1 1
sec t cos t cos t cos t cos t 1 cos2 t
53. cos t cos t sin2 t
sec t 1 1 cos t 1
cos t cos t
cos2 x cos x cos x 1
54. cot x csc x cos x 1 cot x cos x cot x csc x cos x csc x
sin x sin x sin x sin x
cos2 x 1 sin2 x
sin x
sin x sin x
r s
55. cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x 1 cos2 x 2 cos2 x 1
r s
56. 2 cos2 x 1 2 1 sin2 x 1 2 2 sin2 x 1 1 2 sin2 x
r s2 r s2 r sr s
57. sin4 cos4 sin2 cos2 sin2 cos2 sin2 cos2 sin2 cos2
r sr s cos2 x
2 2
58. 1 cos x 1 cot x sin x 1 2 sin2 x cos2 x 1
sin2 x
sin t cos t2 sin2 t 2 sin t cos t cos2 t sin2 t cos2 t 2 sin t cos t 1
59. 2 2 sec t csc t
sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t
t u
1 1 sin t cos t 1 1
60. sec t csc t tan t cot t 2 sec2 t csc2 t
cos t sin t cos t sin t cos2 t sin t
sin2 u sin2 u
1 tan2 u 1 1 2 2 2
61. cos2 u cos2 u cos u cos u sin u 1
2
1 tan u 2
sin u 2
sin u cos u 2 cos u sin2 u
2 cos2 u sin2 u
1 1
cos2 u cos2 u
2
1 sec x 1 sec x2 1
62. 1 cos2 x 1
1 tan2 x sec2 x sec2 x
1 1 1 1
sec x csc x
63. cos x sin x cos x sin x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x
tan x cot x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin2 x cos2 x
cos x sin x cos x sin x
sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x cos x sin x
64. sin x cos x cos x sin x
sec x csc x 1 1 sin x cos x sin x cos x
cos x sin x cos x sin x
1 cos x sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x sin x sin x 1 2 cos x cos2 x sin2 x
65.
sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x sin x sin x 1 cos x
2 2 cos x 2 1 cos x
2 csc x
sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x
SECTION 7.1 Trigonometric Identities 517
1 cos x 1 cos x
csc x cot x
66. sin x sin x sin x sin x sin x cos x cos x 1 cos x cos x cot x
sec x 1 1 1 sin x cos x sin x 1 cos x sin x
1 1
cos x cos x
sin2 u sin2 u cos2 u sin2 u r s
67. tan2 u sin2 u 2
2
2
1 cos2 u tan2 u sin2 u
cos u cos u cos u
r sr s r s
68. sec x tan x sec x tan x sec x tan2 x 1 sec2 x tan2 x sec2 x tan2 x
4 4 2 2 2
sin x
1 tan x 1
69. cos x cos x cos x sin x
1 tan x sin x cos x cos x sin x
1
cos x
1 sin2 1
sin csc sin cos2 cos
70. sin sin
cos cot cos cos sin cos cos sin 1 1 sin
cos
sin sin
1 1 sec x tan x sec x tan x 2 sec x 2 sec x
71. 2 sec x
sec x tan x sec x tan x sec x tan x sec x tan x sec2 x tan2 x 1
cos2 t tan2 t 1 sin2 t tan2 t sin2 t 1
72. 1 1 sec2 t tan2 t
sin2 t sin2 t cos2 t sin2 t
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x2 1 sin x2 1 2 sin x sin2 x 1 2 sin x sin2 x
73.
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x
4 sin x sin x 1
4 4 tan x sec x
cos2 x cos x cos x
sin x sin y sin x cos y cos x sin y
tan x tan y cos x cos y cos x cos y
74. cos x cos y cos x sin y sin x cos y
cot x cot y
sin x sin y sin x sin y
t ut u
sin x cos y cos x sin y sin x sin y sin x sin y
tan x tan y
cos x cos y cos x sin y sin x cos y cos x cos y
r s
sin3 x cos3 x sin x cos x sin2 x sin x cos x cos2 x
75. sin2 sin x cos x cos2 x 1 sin x cos x
sin x cos x sin x cos x
tan ) cot ) tan ) cot ) 1 1 sin ) cos )
76.
tan2 ) cot2 ) tan ) cot ) tan ) cot ) tan ) cot ) sin ) cos ) sin ) cos )
cos ) sin )
sin ) cos )
sin ) cos )
sin2 ) cos2 )
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos2 sin2 sin
77.
sin sin 1 cos sin 1 cos sin 1 cos 1 cos
sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x 1 cos2 x
78. 2
sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 12
1
sin * sin * cos * tan *
79.
sin * cos * sin * cos * 1 1 tan *
cos *
sin A sin A 1 cos A sin A 1 cos A sin A 1 cos A cos A
80. cot A cot A cot A
1 cos A 1 cos A 1 cos A 1 cos2 A sin2 A sin A
1 cos A cos A 1
csc A
sin A sin A sin A sin A
518 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
sec x sec x sec x tan x sec x sec x tan x sec x sec x tan x
81. sec x sec x tan x
sec x tan x sec x tan x sec x tan x sec2 x tan2 x 1
sec ) tan ) sec2 ) tan2 ) 1
82. sec ) tan ) sec ) tan )
sec ) tan ) sec ) tan ) sec ) tan )
cos cos 1 sin cos 1 sin cos 1 sin 1 sin
83. sec tan
1 sin 1 sin 1 sin 1 sin2 cos2 cos cos
tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) tan ) sin )
84. 2
b c
tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) 2
tan ) sin ) sin2 ) sec2 ) 1
tan ) sin ) tan ) sin ) tan ) sin )
2
2
tan ) sin ) tan ) sin )
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 2 sin x sin2 x 1 2 sin x sin2 x 1 2 sin x sin2 x
85.
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x
sec2 x 2 sec x tan x tan2 x sec x tan x2
t u
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x2 1 sin x2 1 sin x 2
86. tan x sec x2
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x cos2 x cos x
1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos2 x sin2 x
87. csc x cot x
sin x sin x sin x sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x
1 1 1
1 1 cos x csc x cot x
1 cos x
sin x sin x sin x
1 sin u
sec u 1 1 sin u sin u tan u sin u
88. cos u cos u
sec u 1 1 sin u sin u tan u sin u
1 sin u
cos u cos u
x sin sin sin
89. x sin ; then S S T tan (since cos o 0 for 0 n n
2 ).
1x 2 2
1 sin 2
cos cos
S S T b c T
90. x tan ; then 1 x 2 1 tan2 1 sec2 1 sec2 sec (since sec o 0 for 0 n n
2 ).
S S Tb c T
91. x sec ; then x2 1 sec2 1 tan2 1 1 tan2 tan (since tan o 0 for 0 n
2)
92. x 2 tan ; then
1 1 1 1
S T T b c T
2
x 4x 2
2 tan 2 4 2 tan 2 2
4 tan 4 1 tan 2 4 tan 2 sec2
2
1 1 cos2 cos
2
18 cot2 cos
8 tan sec 8 sin2
S T S U r s T
93. x 3 sin ; then 9 x 2 9 3 sin 2 9 9 sin2 9 1 sin2 3 cos2 3 cos (since
cos o 0 for 0 n
2 ).
S T T b c sin
T
x 2 25 5 sec 2 25 25 sec2 1 5 tan2 tan
94. x 5 sec ; then cos sin (since
x 5 sec 5 sec 5 sec sec 1
cos
tan 0 for 0 n
2 ).
SECTION 7.1 Trigonometric Identities 519
95. f x cos2 x sin2 x, g x 1 2 sin2 x. From the graph, f x g x this
appears to be an identity. Proof: 1
f x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x 2 sin2 x 1 2 sin2 x g x. Since
f x g x for all x, this is an identity. -5 5
-1
sin x cos x
96. f x tan x 1 sin x, g x . From the graph, f x g x does
1 sin x
1
not appear to be an identity. In order to show this, let x
4 . Then,
b c K r sL T
f 4 1 1 T1 T 21 . However,
2 2 -5 5
b c T1 T1 T -1
g K 2
r 2
sL
1
1
2 . Since f b c b c
/ g
4 1 2
T
21 2 4 4 , this is not an
1 T T
2 2
identity.
97. f x sin x cos x2 , g x 1. From the graph, f x g x does not
appear to be an identity. In order to show this, we can set x
4 . Then we have
1
b c r s2 r s2 rT 2s b c
f 4
T1 T1 T2 2 2 / 1 g 4 . Since
2 2 2
b c b c -5 5
f 4 / g 4 , this is not an identity.
-1
98. f x cos4 x sin4 x, g x 2 cos2 x 1. From the graph, f x g x
appears to be an identity. In order to prove this, simplify the expression f x: 1
r sr s
f x cos4 x sin4 x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x
r s r s -5 5
cos2 x sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x cos2 x sin2 x
r s -1
2 cos2 x cos2 x sin2 x 2 cos2 x 1 g x
Since f x g x for all x, this is an identity.
99. sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y2 cos x cos y2
r s r s
1 cos2 x sin2 y cos2 x 1 sin2 y sin2 y cos2 x
1 cos x sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos2 x sin2 x 2 cos x sin x cos x sin x
100.
1 cos x sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos2 x sin2 x 2 cos x
2 2 cos x 2 sin x 2 sin x cos x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x 1 sin x
2 cos2 x 2 cos x cos x 1 cos x cos x
t u4 2 4 t u4
sin x cos x sin x cos2 x 1
101. tan x cot x4 sec4 x csc4 x
cos x sin x sin x cos x sin x cos x
t u t u t u
sin r cos s 1 1
102. sin tan cos cot sin cos sin 1 cos 1
cos sin cos sin
t u t u
1 1
cos 1 sin 1 cos 1 sin 1
cos sin
520 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
r s
sin3 y csc3 y sin y csc y sin2 y sin y csc y csc2 y
103. sin2 y csc2 y 1
sin y csc y sin y csc y
r sr s
104. sin6 cos6 sin2 cos2 sin4 sin2 cos2 cos4
r s r s
sin2 1 cos2 sin2 cos2 cos2 1 sin2 sin2 cos2 3 sin2 cos2
1 3 sin2 cos2
n n
n sin x n
105. ln tan x sin x ln tan x ln sin x ln n n n ln sin x ln sin x ln cos x ln sin x
cos x n
n n
n 1 n
2 ln sin x ln nn n 2 ln sin x ln sec x
cos x n
106. ln tan x ln cot x ln tan x cot x ln 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
107. esin x etan x e1cos x esec x1 e1cos xsec x1 esec x e cos x
108. e x2 ln sin x e x e2 ln sin x e x eln sin x eln sin x e x sin2 x
2 2
109. This is an identity: LHS esin xcos x e1 RHS.
x
110. 1 x % x x 12 % x 2 x 1 0, which has no real solution.
x 1
S
111. Squaring both sides, we have sin2 x 1 sin2 x 2 sin2 x 1 % sin x 0, which has solutions x k , k an integer.
2
112. xeln x x x 2 x 3 is true for all x / 0.
r s
113. LHS R cos sin !2 R sin sin !2 R cos !2 R sin !2 cos2 sin2 R cos !2
R sin !2 R cos !2 RHS
114. (a) x y2 x 2 2x y y 2 is an identity.
(b) x 2 y 2 1 is not an identity. For example, 12 12 / 1.
(c) x y z x y xz is the Distributive Law, an identity.
(d) t 2 cos2 t t cos t t cos t (difference of squares).
T
(e) sin t cos t 1 is not an identity. For example, sin
4 cos 4 2.
(f) x 2 tan2 x 0 is not an identity.
115. (a) Choose x
2 . Then sin 2x sin 0, whereas 2 sin x 2 sin 2 2.
(b) Choose x
4 and y 4 . Then sin x y sin 2 1, whereas sin x sin y sin 4 sin 4
T1 T1 T2 .
2 2 2
Since these are not equal, the equation is not an identity.
rT s2 rT s2
(c) Choose 2 2
4 . Then sec csc 2 2 4 / 1.
1 1 1
(d) Choose x 4 . Then sin x cos x sin cos T1 1
T1 whereas
T 2
4 4 2 2
T T
csc x sec x csc
4 sec 4 2 2. Since these are not equal, the equation is not an identity.
SECTION 7.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas 521
116. No. All this proves is that f x g x for x in the range of the viewing rectangle. It does not prove that these functions
x2 x4 x6
are equal for all values of x. For example, let f x 1 and g x cos x. In the first viewing rectangle
2 24 720
the graphs of these two functions appear identical. However, when the domain is expanded in the second viewing rectangle,
you can see that these two functions are not identical.
1
-10 10
-5
-2 2
-1
-10
117. Answers will vary.
118. Label a the side opposite ), b the side opposite u, and c the hypotenuse. Since u )
2 , we must have u ) 2
b c
%) a
2 u. Next we express all six trigonometric function for each angle: cos u c sin ) " cos u sin 2 u ,
b c b c
sin u bc cos ) " sin u cos b a
2 u , tan u a cot ) " tan u cot 2 u , cot u b tan ) "
b c b c b c
cot u tan 2 u , sec u ac csc ) " sec u csc c
2 u , and csc u b sec ) " csc u sec 2 u .
7.2 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULAS
1. If we know the values of the sine and cosine of x and y we can find the value of sin x y using the addition formula for
sine, sin x y sin x cos y cos x sin y.
2. If we know the values of the sine and cosine of x and y we can find the value of cos x y using the subtraction formula
for cosine, cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y.
T T T T T
3. sin 75i sin 45i 30i sin 45i cos 30i cos 45i sin 30i 22 23 22 12 6 2
4
T T T T T
4. i i i i i i i
sin 15 sin 45 30 sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 6 2
4
T T T T T
5. cos 105i cos 60i 45i cos 60i cos 45i sin 60i sin 45i 12 22 23 22 2 4
6
rT T T s T T
6. cos 195i cos 15i cos 45i 30i cos 45i cos 30i sin 45i sin 30i 22 23 22 12 6 4
2
T T
i tan 30i 1 3 T
i i i tan 45 3 3 3
7. tan 15 tan 45 30 T T 2 3
1 tan 45i tan 30i 11 3 3 3 3
T T
3
i i i i tan 45i tan 30i 3 T 1 33 T
8. tan 165 tan 15 tan 45 30 i i T 32
1 tan 45 tan 30 1 1 33 3 3
b T T T T T
sin 19 7 c 2 1 2 3 6 2
9. 12 sin 12 sin 4 3 sin 4 cos 3 cos 4 sin 3 2 2 2 2 4
b c T T T T T
cos 17 5 2 3 2 1 2 6
10. 12 cos 12 cos 4 6 cos 4 cos 6 sin 4 sin 6 2 2 2 2 4
T
b c b c tan
3 tan 4 1 3 T
11. tan 12 tan 12 tan 3 4 T 32
1 tan 3 tan 4 1 3
r s T T T T T
sin 5 sin b c sin cos cos sin 2 3 2 1 6 2
12. sin 512 12 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4
b c T T T T T
13. cos 11 3 2 1 2 6 2
12 cos 12 cos 3 4 cos 3 cos 4 sin 3 sin 4 2 2 2 2 4
522 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
T T
7 5 b c tan 1
4 tan 6
3
3
3 3 T
14. tan 12 tan 12 tan 4 6 T T 2 3
1 tan
4 tan 6 11 3 3 3 3
T
15. sin 18i cos 27i cos 18i sin 27i sin 18i 27i sin 45i T1 22
2
16. cos 10i cos 80i sin 10i sin 80i cos 10i 80i cos 90i 0
r s
17. cos 37 cos 221
sin 3 sin 2 cos 3 2 cos 7 cos 1
7 21 7 21 21 3 2
tan
tan 18 b c T
18.
