Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020
Facultad de Odontología
1904-2020
Coeditora
Daniela Carmona Ruíz
CONSEJO EDITORIAL
Javier de la Fuente Hernández
Enrique Luis Graue Wiechers
José Narro Robles
TRADUCTOR
M.C. Getsemaní Sinaí Villanueva Amador
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia, Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020. Es una publicación trimestral editada y distribuida por la Facultad de Odontología
de la UNAM, con dirección en Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito interior s/n, Col. Copilco El Bajo, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C.P. 04510
Ciudad de México, México. Tel. 55 5623-2207, E-mail: revistamexicanadeortodoncia@[Link] Editor en jefe: Dr. Luis Alberto Gaitán Cepeda. Editor
responsable: Esp. Daniela Carmona Ruíz. Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo Núm. 04-2013-051712431700-102, ISSN impreso 2395-9215, ISSN elec-
trónico en trámite, ambos otorgados por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. Diseñada, producida e impresa
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32, emyc@[Link]. Este número se terminó de imprimir el 16 de diciembre de 2021 con un tiraje de 50 ejemplares. El contenido de los artículos,
así como las fotografías, son responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no refleja el punto de vista de los árbitros, del Editor o de la UNAM. Se autoriza la
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Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020 Facultad de Odontología
CONTENIDO
Editorial
6 El flujo digital en ortodoncia: ¿futuro o presente?
César Esquivel Chirino,* Jair Escamilla Valencia§
Trabajo original
9 Evolución del tratamiento de mordida abierta anterior en pacientes en dentición mixta
Laura Beatriz Pérez-Traconis,*
Laura Alejandra Güemez-Flota,*
Gabriel Eduardo Colomé-Ruiz,*
María Leonor Alonzo-Echeverría,*
Fernando Javier Aguilar-Pérez*
Casos clínicos
16 Manejo ortodóncico de centrales superiores retenidos en paciente con paladar hendido
Gabriela Verónica Robalino León,*
Eduardo Adrián Martínez Hernández,§
Ivonne Scarlleth Herrera Navarrete,§
José Ramón Hernández Carvallo¶
Artículo especial
60 El rol del plano oclusal en la salud articular en el diagnóstico de ortodoncia (Parte I)
Lorenzo Puebla Ramos,**
Tely Adriana Soto Castro
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, No. 1 January-March 2020 Facultad de Odontología
CONTENTS
Editorial
6 Digital workflow in orthodontics: future or present?
César Esquivel Chirino,* Jair Escamilla Valencia§
Original research
9 Evolution of anterior open bite treatment in patients in mixed dentition
Laura Beatriz Pérez-Traconis,**
Laura Alejandra Güemez-Flota,**
Gabriel Eduardo Colomé-Ruiz,**
María Leonor Alonzo-Echeverría,**
Fernando Javier Aguilar-Pérez*
Case reports
16 Orthodontic management of retained upper central incisors in clef palate patient
Gabriela Verónica Robalino León,**
Eduardo Adrián Martínez Hernández,§
Ivonne Scarlleth Herrera Navarrete,§
José Ramón Hernández Carvallo¶
Special article
60 The role of the occlusal plane in joint health in orthodontic diagnosis (Part I)
Lorenzo Puebla Ramos,**
Tely Adriana Soto Castro
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 6-8
EDITORIAL
Cuando hablamos del flujo digital en ortodoncia, y voz, entre otros. Todo esto contribuye a la optimiza-
surgen muchas interrogantes: ¿cuándo será oportu- ción de los tiempos de ortodoncia y a la mejora de la
no incursionar en el flujo digital?, ¿será conveniente experiencia del paciente en la consulta clínica.
comenzar a utilizarlo ya o habrá que esperar por más Más allá de ser sólo un medio para ponerse en
tiempo?, ¿acaso bastaría con la experiencia clínica contacto, la forma actual de comunicación a través
para sustituirlo?, ¿deberían actualizarse los planes de la Internet y sus tecnologías, permite iniciar lo que
de estudio de ortodoncia?, ¿qué se necesita para co- se conoce como un «flujo digital de trabajo clínico».
menzar a utilizar el flujo digital?, ¿cómo se pueden Se trata de un proceso caracterizado por el uso en
gestionar formas de trabajo en equipo con otros espe- conjunto de cámaras digitales de alta resolución,
cialistas, técnicos dentales, centros radiológicos y la computadoras y/o dispositivos móviles con software
industria de la ortodoncia digital?, ¿se podría estable- especializado —ya sea de acceso libre o de pago—,
cer un modelo híbrido con experiencia clínica donde escáneres intraorales, radiología digital, tomografía,
se use tecnología tanto analógica como digital? Para impresoras digitales tridimensionales 3D y sistemas
encontrar las respuestas a estas interrogantes, será de CAD-CAM, con la finalidad de sistematizar los pro-
necesario analizar los avances de la tecnología digital cedimientos clínicos en ortodoncia. Además de estos
ocurridos en los últimos 30 años y su gran impacto en equipos, el flujo digital requiere sistemas de ilumina-
el campo de la ortodoncia. ción para obtener fotografías clínicas intra- y extrao-
Uno de los desarrollos de la tecnología digital más rales de buena calidad, y conexiones de Internet de
notables, y que ha sacudido a la odontología y la orto- alta velocidad. Juntos, el flujo digital, las tecnologías
doncia, ha sido la transición de las cámaras analógi- de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y el traba-
cas a las digitales. Actualmente, existe una diversidad jo clínico sistematizado convergen en la construcción
de cámaras digitales de alta resolución, así como de de un entorno digital de trabajo denominado «ecosis-
software y aplicaciones especializadas para editar vi- tema digital», el cual ayuda a realizar el diseño, la
deo e imágenes. La información digital que se obtiene planificación y el diagnóstico tridimensional en orto-
con las cámaras digitales puede almacenarse y res- doncia, disminuir el tiempo de trabajo en la práctica
paldarse en medios de almacenamiento físico o nubes clínica y optimizar los resultados. El flujo digital está
digitales para incluirla en el expediente del paciente. en perfeccionamiento continuo por medio de la inteli-
Además, los teléfonos móviles o smartphones favore- gencia artificial.
cen la comunicación con otros profesionales y con los Utilizar la tecnología digital brinda varias ventajas
pacientes, facilitando el intercambio de información en la ortodoncia: por un lado, contribuye al diagnós-
como: fotografías clínicas, radiografías digitales, imá- tico por medio del análisis de fotografías clínicas, el
[Link]
genes de tomografías Cone-Beam, mensajes de texto análisis cefalométrico con software especializado y
el análisis tridimensional de modelos de estudio; por
otro, permite diseñar y planificar el tratamiento con
ayuda del sistema de objetivo visual de tratamiento
Citar como: Esquivel CC, Escamilla VJ. El flujo digital en ortodoncia:
¿futuro o presente? Rev Mex Ortodon. 2020; 8 (1): 6-8. (VTO, por sus siglas en inglés), la impresión digital de
modelos de estudio, las extracciones dentales virtua-
© 2020 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, [Facultad de les, el diseño de sonrisa y el set up virtual para los tra-
Odontología]. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia
CC BY-NC-ND ([Link]
tamientos de ortodoncia con alineadores o brackets.
Además, permite analizar los casos complejos que
[Link]/ortodoncia requieran de cirugía ortognática.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 6-8
7
Los ortodoncistas también se pueden beneficiar The transition from analog to digital cameras has
de los sistemas digitales de simulación de tratamien- been a significant digital workflow improvement in
to (DTS, por sus siglas en inglés) para la toma de recent years. Today, there is a diversity of high-
decisiones clínicas sobre el diagnóstico y el plan de resolution digital cameras and specialized software
tratamiento basados en la evidencia, combinando la and applications used to edit videos and images. The
experiencia clínica y los conocimientos científicos y images obtained with digital cameras can be stored
tecnológicos para poder utilizar el flujo digital y formar and backed up in physical storage media or digital
un ecosistema digital de trabajo. clouds for inclusion in the patient’s record.
Antes de pensar en adquirir y utilizar el flujo digital In addition, smartphones facilitate communication
en ortodoncia, es importante considerar que el espe- with other professionals and patients, simplifying the
cialista deberá contar con los conocimientos clínicos exchange of information of clinical photographs, digital
y anatómicos fundamentales adquiridos a lo largo de radiography, Cone Beam computed tomography, and
su formación, que le permitan establecer un diagnós- text and voice messages for optimization in the dental
tico basado en la información de las características office and the improvement of the patient’s experience
del paciente y los análisis cefalométricos y de mode- in clinical practice.
los de estudio, así como establecer un plan de tra- Beyond being just a means to get in touch, the
tamiento y seguimiento adecuados. También deberá current form of communication through the Internet
saber utilizar el software especializado para el manejo and its technologies allows initiating the «digital flow of
de las imágenes generadas por los escáneres intrao- clinical work». Digital workflow is a process that allows
rales en formato STL (Standard Triangle Language) the digitalization of dental records, using computer-
para la impresión digital y estar al tanto de los tiempos assisted imaging techniques and virtual treatment
de vigencia de las licencias. Por último, es necesario planning or simulations with specialized software to
considerar el elevado costo que implica establecer un systematize clinical procedures in orthodontics. In
flujo digital, ya sea con todos o sólo algunos de sus addition to this equipment, digital workflow requires
elementos, el cual va de los 10 mil hasta los 150 mil lighting systems to obtain good quality intra and
dólares o más. extraoral images and high-speed internet connections.
Together, digital workflow, information, and
communication technologies converge in the
Editorial performance of a digital work environment called the
«digital ecosystem», which helps to carry out designs,
Digital workflow in orthodontics: plan three-dimensional diagnoses in orthodontics,
reduce work time in clinical practice, and optimize
future or present? results. The digital workflow is in a state of continuous
improvement through artificial intelligence.
César Esquivel Chirino,* Jair Escamilla Valencia§
Using digital technology offers several advantages
* Profesor de la Facultad de Odontología de la UNAM. México. in orthodontics. On the one hand, it contributes
§
Coordinador de la Especialidad de Ortodoncia de la Universi- to the diagnosis through the analysis of intraoral
dad Latinoamericana. México. and extraoral photographs, the cephalometric
evaluation with specialized software, and the three-
When we discuss digital workflow in orthodontics, dimensional analysis of study models. On the other,
many questions arise: when will it be appropriate to it allows the design and planning of the treatment
enter into digital workflow? Will it be convenient to with the help of the visual treatment objective
start using it? will the clinical experience be enough to system, digital impression of study models, virtual
[Link]
replace it? Will it be necessary to review and update dental extractions, smile design, and virtual set up
the postgraduate orthodontic program? How do we for orthodontic treatments with aligners or braces.
work as a team with other specialists, dental imaging In addition, it allows analysis of complex cases that
centers, and dental companies could a hybrid model require orthognathic surgery.
be established with clinical experience using both Orthodontists can also benefit from digital treatment
analog and digital technology? How can we move simulation systems for evidence-based clinical
from analog to digital dentistry? To find the answers decision making on diagnosis and treatment plans,
to these questions, it is necessary to analyze the combining clinical experience and scientific knowledge
advances in digital technology in the last 30 years and to use the digital workflow and form a digital ecosystem
their impact on orthodontics. of their work.
Esquivel CC et al. El flujo digital en ortodoncia: ¿futuro o presente?
8
The orthodontist must consider that the correct is necessary to consider the high cost of the digital
diagnosis and orthodontic treatment planning are workflow, which ranges from $10,000 to $150,000
necessary to establish better results in the digital dollars or more.
workflow. Orthodontists must also know how to use
the specialized software for handling the images Correspondencia / Correspondence:
generated by intraoral scanners in Standard Triangle César Esquivel Chirino
Language format for dental 3D printers. Finally, it E-mail: investigaciondental@[Link]
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 9-15
TRABAJO
ORIGINAL
RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN
Introducción: La mordida abierta anterior se considera una compleja
maloclusión, en la cual lograr y consolidar una sobremordida verti- Las maloclusiones esqueletales representan un
cal representa un reto para odontólogos y pacientes. Se encuentra problema de salud complejo, ya que éstas involu-
predominantemente asociada con parafunciones como la succión cran desarmonías anatómicas entre los maxilares y la
digital y la deglución atípica. En la actualidad, existen diversas te-
rapias entre las cuales se encuentra el uso de la rejilla palatina fija,
base craneal. Todas las maloclusiones esqueletales
que actúa impidiendo el hábito, guiando lengua, labios y musculatura incluyen desequilibrios en la posición de los órganos
masticatoria a una ortofunción. Objetivo: Determinar la cantidad de dentarios; sin embargo, las maloclusiones dentales
sobremordida vertical obtenida en pacientes con mordida abierta an- eximen el componente óseo.1 Las influencias ambien-
terior, portadores de rejilla palatina. Material y métodos: El tipo de
estudio fue observacional, prospectivo, longitudinal y descriptivo, en
tales que actúan durante el crecimiento y desarrollo
un grupo de pacientes de cinco a 11 años, del área de licenciatura de facial, los maxilares y órganos dentarios, consisten
la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán fundamentalmente en presiones y fuerzas que emer-
(UADY). Los pacientes fueron diagnosticados con mordida abierta gen de actividad fisiológica de estos componentes.1-3
anterior y tratados en un periodo de entre 17 a 28 semanas con rejilla
palatina. Las mediciones fueron realizadas con un calibrador vernier
Durante el desarrollo de las funciones orales y
electrónico, en cuatro sesiones durante el tratamiento, contando con masticatorias del sistema estomatognático en los
evidencia fotográfica. Se midió la distancia entre dos puntos: el bor- infantes, se observan dos patrones de deglución
de entre centrales inferiores y el borde entre incisivos superiores. La relacionados con el tipo de alimentación, que a largo
muestra se compuso de 47 pacientes, 23 del sexo masculino y 24 del
femenino. La base de datos fue realizada con paquetería de Excel
plazo pudiesen determinar la posición de la lengua
y los datos analizados en el software estadístico SPSS, en el cual durante el acto deglutorio; el primero es el patrón
se aplicó una prueba de t de Student. Resultados: Un valor crítico de deglución infantil, que se presenta desde el
de -18.620 y una p < 0.001 confirman que existió evolución positiva nacimiento hasta la erupción de los órganos dentarios
con valor estadísticamente significativo. Conclusión: Se recomienda
complementar el manejo ortodóncico, con terapia psicológica e inter-
temporales.4 El segundo patrón se correlaciona con
vención del fonoaudiólogo para garantizar el éxito y evitar recidivas. edades más avanzadas del infante y se conoce
como patrón de deglución adulta, el cual aparece
Palabras clave: Mordida abierta anterior, rejilla palatina, dentición con la erupción de los primeros órganos dentarios
mixta, sobremordida vertical.
temporales en promedio a los 6-8 meses de edad. La
lengua irá adoptando de manera paulatina y constante
una nueva posición en la boca, de esta forma se
[Link]
Recibido: Diciembre 2019. Aceptado: Febrero 2020.
mantendrá contenida en la cavidad oral y persistirá
durante el resto de la vida.4-6 Un tercer tipo de posición
lingual se observa durante la fonación, acto en el que,
Citar como: Pérez-Traconis LB, Güemez-Flota LA, Colomé-Ruiz GE, para poder pronunciar en forma apropiada diversas
Alonzo-Echeverría ML, Aguilar-Pérez FJ. Evolución del tratamiento locuciones, la lengua debe colocarse por detrás de
de mordida abierta anterior en pacientes en dentición mixta. Rev Mex
Ortodon. 2020; 8 (1): 9-15. los órganos dentarios superiores, pero el infante que
presenta hábito de deglución infantil, la interpone
© 2020 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, [Facultad de entre los incisivos superiores e inferiores.7 La mordida
Odontología]. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia
CC BY-NC-ND ([Link]
abierta anterior se considera una de las maloclusiones
más frecuentes en poblaciones pediátricas. Según la
[Link]/ortodoncia ubicación en la cavidad oral, en donde se manifieste
Pérez-Traconis LB et al. Tratamiento de mordida abierta anterior en pacientes con dentición mixta
10
DE = desviación estándar.
