Grade 7
GUIDE #2
WEATHER AND MONETARY UNIT IN PANAMA
The climate in Panama is a tropical climate, with two distinct seasons: the dry season and
the wet season. The dry season runs from December to April and is characterized by hot
days and cool nights, low humidity, and little precipitation. The wet season runs from May
to November and sees an increase in rainfall, higher humidity levels, and temperatures that
range from warm to very hot. The climate varies by region in Panama due to the country’s
varied geography. In the coastal areas the climate tends to be more humid while
temperatures remain fairly constant throughout the whole year. Inland areas experience a
more temperate climate with cooler temperatures during winter months.
Panama City has an average temperature of 80°F (27°C), with plenty of sunlight most days
of the year. Temperatures can reach as high as 95°F (35°C) during peak summer months of
June – August with humidity levels around 75%. Rainfall is most common during late
spring and early summer (May-July)
where average monthly rainfall can reach up to 8 inches (20 cm).
Since Panama (with the backing of the U.S. government—almost certainly prompted by
President Theodore Roosevelt’s interest in building the Panama Canal) won
independence from Colombia in 1903, it has had a mixed hybrid monetary system.
Panama introduced the balboa as the official monetary unit in 1904, equal in value to the
U.S. dollar. The U.S. dollar has been its circulating currency ever since (except for a brief
attempt to issue its own currency in late 1941, an effort that resulted in the quick
overthrow of that country’s president, a coup supported by the U.S. government). There
was also a brief period in 2016 where the value of the balboa fluctuated slightly from the
U.S. dollar.
The balboa denomination honors Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the Spanish conquistador and
explorer who was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the Western
Hemisphere. The coin denominations now in circulation are the 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50
centesimos and the 1 balboa. In the past, Panama has also issued the one-half, 1.25, and
2.5 centesimos denominations.
Although the country uses U.S. currency in everyday commerce, Panama has its own
balboa. However, while most of the coins I received in change during my trip were struck
for Panama, I did receive a few U.S. coins.
The official currency of Panama is the Balboa, named after Spanish explorer Vasco
Núñez de Balboa, who discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513. One Balboa is divided into
100 cents. Since 1904 one Balboa equals one US Dollar and since then, the US Dollar
has legally circulated in Panama. In other words, in practice, the currency used day-
to-day in Panama is the US dollar, which is also legal tender. For this reason, Panama
is considered a dollarized country and was the second economy in the continent to become
a dollarized economy. Currently there are Panamanian coins that have the same weight,
dimension and composition of the coins used in the USA (1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents).
Panama also has its own $1 coin. For paper money, only the US Dollar is used (there are
no paper Balboas)
Grade 8
GUIDE #2
WEATHER AND CURRENCY IN PANAMA
Panama has a warm tropical [Link] has only two seasons: Dry and Wet (or
Rainy). Like all countries close to the equator, Panama’s temperatures do not vary by
much throughout the year. Although, temperatures do vary by elevation. Generally,
places at 3000 feet are ~10 degrees cooler than areas at sea level.
Keep in mind that Panama is a narrow land mass between two oceans, with mountains in
the middle. This means its temperature and weather are easily affected by the conditions
across both oceans, as well as the impact mountains have on those conditions.
The Rainy Season
The rainy season is from mid-April to mid-December (give or take a week or 2). The rains
start gradually, building to its peak, usually in November. Keep in mind, it does not rain
continuously during the rainy season.
Typically, it rains HARD for 15 minutes to a couple hours in the afternoons. You can get
completely drenched in seconds. The rest of the day is usually sunny. When it starts
raining, people typically take cover and wait it out. Normally, the rain doesn’t last long.
In the rainiest time, November – mid-December, it sometimes can be overcast and/or rain
for hours during the day or the night. But some years, those months produce no more rain
than the other rainy season months.
“Little Summer”
There is usually a short dry spell in the middle of the rainy season, in July/August,
which locals call the veranito or “little summer”.