9
tan 18
9
tan 3
tan 318 6 3
1 tan 18 tan 9
tan 73i tan 13i T
19. tan 73i 13i tan 60i 3
1 tan 73i tan 13i
b c b c r b cs
cos 13 13 13 cos 10 2 1
20. 15 cos 5 sin 15 sin 5 cos 15 5 15 cos 3 2
b c
b c sin
2 u c sin 2 cos u cos 2 sin u 1 cos u 0 sin u cos u cot u
21. tan u b
2
cos 2 u cos 2 cos u sin
2 sin u 0 cos u 1 sin u sin u
b c
b c cos 2 u cos 2 cos u sin 2 sin u 0 cos u 1 sin u sin u
22. cot b c
2 u sin u sin cos u cos sin u 1 cos u 0 sin u cos u tan u
2 2 2
b c 1 1 1 1
23. sec 2 u b c cos u sin sin u 0 cos u 1 sin u sin u csc u
cos 2 u cos 2 2
b c 1 1 1 1
24. csc 2 u b c cos u cos sin u 1 cos u 0 sin u cos u sec u
sin 2 u sin 2 2
b c
25. sin x 2 sin x cos cos x sin 0 sin x 1 cos x cos x
2 2
b c
26. cos x
2 cos x cos 2 sin x sin 2 0 cos x 1 sin x sin x
27. sin x sin x cos cos x sin 1 sin x 0 cos x sin x
28. cos x cos x cos sin x sin 1 cos x 0 sin x cos x
tan x tan tan x 0
29. tan x tan x
1 tan x tan 1 tan x 0
b c
b c sin x sin x cos 2 cos x sin 2
cos x
30. tan x b 2 c
2 cos x cos x cos sin x sin sin x cot x
2 2 2
b c
31. LHS sin x sin cos x cos sin x 1 cos x 0 sin x cos x and
b2 c 2 2
RHS sin 2 x sin cos x cos sin x 1 cos x 0 sin x cos x. Therefore, LHS RHS.
2 2
b c b T T
32. cos x sin x c 1 cos x 3 sin x 3 sin x 1 cos x 0
3 6 2 2 2 2
T
b c tan x tan 3 tan x
33. tan x 3 1 tan x tan
3
T
3 1 3 tan x
b c tan x tan
4 tan x 1 tan x 1
34. tan x
4 1 tan x tan
4 1 tan x 1 tan x 1
35. sin x y sin x y sin x cos y cos x sin y sin x cos y cos x sin y 2 cos x sin y
36. cos x y cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y 2 cos x cos y
1 1
1
1 1 tan x tan y cot x cot y cot x cot y cot x cot y 1
37. cot x y
tan x y tan x tan y 1 1 cot x cot y cot y cot x
cot x cot y
1 1
1
1 1 tan x tan y cot x cot y cot x cot y cot x cot y 1
38. cot x y
tan x y tan x tan y 1 1 cot x cot y cot x cot y
cot x cot y
SECTION 7.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas 523
sin x sin y sin x cos y cos x sin y sin x y
39. tan x tan y
cos x cos y cos x cos y cos x cos y
sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x y
40. 1 tan x tan y 1
cos x cos y cos x cos y cos x cos y
tan x tan y tan x tan y cos x cos y sin x cos y cos x sin y sin x y
41.
1 tan x tan y 1 tan x tan y cos x cos y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x y
sin x y sin x y sin x cos y cos x sin y sin x cos y cos x sin y 2 cos x sin y
42. tan y
cos x y cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y 2 cos x cos y
43. cos x y cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos2 x cos2 y sin2 x sin2 y
r s r s
cos2 x 1 sin2 y 1 cos2 x sin2 y cos2 x sin2 y cos2 x sin2 y cos2 x sin2 y
cos2 x sin2 y
44. cos x y cos y sin x y sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos y sin x cos y cos x sin y sin y
r s
cos2 y cos x sin2 y cos x cos2 y sin2 y cos x cos x
45. sin x y z sin x y z sin x y cos z cos x y sin z
cos z sin x cos y cos x sin y sin z cos x cos y sin x sin y
sin x cos y cos z cos x sin y cos z cos x cos y sin z sin x sin y sin z
46. The addition formula for the tangent function can be written as tan A tan B tan A B 1 tan A tan B. Also note
that tan A tan A. Using these facts, we get
d e
tan x y tan y z tan z x tan x y y z 1 tan x y tan y z tan z x
d e
tan x z 1 tan x y tan y z tan z x
tan x z tan z x tan x y tan y z tan x z
tan x z tan x z tan x y tan y z tan x z
0 tan x y tan y z tan x z
tan x y tan y z tan z x
47. We want to write cossin1 x tan1 y in terms of x and y only. We let
sin1 x and ! tan1 y and sketch triangles with angles and ! such Y Z"
Z
S
that sin x and tan ! y. From the triangles, we have cos 1 x 2 , n
Y"
1 y
cos ! S , and sin ! S . tan ! y
1 y2 1 y2 sin x
From the subtraction formula for cosine we have
S
r s S 1 y 1 x2 x y
1 1
cos sin x tan y cos ! cos cos ! sin sin ! 1 x 2 S x S S
1 y2 1 y2 1 y2
524 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
x
48. Let sin1 x and ! cos1 y. From the triangles, tan S and
1 x2
S Y
1 y2 Z"
tan ! , so using the addition formula for tangent, we have n
y
S Y" Z
x 1 y2
S sin x cos ! y
r s y
1 x2
tan sin1 x cos1 y tan ! S
x 1 y2
1 S
1 x2 y
S S
x y 1 x 2 1 y2
S S
y 1 x 2 x 1 y2
1
49. Let tan1 x and ! tan1 y. From the triangles, cos S ,
1 x2 Y" Z"
Y
x 1 y Z
sin S , cos ! S , and sin ! S , so using the
2 n
1x 2 1y 1 y2
subtraction formula for sine, we have
r s tan x tan ! y
sin tan1 x tan1 y sin ! sin cos ! cos sin !
x 1 1 y xy
S S S S S S
1 x2 1 y2 1 x2 1 y2 1 x 2 1 y2
S
50. Let sin1 x and ! cos1 y. From the triangles, cos 1 x 2 and
S
sin ! 1 y 2 , so using the addition formula for sine, we have Y
r s Z"
sin sin1 x cos1 y sin ! sin cos ! cos sin ! n
Y" Z
S S S S
x y 1 x 2 1 y2 x y 1 x 2 1 y2 cos ! y
sin x
51. We know that cos1 21
3 and tan
1 1 , so the addition formula for sine gives
4
r s b c T T T T T
sin cos 2 tan 1 sin 3 4 sin 3 cos
1 1 1 3 2 1
4 cos 3 sin 4 2 2 2 2
2 6 2.
4
T T
52. We know that sin1 23 3 and cot
1 3 , so the addition formula for cosine gives
6
r T T s b c T T
cos sin1 3 cot1 3 cos cos cos sin sin 1 3 3 1 0.
2 3 6 3 6 3 6 2 2 2 2
53. We sketch triangles such that sin1 43 and ! cos1 31 . From the
T
triangles, we have tan T3 and tan ! 2 2, so the subtraction formula for
7
tangent gives
T
r s T3 2 2
tan tan ! 7
tan sin1 43 cos1 13 T n
1 tan tan ! 1 T3 2 2
7
T
3 2 14 sin 34 cos ! 13
T T
76 2
SECTION 7.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas 525
54. We sketch triangles such that cos1 23 and ! tan1 12 . From the
T
triangles, we have sin 35 , cos ! T2 , and sin ! T1 , so the addition
5 5
formula for sine gives
r s T
n
sin cos1 32 tan1 12 sin cos ! cos sin ! 35 T2 23 T1
5 5
T
2 10 2 5
23 T cos 23 tan ! 12
3 5 15
55. As in Example 7, we sketch the angles and ! in standard position Z Z
n @
with terminal sides in the appropriate quadrants and find the
Y
remaining sides using the Pythagorean Theorem. To find cos !,
we use the addition formula for sine and the triangles we have
sketched:
@ Y
cos ! cos cos ! sin sin ! T
r s r sT T
cos 35 tan ! 3
35 12 45 23 3 10
4 3
56. Using the subtraction formula for sine and the triangles shown, we Z
n Z
have
Y
sin ! sin cos ! cos sin !
T t Y
u T T
4 3 10 3 10 15 10
5 10 5 10 50 @ @ @
T T
3 10 tan 43 sin ! 1010
10
57. Using the addition formula for sine and the triangles shown, we have Z @ Z
sin ! sin cos ! cos sin !
T T
T n
5 2 5 12 5 2 5 Y Y
13 5 13 5 65 T
5
sin 13 cos ! 2 5 5
58. Using the addition formula for tangent and the triangles shown, we Z Z
have n @
T r s
Y
2 2 T1
tan tan ! 15
tan !
1 tan tan !
T r 1 s Y
12 2 T
15
T sin ! 14
2 30 1
T T @@
15 2 2
cos 13
Ur
S T s2 T T
59. k A2 B 2 3 12 4 2. Thus, sin ! 12 and cos ! 2 3 " ! 56 , so
T r s
3 sin x cos x k sin x ! 2 sin x 56 .
S S T
60. k A2 B 2 12 12 2 and ! satisfies sin ! T1 , cos ! T1 % !
4 . Thus,
2 2
T b c
sin x cos x k sin x ! 2 sin x
4 .
526 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
S T T T
61. k A2 B 2 5 T1 and cos ! T
52 52 50 5 2. Thus, sin ! T 5 T1 " ! 7 , so
5 2 2 5 2 2 4
T r s
7
5 sin 2x cos 2x k sin 2x ! 5 2 sin 2x 4 .
Ur T s2 T T T
S
62. k A2 B 2 32 3 3 36 6 and ! satisfies sin ! 3 6 3 23 , cos ! 36 12 % !
3 . Thus,
T b c r s
3 sin x 3 3 cos x k sin x ! 6 sin x 1
3 6 sin x 3 .
T
63. (a) g x cos 2x 3 sin 2x " (b) This is a sine curve with amplitude 2, period , and
U rT s2 T .
phase shift 12
k 12 3 4 2, and ! satisfies
Z
T
sin ! 12 , cos ! 23 " !
6 . Thus, we can
write
b c b c
g x k sin 2x ! 2 sin 2x
6 2 sin 2 x 12 .
@y @y y y Y
@
@
S T T
64. (a) f x sin x cos x " k 12 12 2, and (b) This is a sine curve with amplitude 2, period 2 ,
! satisfies sin ! cos ! T1 " ! and phase shift
4.
2 4 . Thus,
we can write Z
T b c
f x k sin x ! 2 sin x
4 .
@y @y y y Y
@
@
65. f x cos x. Now
f x h f x cos x h cos x cos x cos h sin x sin h cos x
h h h
t u t u
cos x 1 cos h sin h sin x 1 cos h sin h
cos x sin x
h h h
66. g x sin x. Now
g x h g x sin x h sin x sin x cos h cos x sin h sin x
h h h
t u t u
sin h cos x sin x 1 cos h sin h 1 cos h
cos x sin x
h h h
SECTION 7.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas 527
b c b c
67. (a) y sin2 x 2
4 sin x 4 . From the graph we see that the value of y
seems to always be equal to 1. 1
-5 5
b c b c b c2 bsin x cos cos x sin c2
(b) y sin2 x 2
4 sin x 4 sin x cos 4 cos x sin 4 4 4
K L2 K L2 K L
1 1 1 2
T sin x cos x T sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x sin x cos x 2
2 2
Kr s r sL
12 sin2 x 2 sin x cos x cos2 x sin2 x 2 sin x cos x cos2 x
12 [1 2 sin x cos x 1 2 sin x cos x] 12 2 1
68. (a) y 12 [cos x cos x ]. The graph of y appears to be the same as
that of cos x. 1
-5 5
-1
(b) y 12 [cos x cos x ]
12 [cos x cos sin x sin cos x cos sin x sin ]
12 [ cos x 0 cos x 0] 12 2 cos x cos x
b c
69. If
2 , then 2 . Now if we let y x , then sin x cos x 2 sin y
b c
cos y
2 sin y sin y 0. Therefore, sin x cos x 0.
70. Let / A and / B be the two angles shown in the diagram. Then
180i A B, 90i A, and 90i B. Subtracting
` # $ z
the second and third equation from the first, we get
180i 90i 90i A B A B %
a
. Then
4 3 8 9
tan tan
tan tan 6 4 4 3 12 112 2 17 17
12 6 .
1 tan tan 1 6 4 1 2
t u t u
xy tan u tan )
71. tan1 tan1 tan1 tan u ) u ) tan1 x tan1 y
1 xy 1 tan u tan )
t u
cot ) cot u 1 x 1 x 1 1
72. cot u ) 0, so tan1 x tan1 u ) cot1 cot u ) cot1 0 .
cot ) cot u x 1 x x 2
y y
73. (a) By definition, m and tan . Thus, m tan .
x x
tan 2 tan 1
(b) tan # tan 2 1 . From part (a), we have m 1 tan 1 and m 2 tan 2 . Then by
1 tan 2 tan 1
m m1
substitution, tan # 2 .
1 m1m2
528 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
(c) Let # be the unknown angle as in part (b). Since m 1 13 and m 2 12 ,
1 1 1
m m1
tan # 2 2 r3 s 67 17 % # tan1 71 s 0 142 rad s 8 1i .
1 m1m2 1 13 12 6
1 m1m2
(d) From part (b), we have cot # . If the two lines are perpendicular then # 90i and so cot # 0. Thus we
m2 m1
1 m1m2
have 0 % 0 1 m 1 m 2 % m 1 m 2 1 % m 2 1 m 1 . Thus m 2 is the negative reciprocal of m 1 .
m2 m1
1 1
74. Clearly C
tan A tan B 3 2 1. Thus A B
4 . Now tan A B 1 tan A tan B 4 , so A B C 4 4 2 .
1 13 12
S S T
75. (a) y f 1 t f 2 t 5 sin t 5 cos t 5 sin t cos t (b) k A2 B 2 52 52 5 2. Therefore,
B 5 1
10 sin ! S T T and
2
A B 2 5 2 2
A 1
cos ! S T . Thus, !
4.