[Link]
Tabla 3: Evolución de la mordida abierta anterior de la tercera a la cuarta medición.
Evolution of anterior open bite from 3rd to 4th measurement.
DE = desviación estándar.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 9-15
11
9 7 7
9.00 7.00
8 8 6
7
6.75 5.25
Número de pacientes
Número de pacientes
6
4 4 4
5
4.50 3.50
3 3
4
2 2
2.25 1.75
2
1 1 1 1 1
0.00 0.00
1 (0.68-1.80 mm) 2 (1.81-2.90 mm) 3 (2.91-4.00 mm) 4 (4.01-5.15 mm)
)
)
)
)
mm
mm
mm
mm
.90
.00
.80
.15
Intervalo
1-2
1-4
8-1
1-5
1.8
2.9
0.6
4.0
3(
1(
4(
Años
1 (0.68-1.80 mm) 2 1 1
5
6
2 (1.81-2.90 mm) 1 2 2 2 2 2
7
Intervalo
Figura 2: 8
3 (2.91-4.00 mm) 1 4 4 3 1 2 2
Grado de cierre 9
por edad. 10
4 (4.01-5.15 mm) 1 2 8 4
Degree of closure 11
by age.
0 4.5 9 13.5 18
inicial) es menor que la segunda (medición final), plazo, tanto de los resultados como de la recidiva o
tomando en cuenta los valores negativos registra- de los hábitos, únicamente pudo constatarse que al
dos debido a la sobremordida vertical negativa. Los finalizar el tiempo estimado con la rejilla algunos pa-
resultados arrojaron un valor crítico de -18.620 y cientes continuaron un tratamiento con placas Hawley
una p < 0.001, lo cual es suficiente evidencia para removibles por periodos indeterminados. De esta for-
rechazar la igualdad de medias y considerar la hipó- ma, se brindó una retención ortodóncica posterior al
tesis alterna. tratamiento y un recordatorio, menormente invasivo,
de lo nocivo del hábito.11
DISCUSIÓN
CONCLUSIÓN
La finalidad de esta investigación se enfocó
en determinar la evolución del cierre de la mordi- El tratamiento de la mordida abierta anterior conlle-
da abierta anterior, en un grupo de pacientes en va un abordaje multidisciplinario para garantizar el éxi-
dentición mixta. Investigaciones identificaron que to a largo plazo. Sin embargo, la identificación precisa
la succión digital prevaleció en 14%, la deglución y el correcto manejo de la etiología causal son crucia-
atípica (o lengua protráctil como reportaron Gon- les para lograr resultados efectivos. La rejilla palatina
zález y colaboradores en 2012) en 18.2%, la res- fija disminuyó y eliminó los hábitos parafuncionales
piración oral puntuó 10.8% e igualmente similar a que propiciaron una mordida abierta anterior en los 47
los datos hallados en nuestra muestra, 3.5% para pacientes estudiados.
el hábito de succión labial. 8 En la literatura se de- Recomendamos que la información sobre malo-
bate que la población femenina se ve mayormente clusiones y hábitos orales parafuncionales sea más
afectada por la mordida abierta anterior, por ejem- difundida con los padres de familia y en las escue-
plo, Hernández y su equipo reportaron mordidas las como medida preventiva e interceptiva, con la
abiertas en pacientes de nueve a 14 años de edad, finalidad de realizar tratamientos oportunos desde
en la que 65% de frecuencia es para dicha pobla- edades tempranas, donde el avance es más rápido
ción. 9,10 Asimismo, observaron una disminución de y la aparatología requerida suele ser más sencilla en
la prevalencia de esta maloclusión a medida que comparación con la edad adulta, cuyas terapéuticas
aumenta la edad, una mayor afectación en raza son más elaboradas para la corrección de las malo-
blanca, una incidencia de protrusión lingual de clusiones.
70%, seguido de la respiración bucal con 43.3% y Se sugiere la investigación de la mordida abierta en
por último la succión digital con 23.3%.11 La inves- proyectos longitudinales de mayor duración para obtener
tigación realizada reportó mayor afectación en los referencias no sólo de la efectividad, sino también de la
grupos etarios de siete a nueve años, y se observó estabilidad a largo plazo del uso de la rejilla palatina fija.
y documentó una disminución de la frecuencia en
el grupo de 10 y 11 años, las edades máximas in-
cluidas en la muestra.8 Original research
Villavicencio y Hernández reportaron en un estudio
retrospectivo la efectividad de la rejilla palatina para Evolution of anterior open bite treatment
tratar el hábito de succión digital en una muestra de in patients in mixed dentition
75 pacientes entre cuatro y 10 años. El 84% de los
participantes descontinuaron el hábito durante el pri- Laura Beatriz Pérez-Traconis,*
mer mes de instalado el aparato. En nuestro caso, Laura Alejandra Güemez-Flota,*
la eficacia de la rejilla palatina fija se pudo observar
[Link]
a partir de la segunda medición, puesto que la res-
Gabriel Eduardo Colomé-Ruiz,*
María Leonor Alonzo-Echeverría,*
tricción impuesta al hábito parafuncional resultó fa- Fernando Javier Aguilar-Pérez*
vorable; de la primera a la segunda medición, en un
promedio de 3.76 semanas se obtuvo una media de * Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de
sobremordida vertical de 0.922 mm. El tiempo de tra- Yucatán. México.
tamiento fue de 29 semanas en el caso más tardado,
ABSTRACT
con un avance de 5.15 mm de cierre de mordida, su-
perando el promedio total de avance de 3.35 mm con Introduction: Anterior open bite is considered a complex
17.83 semanas de duración. Los alcances de esta in- malocclusion, in which achieving and consolidating a vertical
vestigación no permiten evaluar el seguimiento a largo overbite represent a challenge for dentists and patients. It is
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 9-15
13
predominantly associated with parafunctions such as digital swallowing, interposes it between the upper and lower
sucking and atypical swallowing. Currently, there are various incisors.7 Anterior open bite is considered one of the
therapies available, including the use of the fixed palatal grid,
which acts by preventing the habit, guiding the tongue, lips most frequent malocclusions in paediatric populations.
and masticatory musculature to orthofunction. Objective: To Depending on the location in the oral cavity where
determine the amount of vertical overbite obtained in patients the anomaly manifests itself, the bite is classified as
with anterior open bite, wearing a palatal grid. Material and anterior open bite or simple open bite. The aetiology of
methods: The study was observational, prospective, longitudinal
and descriptive; in a group of patients aged five to 11 years, from open bite is multifactorial, involving environmental and
the undergraduate area of the Faculty of Dentistry, UADY. The genetic factors.8
patients were diagnosed with anterior open bite, and treated over
a period of 17 to 28 weeks with a palatal grid. Measurements MATERIAL AND METHODS
were taken with an electronic vernier, in four sessions during
treatment, with photographic evidence. The distance between
two points was measured: the border between lower centrals and The anterior open bite was measured with an
the border between upper incisors. The sample consisted of 47 electronic vernier caliper. Two intraoral points were
patients, 23 males and 24 females. The database was created considered, the border between lower central teeth
with Excel; the data was analysed with SPSS software using
Student’s t-test. Results: A critical value of -18.620 and a p-value and the border between upper incisors, as well as
of < 0.001 confirmed that evolution was significant. Conclusion: the presence or absence of any parafunctional habit.
The orthodontic management should be complemented with Once the diagnosis was confirmed, at the start of
psychological therapy and a phonoaudiologist for last-longer treatment with the fixed palatal grid and the letter of
results and avoid relapses.
informed consent was given, the first measurement
Keywords: Anterior open bite, palatal grid, mixed dentition, was taken with a vernier calibrated in millimetres,
overbite. which was taken as the first appointment. The second
appointment was made between three and four weeks
INTRODUCTION after the appliance was cemented (first appointment),
and it was verified that the appliance was in good
Skeletal malocclusions represent a complex condition. Subsequent measurements were then
health problem, as they involve anatomical taken until a minimum of four measurements per
disharmonies between the maxillae and the cranial patient were obtained with intervals of three to four
base. All skeletal malocclusions include imbalances weeks between each of the four measurements. For
in the position of the dental organs, however, dental statistical purposes, the initial measurement and
malocclusions exclude the bony component. 1 The the last recording were taken into account when the
environmental influences acting during growth anterior open bite correction was achieved.
and development of the face, maxillae and dental
organs consist primarily of pressures and forces RESULTS
that emerge from physiological activity of these
components.1-3 The sample consisted of 47 individuals, 51.1% (n =
During the development of the oral and masticatory 24) female and 48.9% (n = 23) male. The age range
functions of the stomatognathic system in infants, two was five to 11 years.
swallowing patterns related to the type of feeding are On average, 3.76 weeks elapsed with an average
observed, which in the long term may determine the correction of 0.922 mm of vertical overbite, which
position of the tongue during the swallowing act; the means that on average 0.255 mm of open bite closure
first is the infant swallowing pattern, which occurs from was achieved per week (Table 1).
birth until the eruption of the primary dental organs.4 In the interval from the 2nd to the 3rd measurement,
[Link]
The second pattern correlates with later infant ages
and is known as the adult swallowing pattern, which
the mean elapsed time was 5.89 weeks with 1.50
mm of vertical overbite, and on average 0.270 mm of
appears with the eruption of the first primary teeth closure was achieved per week. The highest degree
at an average of 6-8 months of age. The tongue will of anterior open bite closure was recorded in this time
gradually and steadily adopt a new position in the interval (Table 2).
mouth, thus remaining contained in the oral cavity, During the interval between the 3 rd and 4th
and will persist for the rest of life.4-6 A third type of measurement, the mean elapsed time was 8.170
tongue position is observed during phonation, an weeks, 0.908 mm closure and an average of 0.111
act in which, in order to pronounce various locutions mm closure per week. The lowest average open
properly, the tongue must be placed behind the bite closure rates were recorded in this period
upper dental organs, but the infant who has atypical (Table 3).
Pérez-Traconis LB et al. Tratamiento de mordida abierta anterior en pacientes con dentición mixta
14
In the time interval from the 1 st to the 2 nd in whites, a 70% incidence of lingual protrusion,
measurement, 61.70% had an evolution between 0.4 followed by mouth breathing with 43.3% and finally
to 0.95 mm, the minimum range of vertical overbite digital sucking with 23.3%. 11 The research carried
evolution. Between the 2 nd and 3 rd measurements, out reported a higher incidence in the seven to nine
the greatest progress was recorded as 31.91% of year age groups, and a decrease in frequency was
the sample reported an evolution of between 1.85 to observed and documented in the 10 and 11 year age
2.75 mm. From the 3rd to the 4th appointment, it was group, the maximum ages included in the sample.8
observed that the majority, 61.70% of the participants, Villavicencio and Hernandez reported in a
achieved an evolution of between 0.4 to 0.95 mm, this retrospective study, the effectiveness of the palatal grid
being the minimum range of evolution (Tables 1 to 3). to treat digital sucking in a sample of 75 patients aged
To determine the degree of closure by sex, the 4 to 10 years. Eighty-four percent of the participants
female patients who achieved a greater progression discontinued the habit within the first month after
of between 4.00 to 5.1 mm were plotted. As well as in the device was installed. In our case, the efficacy of
the progression range of 2.90 to 4.00 mm, compared the fixed palatal grid could be observed from the 2nd
to the male sex (Figure 1). measurement, since the restriction imposed on the
The degree of advancement was determined parafunctional habit was favourable; from the 1 st to
according to age, where the age group with the highest the 2nd measurement, in an average of 3.76 weeks, a
degree of advancement was eight years old, followed mean vertical overbite of 0.922 mm was obtained. The
by seven years old (Figure 2). treatment time was 29 weeks in the longest case, with
The degree of closure according to parafunctional an advancement of 5.15 mm of bite closure, exceeding
habit determined that patients with digital suction the overall average advancement of 3.35 mm with a
and atypical swallowing had a better response to duration of 17.83 weeks.
the appliance, since the highest degrees of closure The scope of this research does not allow us to
(from 4.00 to 5.15 mm) corresponded to participants evaluate the long-term follow-up, both in terms of the
diagnosed with these parafunctions (Figure 3). results and of relapse or habits. We could only confirm
The data were analysed according to Student’s that at the end of the estimated time with the grid, some
t-test for two paired samples, where the null hypothesis patients continued treatment with removable Hawley
(H 0 ) states that both have equal means and the plates for undetermined periods of time. This provided
alternative hypothesis (Ha) states that the first sample post-treatment orthodontic retention and a less invasive
(initial measurement) is smaller than the second reminder of the harmfulness of the habit.11
(final measurement), taking into account the negative
values recorded due to the negative vertical overbite. CONCLUSION
The results yielded a critical value of -18.620 and a
p-value (significance) of < 0.001, which is sufficient Treatment of anterior open bite involves a
evidence to reject the equality of means and consider multidisciplinary approach to ensure long-term
the alternative hypothesis. success. However, accurate identification and correct
management of the causal aetiology is crucial to
DISCUSSION achieve effective results. The fixed palatal grid
decreased and eliminated the parafunctional habits
The aim of this research was to determine the that led to an anterior open bite in the 47 patients
evolution of anterior open bite closure in a group of studied.
patients in the mixed dentition. Research identified that We recommend that information on malocclusions
[Link]
digital sucking prevailed in 14%, atypical swallowing
(or protractile tongue as reported by Gonzalez et al.
and parafunctional oral habits be more widely
disseminated to parents and in schools, as a preventive
in 2012) with 18.2%, oral breathing scored 10.8% and and interceptive measure. With the aim of carrying out
equally similar to the data found in our sample, 3.5% opportune treatment from an early age, where progress
for lip sucking habit.8 In the literature it is discussed is faster and the required appliances are usually
that the female population is mostly affected by simpler, in comparison with adults, whose therapies are
anterior open bite; for example, Hernandez et al. has more elaborate for the correction of malocclusions.
reported open bites in patients aged nine to 14 years, Research on open bite is suggested in longitudinal
with a 65% frequency in this population. 9,10 They projects of longer duration, to obtain references not
also observed a decrease in the prevalence of this only on the effectiveness, but also on the long-term
malocclusion with increasing age, a higher incidence stability of the use of the fixed palatal grid.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 9-15
15
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 16-22
CASO CLÍNICO
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México campus Centro de Alta Especialidad (CAE-UNAM). México.
Citar como: Robalino LGV, Martínez HEA, Herrera NIS, Hernández CJR. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO CLÍNICO
Manejo ortodóncico de centrales superiores retenidos en paciente con
paladar hendido. Rev Mex Ortodon. 2020; 8 (1): 16-22.
Paciente masculino de 12 años de edad con se-
© 2020 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, [Facultad de cuelas de paladar secundario que acude al Centro
Odontología]. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia
CC BY-NC-ND ([Link]
de Alta Especialidad «Dr. Rafael Lucio» con motivo
de consulta «me faltan los dientes de adelante», no
[Link]/ortodoncia refiere alergias ni hábitos; presenta un biotipo meso-
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 16-22
17
facial, cara oval, simétrica, línea media facial con Fase 1: colocación de aparatología fija Edgewise
dental no valorable; OD 11 y 21 retenidos en posi- slot 0.022”, iniciando con arcos 0.012” en la arcada
ción horizontal a nivel apical; mordida abierta y cru- superior para comenzar con la alineación y nivelación.
zada anterior clase molar I bilateral, clase canina no Para abrir el espacio necesario para los OD 11 y 21 se
valorable bilateral. decide esperar para la colocación de aparatología en
la arcada inferior, ya que se da interconsulta para que
Plan de tratamiento se realicen las respectivas restauraciones. El trata-
miento continuó con arcos NiTi 0.014”, 0.016”, 0.016”
De acuerdo con las fotografías extraorales e intrao- × 0.022”, 0.017” × 0.025” y 0.019” × 0.025”. Consegui-
rales (Figuras 1 y 2), los estudios radiográficos (Figu- da la alineación y el espacio necesario para los OD 11
ras 3 y 4), y datos cefalométricos (Tabla 1), se decide y 21 se decide colocar arco 0.019” × 0.025” de acero y
tratamiento ortodóncico con la tracción de OD 11 y 21 se refiere a la interconsulta para la odontopexia.
para cumplir con los objetivos planeados. Se realizó el Fase 2: en la odontopexia se hace un colgajo mu-
tratamiento en tres fases. coperióstico para exponer OD 11 y 21, se incide el
Figura 1:
[Link]
Figura 2: Fotografías intraorales iniciales. Nótese la ausencia clínica de los OD 11 y 21 clase I molar bilateral, clase canina no
valorable bilateral, mordida abierta y cruzada anterior y múltiples procesos cariosos en sector posterior inferior.