The Dry Season
The dry season is from mid-December to mid-April (give or take a week or 2). The dry
season peaks in March.
At the start of the dry season, flowering trees burst into bloom. Toward the end of the
season, all the grasses turn brown, and everything seems to wilt.
Personally, I find March, especially late March (when I am writing this) to be too hot for
me. I tend to escape to the highlands that last week of March.
Each dry season, much of the south side of Panama, especially the Azuero Peninsula,
experiences a drought. Which means the Azuero can have water shortages for farming
purposes, and even sometimes for drinking. Occasionally El Nino, and the drought
conditions it can cause, have been so severe that ship traffic through the Panama Canal is
curtailed to some extent.
School & the Dry Season
The dry season is “summer” vacation for the schools. Schools typically start in late
February or early March and end in early December, just as the dry season begins. Too
bad students have to start school during the hottest part of the dry season.
In our country Panama’s official currency is the balboa. The rate of exchange for the
balboa has always been tied to the US dollar—one dollar equals one balboa. Panama does
not, however, print its own paper currency and instead uses the US dollar as legal tender.
Panamanian coins come in 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50-cent pieces. They are the same size, color,
and weight as U.S. coins, and both are used frequently. While shopping or eating out, you
may see prices with either a “$” or a “B/” before them, corresponding the dollars or
balboas. They mean the same thing and have the same value. The similarities between the
United States of America and Panama do not end at currency exchange. Panama's
government is very similar to that of the United States, being a constitutional democracy
consisting of a President and Vice President. Though the Panamanian economy is not
extremely diverse, it is enjoying healthy growth.
A portrait of the Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa is found on the heads of most
coins, while the tails is always the shield of Panama. Only the one-cent piece has someone
else—it’s Urracá, an indigenous chief who fought historical battles with the
conquistadors.
Credit cards are often accepted in the cities, especially at nicer hotels, restaurants, and
stores. Smaller hotels and restaurants, however, will generally only take cash, as will
taxis. The farther one gets from a city, the more difficult it is to use a credit card. Visa
and MasterCard are the most widely accepted credit cards, although other cards can often
be used in upscale establishments.
There are some parts of Panama where it’s impossible to use credit cards, including the
Comarca de Guna Yala (the San Blas Islands) and other remote areas. It’s important to
bring cash to these places and to have small bills, as larger denominations are hard to
break. Some of these destinations won’t have banks or ATMs either.
Grade 9
GUIDE #2
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
(TIEMPO PRESENTE PROGRESIVO)
Area: Grammar.
Objectives: To learn and review the verb to be in present Progressive.
Present progressive tense definition: The present progressive tense (also called present
continuous tense) is the verb form of the present tense that expresses actions happening
now, actions that are in progress, or actions that will occur in the near future.
What does present progressive mean? The present progressive verb tense is used often in
English to communicate actions that are happening now. This tense is also used to express
actions that are in progress or will occur in the near future.
Present Progressive Examples:
• I am swimming. (happening now)
• I am reading an excellent book. (in progress)
• I am going to the park on Saturday. (near future)
→ Verb: To clean
We are cleaning the garage on Sunday.
Note: Always add “-ing” to the end of a verb that ends in a consonant that does not have
a short vowel sound
→ Verb: To run
He is running the race well.
Note: Most verbs that end in short vowel sounds will require an extra consonant before
adding “ing Verb.
Uses of the Present Progressive
Definición del tiempo presente progresivo: El tiempo presente progresivo (también
llamado tiempo presente continuo) es la forma verbal del tiempo presente que expresa
acciones que ocurren ahora, acciones que están en progreso o acciones que ocurrirán en
el futuro cercano.
¿Qué significa presente progresivo? El tiempo verbal progresivo presente se usa a
menudo en inglés para comunicar acciones que están sucediendo ahora. Este tiempo
también se usa para expresar acciones que están en progreso o que ocurrirán en el futuro
cercano.