A2 B 2 2
-5 5
-10
76. (a) f t C sin $t C sin $t C sin $t C sin $t cos cos $t sin
C 1 cos sin $t C sin cos $t A sin $t B cos $t
where A C 1 cos and B C sin .
b c T
(b) In this case, f t 10 1 cos
3 sin $t 10 sin 3 cos $t 15 sin $t 5 3 cos $t. Thus
U r T s2 T T
T
k 152 5 3 10 3 and ! has cos ! 15 T 3 and sin ! 5 T3 1 , so ! . Therefore,
10 3 2 10 3 2 6
T b c
f t 10 3 sin $t 6 .
d e db c e b c b c
77. sin s t cos 2 s t cos 2 s t cos 2 s cos t sin 2 s sin t sin s cos t cos s sin t.
The last equality comes from again applying the cofunction identities.
sin s t sin s cos t cos s sin t
78. tan s t
cos s t cos s cos t sin s sin t
1 sin s sin t
sin s cos t cos s sin t cos s cos t
cos s cos t tan s tan t
cos s cos t sin s sin t 1 sin s sin t 1 tan s tan t
1
cos s cos t cos s cos t
7.3 DOUBLE-ANGLE, HALF-ANGLE, AND PRODUCT-SUM FORMULAS
1. If we know the values of sin x and cos x, we can find the value of sin 2x using the Double-Angle Formula for Sine:
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x.
x x
2. If we know the value of cos x and the quadrant in which lies, we can find the value of sin using the Half-Angle Formula
2 2
U
x 1 cos x
for Sine: sin .
2 2
SECTION 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Product-Sum Formulas 529
r sr s
5 , x in quadrant I " cos x 12 and tan x 5 . Thus, sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 5
3. sin x 13 12 120 ,
13 12 13 13 169
r s2 r s2 sin 2x
120
169
cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 1213 135 14425 119 120 169 120
169 169 , and tan 2x cos 2x 119 169 119 119 .
169
r s
4. tan x 43 . Then sin x 45 and cos x 35 (x is in quadrant II). Thus, sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 45 35 24
25 ,
r s2 r s2 24
cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 35 45 916 7 , and tan 2x sin 2x 25 24 25 24 .
25 25 25 7 7
cos 2x 7 25
r s
5. cos x 45 . Then sin x 35 (csc x 0) and tan x 34 . Thus, sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 35 45 24
25 ,
r s2 r s2 24
cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 45 35 169 7 , and tan 2x sin 2x 25 24 25 24 .
25 25 cos 2x 7 25 7 7
25
T
6. csc x 4. Then sin x 14 , cos x 415 , and tan x T1 (tan x 0). Thus,
15
r T s T r T s2 r s2
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 14 415 815 , cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 415 14 151 7
16 8 , and
T
sin 2x 15 T T
tan 2x 78 815 87 715 .
cos 2x
8
r sr s
7. sin x 35 . Then, cos x 45 and tan x 34 (x is in quadrant III). Thus, sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 35 45 24
25 ,
r s2 r s2 24
cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 45 35 169 7 , and tan 2x sin 2x 25 24 25 24 .
25 25 cos 2x 7 25 7 7
25
T T
8. sec x 2. Then cos x 12 , sin x 23 , and tan x 3 (x is in quadrant IV). Thus,
r T sr s T r s r T s2
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 23 1 3 , cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 1 2 3 12 , and
2 2 2 2
T
sin 2x 23 T
tan 2x 1
3.
cos 2x 2
9. tan x 13 and cos x 0, so sin x 0. Thus, sin x T1 and cos x T3 . Thus,
10 10
r sr s r s r s
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 T1 T3 6 3 , cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x T3 2 T1 2 8 4 ,
10
10 10 5 10 10 10 5
sin 2x 3
and tan 2x 45 35 54 34 .
cos 2x
5
10. cot x 23 . Then tan x 32 , sin x T3 (sin x 0), and cos x T2 . Thus,
13 13
r sr s r s2 r s2
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 T3 T2 12
13 , cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x T2 T3 49 5
13 13 , and
13 13 13 13
sin 2x
12 r s
tan 2x 135 1213 13
5 12
5.
cos 2x 13
r s2 t 1 cos 2x u2
11. sin4 x sin2 x 14 12 cos 2x 14 cos2 2x
2
1 cos 4x
14 12 cos 2x 14 14 12 cos 2x 18 18 cos 4x 38 12 cos 2x 18 cos 4x
r 2s
12 34 cos 2x 14 cos 4x
530 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
r s2 t 1 cos 2x u2
12. cos4 x cos2 x 14 12 cos 2x 14 cos2 2x
2
1 cos 4x
14 12 cos 2x 14 14 12 cos 2x 18 18 cos 4x 38 12 cos 2x 18 cos 4x
r 2s
12 34 cos 2x 14 cos 4x
13. We use the result of Example 4 to get
r s r s r s
cos2 x sin4 x sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x 18 18 cos 4x 12 12 cos 2x 16 1 1 cos 2x cos 4x cos 2x cos 4x.
14. Using Example 4, we have
r s
cos4 x sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x sin2 x 12 1 cos 2x 18 1 cos 4x 16
1 1 cos 4x cos 2x cos 2x cos 4x.
r s2
15. Since sin4 x cos4 x sin2 x cos2 x we can use the result of Example 4 to get
r s
sin4 x cos4 x 1 1 cos 4x 2 1 1 cos 4x 1 cos2 4x
8 8 64 32 64
1 1 cos 4x 1 1 1 cos 8x 1 1 cos 4x 1 1 cos 8x
64 32 64 2 64 32 128 128
r s
3 1 1 1 3 1
128 32 cos 4x 128 cos 8x 32 4 cos 4x 4 cos 8x
16. Using the result of Exercise 12, we have
r s2 r sr s
cos6 x cos2 x cos2 x 38 12 cos 2x 18 cos 4x 12 12 cos 2x
3 1 cos 2x 1 cos 4x 3 cos 2x 1 cos2 2x 1 cos 2x cos 4x
16 4 16 16 4 16
1 1 cos 4x 1 cos 4x
Because 14 cos2 2x , the last expression is equal to
4 2 8 8
3 1 1 3 1 1 1
16 4 cos 2x 16 cos 4x 16 cos 2x 8 8 cos 4x 16 cos 2x cos 4x
16 5 7 cos 2x 3 cos 4x 1 cos 2x cos 4x 1 5 7 cos 2x 3 cos 4x cos 2x cos 4x
16 16 16 16
T U r T s U r s S
T T
17. sin 15i 12 1 cos 30i 12 1 23 14 2 3 12 2 3
T
i 1 cos 30i 1 23 T
18. tan 15 i 1
2 3
sin 30
2
T
i 1 2 T
1 cos 45
19. tan 22 5i i T 2 21
sin 45 2
2
T U r K T Ls U r T s S T
20. sin 75i 12 1 cos 150i 12 1 23 14 2 3 12 2 3
T T U r T s S T
21. cos 165i 12 1 cos 330i 12 1 cos 30i 12 1 23 12 2 3
T T U r T s S T
22. cos 112 5i 12 1 cos 225i 12 1 cos 45i 12 1 22 12 2 2
T
1 cos
4 1
2 T
23. tan
8 T 2 21
sin 4 2
2
V V T V T
r s 1 cos 34 1 22 2 2 S T
24. cos 38 cos 12 34 12 2 2. Note that we have chosen the positive
2 2 4
root because 38 is in quadrant I, so cos 38 0.
SECTION 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Product-Sum Formulas 531
T b U r T s S
c T
25. cos 12 2 1 cos 6 12 1 23 12 2 3
1
T
5 1 cos 56 1 23 T
26. tan 12 5
1
2 3
sin 6 2
U r s U r T s S T
27. sin 98 12 1 cos 94 12 1 22 12 2 2. We have chosen the negative root because 98 is in
quadrant III, so sin 98 0.
U r s U r T s S
1 1 cos 11
T
1 1 3 1 2 3. We have chosen the positive root because 11 is in
28. sin 11
12 2 6 2 2 2 12
quadrant II, so sin 11 0.
12
2 tan 7i
29. (a) 2 sin 18i cos 18i sin 36i 30. (a) tan 14i
1 tan2 7i
(b) 2 sin 3 cos 3 sin 6 2 tan 7
(b) tan 14
1 tan2 7
31. (a) cos2 34i sin2 34i cos 68i 32. (a) cos2 sin2 cos
2 2
(b) cos2 5 sin2 5 cos 10
(b) 2 sin cos sin
2 2
U
sin 8i 8i 1 cos 30i
33. (a) i tan tan 4i 34. (a) sin 15i
1 cos 8 2 2
U
1 cos 4 4 1 cos 8
(b) tan tan 2 (b) sin 4
sin 4 2 2
tan x tan x 2 tan x
35. sin x x sin x cos x cos x sin x 2 sin x cos x 36. tan x x
1 tan x tan x 1 tan2 x
37. sin x 35 . Since x is in quadrant I, cos x 45 and x2 is also in quadrant I. Thus,
T U r s T T U r s T
x 1 1 4
sin 2 2 1 cos x 2 1 5 T1 10
10 , cos 2 2 1 cos x 12 1 45 T3
x 1 3 1010 , and
10 10
sin x2 T
tan x2 x T1 310 13 .
cos 2 10
38. cos x 45 . Since x is in quadrant III, sin x 35 and tan x 34 . Also, since 180i n x n 270i ,
T U r s T
90i n x2 n 135i and so x2 is in quadrant II. Thus, sin x2 12 1 cos x 12 1 45 T3 3 1010 ,
10
T U r s T sin x2 T
cos 2 2 1 cos x 12 1 45 T1 1010 , and tan x2
x 1
x T3 1 10 3.
10 cos 2 10
T
2 2
39. csc x 3. Then, sin x 13 and since x is in quadrant II, cos x . Since 90i n x n 180i , we have
3
T U r T s U r
T s
45 n 2 n 90 and so 2 is in quadrant I. Thus, sin 2 2 1 cos x 12 1 2 3 2 16 3 2 2 ,
i x i x x 1
T U r T s U r U
1 1 cos x
T s x T T
1 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 , and tan x sin 2 32T2 3 2 2.
cos x2 2 2 3 6 2 x
cos 2 32 2
532 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
T T
40. tan x 1. Then sin x 2 2 i i
2 and cos x 2 , since x is in quadrant I. Also, since 0 n x n 90 ,
T U r T s S T
0i n x2 n 45i and so x2 is also in quadrant I. Thus, sin x2 12 1 cos x 12 1 22 12 2 2,
T
T U r T s
x 1 1 2 1
S T x 1 cos x 1 22 T
cos 2 2 1 cos x 2 1 2 2 2 2, and tan 2 T 2 1.
sin x 2
2
T
41. sec x 32 . Then cos x 23 and since x is in quadrant IV, sin x 35 . Since 270i n x n 360i , we have
T U r s T
135i n x2 n 180i and so x2 is in quadrant II. Thus, sin x2 12 1 cos x 12 1 23 T1 66 ,
6
T U r s T T x T T
30 sin
cos x2 12 1 cos x 12 1 23 T5 , and tan x2 2 T1 T6 T1 5 .
x 5
6 6 cos 2 6 5 5
42. cot x 5. Then, cos x T5 and sin x T1 (csc x 0). Since cot x 0 and
26 2
csc x 0, it follows that x is in quadrant III. Thus 180i n x n 270i and so 90i n x2 n 135i .
T U r s T T
Thus x2 is in quadrant II. sin x2 1 1 cos x
2
1 1 T5
2 12 265
13
26 ,
26
T U r s T T 1 T5
26 , and tan x 1 cos x 26 T
cos x2 12 1 cos x 12 1 T5 12 265
13 2 1
5 26.
26 sin x T
2
r s
43. To write sin 2 tan1 x as an algebraic expression in x, we let tan1 x
x Y"
and sketch a suitable triangle. We see that sin S and Y
1 x2 n
1
cos S , so using the double-angle formula for sine, we have
1 x2
r s x 1 2x
sin 2 tan1 x sin 2 2 sin cos 2 S S .
1x 2 1x 2 1 x2
r s
44. To write tan 2 cos1 x as an algebraic expression in x, we let cos1 x
S
Y"
1 x2
and sketch a suitable triangle. We see that tan , so using the n
x Y
double-angle formula for tangent, we have
S
1 x2 S S
r s 2 tan 2 2 1 x2 2x 1 x 2
1 x
tan 2 cos x tan 2 S 2 .
1 tan2 1 x2 1 x2 2x 2 1
1 x 1
x x2
Y r s
X U
r s X 1 cos cos1 x
W 1x
45. Using the half-angle formula for sine, we have sin 12 cos1 x . Because cos1
2 2
d e r s r s U1 x
1 1 1 1 1 1
has range [0 ], 2 cos x lies in 0 2 and so sin 2 cos x is positive. Thus, sin 2 cos x .
2
r s r s
46. Using a double-angle formula for cosine, we have cos 2 sin1 x 1 2 sin2 sin1 x 1 2x 2 .
SECTION 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Product-Sum Formulas 533
7 and find that sin 24 . Thus, using
47. We sketch a triangle with cos1 25 25 n
the double-angle formula for sine,
r s
sin 2 cos1 257 sin 2 2 sin cos 2 24 7 336 .
25 25 625 7
cos 25
48. We sketch a triangle with tan1 12 12
5 and find that sin 13 . Thus, using a n
double-angle formula for cosine,
r s r s2
cos 2 tan1 12
5 cos 2 1 2 sin2 1 2 12
13 119
169 .
tan 12
5
49. Rewriting the given expression and using a double-angle formula for cosine, we have
r s 1 1 1 8
sec 2 sin1 14 r s r s r s2 .
1 1 2 1 1 7
cos 2 sin 4 1 2 sin sin 4 12 1 4
T
50. We sketch a triangle with cos1 23 and find that sin 35 . Thus, using a
n
half-angle formula for tangent,
T
r s T 5
1 1 2 1 sin 5 3
tan 2 cos 3 tan 2 2
.
1 cos 1 3 5
cos 23
r s2
51. Using a double-angle formula for cosine, we have cos 2 1 2 sin2 1 2 35 25
7.
52. To evaluate sin 2, we first sketch the angle in standard position with Z
n
terminal side in quadrant IV and find the remaining side using the Pythagorean Y
Theorem. Using the half-angle formula for sine, we have
U V
@
1 cos 1 12 T
13 26 . Because 2 lies in
sin 26
2 2 2
T
quadrant II, where sine is positive, we take the positive value. Thus, sin 2 2626 .
53. To evaluate sin 2, we first sketch the angle in standard position with terminal Z
side in quadrant II and find the remaining side using the Pythagorean Theorem. @
n
Using the double-angle formula for sine, we have
r sr T s T Y
sin 2 2 sin cos 2 17 4 7 3 8493 .
54. To evaluate tan 2, we first sketch the angle in standard position with terminal Z
side in quadrant I and find the remaining side using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Using the double-angle formula for tangent, we have
2 tan 2 43 24
tan 2 n
r s2 .