Initial intraoral photographs, note the clinical absence of dental organs #11 and #21, bilateral class I molar, bilateral non-
assessable canine class, open bite and anterior crossbite, multiple cavities in the lower posterior sector.
Robalino LGV et al. Manejo de centrales superiores retenidos en paladar hendido
18
DISCUSIÓN
[Link]
saco folicular y se colocan los botones en la cara pala-
tina de ambos dientes. La técnica para la odontopexia
se realiza con acceso semilunar debido a la cercanía
de los incisivos superiores retenidos con el piso de las
fosas nasales, se reposiciona el colgajo de manera to-
tal (colgajo cerrado), y se deja libre la ligadura para Figura 4: Radiografía lateral de cráneo. Se observa cuerpo
comenzar con la tracción. maxilar disminuido, dientes superiores e inferiores proincli-
nados y crecimiento neutro.
Fase 3: inmediatamente después de la odontopexia
se decide comenzar con la tracción usando ligadura Lateral cranial radiography. Decreased maxillary body,
metálica con cadena elastomérica y 40 g de fuerza proinclined upper and lower teeth and neutral growth.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 16-22
19
Figura 5: Fotografías extraorales finales. Tercios faciales proporcionados, simetría facial, arco de sonrisa positivo, línea media
facial coincide con línea dental superior, proyección adecuada del tercio medio, perfil recto y ángulo nasolabial dentro de la
norma.
Final extraoral photographs. Proportionate facial thirds, facial symmetry, positive smile arch, facial midline coincides with upper
dental line, adequate projection of the middle third, straight profile and nasolabial angle within the norm.
[Link]
Figura 6: Fotografías intraorales. OD 11 y 21 en posición correcta en la arcada, líneas medias coincidentes, clase I canina y
molar, coordinación de arcadas, overbite y overjet adecuados.
Intraoral photographs. Dental organs #11 and #21 in correct position in the arch, coincident midlines, class I canine and class I
molar, arch coordination, and adequate overbite and overjet.
ble, conservar los órganos dentarios y siempre optar verdadero desafío para el ortodoncista, ya que el éxito
por un plan de tratamiento conservador.15 de la misma nos garantizará una buena arquitectura
Los incisivos centrales superiores son dientes clave gingival en el diente traccionado.16
para la función y estética del paciente; la biomecánica Diversos autores señalan que la exposición quirúrgi-
de tracción y el cuidado de los tejidos blandos son un ca de los órganos dentarios retenidos con su respectiva
Robalino LGV et al. Manejo de centrales superiores retenidos en paladar hendido
20
tracción, es el tratamiento más usado en la actualidad; dontal seguido de la tracción ortodóncica del órgano
sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta la viabilidad del dentario retenido.
tratamiento, y no restarle importancia a la fuerza que se
usa para la tracción, la cual es una parte fundamental Case report
del tratamiento.16-23 En el presente caso se utilizaron
fuerzas ligeras y constantes nunca excediendo los 60 g. Orthodontic management of retained
La estabilización de órganos dentales mediante el
empleo de implantes endodónticos es una alternativa upper central incisors in clef palate patient
cuando los dientes adyacentes a la retención denta-
ria han sido afectados, siendo importante la adecuada Gabriela Verónica Robalino León,*
selección del caso, la técnica quirúrgica y la elección Eduardo Adrián Martínez Hernández,§
del material a emplear así como los controles clínicos Ivonne Scarlleth Herrera Navarrete,§
y radiográficos del paciente.23 José Ramón Hernández Carvallo¶
INTRODUCTION
[Link]
Patients with cleft palate have a higher incidence
of dental anomalies than patients without cleft palate
syndromes, due to the bony defect of the cleft;
dental anomalies can be numerical, structural and
morphological, among others.1-3
Figura 7: Ortopantomografía. Se observa la formación ósea Dental anomalies can represent complications in
adyacente al sitio de tracción y la ubicación correcta de los dental treatment; in patients with cleft palate the most
OD 11 y 21.
frequent is dental retention,2-10 with those of the lateral
Orthopantomography, showing the bone neoformation incisors and canines being the most common in the
adjacent to the traction site and the correct location of dental literature; however, at present there are no reports of
organs #11 and #21. retention of upper centrals.3,4,9,11,12
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 16-22
21
treatment.16-23 In our case, we use light and constant outside the cleft area in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.
forces, never exceeding 60 g. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2003; 40 (2): 172-175.
8. Truque Martínez OG, Longlax Triana MC, Bendahan Álvarez
Stabilisation of teeth using endodontic implants is ZC, Ramírez Rodríguez K. Manejo quirúrgico y ortodóntico del
an alternative when the teeth adjacent to the retention incisivo central permanente impactado en posición ectópica:
have been affected, with proper selection of the case, reporte de un caso. Univ Odontol [Internet]. 2014; 33 (70).
surgical technique and choice of material to be used Disponible en: [Link]
revUnivOdontologica/article/view/5410
being important, as well as clinical and radiographic 9. Suzuki A, Watanabe M, Nakano M, Takahama Y. Maxillary
controls of the patient.23 lateral incisors of subjects with cleft lip and/or palate: Part 2.
Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1992; 29 (4): 380-384.
CONCLUSION 10. Tortora C, Meazzini MC, Garattini G, Brusati R. Prevalence of
abnormalities in dental structure, position, and eruption pattern
in a population of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate
In order to achieve successful treatment, correct patients. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008; 45 (2): 154-162.
diagnosis, knowledge of biomechanics and the 11. Reisberg DJ. Dental and prosthodontic care for patients with
cooperation of the patient are necessary. In the case cleft or craniofacial conditions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000;
37 (6): 534-537.
of dental retentions, it is important to take into account 12. Akcam MO, Evirgen S, Uslu O, Memikoglu UT. Dental
the key points to be assessed, such as the position of anomalies in individuals with cleft lip and/or palate. Eur J
the retained tooth in relation to the adjacent teeth, the Orthod. 2010; 32 (2): 207-213.
path it must follow to its correct position, angulation 13. Kraus BS, Jordan RE, Pruzansky S. Dental abnormalities in the
deciduous and permanent dentitions of individuals with cleft lip
of the retained tooth, dilasceration, root resorption and palate. J Dent Res. 1966; 45 (6): 1736-1746.
that could occur, as well as ankylosis. In patients with 14. Al Jamal GA, Hazza’a AM, Rawashdeh MA. Prevalence of
cleft palate it is always necessary to try to preserve dental anomalies in a population of cleft lip and palate patients.
the retained teeth because they help to conserve bone Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2010; 47 (4): 413-420.
15. Vichi M, Franchi L. Abnormalities of the maxillary incisors in
at the site. One of the most important findings in this children with cleft lip and palate. ASDC J Dent Child. 1995; 62
case was bone neoformation due to the traction of the (6): 412-417.
retained upper centrals. 16. Chandhoke TK, Agarwal S, Feldman J, Shah RA, Upadhyay
Treatment of a retained central incisor requires M, Nanda R. An efficient biomechanical approach for the
management of an impacted maxillary central incisor. Am J
good multidisciplinary management and knowledge of Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014; 146 (2): 249-254.
biomechanics, with periodontal exposure, followed by 17. Pavlidis D, Daratsianos N, Jager A. Treatment of an impacted
orthodontic traction of the retained tooth organ. dilacerated maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 2011; 139 (3): 378-387.
REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES 18. Bishara SE. Impacted maxillary canines: a review. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 1992; 101 (2): 159-171.
19. McDonald F, Yap WL. The surgical exposure and application
1. Sánchez Peña MK, Galvis Aricapa JA. Anomalías dentales of direct traction of unerupted teeth. Am J Orthod. 1986; 89 (4):
de los pacientes con labio y paladar hendido: revisión de la 331-340.
literatura. Rev Nac Odontol. 2019; 15 (29): 1-17. 20. Boyd RL. Clinical assessment of injuries in orthodontic
2. Flores-Nava G, Pérez-Aguilera TV, Pérez-Bernabé MM. movement of impacted teeth. I. Methods of attachment. Am J
Malformaciones congénitas diagnosticadas en un hospital Orthod. 1982; 82 (6): 478-486.
general. Revisión de cuatro años. Acta Pediatr Mex. 2011; 32 21. Huaygua Arpita MD, Zeballos López L. Tratamiento quirúrgico
(2): 101-106. del incisivo retenido. Rev Act Clin Med. 2012; 25: 1208-1212.
3. Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC. Cleft lip and 22. Montenegro PMA, Hara OF. Tracción de canino retenido
palate: synthesizing genetic and environmental influences. Nat superior con aparatología ortodóntica fija Edgewise: Reporte de
Rev Genet. 2011; 12 (3): 167-178. un caso. Rev Mex Ortodon. 2013; 1 (1): 62-72.
4. Sáez-Fernández A, García-Espona I. Análisis de las retenciones 23. Cava-Vergiú CE, Flores Cueto W, Aguilar Valle M. Extirpación
dentarias en población ortodóncica. Ortod Esp. 2004; 44 (1): de canino retenido y estabilización dental mediante implantes
14-24. endodónticos. Kiru. 2009; 6 (1): 46-52.
[Link]
5. Ustrell JM. Manual de ortodoncia. Barcelona: Ediciones
Universitat de Barcelona; 2011.
6. Bianchi SD, Roccuzzo M. Primary impactation of primary teeth:
a review and report of three cases. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1991;
15 (3): 165-168. Correspondencia / Correspondence:
7. Lourenco L, Teixeira L, Costa B, Ribeiro M. Dental anomalies Gabriela Verónica Robalino León
of the permanent lateral incisors and prevalence of hypodontia E-mail: gabyvrobalinoleon@[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 23-32
CASO CLÍNICO
Figura 1:
Fotografías extraorales de la
paciente antes del tratamiento.
A B C
D E
Figura 2: A-C) Fotografías intraorales antes del tratamiento. D-E) La arcada superior presentó una discrepancia de asimetría
en relación con la arcada inferior.
A-C) Intraoral photographs before treatment. D-E) The upper arch presented a discrepancy of asymmetry in relation to the
lower arch.
ye, entre las más comunes, la de corregir discrepancias La evaluación clínica intraoral reportó relación cla-
en sentido anteroposterior. Las indicaciones a seguir en se I molar y clase III canina bilateral; supraoclusión de
la mecánica con elásticos CIII consisten en que la fuerza los caninos superiores con presencia de apiñamiento
debe ser aproximada a 180 g con arcos rectangulares moderado; mordida cruzada anterior de los órganos
[Link]
rígidos para evitar efectos secundarios no deseados.3
Paciente de sexo femenino de 17 años cuatro me-
dentarios 22 y 3; línea media inferior desviada hacia el
lado izquierdo; falta de coordinación de las arcadas: el
ses de edad quien acudió a la Clínica de Ortodoncia arco inferior con forma ovoide y el superior de forma
de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California cam- cuadrada (Figura 2).
pus Tijuana. El motivo de su consulta fue «quiero arre- En la radiografía panorámica se observaron 28 dien-
glar mi sonrisa». La historia clínica la califica como tes permanentes erupcionados y terceros molares en
una paciente aparentemente sana. A la inspección clí- proceso de erupción; la longitud radicular es de 3:1; los
nica se observó biotipo dolicofacial, perfil recto, forma senos, cóndilos y ramas mandibulares aparentemente
facial ovalada, simétrica, línea media facial y dental in- simétricas, sin presentar alguna alteración (Figura 3A).
ferior no coincidentes, tercio medio aumentado, labios En la radiografía lateral de cráneo –de acuerdo
medianos e incompetencia labial (Figura 1). con el trazado cefalométrico de Steiner– la paciente
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 23-32
25
mostró un patrón esquelético clase I. El plano man- 2. Corregir la mordida cruzada anterior.
dibular aumentado indica un patrón de crecimiento 3. Mantener la relación clase I molar
vertical, proinclinación de incisivos superiores (1s/SN en ambos lados.
109 o) y proinclinación de incisivos inferiores (IMPA 4. Establecer una relación clase I canina bilateral.
94o) (Figura 3B). 5. Corregir sobremordida horizontal y vertical.
6. Liberar el apiñamiento.
Objetivos del tratamiento 7. Armonizar ambas arcadas.
8. Obtener una oclusión funcional.
1. Mejorar perfil. 9. Mantener una salud periodontal.
B Norma Pretratamiento
Figura 4: Alineación con arco redondo de nitinol 0.016”. Se utilizó un resorte abierto de nitinol para crear espacio al incisivo
lateral superior izquierdo.
Alignment with 0.016” nitinol round arch. An open nitinol spring was used to create space for the left upper lateral incisor.
[Link]
Figura 5: Alineación y nivelación inferior con recordatorios linguales en los incisivos superiores.
Lower alignment and levelling, with lingual reminders on the upper incisors.
López AM et al. Maloclusión clase I con mordida cruzada anterior
26
Figura 6: Elásticos clase III 5/16” 4.5 oz en conjunto con elásticos triangulares 3/16” 6 oz.
Class III 5/16” 4.5 oz elastics in conjunction with 3/16” 6 oz triangular elastics.
se reniveló con arcos rectangulares 0.017” × 0.025” para evitar el efecto negativo de un perfil cóncavo/
de nitinol. Posteriormente, se colocaron arcos de ace- recto. Se han utilizado dispositivos auxiliares como
ro inoxidable 0.017” × 0.025” y se terminó asentan- los elásticos tipo clase III,7 los cuales contribuyen a
do la mordida con elásticos clase III de 5/16” con una una inclinación distal de los molares mandibulares en
fuerza de 4.5 oz en conjunto con elásticos triangulares conjunto con el enderezamiento de los incisivos man-
3/16” 6 oz en los segmentos anteriores (Figura 6). dibulares y en la rotación en sentido contrario a las
manecillas del reloj del plano oclusal, lo que resulta en
Resultados del tratamiento la corrección de relaciones con sobremordida horizon-
tal y de los molares. Sin embargo, estas estrategias
Los registros posteriores al tratamiento evidenciaron de tratamiento requieren la cooperación del paciente,
que se consiguieron los objetivos. Las fotografías fa- lo que significa que a menudo es difícil usar tales adi-
ciales mostraron una mejor estética de perfil (Figura 7). tamentos auxiliares en su atención. En nuestro caso,
Se eliminó la incompetencia labial, se lograron una funcionaron de forma muy efectiva, por lo que se lo-
sobremordida y una intercuspidación aceptables. La graron los objetivos propuestos en el tratamiento orto-
desviación de la línea media se corrigió y las líneas dóntico. Complementar el tratamiento con el desgaste
medias dentales se alinearon con la línea media fa- interproximal hace posible a los ortodoncistas evitar
cial. Se eliminó la mordida cruzada anterior y se me- tener que extraer dientes,8 como en este reporte. Tie-
joraron las relaciones oclusales posteriores con un ne relevancia porque un gran porcentaje de pacientes
overjet bucal adecuado. Se establecieron relaciones adultos tienen perfiles con cierto nivel de compromiso
caninas y molares clase I (Figura 8). estético. Tal es el caso de la doble protrusión dental.
