h Frecuencia Período (ms)
1 60 16.7
2 120 8.3
3 180 5.6
4 240 4.2
5 300 3.3
6 360 2.8
Cargas No Lineales
C
G
G
C
L
Actividad Equipos
Industrial Alimentación conmutada, Variadores de velocidad
Comercial Computadoras, Impresoras, Fotocopiadoras, Fax, etc.
Doméstico Televisores, VHS, Horno Microondas, etc.
n=(k.p) 1
Nº Pulsos Tipo de Carga Armónicos Característicos
4 Computadoras, Impresoras, Televisores, etc. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, …
6 Motores Trifasicos de Corriente Continua 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, …
12 Convertidores 11, 13, 23, 25, 35, 37, …
18 Variadores de Velocidad de 18 pulsos 17, 19, 35, 37, 53, 55, ...
36 Palas Mecáncias 35, 37, 71, 73, …
harmonic voltage distortion at PCC due to propagation
of harmonic currents through the system impedance
sinusoidal customer with linear and nonlinear loads
source voltage
nonlinear loads (e.g., switched-mode
power supplies, AC drives, fluorescent
lamps) drawing nonsinusoidal currents
system impedance
from a perfectly sinusoidal voltage source
(e.g., cables, lines,
& transformers)
linear loads
point of common customers with linear loads
coupling (PCC)
harmonic voltage
distortion imposed
on other consumers
Demanda (MW)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
00:00
00:45
01:30
02:15
03:00
03:45
04:30
05:15
06:00
06:45
fusión
07:30
08:15
09:00
09:45
10:30
11:15
L-2217
12:00
Hora
12:45
13:30
14:15
S.E. INDEPENDENCIA (220kV)
15:00
15:45
Diagrama de Carga del Día 6 de Febrero de 2009
16:30
17:15
18:00
refinado
18:45
19:30
20:15
21:00
21:45
22:30
23:15
C
I B
R FL
C
I B
S FL
C
I B
T FL
L In
N
M
C
G
EFECTOS INSTANTANEOS
ARMONICOS EFECTOS
EFECTOS RETARDADOS
VRMS V1RMS 1 THDV2
I RMS I1RMS 1 THDI2
S S1 1 THDI2 . 1 THDV2
f .d . p fdesp. fdist
X L w.L.h 2 . f .L.h
1 1
XC
w.C.h 2 . f .C.h
Xr
Q
R
Vbus I
Xs
Vs
Z
Ic
Xc
fr X Cpu SCC pu
hr
f0 X Spu QCpu
1
Vbuspu
hr2
Qc (MVAR)
S (MVA)
Q (MVAR)
ø2
ø1
P (MW)
QC P.(tan 1 tan 2 )
22kV
300kV
Xs Carga
50MVA
Cosø=0.9
80MVA
Scc Xt=12%
Xc
2,000 MVA
(i .h)h
2
K h 1
i h 1
2
h
PERD (W ) K RES . I h2 K EDDY h 2 I h2
h 1 h 1
I h ( A)
I h (%)
I rms ( A)
1.15
I MX (%)
1 0.15K
CARGA MAXIMA DE UN TRANSFORMADOR
0.9
0.8
0.7
CARGA MAXIMA (%)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
FACTOR K
V
Puente de Diodos Carga
Campo Magnético
Fundamental
Campo Magnético
5ta Armónica
Motor
´
´
THD
10 %
Voltage Distortion is
highest at the load
5%
1%
I2 1:1 I h
FASE FASE
FUENTE CARGA NO LINEAL
NEUTRO NEUTRO
•
•
•
MT / BT CARGAS SENSIBLES
CARGAS SENSIBLES
CARGAS NO-LINEALES CARGAS NO-LINEALES
Case #1 115 kV
Substation / distribution
three-phase transformer
7.62 kV
pole
transformer
120 V
I I128 =1A
+
V I128 =?
sensitive loads distorting
(e.g. computing equipments) nonlinear load
Case #2 115 kV
Substation / distribution
three-phase transformer
7.62 kV
pole
transformer
120 V
120 V
1 : 1 isolation
transformer I I128 =1A
120 V
+
V I128 =?
sensitive loads distorting
(e.g. computing equipments) nonlinear load
Case #3 115 kV
Substation / distribution
three-phase transformer
7.62 kV
7.62 kV
dedicated isolation pole
pole transformer transformer
120 V
120 V
I I128 =1A
+
V I128 =?
sensitive loads distorting
(e.g. computing equipments) nonlinear load
PRIMARIO SECUNDARIO
I L3 = 0 I3
I3
I3 I3
I3
I3
TRANSFORMADOR DELTA - ESTRELLA
Ir
Is
CARGA
It
In
Corriente (A)
120
140
160
20
100
180
40
60
80
0
04/03/2009 10:30
04/03/2009 15:40
04/03/2009 20:50
04/04/2009 02:00
04/04/2009 07:10
04/04/2009 12:20
04/04/2009 17:30
04/04/2009 22:40
04/05/2009 03:50
04/05/2009 09:00
04/05/2009 14:10
04/05/2009 19:20
04/06/2009 00:30
04/06/2009 05:40
04/06/2009 10:50
04/06/2009 16:00
04/06/2009 21:10
04/07/2009 02:20
Fecha y Hora
04/07/2009 07:30
04/07/2009 12:40
Niveles de Corriente
04/07/2009 17:50
Lado Secundario 380V
04/07/2009 23:00
Transformador de Aislamiento
04/08/2009 04:10
04/08/2009 09:20
04/08/2009 14:30
04/08/2009 19:40
04/09/2009 00:50
04/09/2009 06:00
04/09/2009 11:10
04/09/2009 16:20
Fase S
Fase R
Fase N
Fase C
04/09/2009 21:30
04/10/2009 02:40
04/10/2009 07:50
100
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
I (A)
00:00
00:45
01:30
02:15
03:00
03:45
04:30
05:15
06:00
06:45
Fase S
07:30
08:15
09:00
09:45
Fase R
10:30
11:15
12:00
Nivel 380V
12:45
13:30
Niveles de Corriente
Fase C
14:15
Transformador de Aislamiento
15:00
15:45
16:30
Fase N
17:15
18:00
18:45
19:30
20:15
21:00
21:45
22:30
23:15
Ih (A) Espectro de Armónicas de Corriente
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Fase R 111.9 1.4 50.4 1.2 20.2 0.7 7.3 0.5 7.1 0.6 6.2 0.6 4.0 0.5 4.0
Fase S 129.9 0.9 50.1 0.8 17.6 1.1 13.3 0.3 6.6 0.3 5.9 0.6 3.6 0.4 4.6
Fase T 123.0 1.3 54.4 1.3 19.4 0.0 6.5 0.6 5.2 0.0 5.2 0.0 3.9 0.6 3.9
Fase N 35.6 2.6 158.0 2.6 5.8 0.6 5.2 0.6 13.6 0.6 2.6 0.0 3.2 0.6 11.7
Ih (%) Espectro de Armónicas de Corriente
500%
450%
400%
350%
300%
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Fase R 100% 1% 45% 1% 18% 1% 6% 0% 6% 1% 6% 1% 4% 0% 4%
Fase S 100% 1% 39% 1% 14% 1% 10% 0% 5% 0% 5% 0% 3% 0% 4%
Fase T 100% 1% 44% 1% 16% 0% 5% 1% 4% 0% 4% 0% 3% 1% 3%
Fase N 100% 7% 444% 7% 16% 2% 15% 2% 38% 2% 7% 0% 9% 2% 33%