1 tan2 4 7 Y
1 3
55. sin 2x cos 3x 12 [sin 2x 3x sin 2x 3x] 12 sin 5x sin x
56. sin x sin 5x 12 [cos x 5x cos x 5x] 12 cos 4x cos 6x
57. cos x sin 4x 12 [sin 4x x sin 4x x] 12 sin 5x sin 3x
58. cos 5x cos 3x 12 [cos 5x 3x cos 5x 3x] 12 cos 8x cos 2x
534 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
59. 3 cos 4x cos 7x 3 12 [cos 4x 7x cos 4x 7x] 32 cos 11x cos 3x
d b c b ce r s
60. 11 sin x2 cos x4 11 12 sin x2 x4 sin x2 x4 11 3x
2 sin 4 sin 4
x
t u t u
5x 3x 5x 3x
61. sin 5x sin 3x 2 sin cos 2 sin 4x cos x
2 2
t u t u t u
x 4x x 4x 5x 3x 5x 3x
62. sin x sin 4x 2 cos sin 2 cos sin 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
t u t u
4x 6x 4x 6x
63. cos 4x cos 6x 2 sin sin 2 sin 5x sin x 2 sin 5x sin x
2 2
t u t u
9x 2x 9x 2x 11x 7x
64. cos 9x cos 2x 2 cos cos 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
t u t u t u
2x 7x 2x 7x 9x 5x 9x 5x
65. sin 2x sin 7x 2 cos sin 2 cos sin 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
t u t u r s
3x 4x 3x 4x 7x x 7x x
66. sin 3x sin 4x 2 sin cos 2 sin cos 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
d e
67. 2 sin 52 5i sin 97 5i 2 12 cos 52 5i 97 5i cos 52 5i 97 5i cos 45i cos 150i
T T rT T s
cos 45i cos 150i 22 23 12 2 3
rT T s rT T s
68. 3 cos 37 5i cos 7 5i 32 cos 45i cos 30i 32 22 23 34 2 3
rT s rT s
69. cos 37 5i sin 7 5i 12 sin 45i sin 30i 12 22 12 14 21
t i u t i u T T T
75 15i 75 15i
70. sin 75i sin 15i 2 sin cos 2 sin 45i cos 30i 2 22 23 26
2 2
t i i u t u r T s T
255 195 255i 195i
71. cos 255i cos 195i 2 sin sin 2 sin 225i sin 30i 2 22 12 22
2 2
K r sL K r sL T T T
cos 5 2 cos 1 5 cos 1 5 2 cos 2 3 6
72. cos 12 12 2 12 12 2 12 12 4 cos 6 2 2 2 2
73. cos2 5x sin2 5x cos 2 5x cos 10x
74. sin 8x sin 2 4x 2 sin 4x cos 4x
75. sin x cos x2 sin2 x 2 sin x cos x cos2 x 1 2 sin x cos x 1 sin 2x
r sr s
76. cos4 x sin4 x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x cos 2x
2 tan x 2 tan x sin x
77. 2 cos2 x 2 sin x cos x sin 2x
1 tan2 x sec2 x cos x
r s
1 cos 2x 1 1 2 sin2 x 2 sin2 x
78. tan x
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
rx s r x s 1 cos x t u
1 cos x 1 cos x cos x cos2 x sin2 x
79. tan cos x tan cos x sin x
2 2 sin x sin x sin x sin x
rx s 1 cos x 1 2 cos x
80. tan csc x
2 sin x sin x sin x
sin 4x 2 sin 2x cos 2x 2 2 sin x cos x cos 2x
81. 4 cos x cos 2x
sin x sin x sin x
1 sin 2x 1 2 sin x cos x 1
82. 1 1 12 csc x sec x
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
SECTION 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Product-Sum Formulas 535
2 tan x cot x 2 tan x cot x 2 2
83.
tan2 x cot2 x tan x cot x tan x cot x tan x cot x sin x cos x
cos x sin x
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x sin 2x
sin x cos x sin x cos x sin2 x cos2 x
cos x sin x
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
84. b c tan x
1 cos 2x 1 2 cos2 x 1
1 1 1 tan2 x
85. cot 2x
tan 2x 2 tan x 2 tan x
1 tan2 x
r s vr s3 r sw
86. 4 sin6 x cos6 x 4 sin2 x cos2 x 3 sin4 x cos2 x sin2 x cos4 x
K r sL
4 1 3 sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x 4 12 sin2 x cos2 x
4 3 2 sin x cos x2 4 3 sin2 2x
2 tan x r s
tan 2x tan x 2x
tan x 2 tan x tan x 1 tan2 x
87. tan 3x tan 2x x 1 tan
1 tan 2x tan x 2 tan x 1 tan2 x 2 tan x tan x
1 tan x
1 tan2 x
3 tan x tan3 x
1 3 tan2 x
sin 3x cos 3x sin 2x cos x cos 2x sin x cos 2x cos x sin 2x sin x
88.
cos x sin x cos x sin x
r s
sin 2x cos x sin x cos 2x cos x sin x cos2 x sin2 x cos x sin x
sin 2x
cos x sin x cos x sin x
sin 2x cos x sin x2 1 4 sin x cos x
sin x sin 5x 2 sin 3x cos 2x sin 3x
89. tan 3x
cos x cos 5x 2 cos 3x cos 2x cos 3x
sin 3x sin 7x 2 sin 5x cos 2x cos 2x
90. cot 2x
cos 3x cos 7x 2 sin 5x sin 2x sin 2x
sin 10x 2 sin 5x cos 5x cos 5x
91.
sin 9x sin x 2 sin 5x cos 4x cos 4x
sin x sin 3x sin 5x sin x sin 5x sin 3x 2 sin 3x cos 2x sin 3x sin 3x 2 cos 2x 1
92. tan 3x
cos x cos 3x cos 5x cos x cos 5x cos 3x 2 cos 3x cos 2x cos 3x cos 3x 2 cos 2x 1
t u t u t u
xy xy xy
2 sin cos sin t u
sin x sin y 2 2 2 xy
93. t u t u t u tan
cos x cos y xy xy xy 2
2 cos cos cos
2 2 2
t u t u t u t u
xyxy xyxy 2x 2y
2 cos sin 2 cos sin
sin x y sin x y 2 2 2 2 sin y
94. t u t u t u t u tan y
cos x y cos x y xyxy x yx y 2x 2y cos y
2 cos cos 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
x
95. Let y % 2y x . Then
2 4 b 2 c
rx s 1 cos 2y 1 cos x 2 c 1 sin x 1 sin x
tan2 tan2 y b
2 4 1 cos 2y 1 cos x 2
1 sin x 1 sin x
536 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
r s K r sL Kr s r sL r s
96. 1 cos 4x 2 tan2 x cot2 x 1 1 2 sin2 2x tan2 x 1 cot2 x 1 2 sin2 2x sec2 x csc2 x
r sr s r s
2 4 cos2 x sin2 x sec2 x csc2 x 8 sin2 x cos2 x 8
130i 110i 130i 110i r s
97. sin 130i sin 110i 2 cos sin 2 cos 120i sin 10i 2 12 sin 10i sin 10i
2 2
100 i 200i 100 i 200i
98. cos 100i cos 200i 2 sin sin 2 sin 150i sin 50i
r s 2 2
2 12 sin 50i sin 50i
t i u t i u
45 15i 45 15i
99. sin 45i sin 15i 2 sin cos 2 sin 30i cos 15i 2 12 cos 15i
2 2
cos 15i sin 90i 15i sin 75i (applying the cofunction identity)
87i 33i 87i 33i
100. cos 87i cos 33i 2 cos cos 2 cos 60i cos 27i
2 2
2 12 cos 27i cos 27i sin 90i 27i sin 63i
sin x sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x sin 5x sin x sin 5x sin 2x sin 4x sin 3x
101.
cos x cos 2x cos 3x cos 4x cos 5x cos x cos 5x cos 2x cos 4x cos 3x
2 sin 3x cos 2x 2 sin 3x cos x sin 3x sin 3x 2 cos 2x 2 cos x 1
tan 3x
2 cos 3x cos 2x 2 cos 3x cos x cos 3x cos 3x 2 cos 2x 2 cos x 1
r s r s
102. n 1: sin 21 x 2 sin x cos x 21 sin x cos 20 x
r s r s
n 2: sin 22 x sin 4x 2 sin 2x cos 2x 2 2 sin x cos x cos 2x 4 sin x cos x cos 2x 22 sin x cos x cos 21 x
r s
n 3: sin 23 x sin 8x 2 sin 4x cos 4x 2 4 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x 8 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x
r s
23 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 22 x
In general, for n 0 we have
b c r s r s r s
sin 2n x sin 2 2n1 x 2 sin 2n1 x cos 2n1 x
K r sL r s
2 2n1 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x cos 2n2 x cos 2n1 x
r s r s
2n sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x cos 2n2 x cos 2n1 x
103. With u sin1 x for 0 n x n 1, we can write
r s r s
cos1 1 2x 2 cos1 1 2 sin2 u cos1 cos 2u 2u 2 sin1 x.
t u t u
1 x2 1 1 cos 2u 2u 2 tan1 1
104. With u tan1 , we can write cos1 cos
x x2 1 x
sin 3x cos 3x sin 3x cos 3x
105. (a) f x (b) f x
sin x cos x sin x cos x
sin 3x cos x cos 3x sin x sin 3x x
2
sin x cos x sin x cos x
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
2
sin x cos x sin x cos x
1
for all x for which the function is defined.
-5 5
The function appears to have a constant value of 2
wherever it is defined.
SECTION 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Product-Sum Formulas 537
106. (a) f x cos 2x 2 sin2 x (b) f x cos 2x 2 sin2 x
r s
cos2 x sin2 x 2 sin2 x
1 cos2 x sin2 x 1
-5 5
The function appears to have a constant value of 1.
107. (a) y sin 6x sin 7x (b) By a sum-to-product formula, (c) We graph y sin 6x sin 7x,
r s
y sin 6x sin 7x y 2 cos 12 x , and
2 t u t u
6x 7x 6x 7x r s
2 sin cos y 2 cos 12 x .
2 2
r s r s
-5 5 2 sin 13 1
2 x cos 2 x 2
-2 2 sin 13 1
2 x cos 2 x
-5 5
-2
The graph of y f x lies
between the other two graphs.
108. From Example 2, we have cos 3x 4 cos3 x 3 cos x. If 3x 1 3
3 , then cos 3 2 4 cos x 3 cos x %
1 8 cos3 x 6 cos x % 8 cos3 x 6 cos x 1 0. Substituting y cos x gives 8y 3 6y 1 0.
r s2
109. (a) cos 4x cos 2x 2x 2 cos2 2x 1 2 2 cos2 x 1 1 8 cos4 x 8 cos2 x 1. Thus the desired
polynomial is P t 8t 4 8t 2 1.
r s
(b) cos 5x cos 4x x cos 4x cos x sin 4x sin x cos x 8 cos4 x 8 cos2 x 1 2 sin 2x cos 2x sin x
r s
8 cos5 x 8 cos3 x cos x 4 sin x cos x 2 cos2 x 1 sin x [from part (a)]
r s
8 cos5 x 8 cos3 x cos x 4 cos x 2 cos2 x 1 sin2 x
r sr s
8 cos5 x 8 cos3 x cos x 4 cos x 2 cos2 x 1 1 cos2 x
8 cos5 x 8 cos3 x cos x 8 cos5 x 12 cos3 x 4 cos x 16 cos5 x 20 cos3 x 5 cos x
Thus, the desired polynomial is P t 16t 5 20t 3 5t.
538 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
110. Let c1 and c2 be the lengths of the segments shown in the figure. By the Law of
c b b sin 2x %
Sines applied to -ABC, we have or c . Also by the Y
sin 2x sin B sin B B Y C
T
s c1
Law of Sines applied to -BC D and -AC D we have and
sin B sin x $ #
D| & Dl
s c2 s sin x s sin x
. So c1 and c2 . Since c c1 c2 , we have
sin A sin x sin B t sin A u
b sin 2x s sin x s sin x 1 1 b a
s sin x . By applying the Law of Sines to -ABC,
sin B sin B sin A sin B sin A sin B sin A
t u t u
1 b b sin 2x 1 b sin x b
% . Substituting we have s sin x s 1 %
sin A a sin B sin B sin B a sin B sin B a
t u t u t u t u
b b b ab 2ab cos x
b sin 2x s sin x 1 % 2b sin x cos x sin x 1 % 2b cos x s 1 s %s .
a a a a ab
111. Using a product-to-sum
formula,
Q R
RHS 4 sin A sin B sin C 4 sin A 12 [cos B C cos B C] 2 sin A cos B C 2 sin A cos B C.
Using another product-to-sum formula, this is equal to
Q R Q R
2 12 [sin A B C sin A B C] 2 12 [sin A B C sin A B C]
sin A B C sin A B C sin A B C sin A B C
Now A B C , so A B C 2C, A B C 2B, and A B C 2A .
Thus our expression simplifies to
sin A B C sin A B C sin A B C sin A B C
sin 2C sin 2B 0 sin 2A sin 2C sin 2B sin 2A LHS
112. (a) The length of the base of the inscribed rectangle twice the length of the adjacent side which is
2 5 cos and the length of the opposite side is 5 sin . Thus the area of the rectangle is modeled by
A 2 5 cos 5 sin 25 2 sin cos 25 sin 2.
(b) The function y sin u is maximized when u
2 . So 2 2 % 4 . Thus the maximum cross-sectional area is
b c b c
A 4 25 sin 2 4 25 cm2 .
b c T T
(c) The length of the base is 2 5 cos
4 5 2 s 7 07 cm and the width of the rectangle is 5 sin 5 2 3 54 cm.
4 2
113. (a) In both logs the length of the adjacent side is 20 cos and the length of the opposite side is 20 sin .
Thus the cross-sectional area of the beam is modeled by
A 20 cos 20 sin 400 sin cos 200 2 sin cos 200 sin 2.
(b) The function y sin u is maximized when u
2 . So 2 2 % 4 . Thus the maximum cross-sectional area is
b c b c
A 4 200 sin 2 4 200.
114. We first label the figure as shown. Because the sheet of paper is folded over,
#
/ E AC / C AB . Thus / BC A / AC E 90i . It follows that
/ EC D 180i / BC A / AC E 180i 90i 90i 2. Also, n
from the figure we see that BC L sin and C E L sin , so ' .
DC EC cos 2 L sin cos 2. Thus 6 D B DC
C B L sin cos 2 L sin L sin 1 cos 2 L sin 2 cos2 . So
6 3 & % $
L .
2 sin cos2 sin cos2
SECTION 7.4 Basic Trigonometric Equations 539
115. (a) y f 1 t f 2 t cos 11t cos 13t (c) We graph y cos 11t cos 13t,
y 2 cos t, and y 2 cos t.
2
2
-5 5
-5 5
-2
-2
(b) Using the identity
t u t u The graph of f lies between the graphs
y y
cos cos y 2 cos cos , we have of y 2 cos t and y 2 cos t. Thus,
2 2
t u t u the loudness of the sound varies between
11t 13t 11t 13t y 2 cos t.
f t cos 11t cos 13t 2 cos cos
2 2
2 cos 12t cos t 2 cos 12t cos t
116. (a) f 1 770 Hz and f 2 1209 Hz, so (c)
2
y sin 2 770t sin 2 1209t
sin 1540 t sin 2418 t
0
0.005
(b) Using a sum-to-product formula, we have
1540 t 2418 t 1540 t 2418 t -2
y 2 sin cos
2 2
2 sin 1979 t cos 439 t
117. We find the area of -ABC in two different ways. First, let AB be the base and C D
%
be the height. Since / B OC 2 we see that C D sin 2. So the area is
1 base height 1 2 sin 2 sin 2. On the other hand, in -ABC we see
2 2
/
that C is a right angle. So BC 2 sin and AC 2 cos , and the area is
n
1 base height 1 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin cos . Equating the two # 1 & $
2 2
expressions for the area of -ABC, we get sin 2 2 sin cos .
7.4 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1. Because the trigonometric functions are periodic, if a basic trigonometric equation has one solution, it has infinitely many
solutions.
2. The basic equation sin x 2 has no solution (because the sine function has range [1 1]), whereas the basic equation
sin x 0 3 has infinitely many solutions.
3. We can find some of the solutions of sin x 0 3 graphically by graphing y sin x and y 0 3. The solutions shown are
x s 9 7, x s 6 0, x s 3 4, x s 0 3, x s 2 8, x s 6 6, and x s 9 1.
4. (a) To find one solution of sin x 0 3 in the interval [0 2 , we take sin1 to get x sin1 0 3 s 0 30 The other solution
in this interval is x sin1 0 3 s 2 84.
(b) To find all solutions, we add multiples of 2 to the solutions in [0 2 . The solutions are x s 0 30 2k and
x s 2 84 2k .
540 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
5. Because sine has period 2 , we first find the solutions in the interval Z
T
Z
[0 2 . From the unit circle shown, we see that sin 23 in quadrants I
y
and II, so the solutions are 2
3 and 3 . We get all solutions of the
n
y
n
equation by adding integer multiples of 2 to these solutions:
@ Y
2
3 2k and 3 2k for any integer k.
T
6. The sine function is negative in quadrants III and IV, so solutions of sin 22 on the interval [0 2 are 54 and
74 . Adding integer multiples of 2 to these solutions gives all solutions: 54 2k , 74 2 k for any integer k.
7. The cosine function is negative in quadrants II and III, so the solution of cos 1 on the interval [0 2 is .
Adding integer multiples of 2 to this solution gives all solutions: 2k 2k 1 for any integer k.
T
8. The cosine function is positive in quadrants I and IV, so the solutions of cos 23 on the interval [0 2 are
6 and
11 11
6 . Adding integer multiples of 2 to these solutions gives all solutions: 6 2k , 6 2k for any integer
k.
9. The cosine function is positive in quadrants I and IV, so the solutions of cos 14 on the interval [0 2 are
cos1 41 s 1 32 and 2 cos1 41 s 4 97. Adding integer multiples of 2 to these solutions gives all solutions:
s 1 32 2k , 4 97 2k for any integer k.
10. The sine function is negative in quadrants III and IV, so the solutions of sin 0 3 on the interval [0 2 are
sin1 0 3 s 3 45 and 2 sin1 0 3 s 5 98. Adding integer multiples of 2 to these solutions gives all
solutions, s 3 45 2k and s 5 98 2k for any integer k.
11. The sine function is negative in quadrants III and IV, so the solutions of sin 0 45 on the interval [0 2 are
sin1 0 45 s 3 61 and 2 sin1 0 45 s 5 82. Adding integer multiples of 2 to these solutions gives
all solutions, s 3 61 2k , 5 82 2k for any integer k.
12. The cosine function is positive in quadrants I and IV, so the solutions of cos 0 32 on the interval [0 2 are
cos1 0 32 s 1 25 and 2 cos1 0 32 s 5 04. Adding integer multiples of 2 to these solutions gives all
solutions, s 1 25 2k , 5 04 2k for any integer k.
r T s
13. We first find one solution by taking tan1 of each side of the equation: tan1 3 3 . By definition, this is the
b c
only solution in the interval 2 2 . Since tangent has period , we get all solutions of the equation by adding integer
multiples of :
3 k for any integer k.
14. One solution of tan 1 is tan1 1
4 . Adding integer multiples of to this solution gives all solutions:
4 k for any integer k.
15. One solution of tan 5 is tan1 5 s 1 37. Adding integer multiples of to this solution gives all solutions:
s 1 37 k for any integer k.
r s
16. One solution of tan 13 is tan1 13 s 0 32. Adding integer multiples of to this solution gives all solutions:
s 0 32 k for any integer k.
T r T s
17. One solution of cos 23 is cos1 23 56 and another is 2 56 76 . All solutions are
56 2k , 76 2k for any integer k. Specific solutions include 56 2 76 , 76 2 56 ,
56 , 76 , 56 2 176 , and 76 2 196 .
18. One solution of cos 12 is cos1 21 3 and another is 2 3
5 . All solutions are 2k and
3 3
53 2k for any integer k. Specific solutions include 53 ,
3, 3,
5 , 7 , and 11 .
3 3 3
SECTION 7.4 Basic Trigonometric Equations 541
T T
19. One solution of sin 22 is sin1 22 4 and another is 4
3 . All solutions are 2k and
4 4
34 2k for any integer k. Specific solutions include 74 , 54 ,
3 , 9 , and 11 .
4,
4 4 4
T T T
3
20. One solution of sin 2 is sin 1 3 4 1 3 5
2 3 and another is 2 sin 2 3 . All solutions are
43 2k and 53 2k for any integer k. Specific solutions include 23 , 4 5 10 11
3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , and 3 .
21. One solution of cos 0 28 is cos1 0 28 s 1 29 and another is 2 cos1 0 28 s 5 00. All solutions are
s 1 29 2k and s 5 00 2k for any integer k. Specific solutions include s 5 00, 1 29, 1 29, 5 00, 7 57, and
11 28.
22. One solution of tan 2 5 is tan1 2 5 s 1 19. All solutions are s 1 19 k for any integer k. Specific solutions
include s 5 09, 1 95, 1 19, 4 33, 7 47, and 10 61.
23. One solution of tan 10 is tan1 10 s 1 47. All solutions are s 1 47 k for any integer k. Specific
solutions include s 7 75, 4 61, 1 47, 1 67, 4 81, and 7 95.
24. One solution of sin 0 9 is sin1 0 9 s 4 26 and another is 2 sin1 0 9 s 5 16. All solutions are
s 4 26 2k and s 5 16 2k for any integer k. Specific solutions include s 2 02, 1 12, 4 26, 5 16, 10 54,
and 11 44.
25. cos 1 0 % cos 1. In the interval [0 2 the only solution is Thus the solutions are 2k 1 for
any integer k.
26. sin 1 0 % sin 1. In the interval [0 2 the only solution is 32 . Therefore, the solutions are
32 2k for any integer k.
T T
27. 2 sin 1 0 " 2 sin 1 % sin T1 The solutions in the interval [0 2 are 54 , 74 . Thus the
2
5 7
solutions are 4 2k , 4 2k for any integer k.
T T
28. 2 cos 1 0 % 2 cos 1 % cos T1 . The solutions in the interval [0 2 are 7
4 , 4 . Thus the solutions
2
are 7
4 2k , 4 2k for any integer k.
29. 5 sin 1 0 % sin 15 . The solutions in the interval [0 2 are sin1 15 s 0 20 and sin1 51 s 2 94.
Thus the solutions are s 0 20 2k , 2 94 2k for any integer k.
r s
30. 4 cos 1 0 % cos 14 . The solutions in the interval [0 2 are cos1 14 s 1 82 and
r s
2 cos1 14 s 4 46. Thus the solutions are s 1 82 2k , 4 46 2k for any integer k.
T b
31. 3 tan2 1 0 % tan2 13 % tan 33 . The solutions in the interval c
2 2 are 6 , so all solutions are
6 k , 6 k for any integer k.
32. cot 1 0 % cot 1. The solution in the interval 0 is 34 . Thus, the solutions are 34 k for any
integer k.
33. 2 cos2 1 0 % cos2 12 % cos T1 % 3 5 7
4 , 4 , 4 , 4 in [0 2 . Thus, the solutions are 4 k ,
2
3 k for any integer k.
4
T
34. 4 sin2 3 0 % sin2 34 % sin 23 % 2 4 5
3 , 3 , 3 , 3 in [0 2 . Thus, the solutions are 3 k ,
2 k for any integer k.
3
b c
35. tan2 4 0 % tan2 4 % tan 2 % tan1 2 s 1 11 or tan1 2 s 1 11 in 2 2 . Thus, the
solutions are s 1 11 k , 1 11 k for any integer k.
36. 9 sin2 1 0 % sin2 19 % sin 13 % sin1 31 s 0 34, sin1 31 s 2 80, sin1 31 s 3 48,
or 2 sin1 31 s 5 94 on [0 2 . Thus, the solutions are s 0 34 k , 2 80 k for any integer k.
542 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
T
37. sec2 2 0 % sec2 2 % sec 2. In the interval [0 2 the solutions are 3 5 7
4 , 4 , 4 , 4 . Thus, the
solutions are 2k 1
4 for any integer k.
38. csc2 4 0 % csc2 4 % csc 2. In the interval [0 2 the solutions are 5 7 11
6 , 6 , 6 , 6 . So the
solutions are 5
6 k , 6 k for any integer k.
r s
39. tan2 4 2 cos 1 0 % tan2 4 or 2 cos 1. From Exercise 35, we know that the first equation has
r s
solutions s 1 11 k , 1 11 k for any integer k. 2 cos 1 % cos 12 has solutions cos1 12 23
and 43 on [0 2 , so all solutions are s 23 2k and 43 2k for any integer k. Thus, the original equation has
solutions s 1 11 k , 1 11 k , 23 2k , and 43 2k for any integer k.
r s
40. tan 2 16 sin2 1 0 % tan 2 or sin2 16 1 . The first equation has solution tan1 2 s 1 11
b c
on 1
2 2 . The second equation is equivalent to sin 4 , which has solutions sin
1 1 s 0 25,
4
sin1 41 s 2 89, sin1 41 s 3 39, and 2 sin1 41 s 6 03 on [0 2 .
Thus, the original equation has solutions s 1 11 k , 0 25 2k , 2 89 2k , 3 39 2k , and 6 03 2k for any
integer k.
41. 4 cos2 4 cos 1 0 % 2 cos 12 0 % 2 cos 1 0 % cos 12 % 5
3 2k , 3 2k for any
integer k.
42. 2 sin2 sin 1 0 % 2 sin 1 sin 1 0 % 2 sin 1 0 or sin 1 0. Since 2 sin 1 0 %
2 sin 12 % 76 , 116 in [0 2 and sin 1 % 7
2 in [0 2 . Thus the solutions are 6 2k ,
11 2k , 2k for any integer k.
6 2
43. 3 sin2 7 sin 2 0 " 3 sin 1 sin 2 0 " 3 sin 1 0 or sin 2 0. Since sin n 1,
sin 2 0 has no solution. Thus 3 sin 1 0 " sin 13 " s 0 33984 and s 0 33984 s 2 80176 are the
solutions in [0 2 , and all solutions are s 0 33984 2k , 2 80176 2k for any integer k.
r sr s
44. tan4 13 tan2 36 0 % tan2 4 tan2 9 0 % tan 2 or tan 3 " s 1 10715, 1 10715,
b c
1 24905, 1 24905 in 2 2 . Since the period for tangent is , the solutions are s 1 24905 k , 1 10715 k
for any integer k.
45. 2 cos2 7 cos 3 0 % 2 cos 1 cos 3 0 % cos 12 or cos 3 (which is inadmissible) %
3,
5 . Therefore, the solutions are 2k , 5 2k for any integer k.
3 3 3
46. sin2 sin 2 0 % sin 2 sin 1 0 % sin 2 (inadmissible) or sin 1. Thus, the solutions are
32 2k for any integer k.
47. cos2 cos 6 0 % cos 2 cos x 3 0 % cos x 2 or cos x 3, neither of which has a solution. Thus,
the original equation has no solution.
48. 2 sin2 5 sin 12 0 % sin x 4 2 sin x 3 0 % sin x 4 or sin x 32 , neither of which has a solution.
Thus, the original equation has no solution.
49. sin2 2 sin 3 % sin2 2 sin 3 0 % sin 3 sin 1 0 % sin 3 0 or sin 1 0. Since
sin n 1 for all , there is no solution for sin 3 0. Hence sin 1 0 % sin 1 % 32 2k for any
integer k.
r s
50. 3 tan3 tan % 3 tan3 tan 0 % tan 3 tan2 1 0 % tan 0 or 3 tan2 1 0. Now tan 0 "
k and 3 tan2 1 0 % tan2 13 " tan T1 " 5
6 k , 6 k . Thus the solutions are k ,
3
k , 5 k for any integer k.
6 6
SECTION 7.5 More Trigonometric Equations 543
51. cos 2 sin 1 0 % cos 0 or sin 12 % 7 11
2 k , 6 2k , 6 2k for any integer k.
r T s T
52. sec 2 cos 2 0 % sec 0 or 2 cos 2 0. Since sec o 1, sec 0 has no solution. Thus
T T T
2 cos 2 0 % 2 cos 2 % cos 22 % 7 7
4 4 in [0 2 . Thus 4 2k , 4 2k for any
integer k.
53. cos sin 2 cos 0 % cos sin 2 0 % cos 0 or sin 2 0. Since sin n 1 for all , there is no
solution for sin 2 0. Hence, cos 0 % 3
2 2k , 2 2k % 2 k for any integer k.
54. tan sin sin 0 % sin tan 1 0 % sin 0 or tan 1 0. Now sin 0 when k and
tan 1 0 % tan 1 " 34 k . Thus, the solutions are k , 34 k for any integer k.
b c
55. 3 tan sin 2 tan 0 % tan 3 sin 2 0 % tan 0 or sin 23 . tan 0 has solution 0 on
2 2
and sin 23 has solutions sin1 23 s 0 73 and sin1 32 s 2 41 on [0 2 , so the original equation has
solutions k , s 0 73 2k , 2 41 2k for any integer k.
56. 4 cos sin 3 cos 0 % cos 4 sin 3 0 % cos 0 or sin 34 . cos 0 has solutions 3
2 , 2 on
[0 2 , while sin 34 has solutions sin1 43 s 3 99 and 2 sin1 43 s 5 44 on [0 2 . Thus, the
original equation has solutions 2 k , s 3 99 2k , 5 44 2k for any integer k.
) sin 70i sin 70i
57. We substitute 1 70i and 1 1 33 into Snell’s Law to get 1 33 % sin 2 0 7065 "
)2 sin 2 1 33
2 s 44 95i .
1 sin 1
58. The index of refraction from glass to air is s 0 658, so we substitute 2 90i into Snell’s Law to get 0 658
1 52 sin 90i
" sin 1 s 0 658 " 1 s 41 1 . i
59. (a) F 12 1 cos 0 " cos 1 " 0
(b) F 12 1 cos 0 25 " 1 cos 0 5 " cos 0 5 " 60i or 120i
(c) F 12 1 cos 0 5 " 1 cos 1 " cos 0 " 90i or 270i
(d) F 12 1 cos 1 " 1 cos 2 " cos 1 " 180i
60. Statement A is true: every identity is an equation. However, Statement B is false: not every equation is an identity. The
difference between an identity and an equation is that an identity is true for all values in the domain, whereas an equation
may be true only for certain values in the domain and false for others. For example, x 0 is an equation but not an identity,
because it is true for only one value of x.