La ortopantomografía posterior al tratamiento mos- Cuando estos pacientes tienen un periodonto sano y
tró un espacio adecuado y un paralelismo radicular sin un apiñamiento moderado de 8 mm aproximadamen-
signos significativos de reabsorción ósea o radicular. te, la extracción se convierte en el método de elección
El cefalograma postratamiento muestra los resultados para obtener el espacio necesario hacia la alineación
obtenidos, corroborados por la superimposición de los de los dientes. Además, la reducción interproximal
trazos (Figuras 9 y 10). también ha mostrado una disminución del tiempo de
tratamiento en los casos de discrepancia dentaria, lo
DISCUSIÓN que a su vez permite mantener la inclinación de los
incisivos inferiores y evitar así la proinclinación duran-
El tratamiento de ortodoncia llevado a cabo sin ex- te el tratamiento. Algunos autores han comparado el
tracción tiende a seleccionarse como una alternativa tratamiento con extracciones y pérdida de anclaje en
[Link]
B Pre Pos
Norma tratamiento tratamiento
Figura 10:
Superposición de trazado
cefalométrico inicial
(negro) y final (rojo).
la parte posterior con el tratamiento de reducción in- terapia de desgaste interproximal se ha convertido en
terproximal, donde se demostró que no hubo diferen- una herramienta fiable que los ortodoncistas pueden
cias significativas en los cambios esqueléticos, pero utilizar para evitar el aumento de la distancia intercani-
sí en tejidos blandos. El grupo de extracciones mostró na, o bien, impedir proinclinar en exceso los incisivos
labios ligeramente retruidos en comparación con el inferiores por la vía labial. Al realizar la evaluación de
tratamiento de desgaste interproximal.8,9 Por otro lado, la paciente al final del tratamiento se observó una me-
[Link]
el desgaste interproximal puede mejorar la estabili-
dad dentaria postratamiento debido al aumento de las
jor inclinación de la posición de los incisivos inferiores
logrando un mejor balance de su perfil gracias a la
áreas de contacto entre los dientes,9 aunque durante reducción interproximal. Ésta ha demostrado ser una
años se ha utilizado como tratamiento de la irregulari- terapia alternativa y tener buen pronóstico para pa-
dad dentaria postratamiento. cientes que se encuentran en el límite del tratamiento
Sheridan3 demostró que la reducción interproximal de extracción o no extracción, además de ser consis-
se puede realizar no sólo en los dientes anteriores, tente con otros estudios reportados en la literatura.10,11
sino también en los sectores posteriores del arco, vol- La mayoría de los estudios hacen énfasis en el co-
viendo la reducción interproximal una alternativa via- rrecto diagnóstico y planificación para decidir el tra-
ble a la extracción de dientes permanentes en los ca- tamiento de ortodoncia con o sin extracciones. Se
sos en que se encuentran en el límite (borderline). La resalta la importancia de realizar procedimientos con-
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 23-32
29
servadores o no y los efectos que éstos tendrían en present, the predicted effect of treatment on labial
el perfil facial del paciente. La extracción no obedece protrusion, the amount of overbite present and the
sólo a la falta de espacio, sino también a todos los fac- periodontal status of the patient, among others.
tores que influyen en un adecuado diagnóstico tales Extraction or non-extraction therapy has received
como la cantidad de apiñamiento, el efecto pronosti- much attention from the orthodontist. In particular, the
cado del tratamiento sobre la protrusión labial, canti- «no extractions at any cost» procedure enunciated
dad de sobremordida horizontal y vertical presente y by Angle has been replaced by «extractions if
el estado periodontal del paciente. necessary» proposed by Case. 1 There are different
criteria for the orthodontist to avoid extractions.
CONCLUSIÓN However, a fundamental one is that there must be
a class I maxillomandibular relationship, which
El tratamiento realizado con reducción interproxi- facilitates orthodontic treatment.2 Similarly, analysis
mal en esta paciente logró una oclusión funcional es- of the patient’s facial profile facilitates orthodontic
table y un balance facial. treatment. Knowing the different biomechanics,
we have to solve cases that are on the borderline
Case report between extractions and non-extractions will help
us to be resourceful in order to adapt them to the
patient’s needs. The use of interproximal enamel
Orthodontic management of a patient with wear is an excellent tool to free up space in cases of
class I malocclusion, anterior cross bite, mild crowding and edge-to-edge overbite correction.
increased lower face height and double The amount of wear is directly related to the amount
dental protrusion treated none-extractions of crowding to be resolved and its indications are to
remove only 1 mm in anteriors (0.5 mm per proximal
Melanie López Aguilera,* José Luis Pérez Vázquez,* surface).3-5
Allan Jay Bernal Fulgencio,* The purpose of this case report is to show the
Josué Elías Villegas Echeverria,* orthodontic management of a patient who presented
David Barajas Ramírez,* Daniel Cerrillo Lara,* with an anterior crossbite with lower third crowding
Salvador García López§ and biprotrusion, treated with interproximal wear.
(UAM-X). México.
material in the treatment, with multiple clinical
ABSTRACT applications, including, among the most common,
that of correcting discrepancies in the anteroposterior
This article reports the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning direction. The indications for mechanical treatment with
of a 17-year-old female patient with aesthetic and functional problems.
The patient presented Angle class I malocclusion, anterior crossbite,
CIII elastics are that the force should be approximately
double incisor protrusion and lip incompetence, as well as a slightly 180 g with rigid rectangular arches to avoid unwanted
concave straight facial profile. The goals were to maintain vertical side effects.3
control, improve facial aesthetics, eliminate crowding and correct the Female patient aged 17 years and four months, who
anterior crossbite. Non-extraction orthodontic treatment was performed.
The crossbite was corrected by interproximal reduction and mechanical
attended the Orthodontic Clinic of the Autonomous
University of Baja California campus Tijuana. The
[Link]
forces through intermaxillary elastics, which contributed to the alignment
and levelling of the teeth, and improving the patient’s facial profile. reason for her consultation was «I want to fix my
smile». The clinical history describes her as an
Keywords: Anterior crossbite, interproximal reduction, elastics.
apparently healthy patient. On clinical inspection, a
dolichofacial biotype was observed; straight profile;
INTRODUCTION oval, symmetrical facial shape; non-coincident facial
and lower dental midline; enlarged middle third;
The decision to perform orthodontic treatment medium-sized lips and lip incompetence (Figure 1).
with or without extractions of sound teeth is often a The intraoral clinical evaluation reported: class
complicated one. Factors contributing to the decision I molar and class III canine relationship bilaterally;
making process include the amount of crowding supraocclusion of the upper canines with presence
López AM et al. Maloclusión clase I con mordida cruzada anterior
30
of moderate crowding; anterior crossbite of the dental space, so interproximal attrition was performed during
organs #22 and 3; lower midline deviated to the left the incisor alignment phase, to achieve harmonisation
side; lack of coordination of the arches: the lower arch of the arch circumference and contribute to a
with an ovoid shape and the upper arch with a square retroinclination of protrusive teeth to achieve normality
shape (Figure 2). (Figure 4).6
Panoramic radiographs showed 28 erupted At seven months, once sufficient space was obtained,
permanent teeth and erupting third molars; root the upper left lateral incisor was incorporated into the
length is 3:1; sinuses, condyles and mandibular arch. After 10 months of treatment, the formation of the
branches apparently symmetrical, without any upper anterior segment began and the fixed appliance
alteration (Figure 3A). was completed in the lower arch. Interproximal wear
On the lateral skull radiograph –according to the was performed to start the alignment and levelling
Steiner cephalometric tracing– the patient showed phase in the lower arch. It was decided to place palatal
a class I skeletal pattern. The enlarged mandibular reminders on the upper incisors to avoid open bite by
plane indicates a vertical growth pattern, proinclination lingual projection (Figure 5).
of upper incisors (1s/SN 109o) and proinclination of Once the alignment and levelling was completed
lower incisors (IMPA 94o) (Figure 3B). in both arches, it was necessary to take a panoramic
radiograph and control models to evaluate the root
Treatment objectives parallelism. After repositioning the brackets, the root
was re-leveled with 0.017” × 0.025” rectangular nitinol
1. Improve profile. archwires. Subsequently, 0.017” × 0.025” stainless
2. Correct anterior crossbite. steel archwires were placed and the bite was finished
3. Maintain class I molar relationship on both sides. by seating the bite with 5/16” class III elastics with a
4. Establish bilateral class I canine relationship. force of 4.5 oz in conjunction with 3/16” 6 oz triangular
5. Correct horizontal and vertical overbite. elastics in the anterior segments (Figure 6).
6. Release crowding.
7. Harmonize both arches. Treatment results
8. Obtain a functional occlusion.
9. Maintain periodontal health. Post-treatment records showed that the treatment
goals were achieved. Facial photographs showed
Treatment plan improved aesthetics in profile (Figure 7).
Lip incompetence was eliminated, acceptable
On frontal evaluation, the patient showed an overbite and intercuspidation were achieved. The
inharmonious and proportional face. She presented a midline deviation was corrected and the dental
straight profile, which is complicated given that it has midlines were aligned with the facial midline. Anterior
been proposed that the straight profile could become crossbite was eliminated and posterior occlusal
more concave with time in patients who have not yet relationships were improved with an adequate buccal
completed their growth at the mandibular level.5 For overjet. class I canine and class I molar relationships
this reason, therapeutic treatment without extractions were established (Figure 8).
was used; in addition, interproximal wear was Post-treatment orthopantomography showed
performed to retroclinate the incisors with the use of adequate spacing and root parallelism with no
elastics with a class III force vector plus an anterior significant signs of bone or root resorption. The post-
vertical vector, which helped the patient to improve her treatment cephalogram shows the results obtained,
profile.
[Link]
The patient presented Angle class I malocclusion,
corroborated by the superimposition of the traces
(Figures 9 and 10).
with anterior crossbite of the upper left central and
upper left lateral incisors. The diagnosis was made DISCUSSION
based on the aesthetic characteristics, age and type
of malocclusion. The treatment was carried out with Orthodontic treatment carried out without extraction
upper and lower fixed appliances according to the tends to be selected as an alternative to avoid the
Ricketts’ perspective, with 0.018” single slot brackets; negative effect of a concave/straight profile. Auxiliary
alignment and levelling was started with 0.016” round devices, such as class III elastics, 7 have been
nitinol archwires. The upper left lateral incisor was not used, which contribute to a distal inclination of the
ligated from the arch because there was not enough mandibular molars in conjunction with straightening of
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 23-32
31
the mandibular incisors and counterclockwise rotation or without extractions, highlighting the importance of
of the occlusal plane, resulting in the correction of whether or not to perform conservative procedures
horizontal overbite and molar relationships. However, and the effects these would have on the patient’s facial
these treatment strategies require the cooperation of the profile. Extraction is not only due to lack of space, but
patient, which means that it is often difficult to use such also to all the factors that influence a proper diagnosis
auxiliary attachments in their care. In our case, they such as the amount of crowding, the predicted effect
worked very effectively so that the proposed orthodontic of treatment on lip protrusion, the amount of horizontal
treatment goals were achieved. Complementing and vertical overbite present and the periodontal
treatment with interproximal wear makes it possible status of the patient.
for orthodontists to avoid having to extract teeth,8 as
in this report. It is relevant because a large percentage CONCLUSION
of adult patients have profiles with some level of
aesthetic compromise. Such is the case with double Treatment with interproximal reduction in this
protrusion of teeth. When these patients have a healthy patient achieved stable functional occlusion and facial
periodontium and moderate crowding of about 8 mm, balance.
extraction becomes the method of choice to obtain the
necessary space towards tooth alignment. In addition,
REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES
interproximal reduction has also been shown to
decrease treatment time in cases of tooth discrepancy 1. Bernstein L. Edward H. Angle versus Calvin S. Case: extraction
which, in turn, allows the inclination of the lower incisors versus nonextraction. Historical revisionism. Part II. Am J
to be maintained and thus prevents proinclination during Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992; 102 (6): 546-551.
2. Valverde R, Mickle U, Valverde S. Extracción vs. no extracción:
treatment. Some authors have compared treatment el dilema en ortodoncia y los cuatro determinantes de
with extractions and posterior anchorage loss with extracción. Odontol Pediatr. 2012; 11: 125-135.
interproximal reduction treatment, where it was shown 3. Sheridan J. Air-rotor stripping update. J Clin Orthod. 1987; 21
that there were no significant differences in skeletal (11): 781-788.
4. Meneses Bedoya DL, Botero Mariaca P. Aplicaciones y
changes, but there were significant differences in soft ventajas estéticas de la reducción interproximal del esmalte.
tissue changes. The extractions group showed slightly Rev Nac Odontol. 2014; 10 (18): 67-73.
retruded lips compared to the interproximal attrition 5. Uribe Restrepo GA. Ortodoncia. Teoría y clínica. Corporación
treatment.8,9 On the other hand, interproximal attrition para investigaciones biológicas. Medellín, Colombia:
Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas; 2004.
may improve post-treatment tooth stability due to the 6. Pecora NG, Bacetti T, McNamara JA. The aging craniofacial
increased contact areas between the teeth,9 although complex: a longitudinal cephalometric study from late
it has been used for years as a treatment for post- adolescence to late adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.
treatment tooth irregularity. 2008; 134 (4): 496-505.
7. Nakamura M, Kawanabe N, Kataoka T, Murakami T, Yamashiro
Sheridan, 3 demonstrated that interproximal T, Kamioka H. Comparative evaluation of treatment outcomes
reduction can be performed not only on the anterior between temporary anchorage devices and class III elastics in
teeth, but also on the posterior sectors of the arch. This class III malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2017;
makes interproximal reduction a viable alternative to 151 (6): 1116-1124.
8. Ritter DE. Class I malocclusion with anterior crossbite and
the extraction of permanent teeth in borderline cases. severe crowding. Dental Press J Orthod. 2014; 19 (2): 115-125.
Interproximal wear therapy has become a reliable 9. Germec D, Taner TU. Effects of extraction and non-extraction
tool that orthodontists can use to avoid increasing therapy with air-rotor stripping on facial esthetics in post adolescent
the intercanine distance or to prevent excessive borderline patients. Am J Orthod. 2008; 133: 539-549.
10. Torres Orozco Y, Gurrola Martínez B, Casasa AA. Tratamiento
proinclination of the lower incisors via the labial ortodóncico sin extracciones, caso clínico. Rev Latinoam
[Link]
approach. When the patient was evaluated at the end
of the treatment, a better inclination of the position of
Ortodon Odontopediatr. 2016. Disponible en: [Link]
[Link]/publicaciones/2016/art-18/
the lower incisors was observed, achieving a better 11. Peck H, Peck S. An index for assessing tooth shape deviations
as applied to the mandibular incisors. Am J Orthod. 1972; 61
balance of their profile thanks to the interproximal (4): 384-401.
reduction. This has been shown to be an alternative
therapy and to have a good prognosis for patients BIBLIOGRAFÍA / BIBLIOGRAPHY
on the borderline of extraction or non-extraction
treatment, and is consistent with other studies reported 12. Andrews LF. The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod.
1972; 62 (3): 296-309.
in the literature.10,11 13. Formby WA, Nanda RS, Currier GF. Longitudinal changes in
Most studies emphasise correct diagnosis and the adult facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;
planning when deciding on orthodontic treatment with 105 (5): 464-476.
López AM et al. Maloclusión clase I con mordida cruzada anterior
32
14. Quaglio CL, de Freitas KM, de Freitas MR, Janson G, Henriques 19. Proffit WR. Interarch elastics: their place in modern orthodontics.
JF. Stability and relapse of maxillary anterior crowding treatment In: Hosl E, Baldauf A, eds. Mechanical and biological basics in
in class I and class II division 1 malocclusions. Am J Orthod orthodontic therapy. Germany: Huthig; 1991. pp. 173-178.