Ejemplos del presente progresivo:
• Estoy nadando. (sucediendo ahora)
• Estoy leyendo un excelente libro. (en progreso)
• Voy al parque el sábado. (futuro cercano)
Nota: Siempre agregue – Ing – al final de los verbos que terminan en una consonante que
no tiene un sonido vocálico corto
→ Verbo: Correr.
Él está corriendo muy bien en la carrera.
Nota: Muchos verbos que terminan en sonidos cortos vocálicos debes agregarle otra
consonante antes de agregar ing. Al verbo.
Present Progressive Tense
• She is wearing a dress (Subject + be + verb + ing)
La oración anterior describe una accion que está ocurriendo en el presente y que no ha
finalizado. Podemos usar la misma estructura para describir acciones que las personas
están realizando al momento de hablar o escribir.
Ejemplo:
• I am writing a letter.
• She is reading the newspaper.
• They are walking in the park.
Para realizar preguntas invertimos el orden de las oraciones afirmativas.
Ejemplo:
Question: Is she Reading the newspaper?
Answer: Yes, she is. No, she is not.
Question: Are they walking in the park?
Answer: Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Practice #1 (Practica #1)
Clothes and way to dress / formas de vestir
Value 15 points
Look at each picture. Say what each person is wearing in the picture.
→ Angela viste una blusa, falda y zapatos negros.
A. What’s Angela wearing?
She is wearing _____________________________
__________________________________________.
→ Alfredo viste shorts, camiseta y tennis.
B. What’s Alfredo wearing?
He is Wearing ______________________________
__________________________________________.
→ Víctor viste un saco corbata y zapatos negros.
C. What’s Victor wearing?
He is wearing ______________________________
__________________________________________.
→ Leticia viste un vestido y zapatos altos
D. What‘s Leticia wearing?
She’s wearing ________________________________
____________________________________________.
→ Melania viste un traje de baño shorts y sandalias.
E. What’s Melania wearing?
She’s wearing ________________________________
_____________________________________________.
Formative Task #2 (Value 15 points)
READING
Dialogue #1
Read the following conversation and after that Translate that they say. Use
dictionary
Lea la siguiente conversación. Después traduzca lo que ellos dicen. Utilice
diccionario.
Valeria: Hello, can I speak to Melissa, please?
Melissa: This is Melissa, who is speaking?
Valeria: Hi, this is Valeria
Melissa: Hi Valeria, what are you doing?
Valeria: Oh, I am just watching TV. What about you?
Melissa: Well, I am baking a vanilla cake for my little brother. Today’s his birthday.
Valeria: Oh really? Is he helping you?
Melissa: No, he is not. He is playing games with his cell phone.
Valeria: And your mom? Is she at home?
Melissa: Yes, she is cooking lunch. I think she is frying some potatoes and grilling a
steak.
Valeria: It sounds delicious.
Melissa: Well, why don’t you join us?
Valeria: What time?
Melissa: At half past twelve.
Valeria: OK, see you them, Bye
Melissa: Bye.
Formative Task #3 (Value 5 points)
Verb to be in present progressive.
Work with the verb to be in present progressive change the verbs in brackets.
a. José ________________ (read) a book now.
b. What ________________ (you/ do) tonight?
c. Carmen and Pamela _______________ (work) late today.
d. Silvia __________________ (not listen) to music now.
e. My dad _________________ (take) the dog for a walk now
f. Karla ____________________ (talk) on the phone at the moment.
g. Are you and your husband ______________ (live) in an apartment or in a house?
h. Is she _________________ (dance) reggae or salsa music?
Dialogue #2 Value 5 points
Complete the dialogue. Then practice it..
At Oriental market En el mercado oriental
Angela: Hi, Carlos, nice to see you! What are you doing here?
Carlos: Hi, Angela. I am ________________ (look) for a pair of shoes and a toy for my
little sister. What about you?
Angela: I am __________________ (work) here. This is my grandma’s stand. I am
_______________ (sell) clothes.
Carlos: Oh really? It sounds interesting. See you then, bye.