7.5 MORE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1. Using a Pythagorean identity, we calculate sin x sin2 x cos2 x 1 % sin x 1 1 % sin x 0, whose solutions are
x k for any integer k.
2. Using a double-angle formula, we we see that the equation sin x sin 2x 0 is equivalent to the equation
sin x 2 sin x cos x 0. Factoring the left-hand side as sin x 1 2 cos x, we see that solving this equation is equivalent to
solving the two basic equations sin x 0 and 1 2 cos x 0.
r s
3. 2 cos2 sin 1 % 2 1 sin2 sin 1 0 % 2 sin2 sin 1 0 % 2 sin2 sin 1 0. From
Exercise 7.4.42, the solutions are 76 2k , 116 2k ,
2 2k for any integer k.
4. sin2 4 2 cos2 % sin2 cos2 cos2 4 % 1 cos2 4 % cos2 3 Since cos n 1 for all , it
follows that the original equation has no solution.
544 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
5. tan2 2 sec 2 % sec2 1 2 sec 2 % sec2 2 sec 3 0 % sec 3 sec 1 0 % sec 3
or sec 1. If sec 3, then cos 13 , which has solutions cos1 31 s 1 23 and 2 cos1 31 s 5 05
on [0 2 . If sec 1, then cos 1, which has solution on [0 2 . Thus, solutions are 2k 1 ,
s 1 23 2k , 5 05 2k for any integer k.
6. csc2 cot 3 % 1 cot2 cot 3 % cot2 cot 2 0 % cot 2 cot 1 0 % cot 2 or
b c
cot 1. If cot 2, then tan 12 , which has solution tan1 21 s 0 46 on
2 2 , and if cot 1, then
b c
tan 1, which has solution
4 on 2 2 . Thus, solutions are 4 k , s 0 46 k for any integer
k.
7. 2 sin 2 3 sin 0 % 2 2 sin cos 3 sin 0 % sin 4 cos 3 0 % sin 0 or cos 34 .
The first equation has solutions 0, on [0 2 , and the second has solutions cos1 43 s 0 72 and
2 cos1 34 s 5 56 on [0 2 . Thus, solutions are k , s 0 72 2k , 5 56 2k for any integer k.
8. 3 sin 2 2 sin 0 % 3 2 sin cos 2 sin 0 % 2 sin 3 cos 1 0 % sin 0 or cos 13 .
The first equation has solutions 0, on [0 2 , and the second has solutions cos1 31 s 1 23 and
2 cos1 13 s 5 05 on [0 2 . Thus, solutions are k , s 1 23 2k , 5 05 2k for any integer k.
9. cos 2 3 sin 1 % 1 2 sin2 3 sin 1 % 2 sin2 3 sin 2 0 % sin 2 2 sin 1 0
% sin 2 or sin 12 . The first equation has no solution and the second has solutions sin1 21
6 and
1 1 5 5
sin 2 6 on [0 2 , so the original equation has solutions 6 2k , 6 2k for any integer k.
T
10. cos 2 cos2 12 % 2 cos2 1 cos2 12 % cos2 12 % cos 22 . Thus, the solutions are
4 k ,
3 k for any integer k.
4
r s
11. 2 sin2 cos 1 % 2 1 cos2 cos 1 0 % 2 cos2 cos 1 0 % 2 cos 1 cos 1 0 %
2 cos 1 0 or cos 1 0 % cos 12 or cos 1 % 5
3 2k , 3 2k , 2k 1 for any integer k.
sin 3 cos sin2 3 cos2 sin2 cos2 4 cos2
12. tan 3 cot 0 % 0% 0% 0%
cos sin cos sin cos sin
1 4 cos2
0 % 1 4 cos2 0 % 4 cos2 1 % cos 12 % 2
3 k , 3 k for any integer k.
cos sin
13. sin 1 cos % sin cos 1. Squaring both sides, we have sin2 cos2 2 sin cos 1 % sin 2 0,
which has solutions 0, 3
2 , , 2 in [0 2 . Checking in the original equation, we see that only 2 and are
valid. (The extraneous solutions were introduced by squaring both sides.) Thus, the solutions are 2k 1 ,
2 2k
for any integer k.
14. Square both sides of cos sin 1 to get cos2 sin2 2 sin cos 1 % sin 2 0, which has solutions 0,
, , 3 on [0 2 . Checking in the original equation, we see that only 0 and 3 are valid. Thus, the solutions
2 2 2
are 2k , 3 2k for any integer k.
2
sin 1
15. tan 1 sec % 1 % sin cos 1. Squaring both sides, we have sin2 cos2 2 sin cos 1
cos cos
% sin 2 0, which has solutions 0, 3
2 , , 2 on [0 2 . Checking in the original equation, we see that only 0
is valid. Thus, the solutions are 2k for any integer k.
r s
16. 2 tan sec2 4 % 2 tan 1 tan2 4 % tan2 2 tan 3 0 % tan 3 tan 1 0 %
b c
tan 3 or tan 1. The first equation has the solution tan1 3 s 1 25 on
2 2 , and the second has
b c
solution
4 on 2 2 . Thus, the solutions are s 1 25 k , 4 k for any integer k.
SECTION 7.5 More Trigonometric Equations 545
17. (a) 2 cos 3 1 % cos 3 12 " 3 5 2 5 2
3 , 3 for 3 in [0 2 . Thus, solutions are 9 3 k , 9 3 k for any
integer k.
(b) We take k 0, 1, 2 in the expressions in part (a) to obtain the solutions 5 7 11 13 17
9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 in [0 2 .
18. (a) 2 sin 2 1 % sin 2 12 " 2 5 5
6 , 6 for 2 in [0 . Thus, solutions are 12 k , 12 k for any integer k.
, 5 , 13 , 17 in [0 2 .
(b) Take k 0, 1 in the expressions in part (a) to obtain the solutions 12 12 12 12
19. (a) 2 cos 2 1 0 % cos 2 12 % 2 23 2k , 43 2k % 2
3 k , 3 k for any integer k.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 2 4 5
3, 3 , 3 , 3 .
2 k , 11 2 k for any integer k.
20. (a) 2 sin 3 1 0 % 2 sin 3 1 % sin 3 12 , which has solutions 718 3 18 3
, 11 , 19 , 23 , 31 , 35 .
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 718 18 18 18 18 18
T
21. (a) 3 tan 3 1 0 % tan 3 T1 % 3 56 k % 518 1 k for any integer k.
3
3
, 11 , 17 , 23 , 29 , 35 .
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 518 18 18 18 18 18
22. (a) sec 4 2 0 % sec 4 2 % 4 5 1 5 1
3 2k , 3 2k % 12 2 k , 12 2 k for any integer k.
, 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 .
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
23. (a) cos 2 1 0 % cos 2 1 % 2 2k % 4k for any integer k.
(b) The only solution in [0 2 is 0.
T T
24. (a) tan 4 3 0 % tan 4 3 % 4 23 k % 83 4k for any integer k.
(b) There is no solution in [0 2 .
T T T
25. (a) 2 sin 3 3 0 % 2 sin 3 3 % sin 3 23 % 3 43 2k , 53 2k % 4 6k , 5 6k
for any integer k.
(b) There is no solution in [0 2 .
26. (a) sec 2 cos 2 % cos2 2 1 " cos 2 1 % 2 k % 2k for any integer k.
(b) The only solution in [0 2 is 0.
b c
27. (a) sin 2 3 cos 2 % tan 2 3 % 12 tan1 3 s 0 62 on 1
4 4 . Thus, solutions are s 0 62 2 k for any
integer k.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are s 0 62, 2 19, 3 76, 5 33.
1 T
28. (a) csc 3 5 sin 3 % 5 sin 3 % 1 5 sin2 3 % sin 3 55 , which has solutions
sin 3
rT s rT s rT s
13 sin1 55 s 0 15, 1
3 3 sin
1
5
5 s 0 89, 1 sin1
3 3 5
5 s 1 20, and
rT s K s
23 13 sin1 55 s 1 94 on 0 23 . Thus, solutions are s 0 15 13 k , 0 89 13 k for any integer k.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are s 0 15, 0 89, 1 20, 1 94, 2 24, 2 98, 3 29, 4 03, 4 34, 5 08, 5 39, 6 13.
29. (a) 1 2 sin cos 2 % 1 2 sin 1 2 sin2 % 2 sin2 2 sin 0 % 2 sin sin 1 0 % sin 0 or
sin 1 % 0, , or
2 in [0 2 . Thus, the solutions are k , 2 2 k for any integer k.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 0,
2 , .
30. (a) tan 3 1 sec 3 " tan 3 12 sec2 3 % tan2 3 2 tan 3 1 sec2 3 % sec2 3 2 tan 3 sec2 3
% 2 tan 3 0 % 3 k for any integer k. Because squaring both sides is an operation that can introduce
extraneous solutions, we must check each of the possible solutions in the original equation, and we see that only
23 k are valid solutions.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 0, 23 , 43 .
546 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
r s
31. (a) 3 tan3 3 tan2 tan 1 0 % tan 1 3 tan2 1 0 % tan 1 or 3 tan2 1 % tan 1 or
tan T1 % 5
6 k , 4 k , 6 k for any integer k.
3
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 5 7 5 11
6, 4, 6 , 6 , 4 , 6 .
32. (a) 4 sin cos 2 sin 2 cos 1 0 % 2 sin 1 2 cos 1 0 % 2 sin 1 0 or 2 cos 1 0 %
sin 12 or cos 12 % 5 2 4
6 2k , 6 2k , 3 2k , 3 2k for any integer k.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 5 2 4
6, 6 , 3 , 3 .
33. (a) 2 sin tan tan 1 2 sin % 2 sin tan tan 2 sin 1 0 % 2 sin 1 tan 1 0 %
2 sin 1 0 or tan 1 0 % sin 12 or tan 1 % 5 3
6 2k , 6 2k , 4 k for any integer k.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 3 5 7
6, 4 , 6 , 4 .
1 sin cos sin cos2
34. (a) sec tan cos cot sin % cos sin % sin .
cos cos sin cos2 sin
Multiplying both sides by the common denominator cos2 sin gives sin2 cos4 sin2 cos2 %
r s
sin2 cos4 1 cos2 cos2 % sin2 cos4 cos2 cos4 % sin2 cos2 % sin2 1 sin2
% 2 sin2 1 % sin T1 % 3
4 k , 4 k for any integer k. Since we multiplied the original
2
equation by cos2 sin (which could be zero) we must check to see if we have introduced extraneous solutions.
However, each of the values of does indeed satisfy the original equation.
(b) The solutions in [0 2 are 3 5 7
4, 4 , 4 , 4 .
35. (a) (b) f x 3 cos x 1; g x cos x 1. f x g x when
4
3 cos x 1 cos x 1 % 2 cos x 2 % cos x 1 %
2 x 2k 2k 1 . The points of intersection are
2k 1 2 for any integer k.
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
The points of intersection are
approximately 3 14 2.
36. (a) (b) f x sin 2x 1; gx 2 sin 2x 1. f x g x when
sin 2x 1 2 sin 2x 1 % sin 2x 0 % x 12 k . The points of
2 r s
intersection are 12 k 1 for any integer k.
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
The points of intersection are
approximately 6 28 1, 4 71 1,
3 14 1, 1 57 1, and 0 1.
SECTION 7.5 More Trigonometric Equations 547
T T
37. (a) 3. f x g x when tan x 3 %
(b) f x tan x; g x
10 r T s
x
3 k . The intersection points are 3 k 3 for any integer k.
-1 1
-10
The point of intersection is
approximately 1 04 1 73.
38. (a) (b) f x sin x 1; g x cos x. f x g x when sin x 1 cos x "
sin x 12 cos2 x % sin2 x 2 sin x 1 cos2 x %
sin2 x 2 sin x 1 cos2 x 0 % 2 sin2 x 2 sin x 0 %
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
2 sin x sin x 1 0 % sin x 0 or sin x 1 % x k ,
2 2k .
However, x k is not a solution when k is even. (The extraneous
-2
solutions were introduced by squaring both sides.) So the solutions are
x 2k 1 ,
2 2k , and the intersection points are 2k 1,
The points of intersection are
b c
approximately 4 71 0, 3 14 1, 2 2k 0 for any integer k.
1 57 0, and 3 14 1.
39. cos cos 3 sin sin 3 0 % cos 3 0 % cos 4 0 % 4 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 in
[0 8 % 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 in [0 2 .
40. cos cos 2 sin sin 2 12 % cos 2 12 % cos 12 % cos 12 % 5
3 , 3 in [0 2 .
T T T
41. sin 2 cos cos 2 sin 23 % sin 2 23 % sin 23 % 2
3 , 3 in [0 2 .
42. sin 3 cos cos 3 sin 0 % sin 3 0 % sin 2 0 % 2 0, , 2 , 3 , 4 in [0 4 % 0,
2 , ,
3 in [0 2 .
2
43. sin 2 cos 0 % 2 sin cos cos 0 % cos 2 sin 1 0 % cos 0 or sin 12 % 7
2, 6 ,
3 , 11 in [0 2 .
2 6
sin
44. tan sin 0 % sin 0 % sin sin 1 cos 0 (and cos / 1 % / ) %
2 1 cos
sin cos 0 % sin 0 or cos 0 % 0, 3
2 , 2 in [0 2 ( is inadmissible).
45. cos 2 cos 2 % 2 cos2 1 cos 2 0 % 2 cos2 cos 3 0 % 2 cos 3 cos 1 0 %
2 cos 3 0 or cos 1 0 % cos 32 (which is impossible) or cos 1 % 0 in [0 2 .
t u
sin cos sin cos
46. tan cot 4 sin 2 % 8 sin cos % sin cos 8 sin cos sin cos %
cos sin cos sin
sin2 cos2 8 sin2 cos2 % 1 2 2 sin cos 2 % sin 22 12 % sin 2 T1 . Therefore, 2
4 k
2
or 2 34 k % k 3 k 3 5 7
8 2 or 8 2 . Thus on the interval [0 2 the solutions are 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ,
9 , 11 , 13 , 15 .
8 8 8 8
47. cos 2 cos2 0 % 2 cos2 1 cos2 0 % cos2 1 % k for any integer k. On [0 2 , the solutions
are 0, .
548 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
T
48. 2 sin2 2 cos 2 % 2 sin2 2 1 2 sin2 % 4 sin2 3 % sin 23 % 23 k , 43 k for any
integer k. On [0 2 , the solutions are 2 4 5
3, 3 , 3 , 3 .
r s
49. cos 2 cos 4 0 % cos 2 2 cos2 2 1 0 % cos 2 1 2 cos 2 1 0. The first factor has zeros at
0, and the second has zeros at 2 4 5 2
3 , 3 , 3 , 3 . Thus, solutions of the original equation are are 0, 3 , 3 ,
, 43 , 53 in [0 2 .
50. sin 3 sin 6 0 % sin 3 2 sin 3 cos 3 0 % sin 3 1 2 cos 3 0. The first factor has zeros at 0,
3,
2 , , 4 , 5 and the second has zeros at , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , so these are all solutions of the original equation
3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9
in [0 2 .
U
T T 1 cos
51. cos sin 2 sin 2 % cos sin 2 . Squaring both sides, we have
2
cos2 sin2 2 sin cos 1 cos % 1 2 sin cos 1 cos % either 2 sin 1 or cos 0 %
6,
, 5 , 3 in [0 2 . Of these, only and 3 satisfy the original equation.
2 6 2 6 2
52. Square both sides of sin cos 12 to get sin2 cos2 2 sin cos 14 % 1 sin 2 14 % sin 2 34 .
Thus, the possible solutions in [0 2 are 12 sin1 34 s 0 42, 1
2 2 sin
1 3 s 1 15, 1 sin1 3 s 3 57, and
4 2 4
3 1 sin1 3 s 4 29. We find that only valid solutions to the original equation on [0 2 are s 1 15, 3 57.
2 2 4
53. sin sin 3 0 % 2 sin 2 cos 0 % 2 sin 2 cos 0 % sin 2 0 or cos 0 % 2 k or k
2 %
12 k for any integer k.
54. cos 5 cos 7 0 % 2 sin 6 sin 0 % sin 6 sin 0 % sin 6 0 or sin 0 % 6 k or k %
16 k for any integer k.
55. cos 4 cos 2 cos % 2 cos 3 cos cos % cos 2 cos 3 1 0 % cos 0 or cos 3 12 %
2 or
3 5 7 11 13 17 2 5 2
3 2k , 3 2k , 3 2k , 3 2k , 3 2k , 3 2k % 2 k , 9 3 k , 9 3 k for
any integer k.
56. sin 5 sin 3 cos 4 % 2 cos 4 sin cos 4 % cos 4 2 sin 1 0 % cos 4 0 or sin 12 %
4 5 1 5
2 k or 6 2k , 6 2k % 8 4 k , 6 2k , 6 2k for any integer k.
x
57. sin 2x x 58. cos x
3
1
1
-1 1
-4 -2 2
-1
-1
The three solutions are x 0 and x s 0 95.
The three solutions are x s 1 17, 2 66, and 2 94.
SECTION 7.5 More Trigonometric Equations 549
59. 2sin x x 60. sin x x 3
1
2
-1 1
2 4 -1
The only solution is x s 1 92. The three solutions are x 0 and x s 0 93.
cos x b c
61. x2 62. cos x 12 e x ex
1 x2
1
1
-1 1
-1 1
The two solutions are x s 0 71. The only solution is x 0.
tan u tan ) x 2x
63. With u tan1 x and ) tan1 2x, we have u )
4 % tan u ) 1 % 1 tan u tan ) 1 % 1 x 2x 1 %
S T
2 2 3 32 4 2 1 3 17
x 2x 1 2x % 2x 3x 1 0 % x . Because tan x is not one-to-one,
2 2 4
T
we must check both roots, and find that only 173 is a solution to the original equation.
4
64. With u sin1 x and ) cos1 x, we have 2u ) % cos 2u ) 1 %
r s
cos 2u cos ) sin 2u sin ) 1 % 1 2 sin2 u cos ) 2 sin u cos u sin ) 1. Referring to the diagram, this becomes
r s S S
1 2x 2 x 2x 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 % x 2x 3 2x 2x 3 1 % x 1.
6602 sin 2
65. We substitute ) 0 66 0 and R 1500 and solve for . So 1500 % 1500 44449 sin 2 %
9.8
sin 2 0 03375" 2 1 9339i or 2 180i 1 9339 i 178 0661i. If 2 1 9339 i, then 0 96695i, and
if 2 178 0661i , then 89 033i.
66. Since 4e3t 0, we have 0 4e3t sin 2 t % 0 sin 2 t % 2 t 0, , 2 , % t 0, 12 , 1, 32 , .
r s r s r s
67. (a) 10 12 2 83 sin 23 t 80 % 2 83 sin 23 t 80 2 % sin 23 t 80 0 70671. Now
sin 0 70671 and 0 78484. If 23 t 80 0 78484 % t 80 45 6 % t 34 4. Now in the interval
[0 2 , we have 0 78484 s 3 92644 and 2 0 78484 s 5 49834. If 23 t 80 3 92644 %
t 80 228 1 % t 308 1. And if 23 t 80 5 49834 % t 80 319 4 % t 399 4 399 4 365 34 4.
So according to this model, there should be 10 hours of sunshine on the 34th day (February 3) and on the 308th day
(November 4).
r s
(b) Since L t 12 2 83 sin 23 t 80 o 10 for t + [34 308], the number of days with more than 10 hours of
daylight is 308 34 1 275 days.
550 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
68. (a) First note that . The part of the belt touching the larger
2 2 B
4
pulley has length 2 R R and similarly the part ` S
nM `
touching the smaller belt has length r. To calculate a and C S
4
a b
b, we write cot " a R cot and b r cot , so
2 R r 2 2
the length of the straight parts of the belt is 2a 2b 2 R r cot . Thus, the total length of the belt is
t 2 u
L
L R r 2 R r cot R r 2 cot and so 2 cot %
2 2 2 R r
L
2 cot .
2 R r
L 27 78
(b) We plot 2 cot and s 4 5113 in the same
2 R r 2 42 1 21 10
viewing rectangle. The solution is s 1 047 rad s 60i .
5
0
0 2
69. sin cos x is a function of a function, that is, a composition of trigonometric Z
functions (see Section 2.6). Most of the other equations involve sums, products,
differences, or quotients of trigonometric functions.
sin cos x 0 % cos x 0 or cos x . However, since cos x n 1, the only
@y @y y Y
solution is cos x 0 " x
2 k . The graph of f x sin cos x is shown.
@
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW
t u
cos sin sin2 cos2 sin2 1
1. sin cot tan sin cos sec
sin cos cos cos cos
2. sec 1 sec 1 sec2 1 tan2
r s 1
3. cos2 x csc x csc x 1 sin2 x csc x csc x csc x sin2 x csc x csc x sin2 x sin x
sin x
1 1
4. sec2 x 1 tan2 x
1 sin2 x cos2 x
cos2 x tan2 x cos2 x tan2 x 1
5. cot2 x cot2 x sec2 x
sin2 x sin2 x sin2 x cos2 x
1 sec x 1 1 cos x 1 cos2 x sin2 x
6. 1 1 cos x 1 cos x
sec x sec x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x
cos2 x cos x cos x cos x
7.
1 sin x 1 1 sin x sec x tan x
1 sin x
cos x cos x cos x
t u
cos x sin x
8. 1 tan x 1 cot x 1 cot x tan x tan x cot x 2 cot x tan x 2
sin x cos x
cos2 x sin2 x 1
2 2 2 sec x csc x
cos x sin x cos x sin x
CHAPTER 7 Review 551
cos2 x sin2 x
9. sin2 x cot2 x cos2 x tan2 x sin2 x cos2 x
cos2 x sin2 x 1
sin2 x cos2 x
t u 2 t u2
2 sin x cos x 2 sin2 x cos2 x 1
10. tan x cot x sec x csc x2 csc2 x sec2 x
cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x
11. tan x
1 cos 2x 1 2 cos2 x 1 2 cos2 x 2 cos x
cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos y sin x
12. cot y tan x
cos x sin y cos x sin y cos x sin y cos x sin y sin y cos x
x 1 cos x
13. csc x tan csc x csc x csc x cot x cot x
2 sin x
x sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 1
14. 1 tan x tan 1 1 1 1 sec x
2 cos x sin x cos x cos x cos x
sin 2x cos 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 cos2 x 1 1
15. 2 cos x 2 cos x sec x
sin x cos x sin x cos x cos x
b c tan x tan 1 tan x
16. tan x 4
4 1 tan x tan 1 tan x
4
1 1
sec x 1 1 1 cos x 1 cos x x
17. cos x cos x tan
sin x sec x 1 1 cos x sin x 2
sin x sin x
cos x cos x
r s
18. cos x cos y2 sin x sin y2 cos2 x 2 cos x cos y cos2 y sin2 x 2 sin x sin y sin2 y cos2 x sin2 x
r s
sin2 y cos2 y 2 cos x cos y sin x sin y 2 2 cos x y
r x x s2 x x x x x x x x r xs
19. cos sin cos2 2 sin cos sin2 sin2 cos2 2 sin cos 1 sin 2 1 sin x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
t u t u
3x 7x 3x 7x
2 sin sin
cos 3x cos 7x 2 2 2 sin 5x sin 2x 2 sin 5x sin 2x sin 2x
20. t u t u tan 2x
sin 3x sin 7x 3x 7x 3x 7x 2 sin 5x cos 2x 2 sin 5x cos 2x cos 2x
2 sin cos
2 2
t u t u
x y x y x y x y
2 sin cos
sin x y sin x y 2 2 2 sin x cos y sin x
21. t u t u tan x
cos x y cos x y x y x y x y x y 2 cos x cos y cos x
2 cos cos
2 2
d e
22. sin x y sin x y 2 cos x y x y cos x y x y 12 cos 2y cos 2x
1
K r sL r s
12 1 2 sin2 y 1 2 sin2 x 12 2 sin2 x 2 sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y
b c2
23. (a) f x 1 cos x2 sin x2 , g x sin x (b) The graphs suggest that f x g x is an identity. To
prove this, expand f x and simplify, using the
1 double-angle formula for sine:
b c2
f x 1 cos x2 sin x2
-5 5 r s
1 cos2 x2 2 cos x2 sin x2 sin2 2x
-1
r s
1 2 cos x2 sin x2 cos2 x2 sin2 2x
1 sin x 1 sin x g x
552 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
S
24. (a) f x sin x cos x, g x sin2 x cos2 x (b) The graphs suggest that f x / g x in general. For
example, choose x
6 and evaluate the functions:
2
b c 1 T3 T
f 6 2 2 12 3 , whereas
b c T1 3 T
g 6 4 4 1 1, so f x / g x.
-5 5
-2
1
25. (a) f x tan x tan x2 , g x (b) The graphs suggest that f x / g x in general. For
cos x b c
example, choose x 3 and evaluate: f 3 tan 3
5 T b c 1
tan
6 3 T1 1, whereas g
3 1 2, so
3
2
f x / g x.
-5 5
-5
26. (a) f x 1 8 sin2 x 8 sin4 x, g x cos 4x (b) The graphs suggest that f x g x is an identity. To
show this, expand g x by using double-angle identities:
1
g x cos 4x cos 2 2x 1 2 sin2 2x
r s
1 2 2 sin x cos x2 1 2 4 sin2 x cos2 x
-5 5
r s
-1 1 8 sin2 x 1 sin2 x
1 8 sin2 x 8 sin4 x f x
27. (a) f x 2 sin2 3x cos 6x (b) The graph suggests that f x 1 for all x. To prove this,
we use the double angle formula to note that
1 cos 6x cos 2 3x 1 2 sin2 3x, so
r s
f x 2 sin2 3x 1 2 sin2 3x 1.
-5 5
-1
x
28. (a) f x sin x cot , g x cos x (b) Proof:
2
cos x2
2 f x sin x cot x2 sin x
sin x2
b c cos x2
2 sin x2 cos x2 2 cos2 x2
sin x2
-5 5
Now subtract and add 1, so f x 2
Conjecture: f x g x 1 x
cos2 1 1 cos x 1 g x 1.
2
CHAPTER 7 Review 553
29. 4 sin 3 0 % 4 sin 3 % sin 34 % sin1 34 s 0 8481 or sin1 34 s 2 2935.
r s r s
30. 5 cos 3 0 % 5 cos 3 % cos 35 % cos1 35 s 2 2143 or 2 cos1 35 4 0689.
31. cos x sin x sin x 0 % sin x cos x 1 0 % sin x 0 or cos x 1 % x 0, or x 0. Therefore, the solutions
are x 0 and .
32. sin x 2 sin2 x 0 % sin x 1 2 sin x 0 % sin x 0 or sin x 12 % x 0, or x 5
6 , 6 . Therefore, the
solutions in [0 2 are x 0, 5
6 , 6 , .
33. 2 sin2 x 5 sin x 2 0 % 2 sin x 1 sin x 2 0 % sin x 12 or sin x 2 (which is inadmissible) % x
6,
5 . Thus, the solutions in [0 2 are x and 5 .
6 6 6
34. sin x cos x tan x 1 % sin x cos x cos2 x sin x cos x % sin x cos x sin x cos2 x cos x 0 %
sin x cos x 1 cos x cos x 1 0 % sin x cos x cos x 1 0 % sin x cos x or cos x 1 % tan x 1 or
cos x 1 % x 5 5
4 , 4 or x 0. Therefore, the solutions in [0 2 are x 0, 4 , 4 .
35. 2 cos2 x 7 cos x 3 0 % 2 cos x 1 cos x 3 0 % cos x 12 or cos x 3 (which is inadmissible) % x
3,
5 . Therefore, the solutions in [0 2 are x , 5 .
3 3 3
r s
36. 4 sin2 x 2 cos2 x 3 % 2 sin2 x 2 sin2 x cos2 x 3 0 % 2 sin2 x 2 3 0 % 2 sin2 x 1 % sin x T1 .
2
So the solutions in [0 2 are x 3 5 7
4, 4 , 4 , 4 .
1 cos x
37. Note that x is not a solution because the denominator is zero. 3 % 1 cos x 3 3 cos x %
1 cos x
4 cos x 2 % cos x 12 % x 23 , 43 in [0 2 .
38. sin x cos 2x % sin x 1 2 sin2 x % 2 sin2 x sin x 1 0 % 2 sin x 1 sin x 1 0 % sin x 12 or
sin x 1 % x 5 3 3 5
6 , 6 or x 2 . Thus, the solutions in [0 2 are x 6 , 2 , 6 .
r s T
39. Factor by grouping: tan3 x tan2 x 3 tan x 3 0 % tan x 1 tan2 x 3 0 % tan x 1 or tan x 3 %
x 34 , 74 or x 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 7
3 , 3 , 3 , 3 . Therefore, the solutions in [0 2 are x 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 3 , 4 .
r s
40. cos 2x csc2 x 2 cos 2x % cos 2x csc2 x 2 cos 2x 0 % cos 2x csc2 x 2 0 % cos 2x 0 or csc2 x 2 %
cos 2x 0or sin2 x 12 % cos 2x 0 or sin x T1 .
2
For cos 2x 0, the solutions in [0 4 are 2x 3 5 7 3 5 7
2 , 2 , 2 , 2 % the solutions in [0 2 are x 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 .
For sin x T1 , the solutions in [0 2 are x 3 5 7
4, 4 , 4 , 4 .
2
Thus, the solutions of the equation in [0 2 are x 3 5 7
4, 4 , 4 , 4 .
1 cos x 1
41. tan 12 x 2 sin 2x csc x % 4 sin x cos x % 1cos x 4 sin2 x cos x 1 % 4 sin2 x cos x cos x 0
r s sin x sin x
% cos x 4 sin2 x 1 0 % cos x 0 or sin x 12 % x 3 5 7 11
2 , 2 or x 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 . Thus, the solutions in
[0 2 are x 5 7 3 11
6, 2, 6 , 6 , 2 , 6 .
42. cos 3xcos 2xcos x 0 % cos 2x cos xsin 2x sin xcos 2xcos x 0 % cos 2x cos xcos 2xsin 2x sin xcos x 0
r s
% cos 2x cos x 1 2 sin2 x cos x cos x 0 % cos 2x cos x 1 cos x 1 2 sin2 x 0 %
cos 2x cos x 1 cos x cos 2x 0 % cos 2x cos x 1 cos x 0 % cos 2x 2 cos x 1 0 % cos 2x 0 or
cos x 12 % 2x 3 5 7 2 4
2 , 2 , 2 , 2 (in [0 4 ) or x 3 , 3 (in [0 2 ). Thus, the solutions in [0 2 are x 4 ,
2 , 3 , 5 , 4 , 7 .
3 4 4 3 4
554 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
T sin x 1 T T T T
43. tan x sec x 3% 3 % sin x 1 3 cos x % 3 cos x sin x 1 % 23 cos x 12 sin x 12
cos x cos x
% cos cos x sin sin x 1 % cos bx c 1 % x , 5 % x , 3 . However, x 3 is
6 6 2 6 2 6 3 3 6 2 2
inadmissible because sec 32 is undefined. Thus, the only solution in [0 2 is x
6 .
sin x r s
44. 2 cos x 3 tan x 0 % 2 cos x 3 0 % 2 cos x 3 sin x 0 (cos x / 0) % 2 1 sin2 x 3 sin x 0 %
2
cos x
2 sin2 x 3 sin x 2 0 % 2 sin x 1 sin x 2 0 % sin x 12 or sin x 2 (which has no solution) % x
6,
5 .
6
45. We graph f x cos x and g x x 2 1 in the viewing 46. We graph f x esin x and g x x in the viewing
rectangle [0 6 5] by [2 2]. The two functions intersect rectangle [0 6 5] by [1 3]. The two functions intersect
at only one point, x s 1 18. at only one point, x s 2 22.
2
2
0
2 4 6
0
2 4 6
-2
1202 sin2
47. (a) 600 % sin2 0 8 % sin s 0 8944 % s 63 4i
19.2
1202 sin2
(b) 750 sin2 n 750. Therefore it is impossible for the projectile to reach a height of 900 m.
19.2
(c) The function M 750 sin2 is maximized when sin2 1 , so 90i . The projectile will travel the highest
when it is shot straight up.
k
48. Since e0 2t 0 we have f t e0 2t sin 4 t 0 % sin 4 t 0 % 4 t k % t where k is any integer. Thus
4
the shock absorber is at equilibrium position every quarter second.
U V T S T
i i 1 cos 30i 2 3 2 3
49. Since 15 is in quadrant I, cos 15 .
2 4 2
T T T T T
Another method: cos 15i cos 45i 30i cos 45i cos 30i sin 45i sin 30i 22 23 22 12 6
4
2 , which is
S T
equal to 12 2 3.
V T T V S
5 3 T T
is in quadrant I, sin 5 1 cos 6
1 2 2 3 2 3
50. Since 512 12 .
2 2 4 2
T T T T
sin b c sin cos cos sin T1 3 T1 1 31
Another method: sin 512 T 6 2 , which is
4 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
S T
1
equal to 2 2 3.
1 cos 1 T1 r sT T
2
51. tan
8
4
1
1 T1 2 21
sin 4 T 2
2
cos sin b2 c sin 1
52. 2 sin 12 12 12 6 2
T
53. sin 5i cos 40i cos 5i sin 40i sin 5i 40i sin 45i T1 22
2
i
tan 66 tan 6 i T
54. tan 66i 6i tan 60i 3
1 tan 66i tan 6i
CHAPTER 7 Review 555
b b cc T
55. cos2 2
8 sin 8 cos 2 8 cos T1
4 2 2
2
T T
3 sin sin cos cos sin sin b c sin T1 2
56. 12 cos 12 2 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 4 2 2
rT T s rT T s
57. We use a product-to-sum formula: cos 37 5i cos 7 5i 12 cos 45i cos 30i 12 22 23 14 2 3 .
t u t u U
67 5i 22 5i 67 5i 22 5i 1 1 cos 45i
58. cos 67 5i cos 22 5i 2 cos cos 2 cos 45i cos 22 5i 2 T
2 2 2 2
T T T
T
1 cos 45i 1 T1 22 2
2
T T
In Exercises 59–64, x and y are in quadrant I, so we know that sec x 32 " cos x 23 , so sin x 35 and tan x 25 .
T T
Also, csc y 3 " sin y 13 , and so cos y 2 3 2 , and tan y T 1 2.
4
2 2
T T r T s
59. sin x y sin x cos y cos x sin y 35 2 3 2 23 13 29 1 10 .
T T r T T s
60. cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y 23 2 3 2 35 13 19 4 2 5 .
T T T T r T T s
tan x tan y
5 2 5 2
8 2 2 5 2 8 T10 rT T s
61. tan x y r2 T s r4 T s r2 T s r4 T s T T 23 2 5
1 tan x tan y 1 25 2 1 25 2 8 8 10 8 10
4 4
T T
62. sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 35 23 4 9 5 .
Y r T s V
U X T
X1 2 2
y 1 cos y W 3 32 2
63. cos (since cosine is positive in quadrant I)
2 2 2 6
T T
y 1 cos y 1 232 32 2 T
64. tan 1
32 2
2 sin y 1
3
T
65. We sketch a triangle such that cos1 73 . We see that tan 2 310 , and the
double-angle formula for tangent gives
T T
T
2 tan 2 2 310 4 10
3 12 10
tan 2 r T s2 .
1 tan2 1 40 31 n
1 2 310 9
cos 37
66. We sketch triangles such that tan1 43 and ! cos1 13
5 . From the
n
triangles, we see that sin 35 , cos 45 , and sin ! 12
13 , so the addition
formula for sine gives
sin ! sin cos ! cos sin !
35 13
5 4 12 63
5 13 65
tan 34 5
cos ! 13
r s
r s 2 tan tan1 x 2x
67. The double-angle formula for tangent gives tan 2 tan1 x b c .
1 tan2 tan1 x 1 x2
556 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Trigonometry
S
68. Let sin1 x and ! cos1 y. From the triangles, cos 1 x 2 and
S
sin ! 1 y 2 , so using the addition formula for cosine, we have Y
Z"
S S
cos ! cos cos ! sin sin ! 1 x 2 y x 1 y 2 n
S S Y" Z
y 1 x 2 x 1 y2 cos ! y
sin x
t u
3 3
69. (a) tan % tan1
x x 2
t u
10
(b) tan1 , for x 0. Since the road sign can first be seen when 2i ,
x 1
t u
3 10
we have 2i tan1 %x s 85 9 m. Thus, the sign can first be
x tan 2i 0
20 40
seen at a height of 85.9 m.
70. (a) Let be the angle formed by the top of the tower, the car, and the base of the
building, and let be the angle formed by base of the tower, the car, and the base
t u
126 126
of the building, as shown in the diagram. Then tan % tan1
x x
t u
n
114 114
and tan % tan1 . Thus,
x x z
t u t u a
126 114
tan1 tan1 . Y
x x
(b) We graph x and find that is maximized when x 12 0.
0.055
0.050
0.045
90 120 150
CHAPTER 7 TEST
sin sin2 cos2 1
1. tan sin cos sin cos sec
cos cos cos cos
sin x
tan x tan x 1 cos x tan x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 1 cos x
2. cos x csc x 1 sec x
1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos2 x 2
sin x sin x cos x
2 tan x 2 tan x 2 sin x
3. 2
2
cos2 x 2 sin x cos x sin 2x
1 tan x sec x cos x
rx s t u
1 cos x
4. sin x tan sin x 1 cos x
2 sin x
5. 2 sin2 3x 1 cos 2 3x 1 cos 6x
r s
6. cos 4x 1 2 sin2 2x 1 2 2 sin x cos x2 1 8 sin2 x 1 sin2 x 1 8 sin2 x 8 sin4 x
CHAPTER 7 Test 557
U U 2 V
r rx s r x ss2 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos2 x
7. sin cos 2 1 sin x
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
r rx s r x ss2 rx s rx s rx s rx s rx s
Another method: sin cos sin2 2 sin cos cos2 1 2 sin 1 sin x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin sin sin sin
8. S T S S T tan (because
4 x2 4 4 sin2 2 1 sin2 cos2 cos cos
4 2 sin 2
cos 0 for
2 2)
9. (a) sin 8i cos 22i cos 8i sin 22i sin 8i 22i sin 30i 12
T T T rT T s
(b) sin 75i sin 45i 30i sin 45i cos 30i cos 45i sin 30i 22 23 22 12 14 6 2
Y r T s V
U X T S T
i X1 3
i i 1 cos 150 W 2 2 3 2 3
Another method: Since 75 is in quadrant I, sin 75 ,
2 2 4 2
rT T s
which is equal to 14 6 2 .
V V T V
3 T
1 cos 1 2 3 S T
(c) sin 12 6 2 12 2 3
2 2 4
is in quadrant I,
Another method: Since 12
T T T r s
sin sin cos cos sin 3 2 1 2 1 T6 T2 , which is equal to
sin 12
b c
3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 4
S T
1 2 3.
2
T T T
10. From the figures, we have cos cos cos sin sin T2 35 T1 23 2 T
52 102 5 .
15
5 5 3 5
11. sin 3x cos 5x 12 [sin 3x 5x sin 3x 5x] 12 sin 8x sin 2x
t u t u
2x 5x 2x 5x 7x 3x
12. sin 2x sin 5x 2 cos sin 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
r s
1 cos 1 35 1 35 53
13. sin 45 . Since is in quadrant III, cos 35 . Then tan 2.
2 sin 45 4
5
4
14. 3 sin 1 0 % 3 sin 1 % sin 13 % sin1 13 s 0 34 or sin1 31 s 2 80 on [0 2 .
15. 2 cos 1 sin 1 0 % cos 12 or sin 1. The first equation has solutions
3 s 1 05 and
5
3 s 5 24 on [0 2 , while the second has the solution 2 s 1 57.
16. 2 cos2 5 cos 2 0 % 2 cos 1 cos 2 0 % cos 12 or cos 2 (which is impossible). So in the
interval [0 2 , the solutions are 23 s 2 09, 43 s 4 19.
17. sin 2 cos 0 % 2 sin cos cos 0 % cos 2 sin 1 0 % cos 0 or sin 12 % 3
2 , 2 or
5 5 3
6 , 6 . Therefore, the solutions in [0 2 are 6 s 0 52, 2 s 1 57, 6 s 2 62, 2 s 4 71.
18. 5 cos 2 2 % cos 2 25 % 2 cos1 0 4 s 1 159279. The solutions in [0 4 are 2 s 1 159279, 2 1 159279,
2 1 159279, 4 1 159279 % 2 s 1 159279, 5 123906, 7 442465, 11 407091 % s 0 57964, 2 56195, 3 72123,
5 70355 in [0 2 .
r s
19. 2 cos2 x cos 2x 0 % 2 cos2 x 2 cos2 x 1 0 % cos x 12 . The solutions in [0 4 are x
3 s 1 05,
x 23 s 2 09, x 43 s 4 19, and x 53 s 5 24.
558 Focus on Modeling
rx s t u
1 cos x 1
20. 2 tan csc x 0 % 2 0 % cos x 12 . The solutions in [0 4 are x
3 s 1 05 and
2 sin x sin x
x 53 s 5 24.
9 so tan u 9 . From the triangle, cos u 40 , so using a
21. Let u tan1 40 40 41
r s2 V
double-angle formula for cosine, cos 2u 2 cos2 u 1 2 40
41 1 1519
1681 .
22. We sketch triangles such that cos1 x and ! tan1 y. From the
S Z"
y 1 Y" Z
triangles, we have sin 1 x 2 , sin ! S , and cos ! S ,
1y 2 1 y2 n
Y
so the addition formula for sine gives
cos x tan ! y
sin ! sin cos ! cos sin !
S
S 1 y 1 x2 x y
1 x2 S x S S
1y 2 1 y2 1 y2
FOCUS ON MODELING Traveling and Standing Waves
b c b c
1. (a) Substituting x 0, we get y 0 t 5 sin 2 0
2 t 5 sin 2 t 5 sin 2 t.
(b) Z
U
y Y
y y
@
@
@ U
b c b c
(c) We express the function in the standard form y x t A sin k x )t: y x t 5 sin 2x
2 t 5 sin 2 x 4 t .
Comparing this to the standard form, we see that the velocity of the wave is ) 4.
2. (a) y 0 2 sin 1 047x 0 524t 0 2 sin 1 047x 0 524t 2 0 2 sin 1 047x cos 0 524t 0 4 sin 1 047x cos 0 524t.
The nodes occur when 1 047x m % x 1 047 m s 3m. So the nodes are at 3, 6, 9, 12, .
(b) Z
U
U
U
U M Y
U
@
U
@
U
Note that when t 3, cos 0 524 3 s 0 001, so y x 3 n 0 0004. Thus, the graph of y x 3 cannot be
distinguished from the x-axis in the diagram. Yes, this is a standing wave.
s 0 68. Since ) 6, we have
3. From the graph, we see that the amplitude is A 2 7 and the period is 9 2, so k 29 2
6 s 4 10, so the equation we seek is y x t 2 7 sin 0 68x 4 10t.
k) 29 2
Traveling and Standing Waves 559
4. (a) We are given A 5, period 23 , and ) 0 5. Since the period is 23 , we have k 22 3 3. Thus, expressing the
function in standard form, we have y x t 5 sin 3 x 0 5t 5 sin 3x 1 5t.
(b) Z
U
y Y
y y
@
@
U
5. From the graphs, we see that the amplitude is A 0 6. The nodes occur at x 0, 1, 2, 3. Since sin x 0 when x k
(k any integer), we have . Then since the frequency is 2 , we get 20 2 % 40 . Thus, an equation for
this model is f x t 0 6 sin x cos 40 t.
6. From the graph, we see that the amplitude is A 7. Now sin x 0 when x k (k an integer). So for k 1, we must
b c
have 1
2 % 2. Then since the period is 4 , we have 2 4 % 2 . Thus, an equation for this model
is f x t 7 sin 2x cos 12 t.
7. (a) The first standing wave has 1, the second has 2, the third has 3, and the fourth has 4.
(b) is equal to the number of nodes minus 1. The first string has two nodes and 1; the second string has three nodes
and 2, and so forth. Thus, the next two values of would be 5 and 6, as sketched below.
(c) Since the frequency is 2 , we have 440 2 % 880 .
(d) The first standing wave has equation y sin x cos 880 t, the second has equation y sin 2x cos 880 t, the third has
equation y sin 3x cos 880 t, and the fourth has equation y sin 4x cos 880 t.
8. (a) The nodes of the tube occur when cos 12 x 0 and 0 n x n 37 7. So 12 x 2k 1
2 % x 2k 1 . Thus, the
nodes are at x , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , and 11 . We stop there since 13 37 7. Note that the endpoints of the tube
(x 0 and x 37 7) are not nodes.
(b) In the function y A cos x cos t, the frequency is 2 . In this case, the frequency is 50
2 25 Hz.
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