Dentofacial Orthop. 2011; 139: 768-774. 20. Bratu C, Fleser C, Glavan F. The effect of intermaxillary elastics
15. Balarezo Gutiérrez MA, Sigüencia Cruz V, Bravo Calderón in orthodontic therapy. TMJ. 2004; 54 (4): 406-409.
ME. Tratamiento de ortodoncia sin extracción dental. Revisión 21. Sarver DM. Enameloplasty and esthetic finishing in
de la literatura. Rev Latinoam Ortodon Odontopediatr. 2014. orthodontics-identification and treatment of microesthetic
Disponible en: [Link] features in orthodontics part 1. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2011; 23
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16. Rodríguez NR, Garcés YL, Fuentes YI, Silot EBL, Ocaña NB. 22. Frindel C. Clear thinking about interproximal stripping. J
Aplicación del stripping o desgaste interdentario en pacientes Dentofacial Anom Orthod. 2010; 13: 187-199.
con discrepancia hueso-diente negativa. Rev Inf Cient. 2013;
79 (3): 1-8.
17. Pontons JC, Fernandes da Cunha L, Yoshio Furuse A, Rafael
Francisco LM, Mondelli J. Reestablecimiento estético y funcional Correspondencia / Correspondence:
de la guía anterior utilizando la técnica de estratificación con José Luis Pérez Vázquez
resina compuesta. Acta Odontol Venez. 2009; 47 (2): 418-424. E-mail: jl.perezvaz001@[Link]
18. Proffit W. Ortodoncia contemporánea. 4a ed. España: Elsevier; Daniel Cerrillo Lara
2008. E-mail: danielcerrillo@[Link]
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 33-40
CASO CLÍNICO
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México campus Centro de Alta Especialidad (CAE-UNAM). México.
la década de los 60. Por las características estéticas, cular, heredabilidad de las dimensiones faciales ver-
faciales y cefalométricas similares de estos pacientes ticales y características étnicas. Mientras que en los
y el exceso vertical maxilar como común denomina- factores ambientales encontramos, entre otros, la res-
dor, es que en 1985 se le da el nombre de exceso piración bucal y succión digital, etcétera.2,5
vertical maxilar.3 Los pacientes con esta problemática presentan
Schendel fue el primero en describir en la literatura rasgos característicos como el tercio superior en nor-
el término de «síndrome de cara larga» para referir- ma, la nariz generalmente es angosta, al igual que
se al exceso vertical del maxilar que generalmente se la base alar y depresión del área nasolabial, el tercio
definía como hiperdivergente (crecimiento vertical), y medio se presenta aumentado, resequedad de la co-
que estaba caracterizado por un tercio facial inferior misura nasolabial, excesiva exposición dental en re-
aumentado, dando como resultado la apariencia de poso, distancia interlabial aumentada, retroposición
una cara larga.4 del mentón, rotación inferior de la porción posterior
La etiología de las alteraciones verticales se con- del maxilar, la mandíbula tiende a rotar hacia abajo
sidera multifactorial e incluye los aspectos genéticos y atrás, espacio faríngeo largo pero angosto, infla-
y los ambientales, junto con la gran variabilidad pre- mación de la mucosa nasal, incompetencia labial,
sente entre las personas. Entre los factores genéticos etcétera.5
más importantes se encuentran el patrón neuromus- La exposición gingival en sonrisa depende de va-
rios factores, por lo que conseguir niveles ideales de
exposición gingival es usualmente difícil, ya que re-
quiere la identificación y corrección exacta de la causa
del problema, la cual puede ser esquelética, dental o
ambas.5-7
CASO CLÍNICO
[Link]
Figura 2: Fotografías intraorales iniciales, nótese clase I molar derecha III izquierda, clase I canina bilateral, mordida borde a
borde anterior y cruzada en sector posterior derecho, overjet 0 mm.
Initial intraoral photographs, showing class I molar right and class III molar left, bilateral class I canine, edge to edge anterior
bite and crossbite in the right posterior sector, overjet 0 mm.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 33-40
35
Plan de tratamiento
ciales superior e inferior. La última fase constó de las adecuadas inclinaciones de los incisivos (Figuras
nueve meses. 7 y 8, Tabla 2).
RESULTADOS DISCUSIÓN
[Link]
Figura 6: Fotografías intraorales. Líneas medias coincidentes, clase I canina, clase I molar derecha y III izquierda, coordina-
ción de arcadas, overbite y overjet adecuados.
Intraoral photographs. Matching midlines, class I canine, class I molar right and class III molar left, arch coordination and
adequate overbite and overjet.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 33-40
37
Norma Paciente
CONCLUSIÓN
* Residente del Posgrado de Ortodoncia. to the importance that has been given to the face, both
§
Egresado del Posgrado de Cirugía Maxilofacial. for the different structures that are found there, and for
¶
Egresado del Posgrado de Ortodoncia.
||
Coordinador del Posgrado. the social value that it represents. Thus, the face has
** Cirujano adscrito del Posgrado de Cirugía Maxilofacial. acquired great importance in various disciplines, such
as artistic, biological, and anthropological, and each
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México campus Centro de of them, according to their ideology, have viewed the
Alta Especialidad (CAE-UNAM). México.
human face and its constituents from different angles.2
ABSTRACT Excessive facial dimension development was
considered a clinical problem until the late 1960s.
Introduction: The smile is a facial expression that is given by Because of the similar aesthetic, facial and
the contraction of 17 muscles found around the eyes and mouth. cephalometric characteristics of these patients and the
Facial balance is a fundamental point when establishing a surgical
orthodontic treatment plan, due to the importance given to the face,
maxillary vertical excess as a common denominator, in
both for the different structures found there and for the social value 1985 it was given the name maxillary vertical excess.3
it represents. The aetiology of vertical alterations is considered Schendel was the first to describe in the literature
multifactorial, and includes genetic and environmental aspects, the term «long face syndrome» to refer to maxillary
together with the great variability present between individuals.
Clinical case: We report a 21-year-old female patient, with class
vertical excess which was generally defined as
I skeletal, class I molar right and class III molar left due to the hyperdivergent (vertical growth), and which was
absence of dental organ #35, class I canine bilateral, 8 mm gingival characterised by an enlarged lower facial third,
smile, 6 mm incisor exposure at rest, lip incompetence, anterior resulting in the appearance of a long face.4
edge-to-edge bite, right posterior crossbite. Treatment consisted
of pre-surgical orthodontics, bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, post-
The aetiology of vertical alterations is considered
surgical orthodontics and retention. Objectives: The treatment multifactorial, and includes genetic and environmental
objectives were orthodontic-surgical correction of the vertical aspects, together with the great variability present
maxillary excess, to grant occlusal stability and facial aesthetics. among individuals. Among the most important genetic
Results: An adequate maxillary-mandibular relationship, bilateral
factors are the neuromuscular pattern, heritability of
class I canine, class I molar right and class III molar left, coincidence
of midlines, facial aesthetics and occlusal stability were achieved. vertical facial dimensions and ethnic characteristics.
Conclusion: The study of the components of facial balance is a Environmental factors include, among others, mouth
fundamental complement to the treatment of patients with facial breathing and digital sucking, etc.2,5
alterations and with the evaluation of the soft tissues it is possible
Patients with this problem have characteristic
to predict the aesthetic changes that the patient will have at the end
of the treatment. The orthodontist must be aware of the treatment features such as a normal upper third, a generally
alternatives in order to offer them to the patient. Maxillofacial surgery narrow nose, as well as a narrow alar base and
and orthodontics must integrate the study of facial aesthetics in depression of the nasolabial area, an enlarged middle
the diagnosis in order to provide the patient with a comprehensive third, dryness of the nasolabial commissure, excessive
treatment.
dental exposure at rest, increased interlabial distance,
Keywords: Maxillary vertical excess, esthetic, gummy smile, long retroposition of the chin, inferior rotation of the
face syndrome. posterior portion of the maxilla, mandible tends to
rotate downwards and backwards, long but narrow
INTRODUCTION pharyngeal space, swelling of the nasal mucosa, lip
incompetence, etc.5
The smile is a facial expression that is caused Gingival exposure in smiles depends on several
by the contraction of 17 muscles around the eyes factors, so achieving ideal levels of gingival exposure
and mouth.1 The smile occurs in two phases, in the is usually difficult as it requires accurate identification
first phase there is a contraction of the upper lip and and correction of the cause of the problem, which may
[Link]
nasolabial fold by the action of three muscles: upper
lip elevator, zygomaticus major, and upper buccinator
be skeletal, dental or both.5-7
at rest of 6 mm, with a straight profile, deficiency of the sector and the crossbite in the right posterior sector
middle facial third (Figure 1), edge to edge bite in the were eliminated(Figures 5 and 6). The radiographic
anterior sector, unilateral right posterior crossbite, a 0 examination showed root parallelism and adequate
mm overjet, bilateral class I canine, class i molar right inclination of the incisors (Figures 7 and 8, Table 2).
and class I molar III left due to the absence of dental
organ #35, slight upper and lower crowding (Figure 2). DISCUSSION
to predict the aesthetic changes that our patient will 7. Flores-Vignolo R, Meneses-López A, Liñán-Durán C. Influencia
have at the end of the treatment. de la exposición gingival en la percepción estética de la sonrisa.
Rev Estomatol Herediana. 2013; 23 (2): 76-82.
The orthodontist must be aware of the treatment 8. Guerra Leal DA, Miranda Villasana JE. Tratamiento de
alternatives in order to offer them to the patient. deformidades dentofaciales con protrusión alveolodentaria
Nowadays, both in maxillofacial surgery and in maxilar. Rev Odontol Mex. 2011; 15 (1): 40-45.
orthodontics, the study of facial aesthetics is integrated 9. Cope JB, Sachdeva RC. Nonsurgical correction of a class
II malocclusion with a vertical growth tendency. Am J Orthod
into the diagnosis to provide a comprehensive Dentofacial Orthop. 1999; 116 (1): 66-74.
treatment to the patient. 10. Sankey WL, Buschang PH, English J, Owen AH 3rd. Early
treatment of vertical skeletal dysplasia: the hyperdivergent
REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES phenotype. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000; 118 (3):
317-327.
1. Londoño Bolívar MA, Botero Mariaca P. La sonrisa y sus 11. Nunes L, Ferrao Junior JP, Feres Teixeira SA, Leandro L,
dimensiones. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2012; 23 (2): 253-365. Fernando L, García Guevara HA. Tratamiento de la sonrisa
2. Ocampo ZM. Diagnóstico de las alteraciones verticales gingival con la toxina botulínica tipo A: caso clínico. Rev Esp Cir
dentofaciales. Rev Fac Odont Univ Ant. 2005; 17 (1): 84-97. Oral Maxilofac. 2015; 37 (4): 229-232.
3. Proffit W. Ortodoncia, teoría y práctica. 3a ed. Madrid: Harcourt; 12. Falcón-Guerrero B. Tratamiento de la sonrisa gingival excesiva
2001. mediante reposicionamiento labial. Rev ADM. 2018; 75 (2):
4. Schendel SA, Eisenfeld J, Bell WH, Epker BN, Mishelevich 112-116.
DJ. The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J 13. Paik CH, Park HS, Ahn HW. Treatment of vertical maxillary
Orthod. 1976; 70 (4): 398-408. excess without open bite in a skeletal class II hyperdivergent
5. Roca Mendoza DR. Características cefalométricas del patient. Angle Orthod. 2017; 87 (4): 625-633.
crecimiento vertical durante el pico de crecimiento mandibular
en las maloclusiones esqueléticas [Tesis]. Lima, Perú:
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 2014.
6. Meneses López A, Marin SY, Hiromoto OJ, Tuesta da Cruz O,
Ventura Ponce H. Tratamiento ortodóncico-quirúrgico de un Correspondencia / Correspondence:
paciente con síndrome de cara larga. Rev Estomatol Herediana. Gabriela Verónica Robalino León
2005; 15 (1): 67-72. E-mail: gabyvrobalinoleon@[Link]
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 41-49
CASO CLÍNICO
Initial photographs.
[Link]
Figura 2:
Radiografías
iniciales.
Initial
radiographs.
Carrillo RAJ et al. Tratamiento ortodóntico-quirúrgico de maloclusión clase III con apiñamiento severo
44
Figura 3:
Fotografías y radiografías
prequirúrgicas.
Pre-surgical photographs
and radiographs.
[Link]
Figura 4:
Radiografía y fotografías
intraorales postquirúrgicas.
Post-surgical radiograph
and intraoral photographs.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 41-49
45
Figura 5:
Fotografías finales.
Final photographs.
[Link]
tales que se presentaron en la arcada inferior, ya que
dó una mejora en la estética facial de la paciente. La
las raíces se aproximaron a la cortical vestibular. retención fue fija con alambre muerto y retenedores
Radiográficamente podemos observar los cambios circunferenciales (Figuras 5 y 6).
tanto óseos como de tejidos blandos conseguidos tras En la cefalometría final, de manera sagital, obser-
la cirugía. Clínicamente se consiguió la correcta posi- vamos el avance e impactación del maxilar y poca re-
ción dental y radicular, la corrección del apiñamiento trusión mandibular, mejorando la relación intermaxilar;
y la obtención de clase I molar de ambos lados, así también observamos mejoría en la inclinación de los
como clase I canina, la línea media dental, la correc- incisivos superiores e inferiores respecto a sus bases
ción de sobremordida horizontal y vertical, logrando óseas, verticalmente no hubo cambios significativos
obtener una correcta función interarcadas; esto brin- (Tabla 1).
Carrillo RAJ et al. Tratamiento ortodóntico-quirúrgico de maloclusión clase III con apiñamiento severo
46
CONCLUSIÓN
tales y los cambios en tejidos blandos son pocos. A Class III dental: the molar relationship is class
pesar de que la gran mayoría de los pacientes bus- III, it is associated with premature loss of primary
can principalmente la estética dental y facial, el úni- molars, eruption anomalies, isolated dental
co medio para obtener cambios drásticos y estables malpositions, and the canines can be found in
sigue siendo la combinación de ortodoncia y cirugía normal relationships.
Class III skeletal: presents in three forms,
ortognática.
maxillary growth deficiency, mandibular prognathism
or in combination. Clinically there is a concave
Case report profile, mandibular hyperplasia, hyperdivergent
growth, increased lower facial height, anterior
Orthodontic-surgical treatment crossbite, maxillary collapse, prognathism of upper
of Class III malocclusion with teeth and retrognathism of lower teeth and lip
incompetence.
severe crowding: A case report Class III functional: the mandible is forward
and forced by occlusal interference that forces the
Alejandra Jurisira Carrillo Rodríguez,* musculature to deviate from the normal mandibular
Elva Karin Camacho Mercado§ closure pattern, there are no bony discrepancies,
* Alumna de Maestría en Ortodoncia.
however, dental compensations are present.1
§
Docente de Maestría. The prevalence of class III malocclusion varies
considerably among Asians (12%), Europeans (1.5-
Universidad Justo Sierra. México. 5.3%) and Caucasians (1-4%).2
The treatment of class III malocclusion represents
ABSTRACT a major challenge for orthodontists, maxillofacial
surgeons and patients. Aesthetic and functional
In orthodontics, when malocclusions involve the bony bases, occlusion in patients with class III malocclusion is
interdisciplinary work with orthognathic surgery is necessary.
A clinical case is described of a 17-year-old female patient
obtained by growth modification in the primary and
for orthodontic-surgical treatment, with a diagnosis based on mixed dentition, performing orthodontic camouflage
cephalometric and imaging studies and study models indicating when the discrepancy does not exceed the non-
skeletal and dental class III, divergent growth, anterior crossbite, parameters, or by orthognathic surgery.