Angela: Bye, Have a nice day!
Grade 10
GUIDE #2
WOMEN IN THE SPACE
Area: Space
Objectives: Show skill and understand when you write in English and in Spanish.
Time to read (Hora de leer)
Women in space programs
One of the first woman in space was a Soviet cosmonaut. Valentina Tereshkova launched
with the Vostok mission on June 16, 1963.
Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, 1969.
Although the first woman flew into space in 1963, very early in crewed space exploration,
it would not be until almost 20 years later that another flew.
NASA opened the space program to female applicants in 1978, in response to the new
anti-discrimination laws of the time. When Sally Ride became the first female U.S.
astronaut to go into space, the press asked her questions about her reproductive organs
and whether she would cry if things went wrong on the job.
The second woman overall to go into space was also a cosmonaut: Svetlana Savitskaya
in 1982 on the Soyuz T-7 mission. Savitskaya became the first woman to fly to space
twice on the Soyuz T-12 mission on July 25, 1984, and the first woman to walk in space
when she performed extravehicular activity (EVA) outside the Salyut 7 space station on
the Soyuz T-12 mission.
Russian Yelena V. Kondakova became the first woman to travel for both the Soyuz
programmed and on the Space Shuttle. Yelena Serova became the first female Russian
cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station on September 26, 2014.
In 2020 Roscosmos announced selection of Anna Kikina, Russia’s only woman
cosmonaut for space flight to ISS in 2022. Anna Kikina was admitted to the Russian
cosmonaut corps in 2012.
The Russian space program has also hosted international cosmonauts. Helen Sharman
from the United Kingdom (1991), Claudie Haigneré from France (1996 and 2001),
Anousheh Ansari from Iran (2006), Yi So-yeon of South Korea (2008) and Samantha
Cristoforetti from Italy (2014).
The United States did not have a woman in space until 1983, when astronaut Sally Ride
launched with the seventh Space Shuttle mission. Since then more than 40 American
women have entered space. Most served on the various Space Shuttle flights from 1983
to 2011.
Sally Ride was the third woman overall to go into space. Ride served on the STS-7 from
June 18 to 24 in 1983. Judith Resnik was the second American woman in space and the
fourth woman overall in space, as a mission specialist on the maiden voyage of Discovery,
from August to September 1984, dying less than a year and a half later when the Space
Shuttle Challenger was destroyed.
Kalpana Chawla (foreground) the first Indian woman in space and Laurel Clark on STS-
107 before the crew's fatal return flight.
In addition to US citizens, US rockets have launched international astronauts. Roberta
Bondar (in 1992) and Julie Payette (in 1999 and 2009) from Canada, Kalpana Chawla of
India (1997 and 2003), and Chiaki Mukai (in 1994 and 1998) and Naoko Yamazaki (in
2010) of Japan flew as part of the US space program.
A number of other high-profile women have contributed to interest in space programs. In
the early 2000s, Lori Garver initiated a project to increase the visibility and viability of
commercial spaceflight with the "AstroMom" project. She aimed to fill an unused Soyuz
seat bound for the International Space Station because "creating a spacefaring civilization
was one of the most important things we could do in our lifetime.”.
Roberta Bondar was the first Canadian woman in space, and the second Canadian. She
flew on the Space Shuttle Discovery in January 1992.
Japan
• Chiaki Mukai at her training.
In 1985, Chiaki Mukai was selected as one of three Japanese Payload Specialist
candidates for the First Material Processing Test (Spacelab-J) that flew aboard STS-47 in
1992. She also served as a back-up payload specialist for the Neurolab (STS-90) mission.
Mukai has logged over 566 hours in space. She flew aboard STS-65 in 1994 and STS-95
in 1998. She is the first Japanese woman to fly in space, and the first Japanese citizen to
fly twice.
China
• Liu Yang, the first Chinese woman in space
In 2012, the Chinese space program sent their first woman to space.