The treatment plan is determined by the patient’s
non-assessable canine class, severe crowding, and retained third
molars. Orthodontic treatment was carried out with the prescription
of Roth slot 0.022” × 0.025” appliances, aligning, levelling and age, severity of malocclusion, facial aesthetics, clinical
decompensating until tripodism was achieved. Extractions of upper examination and cephalometric analysis.3
and lower first premolars were performed to alleviate crowding. Therapeutics commonly used in growing
Orthognathic surgery consisted of Le Fort I impaction osteotomy
and mandibular body osteotomy.
patients with mild to moderate bony discrepancies
involve orthopaedic appliances such as the face
Keywords: Class III skeletal, orthodontic-surgical treatment, severe mask and functional appliances such as Frankel,
crowding. chinstrap, Bionator and palatal expanders. They
redirect or maintain bony growth in a transverse and
INTRODUCTION anteroposterior direction, however, the success of the
treatment is dependent on the patient’s cooperation in
Class III malocclusions, according to Angle, the correct use of the appliance.4
present a mesial position of the lower dental arch The final treatment decision depends on two
[Link]
with respect to the upper arch and give rise to an
abnormal relationship of the incisors with anterior
factors, the degree of malocclusion and the age of the
patient. Obtaining acceptable results with orthodontics
crossbite. In lighter cases, edge-to-edge bite can alone in adult class III patients is very difficult,
occur, causing alterations in aesthetics and function. treatments are not stable in the long term, tooth
The aetiology of class III malocclusion is multifactorial, movement is limited and, periodontal and functional
it has been identified that genetic predisposition and compromise may occur. This leads orthodontists to
environmental factors such as pernicious habits evaluate orthodontic-surgical treatment even if the
(swallowing and mouth breathing) are among the main discrepancies are moderate.
causes of it. The type of surgical procedure will depend on the
According to Canut, we can classify this bony situation both vertically and anteroposteriorly
malocclusion as follows: and the expected changes in the soft tissues. The
Carrillo RAJ et al. Tratamiento ortodóntico-quirúrgico de maloclusión clase III con apiñamiento severo
48
most commonly used procedures are maxillary and lower premolars were extracted to relieve the
advancement osteotomy, mandibular recession and crowding of both arcades, the prescribed sequence
in some cases combined with Le Fort I maxillary of archwires for this technique was followed 0.014”,
osteotomy.5 0.016”, 0.016” × 0.022”, and 0.017” × 0.025”, flexible
Currently, surgery-first approach is performed prior archwires for alignment and levelling, double key steel
to orthodontic dental compensation. Researchers archwires (DKL) until the space closure was achieved
claim that these procedures immediately improve and reach at 0.019” × 0.025” steel arches necessary
the patient’s facial aesthetics, oral function and also for the placement of surgical posts.
reduce orthodontic time, however, not all patients are Alignment, levelling and dental decompensations
candidates for this type of treatment. Several studies were achieved, which at the moment aggravates class
report the instability of these treatments, so the use of III (Figure 3) but the crowding was released and the
these protocols remains controversial.6,7 tripodism necessary for surgical stability was achieved
The main reason for consultation in orthodontic- and monitored with several model shots.
surgical treatment is to significantly improve facial Prior to surgery we ensured root parallelism to
aesthetics and oral function. Orthognathic surgery obtain treatment stability (Figure 4).
is one of the most important methods to treat these In the post-surgery phase, we changed the
malocclusions and facial deformities, improving archwires to TMA 0.017” × 0.025” and intermaxillary
patients’ quality of life and psychological self- elastics, to obtain maximum intercuspidation. In this
perception.8 case, post-surgical tooth movement was limited by the
periodontal conditions in the lower arch, as the roots
CLINICAL CASE approached the vestibular cortex.
Radiographically, we can observe the bone and
A 17-year-old female patient presents to the soft tissue changes achieved after surgery. Clinically,
Orthodontic Clinic of the Justo Sierra University, her it was achieved the correct dental and root position,
main reason for consultation is «I don’t like my smile» correction of crowding and obtaining class I molar
and in the anamnesis she denies any pathological on both sides, as well as class I canine, the dental
history. midline, correction of horizontal and vertical overbite,
Extraoral photographs: dolichofacial patient, with achieving correct interarch function and this provided
slight deviation of the chin to the right, incompetent an improvement in the patient’s facial aesthetics. The
lips, concave profile, enlarged lower third, lip retention was fixed with dead wire and circumferential
protrusion, and nasolabial angle 85o (Figure 1). retainers (Figures 5 and 6).
Panoramic X-ray: we observed pneumatized In the final sagittal cephalometry we observed
maxillary sinuses, asymmetric mandibular body and advancement and impaction of the maxilla and little
branches, retention of upper and lower third molars, mandibular retrusion improving the intermaxillary
and ectopic upper canines (Figure 2). relationship, we also observed improvement in the
Lateral skull X-ray: class III bone, the open inclination of the upper and lower incisors with respect
goniac angle is observed and in the ANB the dental to their bony bases, vertically there were no significant
compensations characteristic of a dental class III such changes (Table 1).
as proinclined upper incisors and retroinclination of
the lower incisors, via a permeable area, mandibular DISCUSSION
prognathism, and lower lip protrusion (Figure 2).
Intraoral photographs: deviated midline, ectopic The correction of class III bone by orthodontics
[Link]
upper canines, healthy periodontal tissues, oval and
transversely collapsed arches, negative horizontal and
and maxillofacial surgery remains a challenge for
orthodontists and surgeons, and complete knowledge
vertical overbite, severe crowding in both arches, with of the case by both parties improves treatment control.
prognathism of upper incisors and retroinclination of Today the concept of surgery first continues to
lower incisors, class III molar on both sides, and non- be controversial in terms of stability, although it
assessable class canine (Figure 1). is requested by patients since the results in facial
aesthetics are immediate and it reduces time in
TREATMENT orthodontic treatment. The use of this procedure
will depend entirely on the complexity of the case,
In the pre-surgical orthodontic phase, Roth slot the orthodontist’s ability to resolve the dental
0.022” × 0.025” brackets were placed, first upper compensations, and the patient’s cooperation.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 41-49
49
Due to the increasing frequency with which patients means to obtain drastic and stable changes is still the
seek this procedure, it is important that the orthodontist combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.
in training is aware of the limitations of this procedure.
Mahmood et al,8 highlights the main conditions that REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES
a patient undergoing orthognathic surgery prior to
1. Canut JA. Ortodoncia clínica y terapéutica. Madrid: Ed. Masson;
orthodontics should have, including: minimal arch 2000.
length discrepancy, mild to moderate transverse, 2. Martinez P, Bellot-Arcís C, Llamas JM, Cibrian R, Gandia
vertical and sagittal discrepancies, with normal incisor JL, Paredes-Gallardo V. Orthodontic camouflage versus
inclinations and minimal dental compensations, to orthognathic surgery for class III deformity: comparative
cephalometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 46 (4):
avoid interference during surgical correction. 490-495.
In this case we decided to start with orthodontic 3. Eslami S, Faber J, Fateh A, Sheikholaemmeh F, Grassia V,
control due to the severe crowding. The decision to Jamilian A. Treatment decision in adult patients with class III
perform premolar extractions will depend on various malocclusion: surgery versus orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2018;
19 (1): 28.
factors such as: the degree of crowding, the need 4. Woon SC, Thiruvenkatachari B. Early orthodontic treatment for
to eliminate pre-existing dental compensations, how class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
limited dental movements can be without causing Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017; 151 (1): 28-52.
periodontal damage, the expected results in the dental 5. Tomaszewski T, Baran M, Lasota A, Dunin-Wilczynska
I, Samczyk B, Mitura I et al. The cooperation between
inclinations with respect to their bony bases and above orthodontists and surgerons in treating facial skeletal
all the impact they will have on soft tissues,9,10 in order deformities. Zdr Publ. 2015; 125 (1): 45-48.
to obtain long-term stability. 6. Peiró-Guijarro MA, Guijarro-Martínez R, Hernández-Alfaro F.
In a study by Ni et al11 mentions that the quality of Surgery first in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review of the
literature. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016; 149 (4): 448-462.
life of patients with class III malocclusion improves 7. Pelo S, Gasparini G, Garagiola U, Cordaro M, Di Nardo F,
significantly after orthodontic-surgical treatment, while Staderini E et al. Surgery-first orthognathic approach vs
pre-surgical orthodontic treatment has no effect on traditional orthognathic approach: Oral health-related quality of
quality of life, and that, on the contrary, temporarily life assessed with 2 questionnaires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 2017; 152 (2): 250-254.
worsens facial aesthetics and mastication. 8. Mahmood HT, Ahmed M, Fida M, Kamal AT, Fatima F.
It has been reported that orthodontic-surgical Concepts, protocol, variations and current trends in surgery
treatments regardless of the protocol used, whether first orthognathic approach: a literature review. Dental Press J
pre- or post-surgical orthodontics, drastically improve Orthod. 2018; 23 (3): 36.e1-36.e6.
9. Lee SJ, Kim TW, Nahm DS. Transverse implications of maxillary
the quality of life of patients, the functional, aesthetic premolar extraction in class III presurgical orthodontic treatment.
and psychological effect, exceeds the expectations in Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006; 129 (6): 740-748.
most of those who undergo these treatments. 10. Kim DK, Baek SH. Change in maxillary incisor inclination during
surgical-orthodontic treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion:
CONCLUSION comparison of extraction and nonextraction of the maxillary first
premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 143 (3): 324-335.
11. Ni J, Song S, Zhou N. Impact of surgical orthodontic treatment
Although there are different treatment alternatives on quality of life in Chinese young adults with class III
in class III patients, in adult patients the treatment malocclusion: a longitudinal study. BMC Oral Health. 2019; 19
(1): 109.
possibilities are reduced. Dental camouflage is a
widely used option, but it has limitations in terms of
tooth movement and soft tissue changes are few. Correspondencia / Correspondence:
Although the vast majority of patients are primarily Alejandra Jurisira Carrillo Rodríguez
looking for dental and facial aesthetics, the only E-mail: ajcr21@[Link]
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 50-59
CASO CLÍNICO
Figura 1:
se presenta en un porcentaje alto. Varios autores des- Se presenta el caso de una paciente de clase III es-
criben diferentes tipos de tratamiento para corregir di- queletal normocefálico con mordida abierta anterior, la
cho problema, como la utilización de espolones, tera- cual se trató con extracciones de primeros premolares
pia miofuncional, alineadores, ajuste oclusal, anclaje superiores e inferiores.
cigomático, intrusión molar con mini-implantes y arcos
multiloop.4,7-13 CASO CLÍNICO
Se reportó una sobreerupción de molares en pacien-
[Link]
tes con mordida abierta, en comparación con pacientes
que presentan un overbite adecuado, una proinclina-
Diagnóstico y plan de tratamiento. Paciente fe-
menino de 15 años de edad, sin antecedentes médi-
ción de incisivos superiores y una retroinclinación de cos relevantes, acude a la Clínica de Ortodoncia de la
incisivos inferiores en pacientes de clase III.14 Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, el motivo de
Se observó también una satisfactoria corrección de consulta es que no le gusta el aspecto de sus dientes.
la mordida abierta con intrusión de molares, pero és- En el análisis antropométrico encontramos que la
tos tendían a reerupcionar entre 0.5 a 1.5 mm.15 paciente es de tipo euriprosopo con un perfil convexo,
Una opción de tratamiento es la extracción de los el tercio superior disminuido, el ancho bucal coincide
primeros molares superiores e inferiores para así po- con la distancia inter-iris, sonrisa asimétrica, compe-
der disminuir la dimensión vertical y poder aumentar tencia labial, nariz y frente recta, labio inferior ligera-
la altura facial anterior.16 mente por delante de la línea estética facial, distancia
Rodríguez GM et al. Corrección de mordida abierta anterior con maloclusión
52
Study models.
A Figura 3:
A) Radiografía panorámica
inicial. B) Radiografía lateral
de cráneo con el trazado
cefalométrico de Steiner inicial.
cervicomental corta y molares deprimidos, como se La radiografía panorámica nos muestra la presencia
muestra en la Figura 1A. de un diente supernumerario que se encuentra dentro
Dentro del análisis intraoral encontramos una mor- del hueso mandibular del lado izquierdo entre el segun-
[Link]
dida abierta anterior más marcada del lado derecho,
márgenes gingivales irregulares, líneas medias den-
do premolar y el primer molar, el cual va a ser retirado
cuando el tratamiento haya concluido; ligero paralelismo
tales no coincidentes y la inferior desviada con res- radicular, presencia de gérmenes dentarios de los ter-
pecto a la superior 2 mm hacia la derecha, overjet y ceros molares superiores e inferiores, como se mues-
overbite de -4 y 3 mm, respectivamente, relación cla- tra en la Figura 3A. En la lateral del cráneo (Figura 3B)
se I molar derecha e izquierda y clase II canina bila- se utilizó el análisis cefalométrico de Steiner, arrojando
teral, arco superior ovalado con apiñamiento severo un ANB de 5o y GoGn-SN de 45o y un Wits de -6 mm.
en el sector anterior, órgano dentario #22 en mordi- Con los datos obtenidos se determinó diagnosticar a la
da cruzada, el arco inferior ovalado con apiñamiento paciente como una clase III por hipoplasia maxilar com-
leve y una curva de Spee de 1 mm como se muestra pensada esqueletalmente por el crecimiento vertical de
en las Figuras 1B y 2. la mandíbula como se muestra en la Tabla 1.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 50-59
53
Durante la exploración se observó que el incisivo arco con una cadena elástica. Se cerraron todos los
central superior derecho estaba muy por encima del espacios menos el cuadrante superior derecho.
plano oclusal, lo que nos llevó a pensar que posible- El cierre del lado derecho se realizó con un arco de
mente estaba anquilosado, sin embargo, la paciente cierre con loop 0.017” × 0.025”, ya que con el tie back
no había referido ningún tipo de habito de succión activo tuvimos problemas para efectuar el cierre. Se
digital. Se le comunicó a los padres de la paciente lo colocaron desoclusores posteriores para destrabar la
observado ya que, si durante el tratamiento el diente oclusión. Mes con mes se fue activando el loop hasta
no se movía, tendría que ser extraído y necesitaría la completar el cierre como se muestra en la Figura 4.
valoración para la colocación de un implante o pró- Después de que se logró el cierre del espacio fal-
tesis fija. tante, se retiraron los desoclusores posteriores y se
Objetivos del tratamiento. Cerrar la mordida abier- realizó stripping interdentario con lija entre los órga-
ta, descruzar el órgano dentario #22, coordinación de
ambas arcadas, mantener clase I molar de ambos la-
dos y conseguir clase I canina derecha e izquierda. Tabla 1: Valores cefalométricos del trazado de
Plan de tratamiento. Consistió en extracción de Steiner previo y posterior al tratamiento.
los primeros premolares superiores e inferiores, apa- Cephalometric values of pre- and
ratología MBT slot 0.022”. Fase de alineación y nivela- post-treatment Steiner tracing.
ción, cierre de espacios, detallado de oclusión y reten-
Plano Norma Inicial Final
ción final (removible superior e inferior).
Progresión del tratamiento. Se inició con la ex- SNA 82o 80o 80o
tracción de los primeros premolares superiores e in- SNB 80o 75o 75o
feriores, posteriormente se cementaron los brackets ANB 2o 5o 5o
de tipo metálicos convencional MBT slot 0.022” para GoGn:SN 32o 45o 46o
comenzar la fase de alineación y nivelación. Occl:SN 14.1o 28o 25o
Después de cuatro meses de tratamiento se comple- Interincisal 131o 105o 141o
tó la nivelación de ambas arcadas, terminando ésta con 1NA (mm) 4 10 2
un arco 0.019” × 0.025” de nitinol en ambas arcadas, y 1NAo 22o 29o 7o
en este momento se prosiguió a comenzar el cierre de T NB (mm) 4 12 8
T NBo 25o 41o 27o
espacios con arcos 0.019” × 0.025” de acero inoxidable
T GoGn 93o 101o 88o
y ganchos crimpables con lace backs pasivos. Pasado Wits (mm) 0 -6 -1
un mes más de tratamiento, se comenzó a activar el
Figura 4:
Figura 5:
Elásticos de asentamiento up
and down 3/16” 3.5 oz del lado
izquierdo, arco superior 0.016”
de acero inoxidable y 0.019” ×
0.025” de acero inoxidable en
arco inferior.
[Link]
Figura 6:
A) Fotografías extraorales
finales. B) Fotografías finales
intraorales y guía canina.
nos dentarios #15 y #13; esto para lograr conseguir rales. Se logró cerrar la mordida abierta con excelen-
un mejor engrane del canino en clase I. Durante tres tes resultados estéticos, se mantuvo la relación clase
meses se hizo este procedimiento para después colo- I molar, se consiguió la relación canina de clase I con
car un elástico intermaxilar con vector de clase II de su respectiva guía canina y un overjet y overbite de 2
ese mismo lado. En la fase de terminado se colocaron mm (Figura 6). El tiempo total de tratamiento fue de un
elásticos verticales para así finalizar con el tratamien- año y 10 meses ininterrumpidos, terminando el caso
to como se muestra en la Figura 5. con la mordida abierta corregida, con una relación
clase I molar y canina, y una guía canina estableci-
RESULTADOS da (Figura 7A). Cefalométricamente los cambios más
significativos fueron en los incisivos superiores que se
Extraoralmente hubo una disminución en la proyec- retroinclinaron 8 mm, mientras que el IMPA quedó en
ción del labio superior, lo que ayudó a mejorar el perfil 88o y el Wits en -1 mm (Tabla 1), en la Figura 7B y la
facial y los cambios más significativos fueron intrao- superposición en la Figura 8 se observan los cambios
Figura 7:
A
A) Radiografía panorámica
final. B) Radiografía lateral
de cráneo final con el trazado
cefalométrico final de Steiner.
A) Final panoramic
radiography. B) Final lateral
skull radiograph with final
Steiner cephalometric tracing.
[Link]
Área 4
Dientes superiores
Figura 8: Superposición.
Superimposition.
Rodríguez GM et al. Corrección de mordida abierta anterior con maloclusión
56
cusps and also self-esteem problems. Orthodontists competence, straight nose and forehead, lower
have recognized that anterior open bite is difficult lip slightly in front of the aesthetic facial line, short
to treat and tends to relapse post-treatment.4 It was cervicomental distance and depressed molars as
reported that more than 35% of patients treated with shown in Figure 1A.
conventional orthodontics had a relapse of 3 mm or Within the intraoral analysis we found a more
more at 10 years of retention.5 marked anterior open bite on the right side, irregular
There are two types of open bite, the dental type gingival margins, non-coincident dental midlines and
and the skeletal type. The dental type is characterized the lower one deviated with respect to the upper one
by occurrence in the anterior region, from canine to by 2 mm to the right, overjet and overbite of -4 mm
canine, and is associated with a normal craniofacial and 3 mm respectively, right and left class I molar and
pattern, pro-inclined incisors, lack of eruption of the bilateral class II canine relationship, oval upper arch
anterior teeth, infantile swallowing and, thumb or finger with severe crowding in the anterior sector, dental
sucking habits. The skeletal type presents normal organ #22 in crossbite, oval lower arch with slight
eruption of the anterior teeth, downward rotation of the crowding and a Spee’s curve of 1 mm as shown in
mandible, excessive eruption of the posterior teeth, Figures 1B and 2.
cephalometrically an excessive anterior facial height The panoramic radiography shows the presence of
can be observed and it is also associated with digital a supernumerary tooth inside the mandibular bone on
sucking habits and atypical swallowing.1 the left side between the second premolar and the first
The contact between premolars is the ideal molar, which will be removed when the treatment is
reference point for the occlusal plane and this will help completed; slight root parallelism, presence of tooth
to obtain a successful and stable treatment.6 germs of the upper and lower third molars as shown
Open bite is a difficult problem to treat and in Figure 3A. In the lateral skull (Figure 3B) the Steiner
recurrence is a factor to consider as it occurs in a high cephalometric analysis was used, giving an ANB of 5o
percentage. Several authors describe different types and GoGn-SN of 45o and a Wits of -6 mm. With the
of treatment to correct this problem, such as the use data obtained, the patient was diagnosed as class III
of spurs, myofunctional therapy, aligners, occlusal due to maxillary hypoplasia compensated skeletally by
adjustment, zygomatic anchorage, molar intrusion with vertical growth of the mandible as shown in Table 1.
mini-implants and multiloop arches.4,7-13 During the examination it was observed that the
Over eruption of molars was reported in patients upper right central incisor was well above the occlusal
with open bite compared to patients with adequate plane, which led us to think that it was possibly
overbite, proinclination of upper incisors and ankylosed, however, the patient had not reported any
retroinclination of lower incisors in class III patients.14 type of digital sucking habit. The patient’s parents
Satisfactory open bite correction with molar intrusion were informed of the findings, as if the tooth did not
was also observed, but 0.5 to 1.5 mm of reeruption of move during treatment, it would have to be extracted
these teeth was likely to occur.15 and would need to be assessed for the placement of
One treatment option is the extraction of the upper an implant or fixed prosthesis.
and lower first molars in order to decrease the vertical Treatment goals. Close the open bite, uncross
dimension and increase the anterior facial height.16 the dental organ #22, coordination of both arches,
We present the case of a normocephalic skeletal maintain class I molar on both sides and achieve class
class III patient with anterior open bite, who was I canine right and left.
treated with upper and lower first premolar extractions. Treatment plan. Consisted of extraction of the
upper and lower first premolars, MBT slot 0.022”
CLINICAL CASE
[Link]
appliance. Alignment and levelling phase, space
closure, occlusion detailing and final retention (upper
Diagnosis and treatment plan. A 15-year-old and lower removable).
female patient, with no relevant medical history, comes Treatment progression. We started with the
to the Orthodontic Clinic of the Autonomous University extraction of the upper and lower first premolars, then
of Guadalajara and the reason for her consultation is the conventional metal brackets MBT slot 0.022” were
that she does not like the appearance of her teeth. cemented to start the alignment and levelling phase.
In the anthropometric analysis we found that After four months of treatment the levelling of both
the patient is euriprosopic with a convex profile, the arches was completed with a 0.019” × 0.025” nitinol
upper third diminished, the buccal width coincides arch in both arches, and at this point we proceeded
with the inter-iris distance, asymmetrical smile, labial to begin space closure with 0.019” × 0.025” stainless
Rodríguez GM et al. Corrección de mordida abierta anterior con maloclusión
58
steel archwires and crimpable clasps with passive lace good treatment option;12,15 in this case, intrusion was
backs. After another month of treatment, the arch was not a procedure to be followed as the patient was
activated with an elastic chain. All spaces were closed normocephalic and class III was not to be shown
except the upper right quadrant. much more. It was therefore decided to extract the
The closure of the right side was performed with first premolars so that the change would only be of
a closing arch with a 0.017” × 0.025” loop, as we a dental nature. The changes were observed in the
had problems with the active tie back to perform the position of the upper and lower incisors, especially
closure. Posterior disoccluders were placed to unblock in the retroinclination of the upper incisors. The new
the occlusion. Month by month the loop was activated position of the incisors allowed us to close the bite and
until the closure was completed as shown in Figure 4. obtain a much more harmonious facial profile.
After the missing space was closed, the posterior McLaughlin, Benett and Trevisi mention that in
disoccluders were removed and interproximal class III patients the IMPA is stable between 80 o to
stripping was performed with sandpaper between 85 o, 17 and in our case we obtained an IMPA of 88 o
dental organs #15 and #13; this was done to similar to that found by Arriola-Guillen and Flores-Mir,
achieve a better engagement of the class I canine. where they report a retroinclination of the lower incisor
This procedure was carried out for three months in class III patients of up to 10o or more degrees.14
and then an intermaxillary elastic was placed with We had difficulty in the space closure stage of the
a class II vector on the same side. In the finishing right upper quadrant, for this reason we opted to use
phase, vertical elastics were placed to complete the an archwire with a tear drop loop to eliminate friction
treatment as shown in Figure 5. and make the closure freer.18
RESULTS CONCLUSION
Extraorally there was a decrease in the projection of The approach and treatment of open bite is
the upper lip which helped to improve the facial profile complicated, however, we achieved the desired
and the most significant changes were intraoral. The objectives, we were able to close the anterior open
open bite was closed with excellent aesthetic results, bite, and a correct occlusion with its respective
the class I molar relationship was maintained, the canine guidance was obtained. With the extraction
class I canine relationship was achieved with its of the premolars we managed to reduce the dental
respective canine guide and an overjet and overbite protrusion and gave the patient a better facial harmony
of 2 mm (Figure 6). The total treatment time was that allowed her to have greater self-confidence.
one year and 10 months uninterrupted, finishing Retention is vital to prevent relapse and emphasis
the case with the open bite corrected, with a class I needs to be placed on patients’ attendance at follow-
molar and canine relationship, and canine guidance up appointments. Open bite will always be a difficult
established (Figure 7A). Cephalometrically the most challenge for the orthodontist, the key to success
significant changes were in the upper incisors which in correcting the problem lies in the diagnosis and
were retroinclined by 8 mm, while the IMPA was 88o aetiology of the problem, with these elements in mind
and the Wits by -1 mm (Table 1), Figure 7B and the an ideal treatment plan can be proposed and the
overlay in Figure 8 show the patient’s dental and success rate will be much higher.
skeletal changes. It should be noted that the patient
showed an improvement in her self-esteem; at the REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES
beginning she was serious and as she saw how her
1. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Ortodoncia contemporánea.
[Link]
appearance was improving, she showed a more
positive attitude and arrived with a very noticeable
4a ed. España: Elsevier; 2008.
2. Bilodeau J. Nonsurgical treatment of a class III patient with a
enthusiasm to her control appointments. At the end lateral open-bite malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.
of the treatment, the patient was referred to the 2011; 140: 861-868.
3. Artese A, Drummond S, Nascimento JM, Artese F. Criteria for
maxillofacial surgery service for extraction of the diagnosing and treating anterior open bite with stability. Dental
supernumerary tooth and third molars. Press J Orthod. 2011; 16 (3): 136-161.
4. Justus R. Correction of anterior open bite with spurs: long-term
DISCUSSION stability. World J Orthod. 2001; 2: 219-231.
5. Lopez-Gavito G, Wallen TR, Little RM, Joondeph DR. Anterior
open-bite malocclusion: a longitudinal 10-year postretention
To close an open bite, the literature mentions that evaluation of orthodontically treated patients. Am J Orthod.
intrusion of molars by means of mini implants is a 1985; 87 (3): 175-186.
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6. Choi YJ, Kim DJ, Nam J, Chung CJ, Kim KH. Cephalometric 14. Arriola-Guillen LE, Flores-Mir C. Molar heights and incisor
configuration of the occlusal plane in patients with anterior open inclinations in adults with class II and class III skeletal open-
bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016; 149: 391-400. bite malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014; 145:
7. Smithpeter J, Covell D. Relapse of anterior open bites 325-332.
treated with orthodontic appliances with and without orofacial 15. Scheffer NR, Proffit WR, Phillips C. Outcomes and stability in
myofunctional therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010; patients with anterior open bite and long anterior face height
137: 605-614. treated with temporary anchorage devices and maxillary
8. Schupp W, Haubrich J, Neumann I. Treatment of anterior open intrusion splint. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014; 146:
bite with the Invisalign system. J Clin Orthod. 2010; 44 (8): 594-602.
501-507. 16. Oliveira KF, De Freitas KM, Valarelli FP, Cancado RH, De
9. Bonfante G, Valle AL, Pegoraro LF, Barbosa LC, Barnabe W, Menezes CC. Molar extraction in severe open bite treatment. J
Neto TM. Reducción de mordida abierta anterior a través de Surg Clin Dent. 2015; 1 (6): 11-16.
desgaste selectivo. Rev Odontol Dominic. 1999; 5: 32-36. 17. McLaughlin RP, Benett JC, Trevisi HJ. Mecánica sistematizada
10. Janson G, Crepaldi MV, Salvatore de Freitas KM. Evaluation del tratamiento ortodóntico. España: Elsevier; 2001.
of anterior open bite treatment with oclussal adjustment. Am J 18. Pithon MM. Angle class I malocclusion with anterior open bite
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008; 134: 10.e1-10.e9. treated with extraction of permanent teeth. Dental Press J
11. Erverdi N, Usumez S, Solak A. New generation open-bite Orthod. 2013; 18 (2): 133-140.
treatment with zygomatic anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2006; 76
(3): 519-526.
12. Park YC, Lee HA, Choi NC, Kim DH. Open bite correction by
intrusion of posterior teeth with miniscrews. Angle Orthod.
2008; 78 (4): 699-710. Correspondencia / Correspondence:
13. Kim YH. Anterior open bite and its treatment with multiloop Jacqueline Adelina Rodríguez-Chávez
edgewise archwire. Angle Orthod. 1987; 57: 290-321. E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 1 Enero-Marzo 2020.
pp 60-68
ARTÍCULO
ESPECIAL
* Expresidente del Colegio de Ortodoncia y Ortopedia Dentomaxilofacial del Distrito Federal. México.
§
Profesora invitada en el Postgrado de Ortodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC Campus Mexicali). México.
mandibulares que han pasado a ser ciclos más com- cúspides bucales y linguales en cada lado de la arca-
plejos que incluyen movimientos verticales, laterales da. Las cúspides linguales deben estar más bajas que
y protrusivos. las bucales en la arcada inferior, y en el arco superior
Conforme se va completando la dentición temporal las cúspides palatinas están más bajas que las vesti-
se va produciendo el descenso del plano oclusal, que bulares. Las inclinaciones de los dientes posteriores
en el recién nacido está prácticamente a nivel de las permiten que exista resistencia a la carga y la función
ATM. En virtud de la dirección de los centros de creci- masticatoria sea correcta cuando trabajan en sincro-
miento del maxilar superior, que es hacia abajo y ade- nía los músculos de la lengua y buccinadores.2,6,8,9
lante, se establece el primer plano oclusal, ya que a Tenemos que entender que el asentamiento del
diferencia de la dentición permanente no presenta las plano oclusal es una estructura funcional primordial
características básicas para el diagnóstico tridimen- y no sólo es una consideración estética. La literatura
sional del plano oclusal (Figura 1) como la curva de considera que la exposición de encía del maxilar su-
Spee y/o de Wilson, donde se analizan las relaciones perior debe ser de 0-2 mm en sonrisa y que los bordes
sagitales y transversales junto con la dimensión verti- incisales de los dientes superiores deben mostrarse
cal.3,7,8 de 2-4 mm cuando el labio se encuentra en reposo.
La curva de Spee se refiere a una curvatura sagital Sin embargo, debemos tener ciertas consideraciones
que va desde la cúspide de los caninos inferiores y como que los incisivos superiores disminuyen su ex-
se desplaza hacia atrás pasando por las cúspides de posición con la edad, es decir, los pacientes jóvenes
los premolares y molares; si la curvatura se continua- tienen mayor exposición de los dientes superiores,
ra hacia atrás, pasaría a través del cóndilo (Figura 2). mientras que los adultos muestran más los dientes in-
La curva sagital del plano oclusal está diseñada feriores. Estas consideraciones son muy importantes
para permitir la desoclusión de los dientes posteriores y deben tomarse en cuenta al momento de determinar
en el movimiento de protrusión y de esta manera se qué tipo de plano oclusal estético funcional (POEF)
evitarán contactos prematuros de oclusión, en combi- queramos dejar, de acuerdo con la edad del paciente
nación con la guía anterior y guía condilar. Cuando se (Figura 3).10,11
presenta la separación de los dientes posteriores por La forma e inclinación del plano oclusal así como
medio del contacto incisal, los músculos elevadores sus características individuales están relacionadas
ejercen presión (de carga y no sobrecarga) sobre los con la función del sistema estomatognático, al igual
dientes anteriores y cóndilos. Si no se llegara a cum- que con la estética dentofacial. Es muy importante de-
plir con esta sincronía de movimiento y fuerza regu- terminar cuál es el plano oclusal en el que se basará la
lada por el sistema sensor, sin duda comenzará una interpretación diagnóstica o terapéutica del paciente,
serie de daños directamente sobre la masa dental, ya que además de tener diferentes planos oclusales
músculos, articulaciones y estructura periodontal. dentro de la misma boca, por ejemplo, el plano oclusal
La curva de Wilson es muy importante en el pla- funcional (POF) o el plano oclusal bisectado (PLB),
no oclusal, es transversal y entra en contacto con las encontramos diferencias de asentamiento oclusal en
Figura 1:
pacientes clase II y III o en pacientes con crecimiento particular como un factor primario determinante en el
vertical y crecimiento horizontal.7,11-13 establecimiento de la posición mandibular sigue sin
La predicción del crecimiento craneofacial es una entenderse.2,9,14
meta fundamental en la biología craneofacial y es una Shudy puntualizó que la relación entre el crecimien-
preocupación importante dentro de la ortodoncia y to efectivo vertical condilar (crecimiento horizontal) y
cualquier área de la odontología, ya que es clave en el crecimiento vertical de los molares determina si la
el diagnóstico, prevención, intercepción y tratamiento mandíbula rota hacia abajo o hacia adelante, o sim-
de las maloclusiones. Hasta la fecha no está comple- plemente no rota. El plano oclusal es el efecto, no la
tamente claro cómo ocurre un crecimiento anormal en causa de la relación anatómica atribuible al crecimien-
los diferentes esquemas dentoesqueletales debido a to condilar (relacionado al crecimiento vertical) como
los diferentes factores que están involucrados y sus la clave para los cambios del crecimiento vertical.15,16
interacciones. Entre los factores se encuentran fle- Los planos transversales llegan a sufrir alteracio-
xión de la base craneal, erupción dental, dimensión nes no nada más dentales, sino también dentoesque-
vertical, plano oclusal, crecimiento intrínseco maxilar letales que pueden ser alteraciones congénitas o del
y mandibular, factores genéticos y medio ambiente. desarrollo.