Activity #3
Value 15 points
After reading the text choose the best answer. Use dictionary for solve doubt and
choose it with patience. Only choose one.
1. This selection is best classified as: _____________________.
a) Narrative
b) Expository
c) Persuasive
d) Deceptive
2. Which word means the same as the phrase blast off in sentence 2.
a) Fall
b) Launch
c) Stillness
d) Touchdown
3. Which sentence could be added between sentences 2 and 3 to support the
main idea point of view of this selection?
a) In 1990 the U.S.A. launched the first space telescope in its great
observatories program.
b) In 1988 Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov became the first men to
spend a year in space.
c) In 1984 Ride also became the first American woman to travel to
space a second time.
d) In 1984 Bruce Mc Candless became the first astronaut to use a jet
pac in space.
4 What part of speech identifies the Word research as it is used in sentence 4?
a) Adjective
b) Adverb
c) Noun
d) Verb.
5 Which punctuation mark should be used to join sentences in 5 and 6?
a) Colon
b) Semicolon
c) Question mark
d) Exclamation mark.
[Link] transitional Word best begin sentence 5?
a) Later
b) Likewise
c) Obviously, d) Accordingly
[Link] the Paragraph:
Watching sport events is one of few activities in which we divert our attention
from the issues of daily life, People laugh, cry, and jump from excitement. This
is when we bond together to enjoy the events.
➢ Which Word is the best synonym of the underlined Word in the
paragraph?
a) Focus
b) Change
c) Maintain
d) Strengthen
[Link] the sentences.
Mr. Jimenez, the math teacher, assigned Robert the task of analyzing the
difference between the measurements of the teachers desk and chair.
With the results. Robert needs to prepare a written report.
➢ 9) What type of organizational pattern would most likely be appropriate for
the report?
a) Process
b) Persuasion
c) Cause and effect
d) Compare and contrast
10)Read the sentence.
The students started to believe that the math team was invincible when they
won every tournament,
➢ Which Word best explains the meaning of the underlined Word?
a) Sustainable
b) Miraculous
c) Unbeatable
d) Brilliant
11) Read the paragraph.
(1) The five-second rule is based on the idea that if you drop Food on the floor, it
is still safe to eat as long as you pick it up within five seconds.
(2) This idea sound interestingly, but it is one that can cause health problem,
(3) Scientists have found that floor for five seconds can have up to 8,000
bacteria on it.
(4) Food that is left on the floor for one minute can have ten times that number
of bacteria.
(5) This is why the five second rule is not true.
12) Which Word correctly replaces the underlined Word in sentence 2?
a) Interest
b) Interests
c) Interested
d) Interesting
13)An Autor can give a hint of what is coming later in a story by using
________.
a) Foreshadowing
b) Flashback
c) Anecdote
d) Allusion
14)Read the paragraph
I forgot how the sand feel son my feet. The waves crash furiously into my worm-
down wooden boat. Some days the rain soothes my thirst, but then the sun
appears and lashes out in hot fury. I sometimes look into the horizon and I wave
my hands, thinking another boat is rowing my way to save me. As it comes
closer, it vanishes away; yet another illusion. I site in the Edge of my boat,
wondering if I Will ever see land again.
➢ 15.) What is the setting in the paragraph?
a) The desert
b) The valley
c) The river
d) The sea
After finishing this activity illustrate the topic and translate be continue
with looking unknown words. Make a glossary illustrates the same.
Grade 11
GUIDE 2
I LOVE MY COUNTRY
Objectives: Give and ask Information, understand the Language of the different countries
reinforce with vocabulary and use grammar rules.
Read the next text carefully:
Panama is a country in central America. It is former Spanish colony with a mixed
population of creoles mestizos, European African, immigrants and indigenous Indians.
Panama is bordered costa Rica and Colombia, . It is bordered by Costa Rica to the
west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to
the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to
nearly half the country's over 4 million inhabitants.
panama is known as a transit country because of the Panama canal While the country is
known for its famous canal, its natural attractions include birding, whitewater rafting and
snorkeling tours for its biodiversity.
Panama forms a natural land bridge, connecting south and central America. According to
the 2000 census, panama is the most industrialized country in central America; it has the
third largest economy. Panama has the most developed economy and is the largest
consumer of central America
Panama City-Old Panama was founded on August 15,1519 by Pedrarias Davila and it was
the first European settlement on the pacific coast. Come and know my Panama.
Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th
century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a
union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in
1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With
the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the
construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of
Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer
the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.[11] The surrounding
territory was first returned in 1979.
Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP,
although commerce, banking, and tourism are major and growing sectors. It is regarded
as having a high-income economy. In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of
the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most
competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's
Global Competitiveness Index. Covering around 40 percent of its land area,
Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of
them found nowhere else on earth.[16] Panama is a founding member of the United
Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO,
and NAM.
Etymology
The definite origin of the name Panama is unknown. There are several theories. One
states that the country was named after a commonly found species of tree (Sterculia
apetala, the Panama tree). Another states that the first settlers arrived in Panama in
August, when butterflies are abundant, and that the name means "many butterflies" in one
or several of the indigenous Amerindian languages that were spoken in the territory prior
to Spanish colonization. Another theory states that the word is a castilianization of
the Kuna language word "bannaba" which means "distant" or "far away".
A commonly relayed legend in Panama is that there was a fishing village that bore the
name "Panamá", which purportedly meant "an abundance of fish", when the Spanish
colonizers first landed in the area. The exact location of the village is unknown. The
legend is usually corroborated by Captain Antonio Tello de Guzmán's diary entries, who
reports landing at an unnamed village while exploring the Pacific coast of Panama in
1515; he only describes the village as a "same small indigenous fishing town". In 1517,
Don Gaspar de Espinosa, a Spanish lieutenant, decided to settle a post in the same location
Guzmán described. In 1519, Pedro Arias Dávila decided to establish the Spanish Empire's
Pacific port at the site. The new settlement replaced Santa María la Antigua del Darién,
which had lost its function within the Crown's global plan after the Spanish exploitation
of the riches in the Pacific began.
The official definition and origin of the name as promoted by Panama's Ministry of
Education is the "abundance of fish, trees and butterflies".
Vocabulary #2 (Value 25 points)
Read the text and make the vocabulary of unknowledge words. Illustrate the
vocabulary.
Using the Simple Present
Read; This Graphic is a Sample, after that you practice the verb to be with it.
My name is
Fernando. Hello, what is
your name?
THE NATIONALITIES
(LAS NACIONALIDADES)
Now speak about the different Nationalities see the graphic as example for make
the next activity.
Because other important aspect is that the nationality or the language of a country
can be different.
Example (Ejemplo):
• Canada: Canadian (Nationality) English/French (Language)
People from Canada are Canadian. They speak English and French
• France: French (Nationality) French (Language)
People from France are French. They speak French
Formative Task #2 (Value 20 points)
Now work in the house and follow practicing the conversation with your parents. Use the
time expression for complete the conversation about nationalities and too use the
dictionary. Use the Word bank.
Word Bank:
• Every day • At evening
• In the morning • Saturday
• Evening • In the summer
• On Monday • In June
• On weekend • Italian. He speaks Italian.
• At night • Panamanian. He is from Panamá.
• At afternoon • Colombia.
• Sunday • Portuguese.
• Nicaragua • Spanish.
• China, Chinese • Philippines
Grade12
GUIDE #2
CULTURE LITERATURE VALUES AND SOCIETY
Culture is one of the most important concepts within sociology because sociologists
recognize that it plays a crucial role in our social lives. It is important for shaping social
relationships, maintaining and challenging social order, determining how we make sense
of the world and our place in it, and in shaping our everyday actions and experiences in
society. It is composed of both non-material and material things.
In brief, sociologists define the non-material aspects of culture as the values and beliefs,
language, communication, and practices that are shared in common by a group of people.
Expanding on these categories, culture is made up of our knowledge, common sense,
assumptions, and expectations. It is also the rules, norms, laws, and morals that govern
society; the words we use as well as how we speak and write them (what sociologists call
"discourse"); and the symbols we use to express meaning, ideas, and concepts (like traffic
signs and emojis, for example). Culture is also what we do and how we behave and
perform (for example, theater and dance). It informs and is encapsulated in how we walk,
sit, carry our bodies, and interact with others; how we behave depending on the place,
time, and "audience;" and how we express identities of race, class, gender, and sexuality,
among others. Culture also includes the collective practices we participate in, such as
religious ceremonies, the celebration of secular holidays, and attending sporting events.
Material culture is composed of the things that humans make and use. This aspect of
culture includes a wide variety of things,
Literature: The word of literature is derived from the Latin term liter which means letter.
It has been defined differently by various writers some loosely interpret literature as any
printed matter written within a book a magazine or a pamphlet
literature, a body of written works. Literature is a form of human expression. The name
has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose
distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of
their execution. Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems,
including language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.
For historical treatment of various literatures within geographical regions, see such
articles as African literature; African theatre; Oceanic literature; Western
literature; Central Asian arts; South Asian arts; and Southeast Asian arts. Some literatures
are treated separately by language, by nation, or by special subject (e.g., Arabic
literature, Celtic literature, Latin literature, French literature, Japanese literature,
and biblical literature.
literature to be “writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas
of permanent or universal interest.” The 19th-century critic Walter Pater referred to “the
matter of imaginative or artistic literature” as a “transcript, not of mere fact, but of fact in
its infinitely varied forms.” But such definitions assume that the reader already knows
what literature is. And indeed its central meaning, at least, is clear enough. Deriving from
the Latin littera, “a letter of the alphabet,” literature is first and foremost humankind’s
entire body of writing; after that it is the body of writing belonging to a given language
or people; then it is individual pieces of writing.
Definition of literature: It is very difficult to offer a precise definition of literature, but we
shall give a working definition of literature in line with what we shall be studying in
literature in English. Literature can be defined as pieces of writing that are valued as
works of art, especially novels, plays and poems.
Values: are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve
as a guide for human behavior.
Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values that they are raised with. People
also tend to believe that those values are “right” because they are the values of their
culture.
Ethical decision-making often involves weighing values against each other and choosing
which values to elevate. Conflicts can result when people have different values, leading
to a clash of preferences and priorities.
Some values have intrinsic worth, such as love, truth, and freedom. Other values, such as
ambition, responsibility, and courage, describe traits or behaviors that are instrumental as
means to an end. Still other values are considered sacred and are moral imperatives for
those who believe in them. Sacred values will seldom be compromised because they are
perceived as duties rather than as factors to be weighed in decision-making. For example,
for some people, their nation’s flag may represent a sacred values
society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social
group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the
same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized
by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a
distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of
such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society
often exhibits stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups.
Societies construct patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or concepts acceptable
or unacceptable. These patterns of behavior within a given society are known as societal
norms. Societies and their norms undergo gradual and perpetual changes.
So far as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would
otherwise be difficult on an individual basis; both individual and social (common)
benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases, found to overlap. A society can also
consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant,
larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term used extensively
within criminology and also applied to distinctive subsections of a larger society.
More broadly, and especially within structuralist thought, a society may be illustrated as
an economic, social, industrial, or cultural infrastructure made up of, yet distinct from, a
varied collection of individuals. In this regard, society can mean the objective
relationships people have with the material world and with other people, rather than "other
people" beyond the individual and their familiar social environment.
The term "society" came from the 12th-century French société (meaning 'company'). This
was in turn derived from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the
noun socius ("comrade, friend, ally"; adjectival form socialis) used to describe a bond or
interaction between parties that is friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, the term
can refer to the entirety of humanity (also: "society in general", "society at large", etc.)