El significado de la inclinación del plano oclusal en Las asimetrías estructurales craneomandibulares
son de origen congénito (heredofamiliar) o adquirido
(traumático y/o infeccioso), que durante el crecimiento
se pueden llegar a acentuar dependiendo de la se-
veridad o manifestación de ésta. Las alteraciones re-
percuten en el asentamiento del plano oclusal y en la
mayoría de los casos llegan a producir planos oclusa-
les diferentes, es decir, de un lado se produce un pla-
no oclusal y del lado contralateral otro, dependiendo
de la severidad de la asimetría. Las cargas o fuerzas
del sistema muscular también son de suma importan-
cia para el desarrollo y correcto funcionamiento de la
oclusión porque determinan en gran medida la adap-
tación o desadaptación del sistema musculoesquelé-
tico.17-19
Las asimetrías se presentan en los tres planos del
espacio y se pueden llegar a manifestar en los tres
tercios de la cara; sin embargo, en el tercio inferior se
Figura 2: Si la curva de Spee se continúa hacia atrás en observa el mayor el problema, quizá porque es donde
forma de parábola, pasará a través del cóndilo. participan los componentes del sistema estomatog-
If the curve of Spee is continued backwards in the form of a nático (músculos, ligamentos, dientes, articulaciones,
parabola, it will pass through the condyle. etc.). El plano oclusal será un factor determinante en
[Link]
Figura 3:
en otras estructuras anatómicas que cambian de posi- lidad, etc.) que se aplicarán para llevar a cabo un deter-
ción como el hueso hioides e incluso la lengua. minado tratamiento. Existen diferentes planos oclusales
El reconocimiento del plano oclusal parece ser sen- que podemos utilizar en nuestra planificación, depen-
cillo, pero cuando el clínico se enfrenta a alteraciones diendo del tipo de tratamiento que llevaremos a cabo
de curvaturas excesivas, mordidas abiertas o profun- (fase preventiva o temprana, ortodoncia interceptiva o
das o severa maloclusión, es complicado determinar correctiva, tratamiento de cirugía ortognática, etcétera).
el plano oclusal. Reyneke sugiere trabajar con el uso El establecimiento del plano oclusal es primordial
de dos diferentes planos oclusales, el oclusal superior y básico durante el tratamiento de una maloclusión
y el oclusal inferior, los cuales son totalmente aplica- porque tiene una relación directa con la función y es-
bles a la planificación quirúrgica.19,24,26-28 tabilidad del tratamiento a elegir, y dependerá en gran
medida de la armonía y buen funcionamiento de las
CONCLUSIONES ATM, ya que ambas deben tener una relación de sin-
cronía funcional completa.
Determinar el plano oclusal es un procedimiento sen- En la segunda parte de este artículo mostraremos
cillo que no debe tener mayor error o complicación al cómo la inclinación del plano oclusal es proporcional
momento de ubicarlo, siempre y cuando tengamos cla- a la inclinación de la eminencia articular y directa-
ros los criterios (diagnósticos, terapéuticos, de estética mente se encuentra relacionada con la inclinación de
dental y facial, sonrisa, aspectos funcionales, de estabi- los dientes anteriores, lo cual permite que la articu-
A B
Figura 6:
C D
Se muestran las diferentes
alturas del techo de las
cavidades glenoideas: A)
boca cerrada, B) boca abierta;
el cóndilo derecho rota y se
traslada y el izquierdo sólo rota.
C, D) Los espacios articulares
son amplios e irregulares, lo
[Link] cual nos indica que el paciente
está fuera de relación céntrica.
lación temporomandibular funcione en verdad como including the opposite side buccal and lingual cusp
una articulación ortopédica en relación céntrica, libre tips, introducing three-dimensional occlusal
de sobrecarga y donde los músculos que están invo- thinking.
lucrados trabajan en neuropacificación. To understand and analyse it is important to
carefully examine each of the structures that make up
Special article the occlusal plane, as well as the position necessary
to achieve an optimal relationship with the structures
that control jaw movement, the temporomandibular
The role of the occlusal plane in joint
joints (TMJs).
health in orthodontic diagnosis (Part I) It is important to carefully examine each of the
structures that make up the occlusal plane, as well as
Lorenzo Puebla Ramos,* Tely Adriana Soto Castro§ the position in which they are positioned in order to
achieve an optimal occlusal relationship. These are
* Expresidente del Colegio de Ortodoncia y Ortopedia Dento-
determining factors in achieving the best functional
maxilofacial del Distrito Federal. México.
§
Profesora invitada en el Posgrado de Ortodoncia de la Univer- relationship with the TMJs.
sidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC Campus Mexicali). The structures that control mandibular movement
México. are divided into two types: 1) those that influence the
movement of the posterior portion of the mandible and
ABSTRACT
2) those that influence the movement of the anterior
The occlusal plane runs sagittally from the most distal occlusal
portion of the mandible. The TMJs are considered the
surface of the last molar past the cusp tips of the canine teeth and posterior controlling factors and the anterior teeth the
continues down to the incisal area, it is not completely flat as it must anterior controlling factors. The posterior teeth are
have some curvature, and it also has a transverse arrangement. It positioned between these two controlling factors and
is formed by the occlusal surfaces and incisal edges of all dental
organs. Several types of occlusal planes can be used in the
thus can be affected by both to varying degrees.4-6
same patient depending on the area to be assessed, and also for From the point of view of occlusion, the appearance
diagnostic or therapeutic purposes when associated with other of the incisors marks for the first time the conformation
anatomical or cephalometric planes. We are clear about the role of an occlusal tripodism, given by the anterior teeth and
of the occlusal plane in joint health and stability, regardless of the
patient’s age, the need for rehabilitation, orthodontic treatment,
the TMJs. From this moment on, important anatomical
surgery or aesthetic considerations. Shaping the final occlusion and functional changes begin to take place, basically
is undoubtedly one of the most important functional principles to the development of the zygomatic tubercle before the
consider when correcting malocclusion. Establishing the desired modification of mandibular movements, which have
and necessary joint health translates into occlusal, muscular and
skeletal stability. The aesthetic aspect will be another factor to
become more complex cycles that include vertical,
consider when determining the final position of the occlusal plane, lateral and protrusive movements.
since it can generate important differences that have to do with the As the primary dentition is completed, the occlusal
amount of teeth and gum that is shown, especially in the smile of plane descends, which in the newborn is practically at
the patient.
the level of the TMJs. By virtue of the direction of the
Keywords: Occlusal plane, temporomandibular joint, growth centres of the upper jaw, which is downward
temporomandibular disorders. and forward, the first occlusal plane is established,
since, unlike in the permanent dentition, it does
INTRODUCTION not have the basic features for three-dimensional
diagnosis of the occlusal plane (Figure 1), such as
Over time there have been a large number of the curve of Spee and/or Wilson, where sagittal and
authors who have proposed different occlusal planes, transverse relationships are analysed together with
[Link]
Downs in 1949, Steiner in 1949, Ricketts in 1950, the vertical dimension.3,7,8
Wright in 1966, Delaire in 1981, Karkazis in 1986, Spee’s curvature refers to a sagittal curve that
etc. It has even been related to cranial cephalometric runs from the cusp of the lower canines and moves
planes as a diagnostic tool, which we will not mention backwards past the cusps of the premolars and
because it is part of another topic.1-4 molars, if the curvature were to continue backwards, it
In 2008 Okeson,5 defined the occlusal plane as that would pass through the condyle (Figure 2).
which is formed by drawing an imaginary line through The sagittal curve of the occlusal plane is designed
all the buccal cusp tips and incisor edges of the lower to allow disocclusion of the posterior teeth in the
teeth, and then running a plane that encompasses protrusive movement and thus avoid premature
the lingual cusp tips and continues through the arch occlusal contacts, in combination with the anterior and
Puebla RL et al. Plano oclusal en la salud articular
66
condylar guidance. When separation of the posterior Among the factors are cranial base flexion, dental
teeth occurs through incisal contact, the levator eruption, vertical dimension, occlusal plane, maxillary
muscles exert pressure (load and not overload) on and mandibular intrinsic growth, genetic factors and
the anterior teeth and condyles. If this synchrony of environment. Particularly the significance of occlusal
movement and force, which is regulated by the sensor plane inclination as a primary determinant in the
system, is not achieved, a series of direct damage establishment of mandibular position remains poorly
to the tooth mass, muscles, joints and periodontal understood.2,9,14
structure will undoubtedly begin. Shudy pointed out that the relationship between
The Wilson Curve is very important in the occlusal effective vertical condylar growth (horizontal growth)
plane, it is transverse and contacts the buccal and and vertical growth of the molars determines whether
lingual cusps on each side of the arch. The lingual the mandible rotates downward or forward, or simply
cusps should be lower than the buccal cusps in the does not rotate. The occlusal plane is the effect, not
lower arch, and in the upper arch the palatal cusps the cause of the anatomical relationship attributable to
are lower than the buccal cusps. The inclination of the condylar growth (related to vertical growth) as the key
posterior teeth allows for load resistance and correct to vertical growth changes.15,16
masticatory function when the tongue and buccinators The transverse planes become altered not only
muscles work in synchrony.2,6,8,9 dentally but also dento-skeletally, which may be
We have to understand that the seating of the congenital or developmental alterations.
occlusal plane is a primary functional structure and Structural cranio mandibular asymmetries are
is not only an aesthetic consideration. The literature congenital (heredofamilial) or acquired (traumatic
considers that the gingival exposure of the upper jaw and/or infectious) in origin, which can be accentuated
should be 0-2 mm when smiling and that the incisal during growth, depending on the severity or
edges of the upper teeth should show 2-4 mm when manifestation of the asymmetry. The alterations have
the lip is at rest. However, certain considerations repercussions on the settling of the occlusal plane
must be taken into account, such as the fact that and in most cases lead to different occlusal planes,
the upper incisors become less exposed with age, meaning that on one side there is one occlusal
for example young patients have more exposure of plane and on the contralateral side there is another,
the upper teeth, while adults show more of the lower depending on the severity of the asymmetry. The
teeth. These considerations are very important and loads or forces of the muscular system are also of
should be taken into account when determining which utmost importance for the development and correct
type of functional aesthetic occlusal plane (FAOP) functioning of the occlusion, because they determine
we want to leave, according to the age of the patient to a large extent the adaptation or disadaptation of the
(Figure 3).10,11 musculoskeletal system.17-19
The shape and inclination of the occlusal plane as Asymmetries are present in the three planes of
well as its individual characteristics are related to the space and can manifest themselves in the three
function of the stomatognathic system as well as to thirds of the face, however, the lower third presents
dentofacial aesthetics. It is very important to determine the greatest problem, perhaps because it is where the
which occlusal plane the diagnostic or therapeutic components of the stomatognathic system (muscles,
interpretation of the patient will be based on, as in ligaments, teeth, joints, etc.) participate. The occlusal
addition to having different occlusal planes within plane will be a determining factor in the position and
the same mouth, for example, the functional occlusal adaptation of the mandible, varying the degrees of
plane (POF) or the bisected occlusal plane (PLB), inclination of the occlusal plane or planes that the
we find differences in occlusal seating in class II and patient’s occlusion presents. Therefore, the degree
[Link]
class III patients or in patients with vertical growth and of inclination of the occlusal plane or planes will be
horizontal growth.7,11-13 directly proportional to the degrees of deviation of the
The prediction of craniofacial growth is a mandible, both of its hard and soft tissues and with
fundamental goal in craniofacial biology and is a respect to the facial midline or elements of assessment
major concern within orthodontics and any area of of facial symmetry.11,14,17,18,20
odontology, as it is key in the diagnosis, prevention, It is common to find that temporomandibular
interception and treatment of malocclusions. To date disorders (TMD) develop in facial asymmetries, both
it is not completely clear how abnormal growth occurs on the side towards which the mandibular deviation is
in the different dentoskeletal schemes, due to the present, as well as towards which the occlusal plane
different factors that are involved and their interactions. canthus is located, where it is more frequent on the
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (1): 60-68
67
ipsolateral side (side towards which the canthus is the upper and lower occlusal planes, which are fully
located), than on the contralateral side. Most studies of applicable to surgical planning.19,24,26-28
facial asymmetry focus on mandibular deviation, and
some have described the relationship between lateral CONCLUSIONS
mandibular deviation and occlusal plane inclination.
There is a strong correlation between lateral Determining the occlusal plane is a simple
deviation of the mandible and maxillary canthus, which procedure that should not have any major errors or
tends to be the inclination towards which the mandible complications when it comes to locating it, as long as
deviates. However, on some occasions the mandible we are clear about the criteria (diagnostic, therapeutic,
can be deviated to one side and the occlusal plane dental and facial aesthetics, smile, functional aspects,
can be inclined to the contralateral side. stability, etc.) that will be applied to carry out a given
Generally, the areas of greatest occlusal force and treatment. There are different occlusal planes that
occlusal contact area are on the side to which the we can use in our planning, depending on the type
mandible is deviated and to which the occlusal plane of treatment that we will carry out (preventive or
is inclined, although it should be noted that this is early phase, interceptive or corrective orthodontics,
not necessarily the side where joint symptomatology orthognathic surgery treatment, etc.).
predominates (Figures 4 and 5).11,12,18,19,21 The establishment of the occlusal plane is primordial
The correction of dentolabial deformities often and basic during the treatment of a malocclusion,
requires bimaxillary surgery to achieve an adequate because it has a direct relationship with the function
aesthetic and functional result, which should be and stability of the treatment to be chosen; and it will
corroborated by essential cephalometric and clinical depend to a large extent on the harmony and good
criteria, but the decision certainly depends on the functioning of the TMJs, as both must have a complete
angulation of the occlusal plane to be obtained. functional synchrony relationship.
Leaving a functional occlusal plane will be determined In the second part of this article we will show how
primarily by cephalometric assessment. the inclination of the occlusal plane is proportional to
Among the considerations we must take into the inclination of the articular eminence and is directly
account regarding the TMJs, first of all, we must related to the inclination of the anterior teeth, which
evaluate the status in which they are prior to surgery, allows the temporomandibular joint to really function
particularly in cases in which the inclination of the as an orthopaedic joint in centric relation, free of
occlusal plane will be reduced. The movement(s) overload and where the muscles that are involved
carried out to reposition the occlusal plane should work in neuro-pacification.
always be carried out without overloading the muscles
on the joints, soft tissue and dentoalveolar structures REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES
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Instrucciones para los autores
Instrucciones para los autores 69
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia