Mo 203
Mo 203
Facultad de Odontología
1904-2020
Coeditora
Daniela Carmona Ruíz
Equipo editorial
Diana Ivette Rivera Reza
CONSEJO EDITORIAL
Javier de la Fuente Hernández
Enrique Luis Graue Wiechers
José Narro Robles
TRADUCTOR
M.C. Getsemaní Sinaí Villanueva Amador
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia, Vol. 8, Núm. 3 Julio-Septiembre 2020. Es una publicación trimestral editada y distribuida por la Facultad de Odontología
de la UNAM, con dirección en Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito interior s/n, Col. Copilco El Bajo, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C.P. 04510
Ciudad de México, México. Tel. 55 5623-2207, E-mail: revistamexicanadeortodoncia@[Link] Editor en jefe: Dr. Luis Alberto Gaitán Cepeda. Editor
responsable: Esp. Daniela Carmona Ruíz. Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo Núm. 04-2013-051712431700-102, ISSN impreso 2395-9215, ISSN elec-
trónico en trámite, ambos otorgados por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. Diseñada, producida e impresa
por Graphimedic, S.A. de C.V. Coquimbo 936, Col. Lindavista, C.P. 07300, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México. Tels. 55 8589-8527
al 32, emyc@[Link]. Este número se terminó de imprimir el 10 de Julio de 2022 con un tiraje de 50 ejemplares. El contenido de los artículos,
así como las fotografías, son responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no refleja el punto de vista de los árbitros, del Editor o de la UNAM. Se autoriza la
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Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 3 Julio-Septiembre 2020 Facultad de Odontología
CONTENIDO
Editorial
Trabajos originales
Casos clínicos
Artículo especial
CONTENTS
Editorial
Original research
Clinical cases
Special article
EDITORIAL
La adhesión directa fue descrita inicialmente por acción de estos sistemas se resume de la siguiente
Newman en 1965, se inició utilizando resina epóxica manera: previo acondicionamiento de la superficie
adherida a brackets de plástico donde existían inquie- del esmalte con una aplicación de ácido fosfórico al
tudes por la inmersión de los brackets en saliva que 37% durante 15 segundos, se lava con agua y se
pudiera deteriorar el sistema adhesivo. Al pasar los elimina el exceso de humedad, se aplica el adhesi-
años, los sistemas adhesivos disponibles han sido mo- vo, el cual penetra en los poros creados por el áci-
dificados con variedad de rellenos, vehículos y com- do gracias a su baja tensión superficial, capacidad
ponentes que permiten una gran variedad de sistemas humectante y capilaridad. Al penetrar en las porosi-
y técnicas para buscar una que se adapte de la mejor dades, forman los llamados macro y/o microtags de
forma al método de trabajo de cada profesional.1 resina, los cuales son prolongaciones de la resina
Es bien conocido que una correcta colocación y (principalmente del agente adhesivo) en los sitios de
cementación de brackets en el tratamiento de orto- microrretenciones creados por el acondicionamiento
doncia es uno de los principales factores que deter- del ácido fosfórico. Se ha demostrado que, debido a
minan el éxito o fracaso de éste; no obstante, uno de la composición homogénea del esmalte, su tipo de
los inconvenientes que se presenta constantemente superficie y alta energía superficial, es posible ob-
es la falla en la adhesión de los brackets, lo que im- tener altos valores de fuerza de adhesión después
plica un gasto importante en el tiempo de consulta, de la aplicación del agente acondicionador, siendo
tiempo de tratamiento y eficiencia de éste. Por esta estos valores siempre superiores a los obtenidos en
razón, se ha buscado a través del tiempo mejorar la dentina, debido a las características especiales de
la calidad del sistema adhesivo cuando se trata de dicho sustrato.
adhesión directa. La adhesión directa puede ser in- Una de las causas más frecuentes del fallo ad-
fluenciada por múltiples factores como el sistema de hesivo temprano es la contaminación del campo
fotocurado, el tipo y las condiciones del esmalte al operatorio por saliva y/o sangre. En un esfuerzo de
que se desea adherir, el tiempo de grabado ácido, la reducir el número de pasos clínicos y así disminuir
composición del adhesivo, la base, diseño y material las probabilidades de error en la manipulación y en
del bracket.2 la aplicación de los adhesivos dentales, se ha dado
Los sistemas adhesivos convencionales son lugar al desarrollo de los sistemas de adhesivos de
aquellos que pertenecen a los sistemas que emplean autograbado, los cuales acondicionan el esmalte
[Link]
la técnica de grabado total como mecanismo acon-
dicionador de la estructura dental. El mecanismo de
dental sin la necesidad de lavado, por lo que dis-
minuye el riesgo de contaminación por saliva y que
tienen por objetivo tratar de mantener una superficie
de esmalte sana e intacta después de retirar la apa-
ratología de ortodoncia. Los agentes grabadores de
Citar como: Chanes-Cuevas OA. Sistema adhesivo a base de resina
en ortodoncia: una perspectiva. Rev Mex Ortodon. 2020; 8 (3): 166-168. estos sistemas contienen ácidos orgánicos y monó-
meros en una base acuosa; el ácido itacónico actúa
© 2020 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, [Facultad de como imprimador, se fotopolimeriza con el agente
Odontología]. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia
CC BY-NC-ND ([Link]
adhesivo utilizado posteriormente y sus grupos
carboxílicos se adhieren al calcio de la superficie
[Link]/ortodoncia dental. Sin embargo, se ha reportado que el grabado
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 166-168
167
previo a la aplicación del adhesivo de autograbado been improved over time when it comes to direct
incrementa significativamente la efectividad de este bonding. Direct bonding can be influenced by multiple
último cuando se utiliza sobre el esmalte dental; es factors such as the light curing system, the type, and
decir, se ratifica la importancia del ácido acondicio- condition of enamel to be bonded, acid etching time,
nador sobre el esmalte. adhesive composition, bracket base, design, and
A pesar de que los materiales de adhesión han material.2
evolucionado favorablemente en los últimos años, aún Conventional adhesive systems are those that
existen algunas limitaciones y desventajas en el ce- belong to the systems that employ the total etching
mentado de brackets, como por ejemplo:3 technique as a conditioning mechanism for the
tooth structure. The mechanism of action of these
1. Descementado frecuente de los brackets en la in- systems is summarized as follows: after conditioning
terfase esmalte-resina o resina-bracket. the enamel surface with an application of 37%
2. Dificultad de eliminar todo el adhesivo remanente phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, the enamel surface is
y devolver la integridad estructural al esmalte una washed with water and excess moisture is removed,
vez finalizado el tratamiento. the adhesive is applied, which penetrates the pores
3. El fracaso en la adhesión del bracket. created by the acid thanks to its low surface tension,
wetting capacity and capillarity. As it penetrates the
Por ello, es importante continuar en la búsqueda de porosities, it forms the so-called resin macro and/or
un material ideal que permita tener esa unión esmalte- microtags, which are extensions of the resin (mainly
resina-bracket de manera idónea y que al mismo tiem- of the bonding agent) at the sites of micro retentions
po ofrezca una adecuada fuerza al descementado sin created by the conditioning of the phosphoric
que cause daño al esmalte. acid. It has been demonstrated that, due to the
homogeneous composition of enamel, its surface
type, and high surface energy, it is possible to obtain
Editorial high bond strength values after the application of the
conditioning agent, these values being always higher
Resin-based adhesive system in than those obtained in dentin, due to the special
orthodontics: a perspective characteristics of that substrate.
One of the most frequent causes of early adhesive
Osmar Alejandro Chanes-Cuevas* failure is the contamination of the operative field by
saliva and/or blood. To reduce the number of clinical
* Doctor en Ciencias, Cirujano Dentista. Facultad de Odontología de steps and thus reduce the likelihood of error in the
la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). México. handling and application of dental adhesives, the
development of self-etching adhesive systems which
Direct bonding was first described by Newman condition the tooth enamel without the need for
in 1965, it started using epoxy resin bonded to rinsing, thus reducing the risk of saliva contamination,
plastic brackets where there were concerns about and which aim to maintain a healthy and intact enamel
the immersion of the brackets in saliva that could surface after removal of orthodontic appliances, has
deteriorate the adhesive system. Over the years, the resulted in the development of self-etching adhesive
available adhesive systems have been modified with systems which condition the tooth enamel without
a variety of fillers, vehicles, and components that the need for rinsing, thus reducing the risk of saliva
allow a great variety of systems and techniques to contamination. The etchants in these systems contain
find one that best suits the working method of each
professional.1 [Link] organic acids and monomers in an aqueous base;
the itatonic acid acts as a primer, light-curing with the
It is well known that the correct placement and bonding agent subsequently used, and its carboxylic
cementation of brackets in orthodontic treatment is groups bond to the calcium of the tooth surface.
one of the main factors that determine the success However, it has been reported that etching before
or failure of the treatment; however, one of the the application of the self-etch adhesive significantly
inconveniences that is constantly presented is the increases the effectiveness of the latter when used
failure in the adhesion of the brackets, which implies on dental enamel; that is, the importance of the
an important expense in the time of consultation, conditioning acid on the enamel is ratified.
treatment time and efficiency of the treatment. For Although bonding materials have evolved
this reason, the quality of the adhesive system has favorably in recent years, there are still some
Chanes-Cuevas OA. Sistema adhesivo a base de resina en ortodoncia
168
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 3 Julio-Septiembre 2020.
pp 169-177
TRABAJO
ORIGINAL
* Especialidad en Odontopediatría.
‡
Instituto de Investigación en Odontología.
[Link]
Recibido: Diciembre 2020. Aceptado: Abril 2021.
osteoclastos, células epiteliales de la glándula ma-
maria, próstata y páncreas.4 Por otra parte, el gen del
ligando para RANK (RANKL) da lugar a variantes de
Citar como: Noyola SP, Guerrero VC, Hernández TRS, Malespin GKE, empalme que codifican dos formas de proteínas trans-
Chávez MJM, Rodríguez MR. Niveles de interleucina 23 (IL-23) en saliva membranas tipo II y una forma de proteína secretada.5
de niños con dentición mixta temprana: estudio piloto. Rev Mex Ortodon.
Aunque la expresión RANKL alta se puede encontrar
2020; 8 (3): 169-177.
en ganglios linfáticos, timo y pulmón, sólo se pueden
© 2020 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, [Facultad de detectar niveles bajos de RANKL en bazo, médula
Odontología]. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia
ósea, sangre periférica, leucocitos, corazón, placen-
CC BY-NC-ND ([Link]
ta, musculoesquelético, estómago o tiroides. La unión
[Link]/ortodoncia de RANKL a su receptor RANK proporciona la señal
Noyola SP et al. Niveles de interleucina 23 (IL-23)
170
crucial para impulsar el desarrollo de los osteoclastos niveles de IL-23 en saliva de niños en la fase de denti-
a partir de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas así ción mixta y a su vez conocer si existe variación cuan-
como para activar osteoclastos maduros. OPG regula do se presenta clase molar I o II.
negativamente la unión de RANKL a RANK y por lo
tanto, inhibe la rotación ósea por osteoclastos. A me- MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS
dida que se observa un aumento de la actividad osteo-
clástica en pacientes con osteoporosis, metástasis o Estudio transversal realizado en la Clínica de Odon-
artritis reumatoide, el eje RANK-RANKL-OPG parece topediatría de la Universidad de Guadalajara. A todos
ser la diana terapéutica para distintas enfermedades los padres o tutores de los niños atendidos en esta
óseas,4 contrariamente la osteoprotegerina (OPG), clínica se les invitó a participar. El objetivo del estudio
que es un receptor de señal para RANKL, puede regu- y el procedimiento para la obtención de la muestra se
lar la osteoclastogénesis al inhibir a RANKL.6,7 explicó a los padres o tutores. A todos los padres o
La IL-23 es una citocina heterodimérica compuesta tutores que aceptaron que los niños participaran en el
por dos subunidades enlazadas por un puente de di- estudio, se les proporcionó consentimiento informado
sulfuro: Una subunidad soluble p40 y una subunidad por escrito de acuerdo al tratado de Helsinki 2013.
de haz tetra-helical p19.8,9 El receptor a IL-23 está for- Se incluyeron del estudio niños y niñas con rango
mado por una subunidad llamada IL-23R que forma de edad de cinco a ocho años con dentición mixta
un complejo con la subunidad beta 1 del receptor a temprana, primeros molares inferiores y superiores
IL-12 (IL-12Rβ1). La señalización mediante IL-23R in- erupcionados. El tipo de oclusión se evaluó de acuer-
duce la fosforilación de janus cinasa 2 (JAK2) y tirosi- do a la clasificación de Angle2 y se dividieron en dos
na cinasa 2 (tyk2), la cual activa STAT3, permitiendo grupos: clase molar I o II. No se incluyeron pacientes
la sobrerregulación de RORγT y subsecuentemente que presentaran caries, traumatismo dental, enfer-
incrementa la expresión de citocinas proinflamatorias. medad periodontal, amelogénesis o dentinogénesis
La IL-23 tiene un papel crucial en la inducción y fun- imperfecta, enfermedades sistémicas, presencia de
ción de células Th17.10-12 Además, la unión de IL-23 síndromes, hábitos orales o haber recibido tratamien-
a su receptor en células Th17 activa a RORγT+, que to ortopédico u ortodóncico o que hayan tomado me-
induce la sobreexpresión del IL-23R, de esta manera dicamentos antiinflamatorios.
provee una retroalimentación positiva para el manteni-
miento y propagación de estas células.12 Obtención de saliva
Asimismo, la IL-23 induce la producción de IL-17 y
RANKL, entre otras citosinas.5,12 La IL-17 forma parte Se solicitó al paciente salivar dentro de un contene-
de una familia de seis isoformas nombradas de la «A» dor estéril de 100 mL por aproximadamente uno a dos
a la «F», de las cuales la isoforma A y la F pueden for- minutos. Después se agregaron 20 μL de Buffer fosfa-
mar dímeros. La IL-17 puede activar diferentes células to salino (PBS) con inhibidor de proteasas (Complete,
inmunes y no inmunes como los fibroblastos y éstos a Roche Diagnostic GmbH). Posteriormente los tubos
su vez pueden secretar RANKL.5,13 Esto indica que la se agitaron en el vórtex durante cinco segundos. Se
IL-23 de forma directa e indirecta estimula la produc- centrifugaron a 12,000 rpm durante 15 minutos a 4 oC.
ción de RANKL. Se tomó 1 mL de sobrenadante de saliva en microtu-
Por otra parte, se conoce que la fuerza de oclusión bos de 1.5 mL y se almacenó a -80 oC hasta la realiza-
varía de acuerdo a la relación dental entre el maxilar ción del ELISA para IL-23.
y la mandíbula.14 En este sentido, se ha observado
en ratas un aumento en la expresión de RANKL en Ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado
[Link]
dientes con trauma oclusal que sin trauma oclusal.15
Asimismo, anteriormente evaluamos las concentra-
a enzimas (ELISA)
ciones de RANKL en dientes permanentes y deciduos Se añadieron 100 μL de saliva por triplicado a los
en niños con dentición mixta sin detectar diferencias pozos de las placas de 96 pozos del kit para IL-23R
significativas entre los dos grupos de denticiones, por DuoSet® ELISA Kit (R&D Systems Minneapolis MN,
lo cual se considera que el RANKL se mantiene cons- EUA) y se realizó ELISA de acuerdo a las especifi-
tante durante el proceso de recambio dental.16 caciones del fabricante. La densidad óptica de cada
Debido a que la IL-23 y la IL-17 estimulan la pro- pocillo se determinó usando el lector de microplacas
ducción de RANKL y esta molécula participa en la re- WHY101 (Poweam Medical Systems Co., Nanjing,
modelación ósea y el proceso de erupción dental, el Jiangsu, China) ajustado a 450 nm con una corrección
objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar inicialmente los de longitud de onda a 540 nm. Las concentraciones
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 169-177
171
Cabe la posibilidad de que la falta de correlaciones showed no significant difference between children with molar class
positivas con el IMC se deba a la tendencia de sobre- I and II dentition. Conclusion: So far, these findings indicate that
the regulation of IL-23 in this physiological process does not differ
peso observada principalmente en el grupo de niños according to the type of molar occlusion.
con clase molar II. Esto es interesante de estudiar, si
el normopeso, sobrepeso u obesidad de los niños in- Keywords: Interleukin 23, early mixed dentition, saliva.
fluye en la malocluisón dental.
Asimismo, se pretende evaluar las concentracio- INTRODUCTION
nes de IL-23, IL-17 y RANKL en la fase de erupción
decidua, mixta temprana, mixta tardía y en dentición Tooth eruption is the process by which developing
permanente. De esta forma podremos conocer cómo teeth emerge into the oral cavity. This process begins
fluctúan estas moléculas durante todo el proceso de as soon as the formation of the crown and root of the
erupción dental. deciduous teeth is completed, followed by the process
of tooth replacement, where the deciduous teeth fall
CONCLUSIÓN out while the permanent teeth emerge. This transitional
phase is known as dentition, in which deciduous and
Se observó una tendencia de niveles elevados de permanent teeth are present and is classified into
IL-23 en los pacientes con clase molar I sin diferen- early mixed dentition and late mixed dentition.1
cia significativa. Hasta el momento, este estudio piloto Once the teeth erupt, dental occlusion (cusp
indica que la regulación molecular de IL-23 en este relationship between the upper and lower first molars)
proceso fisiológico no difiere de la disposición dental is established and is classified into three types: molar
que se presenta en cada fase de la erupción dental. class I, molar class II, and molar class III, with molar
class I and II being the most prevalent.2
Original research In the mixed dentition phase, there is a control
between dental eruption and resorption, through
osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis. These two
Interleukin 23 (IL-23) levels physiological processes depend on the regulation of
in saliva of children with early various cytokines, mainly the IL-23/IL-17 axis and the
mixed dentition: a pilot study RANK/RANKL/OPG system that promote osteoclast
differentiation while IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10
Paulina Noyola Sánchez,* deregulate osteoclast differentiation.3
Celia Guerrero Velázquez,‡ Receptor activating receptor nuclear factor
Rita Stephanie Hernández Troncoso,* kappa B (RANK) is a type I transmembrane
Karla Elizabeth Malespin García,* protein ubiquitously expressed in skeletal muscle,
José María Chávez Maciel,* Ruth Rodríguez Montaño‡ thymus, liver, colon, small intestine, adrenal gland,
osteoclasts, mammary gland epithelial cells,
* Especialidad en Odontopediatría. prostate, and pancreas.4 Moreover, the ligand gene
‡
Instituto de Investigación en Odontología. for RANK (RANKL) gives rise to splice variants
Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales.
encoding two forms of type II transmembrane
Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad proteins and one form of the secreted protein. 5
de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jal. México. Although high RANKL expression can be found in
lymph nodes, thymus, and lungs, only low levels of
ABSTRACT RANKL can be detected in the spleen, bone marrow,
[Link]
Introduction: In the mixed dentition phase, there is a control
between the rash and dental reabsorption, using osteoclastogenesis
peripheral blood, leukocytes, heart, placenta, skeletal
muscle, stomach, or thyroid. The binding of RANKL
and osteogenesis. These processes are regulated by the IL-23/ to its receptor RANK provides the crucial signal to
IL-17 axis and the RANK/RANKL/OPG system. Il-23 is known to drive osteoclast development from hematopoietic
play a crucial role in the production of IL-17 and RANKL among
other cytokines. IL-17 activates different immune and non-immune
progenitor cells, as well as to activate mature
cells such as fibroblasts and these can secrete RANKL. This osteoclasts. OPG negatively regulates RANKL
indicates that IL-23, directly and indirectly, stimulates the production binding to RANK and thereby inhibits bone turnover
of RANKL which gives way to the activation of osteoclasts. by osteoclasts. As increased osteoclastic activity is
Objective: To evaluate IL-23 saliva levels in children in the mixed
dentition phase with molar class I and II. Material and methods:
observed in patients with osteoporosis, metastasis,
Saliva sample was obtained and stored at -80 oC until IL-23 was or rheumatoid arthritis, the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis
determined by ELISA. Results: IL-23 concentrations in saliva appears to be the therapeutic target for various bone
Noyola SP et al. Niveles de interleucina 23 (IL-23)
174
diseases,4 conversely, osteoprotegerin (OPG), which invited to participate. The objective of the study and
is a signaling receptor for RANKL, can regulate the procedure for obtaining the sample was explained
osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANKL.6,7 to the parents or guardians. All parents or guardians
IL-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of two who agreed to have the children participate in the
subunits linked by a disulfide bridge: a soluble p40 study were given written informed consent following
subunit and a tetra-helical bundle subunit p19.8,9 The the Helsinki 2013 treaty.
receptor to IL-23 consists of a subunit called IL-23R Children with an age range of five to eight years
that forms a complex with the beta 1 subunit of the with early mixed dentition, erupted lower and upper
receptor to IL-12 (IL-12Rβ1). Signaling by IL-23R first molars were included in the study. The type
induces phosphorylation of Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) of occlusion was evaluated according to Angle’s
and tyrosine kinase 2 (tyk2), which activates STAT3, classification2 and they were divided into two groups:
allowing upregulation of RORγT and subsequently class I molar and class II molar. Patients with caries,
increases the expression of proinflammatory dental trauma, periodontal disease, amelogenesis
cytokines. IL-23 plays a crucial role in the induction or dentinogenesis imperfecta, systemic diseases,
and function of Th17 cells.10-12 Moreover, the binding presence of syndromes, oral habits or having received
of IL-23 to its receptor on Th17 cells activates orthopedic or orthodontic treatment, or having taken
RORγT+ which induces overexpression of IL-23R, anti-inflammatory drugs were not included.
thus providing positive feedback for the maintenance
and propagation of these cells.12 Saliva collection
Likewise, IL-23 induces the production of IL-17 and
RANKL among other cytokines.5,12 IL-17 is part of a The patient was asked to salivate into a sterile
family of 6 isoforms named «A» to «F» of which isoform 100 mL container for approximately 1 to 2 minutes.
A and F can form dimers. IL-17 can activate different Then 20 μL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with
immune and non-immune cells such as fibroblasts and protease inhibitor (Complete, Roche Diagnostic
these, in turn, can secrete RANKL.5,13 This indicates GmbH) was added. The tubes were then vortexed for
that IL-23, directly and indirectly, stimulates RANKL 5 seconds. They were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for
production. 15 minutes at 4 oC. 1mL of saliva supernatant was
On the other hand, it is known that occlusal force collected in 1.5 mL microtubes and stored at -80 oC
varies according to the dental relationship between the until ELISA for IL-23.
maxilla and mandible.14 In this sense, an increase in
RANKL expression has been observed in rats in teeth Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent
with occlusal trauma than without occlusal trauma.15 Assay (ELISA)
Likewise, we have previously evaluated RANKL
concentrations in permanent and deciduous teeth 100 μL of saliva was added in triplicate to the
in children with mixed dentition, and no significant wells of 96-well plates of the IL-23R DuoSet® ELISA
differences were observed between the two groups Kit (R&D Systems Minneapolis MN, USA) and the
of dentitions, which is why it is considered that ELISA was performed according to the manufacturer’s
RANKL remains constant during the process of tooth specifications. The optical density of each well was
replacement.16 determined using the WHY101 microplate reader
Since IL-23 and IL-17 stimulate the production (Poweam Medical Systems Co., Nanjing, Jiangsu,
of RANKL and this molecule participates in bone China) set at 450 nm with wavelength correction at
remodeling and the dental eruption process, the 540 nm. The IL-23 concentrations of each sample
[Link]
objective of this study was to initially evaluate the
levels of IL-23 in the saliva of children in the mixed
were calculated from the standard curve according to
the assay kit and the concentrations were expressed
dentition phase and to determine if there is variation as pg/mL.
when molar class I or II is present.
Statistical analysis
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS
A cross-sectional study was carried out in v.25 program. The normality of the data was evaluated
the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the University of with the Shapiro-Wilk test due to the sample size since
Guadalajara. All the parents or guardians of the the data showed non-normal behavior, the Mann-
children seen at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic were Whitney U test was performed to identify differences
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 169-177
175
between IL-23 concentrations and the variables of On the other hand, it is known that when there
age, weight, height, and BMI between molar class I are chewing movements a force is exerted that
and II. To evaluate differences between female and varies according to the type of occlusion and dental
male sex, a χ2 test was performed. Finally, correlations relationship. 14 In this sense, an increase in the
between IL-23 levels and the variables evaluated a expression of RANKL has been observed in rats
Spearman correlation was performed. A p ≤ 0.05 was in teeth with occlusal trauma than without occlusal
considered significant. trauma15 although in permanent and deciduous teeth in
children with mixed dentition no significant differences
RESULTS were observed between the two groups of teeth, which
is why it is considered that RANKL remains constant
Sociodemographic data during the process of tooth replacement.16
It is also known that the force exerted by dental
Nineteen patients with class I molar and 10 occlusion is different from that exerted by orthodontic
patients with class II molar with early mixed dentition treatment, in this sense, IL-23 and IL-17 have been
and age range 7 to 8 years were included. There was evaluated in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients
a tendency to be overweight in patients with class II with orthodontic treatment and an increase in these
molar dentition, however, none of the children had cytokines was observed 24 hours after the orthodontic
systemic diseases or diseases in the oral cavity force was applied, compared to baseline levels.19
(Table 1). It should be noted that IL-23 is a proinflammatory
cytokine that participates in the activation and
Levels of IL-23 in the saliva of children with maturation of Th17 cells. This cytokine has been
mixed molar class I and II dentition studied in different pathologies, mainly in those
involving bone diseases such as periodontitis,
No significant difference was observed in the saliva rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, among
IL-23 levels in the group with molar class I (59.76 ± others.20-23 However, IL-23 has not been evaluated in
21.66) pg/mL and molar class II (51.03 ± 20.91) pg/mL physiological developmental processes, such as the
(Figure 1). However, class I molar patients showed a dental eruption process.
tendency to have higher levels of IL-23 in saliva than Based on this study, it was decided to evaluate IL-
class II molar patients. 23 in saliva, in the mixed dentition phase of children
with molar class I or molar class II, because in the
Correlations mixed dentition phase osteoclastogenesis and
osteogenesis are active and these processes are
A Spearman correlation analysis was performed mainly regulated by RANKL which is stimulated by IL-
and no correlation of IL-23 with the variables of 23 and its receptor (IL-23R).24
age, weight, height, and BMI was found. However, So the results of this study showed similar
a significantly positive correlation was observed concentrations of IL-23 between molar class I and
between age and weight, age and height, as well as II with a tendency to be elevated in molar class I
between weight and height. On the other hand, we patients. So far, the findings of this pilot study indicate
observed a significant negative correlation between that the molecular regulation of IL-23 at the systemic
height and BMI (Table 2). level, in this physiological process does not differ from
the dental arrangement presented in each phase of
DISCUSSION tooth eruption. On the other hand, the biological saliva
[Link]
During the mixed dental eruption phase, the type
sample provides information only at a systemic level;
however, the LCG could provide more information
of occlusion that is established once the lower first on this behavior at a localized and systemic level.
molar contacts the upper first molar can be known. Therefore, we considered further evaluation of IL-23
The stomatognathic system of class I individuals in liquid samples (LCG), since it is a biological sample
presents characteristics of balanced skeletal bases that has been used for the evaluation of different
and its functions are performed normally. However, in cytokines such as IL-23, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-
class II and III molar individuals, there is a structural 2, IL-4, IL-10, RANTES, IL-1, IL-5, RANKL among
imbalance that predisposes some functions to be others. In addition, the evaluation of cytokines in LCG
modified.17 In addition, a malnutrition relationship has provides information on the area where the dental
been observed in subjects with malocclusions.18 eruption process takes place. It is worth mentioning
Noyola SP et al. Niveles de interleucina 23 (IL-23)
176
that IL-23 has been evaluated in LCG of patients with 2. Angle E. Classification of the malocclusion. Dental Cosmos.
periodontitis, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis 1899; 41 (3): 248-264.
3. Amarasekara DS, Yun H, Kim S, Lee N, Kim H, Rho J.
among other pathologies, as well as in testing dental Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by cytokine networks.
materials such as implants25-29 however, this cytokine Immune Netw. 2018; 18 (1): e8.
has not been evaluated during the physiological 4. Franchi A, Taverna C, Simoni A, Pepi M, Mannelli G, Fasolati
process of dental eruption. It is worth mentioning that M et al. RANK and RANK ligand expression in parotid gland
carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2018; 26 (7):
it is considered to increase the sample size to obtain 478-482.
conclusive results of IL-23 in the mixed dentition 5. Bettelli E, Korn T, Kuchroo VK. Th17: the third member of the
process. effector T cell trilogy. Curr Opin Immunol. 2007; 19 (6): 652-657.
Regarding correlations, we expected to find 6. Harokopakis-Hajishengallis E. Physiologic root resorption in
primary teeth: molecular and histological events. J Oral Sci.
some kind of correlation of IL-23 with class I and II 2007; 49 (1): 1-12.
molar groups. However, no correlation of any kind 7. Cordeiro MMR, Santos BZ, Reyes-Carmona JF, Figueiredo
was observed, indicating that this behavior may be CP. Primary teeth show less protecting factors against root
because no significant differences were observed resorption. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2011; 21 (5): 361-368.
8. Harrington LE, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Turner H, Murphy TL,
between the two study groups. Again, we consider that Murphy KM et al. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells
we should first increase the sample size of the study develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2
in saliva samples and also perform the evaluation of lineages. Nat Immunol. 2005; 6 (11): 1123-1132.
IL-23 in the LCG and then analyze the correlations of 9. Abdi K, Singh NJ, Spooner E, Kessler BM, Radaev S, Lantz
L et al. Free IL-12p40 monomer is a polyfunctional adaptor
this cytokine for molar class. for generating novel IL-12-like heterodimers extracellularly. J
However, the study allowed us to observe positive Immunol. 2014; 192 (12): 6028-6036.
correlations between age and weight, age and height, 10. McGeachy MJ, Chen Y, Tato CM, Laurence A, Joyce-Shaikh
as well as weight and height, indicating that these B, Blumenschein WM et al. The interleukin 23 receptor
is essential for the terminal differentiation of interleukin
variables increase in a directly proportional manner. 17-producing effector T helper cells in vivo. Nat Immunol.
Since it is indispensable to measure height, weight, 2009; 10 (3): 314-324.
and age mainly to obtain BMI, it was expected to obtain 11. Hsieh CS, Macatonia SE, Tripp CS, Wolf SF, O’Garra A,
positive correlations between height and weight with Murphy KM. Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12
produced by Listeria-induced macrophages. Science. 1993; 260
BMI. However, a negative correlation was observed (5107): 547-549.
between height and BMI, which indicates that when 12. Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang X-P, Tato CM, McGeachi MJ,
one variable increases, the other decreases. It is Konkel JE et al. Generation of pathogenic T(H)17 cells in the
possible that the lack of positive correlations with BMI absence of TGF-beta signalling. Nature. 2010; 467 (7318):
967-971.
is due to the overweight tendency observed mainly in 13. Romagnani S. Human Th17 cells. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008; 10
the group of children with molar class II. It is interesting (2): 206.
to study whether the normal weight, overweight, or 14. Yoon H-R, Choi Y-J, Kim K-H, Chung C. Comparisons of occlusal
obesity of the children influences dental malocclusion. force according to occlusal relationship, skeletal pattern, age and
gender in Koreans. Korean J Orthod. 2010; 40 (5): 304-313.
We also intend to evaluate the concentrations of IL- 15. Yoshinaga Y, Ukai T, Abe Y, Hara Y. Expression of receptor
23, IL-17, and RANKL in the deciduous, early mixed, activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand relates to inflammatory
late mixed, and permanent dentition. In this way, we bone resorption, with or without occlusal trauma, in rats. J
will be able to know how these molecules fluctuate Periodontal Res. 2007; 42 (5): 402-409.
16. Vizcaíno-Martínez LM, Guerrero VC. Niveles de RANKL
during the whole process of dental eruption. solubles en el líquido crevicular gingival de dientes
anteroinferiores y primeros molares inferiores de niños con
CONCLUSION dentición mixta temprana. Impacto Odontologíco. 2018; 6
(3): 17-21.
[Link]
A trend of elevated IL-23 levels was observed in
patients with class I molar teeth with no significant
17. Ta l l e y M M , K a t a g i r i K M , P é r e z T H E . C a s u ísti ca d e
maloclusiones clase I, clase II y clase III según Angle en el
Departamento de Ortodoncia de la UNAM. Rev Odont Mex.
difference. So far, this pilot study indicates that the 2007; 11 (4): 175-180.
molecular regulation of IL-23 in this physiological 18. Kikutani T, Yoshida M, Enoki H, Yamashita Y, Akifusa S,
Shimazaki Y et al. Relationship between nutrition status and
process does not differ from the dental disposition dental occlusion in community-dwelling frail elderly people.
presented in each phase of tooth eruption. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013; 13 (1): 50-54.
19. Allgayer S, Macedo de Menezes L, Batista EL Jr. Interleukin
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IL-23 vary in relation to periodontal status. J Periodontol. 2016; 27. Arvikar SL, Hasturk H, Strle K, Stephens D, Bolster MB, Collier
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22. Przepiera-Bedzak H, Fischer K, Brzosko M. Serum IL-6 and IL- profiles in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) compared
23 levels and their correlation with angiogenic cytokines and with serum and joints in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J
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25. Szeremeske MT, De Freitas FN, Figueiredo LC, Pereira da
Silva HD, Godoy RF, Mendes DP. Cytokine profiles of healthy Correspondencia / Correspondence:
and diseased sites in individuals with periodontitis. Arch Oral Ruth Rodríguez Montaño
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[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 3 Julio-Septiembre 2020.
pp 178-185
TRABAJO
ORIGINAL
1973), foramen retroarticular superior, foramen sagital, con el que se seleccionaron las 1,000 telerradiogra-
proceso glenoideo posterior, entre otros.2,5,7,10,14-17 fías. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: telerradiografías
Su etiología se atribuye a una activación del po- laterales de cráneo digitales provenientes del centro
tencial osteogénico en la zona de unión al cráneo 5 de radiología tomadas en los años de 2013 a 2015, de
o un desarrollo del arco dorsal del proatlas.4,18-20 Se ambos sexos y edades entre nueve y 25 años, en las
ha registrado mayor frecuencia en varones de raza que se observe hasta la sexta vértebra cervical. Para
negra.2,19,21 Es importante conocer la prevalencia del mantener el manejo de confidencialidad de la informa-
ponticulus posticus en población latina, la prevalencia ción se omitieron los nombres de los pacientes.
reportada en otras poblaciones varía de 2 a 10%,2,5,6 y Se observó el grado de calcificación del ligamento
por lo general sólo se realiza en población con sinto- atlantooccipital a través de la arteria vertebral para de
matología migrañosa, ya que ésta nos puede orientar esta manera, según la clasificación de Cederberg y
hacia el diagnóstico de varios síndromes, como el de Stubbs, proceder a la clasificación de las telerradio-
Barre-Lieou o el síndrome de Eagle; además puede grafías en clase 1, 2, 3 o 4.
generar una falsa impresión preoperatoria al momen- En primera instancia, los ejemplos de las clases ob-
to de la colocación de los tornillos de fijación, perfo- servadas en la radiografía se ejemplifican en la Figura
rar esta estructura y causar daños a la arteria verte- 1. Los participantes fueron calibrados por un especia-
bral.16,18,22 Adicionalmente, hasta donde conocemos lista en ortodoncia, experto en el tema, quien fungió
ningún estudio ha realizado un análisis multivariado como estándar de oro. Las mediciones se realizaron
para identificar las posibles asociaciones entre la en dos ocasiones con un intervalo de una semana
edad, el sexo y entre las categorías de la clasificación para lo que se utilizaron 50 telerradiografías cefálicas
modificada de Cederberg y Stubbs descrita en el estu- laterales con el método de doble aleatorio, confrontan-
dio de Geist y colaboradores.1 do los datos de las investigadoras contra el especia-
lista. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad se re-
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS portan para cada categoría clasificación de Cederberg
y Stubbs y cada una de las evaluadoras; la clase 1 fue
Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, cuya la categoría de referencia (Tabla 1).
población de estudio se obtuvo a partir de un archivo Una vez realizada la estandarización, se llevó
radiográfico de un centro radiológico en Cuenca, Ecua- un registro digital, posteriormente se ingresaron los
dor que está conformado por un total de 10,000 tele- datos en el programa estadístico STATA V13.0 y
rradiografías cefálicas laterales digitales, utilizando un se calcularon las prevalencias y sus intervalos de
equipo radiográfico marca J. Morita. Veraviewepocs®. confianza; de igual forma se utilizó una prueba de
Modelo: X550CP-DC-UL. Número de serie: 4531. proporciones para comparar si existieron diferencias
Se estimó el tamaño de muestra considerando una estadísticamente significativas entre las clases y el
prevalencia de 50%, con una precisión de 3%, un nivel sexo. Se realizó un análisis de regresión multinomial
de confianza de 95% y tomando en cuenta la muestra multivariado para comparar la asociación entre edad
total de 10,000 telerradiografías. La muestra total fue y sexo con relación a la clase ponticulus posticus 2,
de 1,000 telerradiografías cefálicas laterales que fue- 3 y 4 en comparación con la clase 1. En la Tabla 2
ron seleccionadas mediante un método de selección se muestra la descripción de la clasificación del pon-
aleatoria; la selección de la muestra se realizó median- ticulus posticus de acuerdo con la clasificación de
te el comando «simple» del programa STATA V.13.0 Cederberg, Stubbs y colaboradores.
[Link]
Figura 1:
Ejemplos radiográficos de la
clasificación de Cederberg y
Stubbs.
Radiographic examples of
the Cederberg and Stubbs
Clase 1 Clase 2 Clase 3 Clase 4 classification.
Becerra-Moreira MA et al. Prevalencia del ponticulus posticus
180
Tabla 1: Descripción de la confiabilidad de las mediciones clínicas rencias significativas entre el sexo y las prevalencias
para identificar la presencia o ausencia de la característica. de las clases restantes.
Description of the reliability of clinical measurements En los resultados que se muestran en la Tabla 4 del
to identify the presence or absence of the feature. análisis multinomial multivariado, en el cual se utilizó
Evaluador 1 versus Evaluador 2 versus la clase 1 como categoría de comparación o referen-
estándar de oro estándar de oro cia, se observó que los hombres tuvieron un 1.55 (ra-
Clasificación % (IC95%) % (IC95%) zón de riesgo relativo (RRR) = 1.55; IC95% 1.10-2.18;
p = 0.012) y 4.73 (RRR = 4.73; IC95% 2.53-8.84; p <
Clase 2 versus 0.001) más probabilidad de tener clase 2 y 3, respec-
clase 1 tivamente que las mujeres en comparación con lo que
Sensibilidad* 33.3 (13.3-59.0) 63.2 (38.4-83.7) se detectó en la clase 1. En contraste con lo encon-
Especificidad‡ 66.7 (44.7-84.4) 95.7 (78.1-99.9)
trado con la clase 4, donde no se identificó una aso-
Clase 3 versus
clase 1
ciación con sexo, pero sí una relación directamente
Sensibilidad* 100.0 (15.8-100.0) 100.0 (2.5-100.0) proporcional con la edad: cuanto más aumentaba la
Especificidad‡ 94.1 (71.3-99.9) 100.0 (84.6-100.0) edad más incrementaba la probabilidad (RRR= 1.07;
Clase 4 versus IC95% 1.01-1.13; p=0.032) de presentar una clase 4
clase 1 en comparación con lo observado en la clase 1.
Sensibilidad* 100.0 (29.2-100.0) 100.0 (29.2-100.0)
Especificidad‡ 100.0 (79.4-100.0) 91.7 (73-99.0) DISCUSIÓN
* = es el porcentaje que expresa la capacidad de identificar verdaderos enfer-
mos en la población evaluada. ‡ = es el porcentaje que expresa la capacidad De acuerdo con la clasificación de Cederberg y
de identificar verdaderos sanos en la población evaluada. IC95% = intervalo de Stubbs,1,5,23 la clase 1 fue la más frecuente, lo cual con-
confianza a 95%. cuerda con lo reportado por Saleh;24 sin embargo, la
prevalencia de la clase 4 descrita en el presente estudio
es menor de 16.1% en contraste con lo señalado por
Tabla 2: Definiciones de la clasificación del ponticulus posticus
de acuerdo con la clasificación de Cederberg, Stubbs y cols.
Definitions of the ponticulus posticus classification
according to the classification of Cederberg, Stubbs et al. Tabla 3: Prevalencia del ponticulus posticus de acuerdo
con la clasificación de Cederberg y Stubbs.
Clase Definición Prevalence of ponticulus posticus according to
the Cederberg and Stubbs classification.
1 No hay calcificaciones en todo el recorrido de la arteria
vertebral Intervalo de
2 La calcificación se extiende a menos de la mitad a través confianza a 95%
de la arteria
3 La calcificación se extiende al menos hasta la mitad, pero Límite Límite
no completamente a través de la arteria n Prevalencia inferior superior p*
4 La calcificación se extiende completamente en todo el
recorrido de la arteria Clase 1
Mujer 443 76.91 73.28 80.18
Hombre 275 64.86 60.18 69.27 < 0.001
Total 718 71.80 68.92 74.51
RESULTADOS
Clase 2
Mujer 84 14.58 11.93 17.71
[Link]
De acuerdo con la clasificación de Cederberg y
Stubbs en toda la muestra, la prevalencia del pon-
Hombre
Total
81
165
19.10
16.50
15.63
14.32
23.14
18.94
0.437
Tabla 4: Resultados del análisis multivariado Paraskevas señala que la prevalencia del ponticu-
de regresión multinomial. lus posticus está relacionada con la edad, que reporta
Results of the multivariate multinomial regression analysis. una progresiva mineralización del arco posterior del
atlas generando una osificación parcial o completa27
Intervalo de
Clasifica- Razón confianza a 95% lo que es consistente con los resultados del modelo
ción del de multivariado, donde se observa que a mayor edad au-
ponticulus riesgo Límite Límite menta 7% la prevalencia de la clase 4 (RRR = 1.07;
posticus Variables relativo inferior superior p IC95% 1.01-1.13; p = 0.032) en comparación con lo
observado en la clase 1. Sin embargo, se han repor-
Clase 1 Categoría de referencia tado casos de ponticulus posticus completos en niños
Clase 2 Edad 0.97 0.93 1.02 0.217
menores de 10 años, incluso en nuestro estudio se
(años)
encontraron casos de ponticulus posticus completos
Mujer Categoría de referencia
Hombre 1.55 1.10 2.18 0.012 en niños de nueve años, lo que sugiere que esta va-
Clase 3 Edad 1.01 0.95 1.08 0.664 riación es independiente de la edad; tampoco se pue-
(años) de relacionar con cambios degenerativos, pues existe
Mujer Categoría de referencia una alta prevalencia del ponticulus posticus completos
Hombre 4.73 2.53 8.84 < 0.001 en poblaciones jóvenes, por lo tanto se sugiere que
Clase 4 Edad 1.07 1.01 1.13 0.032 esta variante anatómica no es sinónimo de envejeci-
(años) miento ni un proceso hipertrófico.23,25,26
Mujer Categoría de referencia
Hombre 1.26 0.74 2.13 0.389
Limitantes y fortalezas del estudio
posture known as «turtle neck», and audible sounds The degree of calcification of the atlanto-occipital
during head movements.13 The ponticulus posticus ligament through the vertebral artery was observed to
is also known as «Kimmerle’s Variation» (Kimerle, proceed to classify the teleradiographies into class 1,
1930), «superior retroarticular foramen» (Brocher, 2, 3, or 4 according to the classification of Cederberg
1955), «Canalis vertebralis» (Wolff-Heidegger, 1961), and Stubbs.
«retroarticular ring of the vertebral artery» (Lamberty In the first instance, the examples of the classes
& Zivanovic, 1973), superior retroarticular foramen, observed in the radiographs are shown in Figure 1.
sagittal foramen, posterior glenoid process, among The participants were calibrated by a specialist in
others.2,5,7,10,14-17 orthodontics, an expert in the subject, who acted as
Its etiology is attributed to an activation of the the gold standard. The measurements were taken
osteogenic potential in the cranial junction zone5 or by on two occasions with an interval of one week, using
a development of the dorsal arch of the proatlas.4,18-20 50 lateral cephalic teleradiographies with the double
A higher frequency has been reported in black randomized method, comparing the data of the
males. 2,19,21 It is important to know the prevalence researchers against the specialist. Sensitivity and
of ponticulus posticus in the Latin population, the specificity values are reported for each Cederberg
prevalence reported in other populations varies and Stubbs classification category and each of the
from 2 to 10%,2,5,6 and usually only be performed in evaluators; class one was the reference category
populations with migraine symptoms; since this can (Table 1).
guide us towards the diagnosis of several syndromes, Once the standardization had been carried
such as Barre-Lieou or Eagle’s syndrome; also out, a digital record was kept and the data were
generate a false preoperative impression at the time subsequently entered into the STATA V13.0 statistical
of placement of the fixation screws and perforate program, and the prevalences and their confidence
this structure and cause damage to the vertebral intervals were calculated, and a test of proportions
artery.16,18,22 Additionally, to our knowledge, no study was used to compare whether there were statistically
has performed a multivariate analysis to identify significant differences between the classes and sex.
possible associations between age, sex, and the A multivariate multinomial regression analysis was
categories of the modified Cederberg and Stubbs performed to compare the association between age
classification described in the study of Geist et al.1 and sex to ponticulus posticus class 2, 3, and 4 in
comparison with class 1. Table 2 shows the description
MATERIAL AND METHODS of the ponticulus posticus classification according to
the classification of Cederberg, Stubbs, et al.
A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried
out, whose study population was obtained from RESULTS
a radiographic archive of a radiological center in
Cuenca-Ecuador, which consists of a total of 10,000 According to the Cederberg and Stubbs
digital lateral cephalic teleradiographies, using a J. classification in the whole sample, the prevalence of
MORITA radiographic equipment. Veraviewepocs ®. ponticulus posticus was 71.8% (95% CI 68.9-74.5),
Model: X550CP-DC-UL. Serial number: 4531. 16.5% (95% CI 14.3-18.9), 5.5% (95% CI 4.24-7.1)
The sample size was estimated considering and 6.2% (95% CI 4.86-7.88) for class 1, 2, 3 and
a prevalence of 50%, with a precision of 3%, a 4, respectively, as shown in Table 3. Regarding
confidence level of 95%, and considering the total sex, in the bivariate analysis, it was observed that
sample of 10,000 teleradiographies. The total sample class 1 was significantly (p < 0.05) more frequent in
[Link]
was 1,000 lateral cephalic teleradiographies that were
selected by a random selection method; the sample
women (76.91%; 95% CI 73.28-80.18) than in men
(64.86%; 95% CI 60.18-69.27). In the other classes,
selection was performed using the «sample» command no significant differences were observed between sex
of the STATA V.13.0 program with which the 1,000 and prevalences in the remaining classes.
teleradiographies were selected. The inclusion criteria In the results shown in Table 4 of the multivariate
were: digital lateral skull teleradiographies from the multinomial analysis, in which class 1 was used
radiology center taken in the years from 2013 to 2015, as the comparison or reference category; it was
of both sexes and ages between 9 and 25 years, in observed that men had a 1. 55 (relative risk ratio
which up to the sixth cervical vertebra was observed. (RRR) = 1.55; 95%CI 1.10-2.18; p = 0.012) and 4.73
To maintain the confidentiality management of the (RRR = 4.73; 95% CI 2.53-8.84; p < 0.001) more
information, the names of the patients were omitted. likely to have class 2 and class 3, respectively than
Becerra-Moreira MA et al. Prevalencia del ponticulus posticus
184
women compared to what was observed with class 1. complete ponticulus posticus have been reported
In contrast to what was observed with class 4, where in children under 10 years of age, even in our study
no association with sex was identified; but a directly cases of complete ponticulus posticus were found
proportional relationship with age was identified, the in 9-year-old children suggesting that this variation
more the age increased, the more the probability is independent of age, nor can it be related to
increased (RRR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.13; p = 0.032) degenerative changes since there is a high prevalence
of presenting a class 4 in comparison with what was of complete ponticulus posticus in young populations,
observed in class 1. therefore it is suggested that this anatomical variant
is not synonymous with aging or a hypertrophic
DISCUSSION process.23,25,26
According to the classification of Cederberg and Limitations and strengths of the study
Stubbs, 1,5,23 class 1 was the most frequent which
agrees with that reported by Saleh, 24 however, the One of the limitations of the study is that in the
prevalence of class 4 reported in the present study present study there was no information related to
is less than 16.24 The data obtained from the Indian ethnicity or additional sociodemographic information.
population report a low prevalence of ponticulus Although the vast majority of studies do not report
posticus of 2.2%, 2 while that of 9.8% in agreement an assessment of concordance (Kappa coefficient),
with that reported by Mitchell et al. 1998, which was the main limitation of the study is the inter-operator
carried out in African cadavers. The study conducted concordance; since one of the evaluators had
by Gibelli in the Italian population shows a result of low reliability in comparison with a specialist.
7.7% in the complete form of classification and 9% However, this can be considered acceptable due
in the incomplete form.25 Kendrick and Biggs report to the great overlapping of radiographic structures,
a prevalence of 15.8% of the presence of ponticulus which represents a weakness of the radiographic
posticos without specifying the type of it. Geist, in method used, observed in the area to perform this
the study conducted in Detroit, showed a higher measurement.
prevalence of class 3 with 15.8%, followed by class 4 Regarding the strengths of the study, it should be
with 10.4%.1 emphasized that the sample size was sufficient to
No statistically significant difference by sex was determine the prevalence with an accuracy of less
determined, except for class 1, however, in the than 3%. Another strength is the random selection of
multivariate analysis it was possible to observe a the sample, which supports the validity of the sample
greater possibility of being class 2 and 3 in the case of and its representativeness to the study population.
men compared to what was observed in class 1, this An additional element, which has not been observed
relationship was not observed in class 4. These results in previous studies, is the inclusion of multivariate
contrast with those reported by Kendrick and Biggs21 multinomial regression analysis, where it was
and Gibelli25 in patients aged 6 to 17 years where they possible to explore the effect of sex and age to the
reported that sex was associated with prevalence. greater probability of presenting a class 2, 3, or 4 in
However, recent studies1,2,21,26 have reported that the comparison with that observed in class I patients.
prevalence is higher in males, which is in the same
direction as the results of the present study; since an CONCLUSIONS
increase in prevalence was observed in males of 55%
(RRR = 1.55; 95% CI 1.10-2.18; p = 0.012) and 373% Cederberg and Stubbs class 1 was the most
The results of the present study show that class 11. Mudit G, Srinivas K, Satheesha R. Retrospective analysis
3 was the least prevalent in the whole study. Sex of ponticulus posticus in Indian orthodontic patients-a lateral
cephalometric study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2014; 24 (4): 285-290.
influences the presentation of this anatomical variation 12. D’Antoni AV. Ponticulus posticus: another variant present in a
because males present a higher percentage of this recently published case’. Clin Anat. 2010; 23 (3): 326-327.
anatomical variation in classes 2 (18.7%), 3 (9.7%), 13. Greiner HM, Abruzzo TA, Kabbouche M, Leach JL, Zuccarello
and 1 (6.4%) than females. M. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion in a child with multiple
strokes: a case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010; 26 (12):
The knowledge of the ponticulus posticus 1669-1674.
contributes to an integral formation of the dental 14. Hassan M, Shukla S, Siddiqui MS, Singh D. Posterolateral
student because when diagnosing this anatomical tunnels and ponticuli in human atlas vertebrae. J Anat. 2001;
variant in our patients, adequate management is 199 (Pt 3): 339-343.
15. Dinesh PK, Amol SA, Nilanjan R, Purushottam MR, Vaishaly B.
recommended, avoiding hyperextension movements A study of foramen of arcuale in atlas vertebra: incidence and
of the neck during dental care, since this would clinical correlations. Int J Cur Res Rev. 2015; 7 (20): 9-11.
generate compression of the vertebral artery. 16. Krishnan P, Kartikueyan R, Patel SM, Das S. Ponticulus
Oral radiologists and oral health professionals posticus: An anatomical curiosity with clinical implications.
Neurol India. 2015; 63 (5): 805-806.
should observe in imaging studies both the head 17. Simsek S, Yigitkanli K, Comert A, Acar HI, Seckin H, Er U, et al.
and neck in detail to find any anatomical variant or Posterior osseous bridging of C1. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15 (6):
pathology. That is why a proper observation has been 686-688.
considered of vital importance since it will allow the 18. Vanitha C, Teli CG, Kadlimatti HS. Bilateral posterior and lateral
ponticles resulting in the formation of vertebral artery canal for
identification of the ponticulus posticus. the atlas: case report. IOSR-JDMS. 2014; 13 (5): 82-84.
19. Mohanty SR, Nune GKR. Retro-articular vertebral artery
REFERENCIAS/REFERENCES foramen of atlas vertebra-a case study in dry bones. Int J Health
Sci Res. 2015; 5(9): 557-559.
1. Geist JR, Geist SM, Lin LM. A cone-beam CT investigation of 20. Le Minor JM, Trost O. Bony ponticles of the Atlas (C1) over
ponticulus posticus and lateralis in children and adolescents. the groove for the vertebral artery in humans and primates:
Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2014; 43 (5): 20130451. polymorphism and evolutionary trends. Am J Phys Anthropol.
2. Sylvia S, Kulkarni S, Hatti A. Bilateral retro articular ring in Atlas 2004; 125 (1): 16-29.
vertebra-a case report. Anat Karnataka. 2011; 5 (1): 81-86. 21. Sharma V, Chaudhary D, Mitra R. Prevalence of ponticulus
3. Cho YJ. Radiological analysis of ponticulus posticus in Koreans. posticus in Indian orthodontic patients. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.
Yonsei Med J. 2009; 50 (1): 45-49. 2010; 39 (5): 277-283.
4. Karau Bundi P, Ogeng’O JA, Hassanali J, Odula PO. 22. Sonntag VKH. Beware of the arcuate foramen. World
Morphometric and variations of bony ponticles of the Atlas Neurosurg. 2014; 82 (1-2): e141-142.
vertebrae (C1) in Kenyans. Int J Morphol. 2010; 28 (4): 1019- 23. Cederberg RA, Benson BW, Nunn M, English JD. Arcuate
1024. foramen: prevalence by age, gender, and degree of calcification.
5. Kuhta P, Hart J, Greene-Orndorf L. The prevalence of Clin Orthod Res. 2000; 3: 162-167.
posticus ponticus: retrospective analysis of radiographs from a 24. Baeesa SS, Bokhari RF, Bajunaid KM, Al-Sayyad MJ.
chiropractic health center. J Chiropr Med. 2010; 9 (4): 162-165. Prevalence of the foramen arcuale of the atlas in a Saudi
6. Pérez I, Chavez A, Ponce D. Frequency of ponticulus posticus population. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2012; 17 (4): 345-351.
in lateral cephalometric radiography of peruvian patients. Int J 25. Gibelli D. Cappella A, Cerutti E, Spagnoli L, Dolci C, Sforza
Morphol. 2015; 32 (1): 54-60. C. Prevalence of ponticulus posticus in a Northern Italian
7. Bayrakdar IS, Miloglu O, Altun O, Gumussoy I, Durna D, Yilmaz orthodontic population: a lateral cephalometric study. Surg
AB. Cone-beam computed tomography imaging of ponticulus Radiol Anat. 2016; 38 (3): 309-312.
posticus: prevalence, characteristics, and a review of the 26. Unur E, Erdogan N, Ulger H, Ekinci N, Ozturk O. Radiographic
literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014; incidence of complete arcuate foramen in turkish population.
118 (6): 210-218. Erciyes Med J. 2004; 26 (2): 50-54.
8. Sabir H, Kumbhare S, Rout P. Evaluation of ponticulus posticus 27. Chitroda PK, Katti G, Baba IA, Najmudin M, Ghali SR, Kalmath
on digital lateral cephalograms and cone beam computed B, Vijjay G Ponticulus posticus on the posterior arch of atlas,
tomography in patients with migraine and healthy individuals: a prevalence analysis in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients
[Link]
comparative study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. of gulbarga population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013; 7 (12): 3044-
2014; 118 (3): 348-354. 3047.
9. Kavakli A, Aydinlioglu A, Yesilyurt H, Kus I, Diyarbakirli S,
Erdem S, Anlar O. Variants and deformities of atlas vertebrae in
Eastern Anatolian people. Saudi Med J. 2004; 25 (3): 322-325.
10. Krishnamurthy A, Nayak SR, Khan S, Prabhu LV, Ramanathan
LA, Kumar CG, Sinha AP. Arcuate foramen of atlas: incidence, Correspondencia / Correspondence:
phylogenetic and clinical significance. Rom J Morphol Embryol. Vinicio Barzallo-Sardi
2007; 48 (3): 263-266. E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 3 Julio-Septiembre 2020.
pp 186-192
CASO CLÍNICO
A B
C D E
F [Link]
G Figura 1:
las formas de arco superior cuadrada y la inferior con diagnóstico, donde se puede observar la presencia de
apiñamiento moderado (Figura 1 C-G). Adicionalmen- los dientes impactados 11 y 21 y supernumerarios de
te se utilizó tomografía computarizada de haz cóni- estos mismos dientes en palatino al igual que otros a
co (CBCT, por sus siglas en inglés) como medio de nivel de las raíces de los OD 34 y 35 (Figura 2).
El tratamiento consistió en la realización de tres fa-
ses. La primera fase enfocada en la alineación, nivela-
A ción y detallado con brackets prescripción Roth 0.022”
× 0.028” con una secuencia de arcos de NiTi 0.014”,
0.016”, 0.018” superior e inferior, acero 0.018”, 0.020”
y 0.018” × 0.025” superior e inferior. En la segunda
fase, quirúrgica, se realizaron las extracciones de los
dientes supernumerarios, colocándose los botones
bondeables con ligadura metálica para comenzar la in-
corporación de los OD 11 y 12 por medio de tracción al
arco (Figura 3 A y B). El levantamiento y descruce de
la mordida cruzada de los órganos dentales 17 y 16 se
B C efectuó por medio de bite turbos en 36 y 46. Además
del uso de elásticos cruzados desde el botón bondea-
do en palatino del 16 y 17 al tubo vestibular del 46 y
botón bondeado en el 47, se bondearon los brackets
de los OD 12 y 22 de cabeza para corregir el torque
de estos dientes. La corrección de la sobremordida
vertical y horizontal (overjet y overbite), líneas medias
dentales y la clase II canina bilateral se hizo mediante
Figura 2: CBCT de reconstrucción. A) Corte ortopantomo- stripping, cadenas intramaxilares y elásticos.
gráfico. B) Vista en dirección inferosuperior de la región an- En las fotografías intraorales de progreso se puede
terior, donde se visualizan los dientes supernumerarios (en observar el avance del paciente logrado por la alinea-
un círculo rojo). C) Vista oclusal del maxilar. ción y nivelación dental y los OD 11 y 21 ya incorpo-
Reconstruction CBCT. A) Orthopantomographic section. rados (Figura 3 C-E). En los estudios finales se iden-
B) Inferosuperior view of the anterior region, where the tifica una clase I molar y canina bilateral así como el
supernumerary teeth are visualized (in a red circle). C) overjet y overbite adecuado y la línea media inferior
Occlusal view of the maxilla. 1 mm desviada a la izquierda con respecto a la línea
A B
C
[Link]
D E
Figura 3: A) Colocación de botones bondeables intraorales de progreso. B) Tracción de los incisivos centrales. C) Lateral
izquierda. D) Lateral derecha. E) Frontal.
A) Placement of bondable buttons intraoral progress. B) Traction of the central incisors. C) Left lateral. D) Right lateral. E) Frontal.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 186-192
189
A B C
D E
Figura 4: F G
A B
[Link] C
Figura 5: A) Fotografía extraoral de sonrisa. B) Sobreimposición cefalométrica, negro inicial, roja final. C) Ortopantomografía final.
A) Extraoral smile photograph. B) Cephalometric overlay, initially black, final red. C) Final orthopantomography.
Vera CSK et al. Manejo de centrales maxilares impactados
190
media dental superior. En la vista oclusal se aprecia gan a afectar la autoestima del paciente. Al recibir al
la corrección del apiñamiento leve anteroinferior y las paciente, el ortodoncista debe hacer un buen análisis
adecuadas formas de arco (Figura 4 A-E). Por último, clínico con el respaldo de imágenes diagnósticas 2D
los retenedores recomendados Hawley con cinturón o 3D que descarten cualquier discrepancia y así te-
vestibular para el maxilar superior e inferior indicados ner un seguimiento. Los dientes retenidos plantean un
para continuar en el tratamiento (Figura 4 F-G). En la gran dilema, incorporarlos al arco representa un reto.
fotografía extraoral de sonrisa y la sobreimposición Cuando esto se logra se obtienen cambios estéticos
cefalométrica de inicio identificada con la linea negra y funcionales, mejorando las relaciones esqueléticas
y en la que es la linea roja se observa un crecimiento y oclusales.
(Figura 5 A y B). En la ortopantomografía se muestra
el correcto paralelismo radicular y 28 dientes perma-
nentes presentes con terceros molares en formación
Case report
(Figura 5 C). El tiempo de tratamiento fue de un año
y seis meses. Se cumplió con los objetivos del trata- Impacted maxillary centrals associated
miento que consistió en la corrección del perfil facial with supernumeraries orthodontic
de los tejidos blandos. Con la tracción de los centrales management with dental-type anchorage
11 y 12 se mantuvo la clase I molar bilateral. Se rea-
lizó exodoncia de supernumerarios, ameloplastia de Sindy Katerine Vera Castellanos,*
los incisivos 12, 21 y 22, la correcta intercuspidación, Beatriz Gurrola Martínez,§ Adán Casasa Araujo¶
guía de desoclusión canina así como guía incisiva y
gingivoplastia generalizada. * Residente del primer año de la maestría Ortodoncia
y Ortopedia Maxilofacial en el CESO.
DISCUSIÓN
§
Profesor de la maestría del CESO y profesor de tiempo
completo Titular «C» de la Carrera de Cirujano Dentista
de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza,
Bradley14 señala que el manejo de los incisivos per- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).
manentes impactados dependerá del tipo de dientes ¶
Director del CESO.
supernumerarios así como del número de impactados
o erupcionados, unilateral o bilateral, y de la etapa de Centro de Estudios Superiores en Ortodoncia (CESO).
desarrollo del diente, la dirección, el espacio dispo-
ABSTRACT
nible en el arco para los no erupcionados y el des-
plazamiento de los dientes adyacentes.15 Respecto al One of the oral complications of supernumerary teeth is the impact
pronóstico de estos dientes, Becker y Stewart men- of adjacent teeth, including crowding, diastema formation, rotation,
cionan que obedecerá a la existencia o ausencia de tooth displacement, occlusal interference, cavities, periodontal
problems, difficulty chewing and compromised aesthetics. The
anquilosis, reabsorción externa de la raíz y de la ex- association with multiple supernumerarios, the formation of a
posición después de la tracción.5,16 La edad en la que toothpaste with bone destruction, root reabsorption and oronasal
se comienza el tratamiento, la posición de la impac- fistula. It presents the management of a patient of 11 years of age
tación hacia palatal o hacia vestibular y la distancia diagnosed as skeletal class II with divergent norm growth, class I
bilateral molar and class II bilateral canine, with dental organs 11
del diente al plano oclusal son factores reportados por and 21 retained, right posterior cross bite, lower crowding, presence
Lin, que incrementarán el tiempo del tratamiento y la of unrupted supernumerary teeth between canine and premolar,
complejidad.15 Para resolver el problema, en el CESO as well as anterosuperior sector. For the treatment was performed
la cirugía se llevó de manera multidisciplinaria para la alignment, leveling, extraction of supernumerary teeth, surgery
for the traction of the central incisors, stripping. In the detail and
incorporación del canino a los arcos dentales, lo que
[Link]
retention were used: prescription brackets Roth 0.022” × 0.028”,
resultó una excelente alternativa alcanzando los obje- bondable tubes in 6’s and 7’s higher, bands with dotted tubes in
tivos a esta edad de 11 años, la cual, con el adecuado 6’s in buttons on dental organs 11 and 21 bondeable in 6’s and 7’s
posicionamiento de los dientes, mejoró la infraestruc- superiores. Active treatment time one year and six months. Hawley
retention with upper and lower vestibular belt.
tura ósea y al corregir las malposiciones se disminuyó
el trauma oclusal. Keywords: Class II skeletal, maxillary incisor traction,
supernumerary teeth.
CONCLUSIÓN
INTRODUCTION
Para prevenir lo mejor es diagnosticar en edad tem-
prana, los dientes retenidos pueden ser causantes de Tooth impaction is a challenge for the orthodontist,
situaciones complejas que con el paso del tiempo lle- the prevalence of these is increasing and can cause
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 186-192
191
major problems.1 The absence of central teeth and referred by the mother, clinically a normo divergent
the canine are the most seen in the smile and when growth is observed, as well as the absence of dental
speaking, this is one of the most common causes organs 11 and 21 and radiographically skeletal class
of consultation to the professional because it is II (Figure 1 A and B). Initial studies were performed
considered to affect self-esteem and social interaction using intraoral photographs in the intraoral analysis
of children in general which will be important to detect of the molar relations class I molar and canine class
to solve the problem at an early age.2 On the other II bilateral, the absence of the dental organs OD 11
hand, different conditions can affect normal dental and 21, right posterior crossbite, and moderate ante-
eruption, which can be divided into primary etiological roinferior crowding was observed. The dental midlines
factors such as failures in the resorption process, cannot be determined due to the absence of the same
trauma, and infections, among others, and secondary upper centrals. In the occlusal view the upper arch
factors such as abnormal muscular pressure, febrile forms square and the lower arch with moderate crow-
diseases, and endocrine alterations.3 Other possible ding (Figure 1 C-G). Additionally, CBCT was used as a
causes are an ectopic position of the dental germ, diagnostic tool, where the presence of impacted teeth
non-vital or ankylosed primary teeth, extraction or an 11 and 21 and supernumeraries of these same teeth
early loss of deciduous teeth, mucosal barriers in the in palatal as well as another at the level of the roots of
eruption pathway that act as a physical barrier, and the OD 34 and 35 can be observed (Figure 2).
bone diseases.4 Generally, the most affected tooth is The treatment consisted of three phases. The first
the canine, in less than 2% of the general population, phase focused on alignment, leveling and detailing
followed by the central incisor with 0.06 to 0.2%5,6 in with prescription Roth brackets 0.022” × 0.028” with a
the maxilla. The origin of this impaction phenomenon sequence of NiTi archwires 0.014”, 0.016”, 0.018” up-
according to Becker and Chaushu can be: obstructive at per and lower, steel 0.018”, 0.020” and 0.018” × 0.025”
least by the presence of mesiodens or supernumerary upper and lower. In the second phase, surgical extrac-
teeth and traumatic,6 Brook refers to a frequency of tions of the supernumerary teeth were performed, pla-
1.5 to 3.5% in random populations and only between cing the bondable buttons, with metal ligature to begin
28 and 60% of these patients presented impaction for the incorporation of the OD 11 and 12 using traction to
the incisor group for these causes, in the same sense the arch (Figure 3 A and B). The lifting and uncrossing
they refer that odontomas can cause obstruction and of the crossbite of the dental organs 17 and 16 were
impediment of the eruption of the incisors.7,8 Common carried out employing bite turbos in 36 and 46. Besides
complications of supernumerary teeth are impaction the use of cross elastics from the palatal bonded button
of adjacent teeth, crowding, diastema formation, in 16 and 17 to the vestibular tube of 46 and bonded
rotation, displacement of teeth, occlusal interference, button in 47, the brackets of the OD 12 and 22 were
caries, periodontal problems, difficulty in chewing, and bonded in the head to correct the torque of these teeth.
compromised esthetics. 8-10 Another factor that can Vertical and horizontal overbite (overjet and overbite),
condition dental eruption is the formation of cysts, such dental midlines, and bilateral canine class II were co-
as the case of the dentigerous cyst that can be present rrected by stripping, intramaxillary chains, and elastics.
in supernumerary teeth and some cases can present In the intraoral photographs of progress, the
with associated bone destruction, root resorption, and patient’s progress can be observed by dental align-
oronasal fistula.5,11,12 Children are frequently exposed ment and leveling and the OD 11 and 21 already in-
to falls or trauma to the face or mouth, and when corporated (Figure 3 C-E). In the final studies, a bi-
this involves the primary teeth, damage to the germ- lateral class I molar and canine can be identified, as
forming cells of the permanent tooth will occur, not only well as the adequate overjet and overbite, and the
[Link]
in the crown but also in producing root dilaceration of
the permanent tooth.12 The degree of damage to the
lower midline 1 mm deviated to the left concerning
the upper dental midline. In the occlusal view the co-
permanent tooth depends on the stage of development rrection of mild anteroinferior crowding the appropriate
of the tooth, as well as the type and direction of arch forms (Figure 4 A-E). Finally, the recommended
the trauma inflicted, which will affect the eruption Hawley retainers with the vestibular belt for the upper
orientation line of the permanent tooth.8,13 and lower jaw indicated continued treatment (Figure
4 F-G). In the extraoral smile photograph and the ini-
CASE REPORT tial cephalometric overlay identified with the black line
and the red line, growth is observed (Figure 5 A and
We report the case of an 11-year-old patient whose B). The orthopantomography shows the correct root
reason for consultation was «central teeth surgery», parallelism and 28 permanent teeth present with third
Vera CSK et al. Manejo de centrales maxilares impactados
192
[Link]
discrepancy and thus have a follow-up. Retained teeth
present a great dilemma, incorporating them into the
arch represents a challenge. When this is achieved, Correspondencia / Correspondence:
esthetic and functional changes are obtained, Beatriz Gurrola Martínez
improving skeletal and occlusal relations. E-mail: beatgurrola@[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 3 Julio-Septiembre 2020.
pp 193-200
CASO CLÍNICO
* Especialidad en Ortodoncia y Ortopedia Dentomaxilofacial, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí.
[Link]
R a d i o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s . A ) L a t e r a l s k u l l X - r a y. B )
Orthopantomography.
A
C
B
E
[Link]
F
A) Orthopantomography. B) Extra-oral photographies. C) Lateral skull X-ray. D) Intraoral front and side photographs.
E) Intraoral photographs upper and lower occlusal view. F) Cephalometric tracing.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 193-200
197
las mujeres. La retracción del labio inferior en relación * Especialidad en Ortodoncia y Ortopedia
con Li/Ls con Sn-Pg fue de 2.7 mm en los hombres y Dentomaxilofacial, Facultad de Estomatología,
Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí.
2.5 mm en las mujeres. Según Bravo,19 en su estudio
realizado en 40 cefalogramas laterales de 20 individuos ABSTRACT
con maloclusión de clase I sometidos a tratamiento de
ortodoncia, los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: sin Facial esthetics is a concern for patients and can influence the
extracción dental y extracción de cuatro primeros pre- changes that the soft tissues undergo as a consequence of the
movements of the incisors, these changes are the morphology,
molares, demostró que el labio superior e inferior retro-
tonicity, and muscular pattern of the patient. We present the
cedieron en promedio 3.4 y 3.8 mm respecto a la línea case of a 21-year-old female patient with severe crowding, labial
E respectivamente. La protrusión media del labio supe- prominence, low smile height when smiling, the upper midline
rior e inferior en relación con la línea Li/Ls con Sn-Pg deviates to the right and the lower midline to the left; skeletal
disminuyó 2.4 y 3.1 mm respectivamente.19 class I occlusion, with dental bipotrusion due to the positions and
inclinations of her incisors. The upper first premolars lower left first
Según Liou25 es posible colocar los incisivos maxila- premolar and supernumerary tooth were extracted. Due to the loss
res o mandibulares en posiciones e inclinaciones ideales. of the lower right first molar, it was decided to close the space of the
Pero la pregunta que surge es si el movimiento lingual de lower right second, and third molars. The crowding was released,
los dientes anteriores contra la placa cortical del alvéolo the right lower second, and the third molar was mesialized, as well
as the class I relations on the right side and functional class II on the
causaría resorción ósea y exposición de la raíz o com- left side. Their teeth positions improved and therefore their profile
pensaría la remodelación del hueso alveolar. DeAngelis26 was reduced. The management was done by extractions taking care
menciona que el hueso alveolar podría presentar una ca- of the anchorage that goes from maximum to absolute, improving
pacidad de flexión, ya que la mecanoterapia induce una the patient’s facial profile
distorsión alveolar y el alveolo distorsionado altera su en-
Keywords: Malocclusion, biprotrusion, teeth extraction.
torno eléctrico, un proceso que se atribuye a la piezoelec-
tricidad del hueso. La piezoelectricidad es un fenómeno
INTRODUCTION
observado en muchas sustancias cristalinas por el cual
la deformación de la estructura cristalina produce un flujo
Facial esthetics is a concern for patients and
de corriente eléctrica al desplazar los electrones de una
professionals, where facial harmony is included in the
parte de la retícula cristalina a otra.27
main objectives of orthodontic treatment. Numerous
CONCLUSIÓN factors can influence the changes that the soft tissues
may undergo as a consequence of incisor movements,
Debido a la protrusión y proinclinación de los inci- such as the patient’s morphology, tonicity, and muscle
sivos superiores e inferiores, la biprotrusión es una pattern.1,2 Correct positioning of the upper and lower
maloclusion que afecta la estética facial del paciente, incisors is essential for proper function, stability, and
la cual es causada por la prominencia que presenta esthetics.1-4
en sus labios respecto a los parámetros normales. Su The goals of orthodontic treatment of protrusion
manejo debe ser por medio de las extracciones cui- include retraction and retroclination of the maxillary and
dando el anclaje que va de máximo a absoluto. De mandibular incisors with a resulting decrease in soft tissue
esta manera se puede corregir la estética facial del prominence. Correction of the malocclusion is obtained
paciente y llevar a los incisivos a una posición más by extraction of four first premolars and retraction of the
adecuada dentro de su base ósea. anterior teeth with maximum anchorage.2-8 The treatment
plan becomes more complex and controversial when a
patient has second molars without a good prognosis that
[Link]
Case report must be extracted and the maxillary premolars must be
preserved. To resolve this situation, the upper posterior
teeth should be distalized with orthopedic or conventional
Orthodontic management of a patient orthodontics.8-14
with maxillary biprotrusion treated Indeed, in most cultures, the negative perception of
with premolar extraction. Case report protruding lips and an overly protruding dentition leads
many patients with bimaxillary protrusions to seek
Nahim Manzur Sandoval,* orthodontic care to diminish this condition. However,
Guillermo de los Santos Cazares,* it is a debatable issue whether or not there is an exact
José Obed García Cortes,* Alan Martínez Zumaran,* relationship between hard and soft tissue changes. It
Juan Carlos Flores Arriaga* can be classified into two major schools of thought,
Manzur SN et al. Manejo ortodóntico en biprotrusión maxilar
198
the school of Edward Angle and the school of Charles 3. Extraction of second molars, distalization of first
Tweed.15-18 molars, and anterior retraction.
Absolute skeletal anchorage offers an alternative 4. Extraction of first premolars and later preparation
method for molar distalization. The use of mini- for segmental surgery of the four quadrants.
plates and micro-screws as anchorage has made
distalization of posterior teeth without loss of Follow-up and treatment progression
anchorage.19-24
Initially, a 0.022” MBT slot philosophy appliance
CASE REPORT was placed up to the first molars. Alignment was
started with light archwires of 0.012”, 0.014” and
A 21-year-old female patient, systemically healthy, 0.016”. Subsequently with rectangular archwires of
came for a consultation to the clinic of the Specialty 0.016” × 0.022” to start distalizing the upper canines
of Orthodontics and Dentomaxillofacial Orthopedics with elastic chains and create space for the lateral with
of the School of Stomatology of the Autonomous springs. Subsequently, the left canine was distalized
University of San Luis Potosi. The reason for the with an elastic chain aided by 3/16 4.5 ounce class III
consultation mentioned by the patient was: to elastics, and the second lower left molar was moved to
improve her smile. Extraoral she presented slight the site of the first one with the aid of an elastic chain.
facial asymmetry, with prominent lips. When smiling, Once the canine class I was achieved, all the spaces
a low and complex smile height was observed, the were closed and tubes were placed in the second
upper midline was deviated 1.5 mm to the right molars to stabilize the occlusion. The work phase
and the lower midline 1 mm to the left (Figure 1A). was started with coordinated stainless steel archwires
Intraorally, restorations were identified in both upper of 0.017” × 0.025” and 0.019” × 0.025” gauges. The
first molars and the loss of the lower right first molar, patient was referred to the periodontics specialist who
severe crowding, and class III left and class II right performed indicated crown lengthening due to the size
molar relationships, with edge-to-edge bite both of the tooth heights and the irregularity of the gingival
horizontally and vertically (Figure 1B). Lateral skull margins (Figure 3). Subsequently, the appliance was
radiographs and orthopantomography were taken removed and removable retainers were placed with
(Figure 2). 0.40 gauge acetate.
The orthodontic diagnosis of the patient consisted After one year and six months of treatment,
of a skeletal class I with ANB of 1 o with neutral extraoral the patient presents a straight profile and
growth and dental biprotrusion due to her teeth the lip protrusion decreased. His smile exposure
positions being altered with 1-PP (upper incisor to improved and is consonant. There is a change in the
her palatal plane) at 131 o and 1-PM (lower incisor size of her teeth and symmetrical gum margins as a
for the mandibular plane) at 97o; a brachiocephalic result of the crown lengthening surgery. Intraorally
facial biotype and in soft tissues upper and lower lip the crowding was released and the lower right second
protrusion (Ul/Ll with Sn-Pg) was identified with 7 and third molars were mesialized. A class I canine
and 6 mm respectively. and molar relationship was achieved, except for the
The treatment plan included the extraction of the right molar which ended up in functional class II. The
upper first premolars, the lower left first premolar, horizontal and vertical overbite was modified to normal
and a supernumerary tooth. Due to the loss of the parameters of 2 mm (Figure 4). Cephalometrically
lower right first molar, it was decided to close the there was an improvement in the inclination of the
space mesially by closing the lower right second, upper teeth at 118 o for the palatal plane, the lower
[Link]
and third molars. The crowding was released and
retraction of the anterior segment with maximum
teeth remained at 97o for the mandibular plane. There
was a retrusion in the distance of the incisors of 2 mm
anchorage was started, reaching class I canine and and their profile improved 2 mm for Ul/Ll with Sn-Pg,
class II right molar. and as a consequence, an increase in facial height of
2o was observed (Figure 4).
Alternative treatments
DISCUSSION
1. Placement of TADs (temporary anchorage device)
and absolute anchorage for retraction. One of the main problems in the treatment of
2. Extraoral arch with low traction as absolute biprotrusion is the need for extractions. According
anchorage. to Marquezan and Barroso, 5 the option to treat this
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 193-200
199
malocclusion is through the extraction of premolars substances whereby the deformation of the
with maximum anchorage. In this case, 3 premolars crystalline structure produces a flow of electric
were extracted due to the loss of the lower right current by displacing electrons from one part of the
molar, improving the position of the anterior teeth crystalline lattice to another.27
and the canine and molar relations. Chae7 reported
that by extracting the upper and lower second molars CONCLUSION
that were affected, the distalization of the entire arch
from the first molar to the incisors was performed Due to the protrusion and proinclination of the upper
using TADs (temoral anchorage device) and the and lower incisors, biprotrusion is a malocclusion that
malocclusion was corrected. However, in this study, affects the patient’s facial esthetics, which is caused
we did not resort to this method because the teeth by the prominence of the lips for normal parameters.
were still healthy, and we opted only for the extraction Its management should be through extractions taking
of the first premolars. care of the anchorage that goes from maximum to
Mendez and Grageda 12 used extraoral force absolute, in this way you can correct the patient’s facial
as an absolute anchorage, in this study we used aesthetics and bring the incisors to a more appropriate
a different mechanism for the retraction of the position within its bony base.
anterior segment, carrying it out in two parts:
first, the canines were distalized and then the REFERENCIAS/REFERENCES
retraction of the anterior segment was performed.
Some studies 12,15,19 have reported a high degree 1. Suzuki SS, Previdente LH, Garcez AS, Suzuki H. Camouflage
treatment of severe bialveolar protrusion in skeletal Class II
of correlation between the upper incisor and lip
using miniscrew anchorage. Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2013; 24
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K. Skeletal anchorage for orthodontic correction of severe
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with Sn-Pg was 2.7 mm in men and 2.5 mm in women. Orthod. 2008; 78 (1): 181-188.
According to Bravo,19 in his study carried out on forty 5. Matos CT, Marquezan M, Chaves IBBM, Martins DGS, Nojima
lateral cephalograms of 20 individuals with class I LI, Nojima MCG. Assessment of facial profile changes in Class
I biprotrusion adolescent subjects submitted to orthodontic
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and extraction of four first premolars, showed that the 6. Rafflenbeul F, Bonomi-Dunoyer H, Siebert T, Bolender Y. First
upper and lower lip receded on average 3.4 and 3.8 premolar extractions in an adolescent presenting a class I
biprotrusion malocclusion with skeletal class II: a case report.
mm for the E line respectively. The average protrusion
Int Orthod. 2019; 17 (4): 817-825.
of the upper and lower lip with the Ul/Ll with Sn-Pg line 7. Chae JM. Treatment of class II malocclusion with bialveolar
decreased 2.4 and 3.1 mm respectively.19 protrusion by means of unusual extractions and anchorage
According to Liou 25 it is possible to place the mini-implant. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012; 17 (5): 165-177.
maxillary or mandibular incisors in ideal positions 8. Lew K. Profile changes following orthodontic treatment of
[Link]
bimaxillary protrusion in adults with the Begg appliance. Eur J
and inclinations. But the question arises whether Orthod. 1989; 11 (4): 375-381.
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10. Bussick T, McNamara JA Jr. Dentoalveolar and skeletal
alveolar bone remodeling. DeAngelis 26 mentions changes associated with the pendulum appliance. Am J Orthod
that the alveolar bone could present a bending Dentofacial Orthop. 2000; 117 (3): 333-343.
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2004; 126 (6): 739-746.
electrical environment, a process attributed to 12. Mendez MS, Grageda NE. Orthodontic treatment of a skeletal
the piezoelectricity of the bone. Piezoelectricity class I patient with dental biprotrusion and vertical growth
is a phenomenon observed in many crystalline pattern. Rev Odont Mex. 2010; 14 (1): 44-51.
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13. Camargo RSA, Gurrola MB, Casasa AA. Orthopedic orthodontic 21. Sugawara J, Kanzaki R, Takahashi I, Nagasaka H, Nanda R.
treatment in a patient with anterior open bite due to tongue Distal movement of maxillary molars in nongrowing patients
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14. Viora E, Visca L. Use of a functional appliance in initial Orthop. 2006; 129 (6): 723-733.
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16. Ramos JC. Treatment of dental and skeletal bimaxillary tooth movement. Am J Orthod. 1974; 64 (4): 367-377.
protrusion in patient with Angle class I malocclusion. Dental 25. Liou EJW, Chang PMH. Apical root resorption in orthodontic
Press J Orthod. 2013; 18 (6): 130-137. patients with en-masse maxillary anterior retraction and
17. Scott SH, Johnston LE Jr. The perceived impact of extraction intrusion with miniscrews. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.
and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African 2010; 137 (2): 207-212.
American patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999; 116 26. DeAngelis V. Observations on the response of alveolar bone
(3): 352-360. to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod. 1970; 58 (3): 284-294.
18. Waldman BH. Change in lip contour with maxillary incisor 27. Proffit WR, Fields H, Sarver DM. Ortodoncia contemporánea.
retraction. Angle Orthod. 1982; 52 (2): 129-134. 5a ed. España: Elsevier; 2013.
19. Bravo LA. Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic
treatment with four premolars extracted. Angle Orthod. 1994;
64 (1): 31-42.
20. Yong-Ming C, Bergeron L, Chen YR. Bimaxillary protrusion: Correspondencia / Correspondence:
an overview of the surgical-orthodontic treatment. Semin Plast Juan Carlos Flores Arriaga
Surg. 2009; 23 (1): 32-39. E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
[Link]
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia
Vol. 8, Núm. 3 Julio-Septiembre 2020.
pp 201-211
ARTÍCULO
ESPECIAL
temas no se recomienda proceder a la colocación de extracción. Es muy frecuente que para el cierre de
brackets o a la realización de extracciones cuando espacios se realice primero la distalización de los
se requieren sin hacer una correcta planeación y co- caninos seguida de la retracción de los cuatro incisi-
locación de los aparatos de anclaje y posteriormente vos con diferentes estrategias y diseños de arcos en
proceder a la colocación de la aparatología. La pri- su mayoría con alambres rectangulares o cuadrados
mera ventaja que ofrece el sistema Tip-Edge y quizá (Figura 3). Diferentes autores como Wick Alexander
una de las más importantes es la eliminación de to- recomiendan el uso intensivo del arco extraoral en
dos los aparatos auxiliares de anclaje de alto calibre estas fases.6 Este tipo de mecánicas se realizan así,
como son arcos linguales, botones de Nance, barras justo para conservar el anclaje posterior, ya que no
transpalatinas y por supuesto, arco extraoral o más es fácil retraer seis dientes juntos apoyándose úni-
recientemente los dispositivos de anclaje temporal camente en los primeros molares, eso sin mencio-
(TAD), debido a que es un sistema basado en el fun- nar la fase antiestética por la que pasa el paciente
damento de la fuerza diferencial,4 la cual consiste en cuando se retrae primero el canino (Figura 4). En
la colocación de la presión adecuada para no romper el sistema de Tip-Edge, gracias al diseño del brac-
el anclaje natural de los segmentos posteriores y de ket creado para el cierre de espacios (Figura 5), es
esta forma cerrar espacios llevando los dientes an- posible llevar hacia distal los seis dientes anteriores
teriores hacia atrás sin poner en peligro el anclaje juntos a una velocidad considerable,7 o incluso ocho
posterior5 (Figura 1). dientes cuando se extraen los segundos premolares
De igual forma, en los casos que requieran el cierre o también poder retraer 10 dientes juntos, en casos
de espacios de posterior a anterior, es decir, donde de extracción o ausencia de los primeros molares y
el anclaje sea necesario en el sector anterior, es un retraer desde el segundo premolar a segundo pre-
sistema que gracias a su mecánica de freno puede molar juntos sin la necesidad de anclajes adiciona-
proporcionar el apoyo para el cierre de espacios me- les (Figura 6). Ésta es una gran ventaja a nivel bio-
sializando los premolares y molares (Figura 2). mecánico y estético.
Sin duda, uno de los movimientos cruciales en Durante el tratamiento ortodóncico es muy fre-
la ortodoncia y que tiene estrecha relación con el cuente una fase para renivelar los premolares, la
anclaje es la retracción del segmento anterior al cual nos prolonga el tiempo del tratamiento, por tal
momento del cierre de espacios en los casos de motivo autores como Alexander Tweed recomien-
[Link]
Figura 1: Se observa la retracción del segmento anterior sin pérdidas de anclaje y sin uso de aparatos auxiliares de anclaje
extra en un caso de extracción de los cuatro primeros premolares mejorando el perfil y estética del paciente.
The retraction of the anterior segment without loss of anchorage and the use of extra auxiliary anchorage devices is observed
in a case of extraction of the first four premolars improving the profile and esthetics of the patient.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 201-211
203
Figura 2: En un caso clase II en el que al cerrar todos los espacios superiores se observa la necesidad de mesializar en la
arcada inferior, donde es muy efectivo el sistema Tip-Edge anclando el sector anterior por medio de la mecánica de freno y
terminar de forma exitosa.
In a class II case where, after closing all the upper spaces, the need to mesialize the lower arch is observed, where the Tip-
Edge system is very effective, anchoring the anterior sector using the brake mechanics and finishing successfully.
Figura 3: Se muestra un ejemplo de la retracción independiente de los caninos para posteriormente retraer los cuatro incisi-
vos juntos en el cierre total de espacios de un caso de extracciones de los cuatro primeros premolares con aparatología de
autoligado.
An example of the independent retraction of the canines to subsequently retract the 4 incisors together in the total space
closure of a case of extractions of the four first premolars with self-ligating appliances is shown.
dan colocar bandas en los premolares para tolerar que se puede seguir utilizando el mismo arco rígido
las fuerzas de la masticación 6 que ocasionan la 0.016” o incluso el 0.022” australiano gracias al slot
[Link]
constante caída de los brackets de estos dientes,
ya sea por la depresión en los arcos generada por
dual facial que presenta el bracket, ya que con fre-
cuencia los premolares están inclinados y al colocar
el tratamiento, la fuerza de la oclusión, la curva de el bracket el slot estará en 0.028”, lo que permite la
Spee o por la propia nivelación del plano oclusal. fácil inserción del arco rígido nuevamente sin pro-
Sucede algo similar en casos de mordidas profun- blemas (Figura 8).
das, esto nos da como consecuencia el cambio ne-
cesario o regresión a un arco flexible o de menor Extracción asimétrica
calibre que carece de contención y control vertical
en la oclusión ocasionando un problema de varias Por años, cuando el diagnóstico en ortodoncia
citas para solucionarlo y retraso en el tratamiento indica extracciones, ha sido muy común retirar los
(Figura 7). En el Tip-Edge esto no es necesario, ya cuatro primeros premolares, es como una ley que
Medellín FR et al. Ventajas del sistema Tip-Edge en ortodoncia fija
204
Figura 4:
Figura 5:
[Link]
Figura 6: Ejemplo clínico de la retracción de seis dientes juntos sin la necesidad de aparatos de anclaje extra en un caso de
extracciones de cuatro primeros premolares, donde los cambios tanto estéticos como funcionales fueron muy favorables.
Clinical example of retracting 6 teeth together without the need for extra anchorage appliances in a case of 4 first premolar
extractions where both esthetic and functional changes were very favorable.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 201-211
205
A B
Figura 7: A) Se observa la colocación de brackets en todos los premolares en una mordida profunda y después de tres citas.
B) Desalojo de brackets a causa de la oclusión del paciente, esto es muy frecuente en la práctica diaria.
A) Bracket placement is observed on all premolars in a deep bite and after 3 appointments. B) The dislodgement of almost all
of them is due to the patient’s occlusion, which is very frequent in daily practice.
se ha impuesto por lo cotidiano, repetido y cómodo las características, permisibilidad de inclinación del
de esta decisión. De hecho, es frecuente que la re- bracket y facilidad al deslizamiento sin flexión del
misión de un paciente para ortodoncia se realice sin arco en el cierre de espacios es relativamente fácil
caries, sin terceros molares y en casos de extrac- la retracción de diferentes segmentos anteriores y
ciones, se decide realizar la extracción de los cuatro posteriores sin perder las relaciones sagitales. De
primeros premolares sin importar el estado de salud esta manera podremos cerrar espacios asimétricos
en el que se encuentren los segundos premolares de forma simétrica, incluso sin el uso de dispositi-
o incluso los primeros molares, es decir, si hay que vos de anclaje temporal (TAD) o miniimplantes (Fi-
hacer extracciones se asume que serán estos dien- gura 10).
tes. Sin embargo, muchas veces el primer premolar
de uno o más cuadrantes está en perfecto estado Recuperación de anclaje
y el segundo, por ejemplo, ya tiene restauraciones
incluso tratamientos de endodoncia y lamentable- Cada vez es más frecuente en la práctica diaria el
mente se termina extrayendo el primero y se deja paciente que fue tratado anteriormente con extraccio-
el diente más dañado en boca. La razón es simetría nes de premolares y que al momento del cierre de es-
y preferencias biomecánicas, es decir, si queremos pacios éste se complicó, y los resultados fueron una
conservar nuestro anclaje posterior es más fácil clase II debido a la pérdida de anclaje, además de
contenerlo si se encuentra el segundo premolar que otras complicaciones que pueda presentar el paciente
podría reforzarlo. Ésta es la razón más grande que como tener que ofrecerle otro tratamiento para recu-
toma el ortodoncista para justificar ese patrón de perar las relaciones perdidas como ir de una clase II a
extracciones, y es la misma por la que en los casos una clase I sin aparatos como péndulos, arco extraoral
clase II el patrón más cómodo biomecánicamente o miniimplantes en un tiempo considerable después
hablando es extraer primeros arriba y segundos de que el paciente ya fue tratado. Ésta es otra de las
abajo a modo de facilitar el cierre de espacios. De grandes ventajas que el sistema de Tip-Edge ofrece,
[Link]
igual forma sucede con los casos clase III, donde
se extraen segundos premolares arriba y primeros
pues gracias al control vertical y dirección sagital en
grupo de dientes se pueden recuperar las relaciones
abajo (Figura 9).8 Se procede así cuando existe sa- bajo la filosofía del movimiento diferencial,9 es decir,
lud dental y contamos con la decisión de elegir qué inclinando primero las coronas hacia distal en grupo y
diente vamos a extraer, pero es aún más comple- posteriormente la verticalización radicular recuperan-
jo cuando los pacientes se presentan con dientes do la clase II hacia la clase I con el uso de elásticos
ausentes de forma asimétrica y debemos cerrar los intermaxilares ligeros que con otros sistemas es difícil
espacios como parte del tratamiento. Una gran ven- de obtener debido a la acción de su bracket aceleran-
taja del sistema Tip-Edge en estos casos es por- do el tratamiento y logrando resultados funcionales y
que ya sea el operador lo haya decidido o porque estéticos en tiempo récord en comparación con siste-
el paciente presenta dichas ausencias. Debido a mas tradicionales y preajustados10 (Figura 11).
Medellín FR et al. Ventajas del sistema Tip-Edge en ortodoncia fija
206
A
[Link] B
Figura 9: A) Se muestra el patrón de extracciones recomendado en la literatura para los casos clase II, donde es más cómo-
do extraer los primeros premolares en superior y los segundos en la arcada inferior. B) En los casos clase III se recomienda
extraer los segundos premolares en la arcada superior y los primeros en inferior con el fin de facilitar la biomecánica, de esta
manera al seguir el sentido de las flechas será más fácil el cierre de espacios.
A) The pattern of extractions recommended in the literature is shown for class II cases, where it is more comfortable to extract
the first premolars in the upper and the second premolars in the lower arch. B) In class III cases, it is recommended to extract
the second premolars in the upper and the first in the lower arch to facilitate the biomechanics, in this way following the direction
of the arrows it will be easier to close the spaces.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2020; 8 (3): 201-211
207
Figura 10: Caso de extracciones asimétricas donde se extrajo el primer molar superior derecho por problemas de salud
dental, y los tres primeros premolares en los demás cuadrantes, con cierre de espacios exitoso y relaciones sagitales co-
rrectas.
Case of asymmetric extractions where the right upper first molar was extracted due to dental health problems, and the three
first premolars in the other quadrants, with a successful space closure and correct sagittal relations.
[Link]
Figura 11: Paciente que fue tratado previamente con cuatro extracciones de premolares terminando en una clase II debido a
una pérdida de anclaje al cierre de espacios, posteriormente se observa la corrección con el sistema Tip-Edge gracias a su
filosofía de fuerza y movimiento diferencial.
Patient who was previously treated with 4 premolar extractions ending in class II due to a loss of anchorage to the
space closure, later the correction is observed with the Tip-Edge system thanks to its philosophy of force and differential
movement.
Medellín FR et al. Ventajas del sistema Tip-Edge en ortodoncia fija
208
anterior teeth back without endangering the posterior and delay in the treatment (Figure 7). In Tip-Edge this
anchorage5 (Figure 1). is not necessary since it is possible to continue using
In the same way, in those cases where the closing the same rigid archwire 0.016” or even the Australian
of spaces from posterior to anterior is required, that 0.022” thanks to the dual facial slot that the bracket
is to say, where the anchorage is necessary for presents, since frequently the premolars are inclined
the anterior sector, it is a system that thanks to its and when placing the bracket the slot will be at 0.028”
braking mechanics can provide the support for the which allows the easy insertion of the rigid archwire
closing of spaces mesializing the premolars and again without problems (Figure 8).
molars (Figure 2).
Asymmetric extraction
Retraction of the anterior segment
For years when the diagnosis in orthodontics
Undoubtedly one of the crux movements in indicates extractions it is very common to remove
orthodontics that is closely related to the anchorage the first 4 premolars, it is like a law that has been
is the retraction of the anterior segment at the time of imposed by the daily, repeated and comfortable of
space closure in extraction cases. It is very common this decision in fact it is common that the referral of a
that for space closure the distalization of the canines patient for orthodontics is made without caries without
is performed first followed by the retraction of the third molars and if it is for extractions it is decided
four incisors with different strategies and archwire to perform the extraction of the first 4 premolars
designs, mostly with rectangular or square wires no matter the state of health in which the second
(Figure 3), different authors such as Wick Alexander premolars or even the first molars are, However,
recommend the intensive use of the extraoral many times the first premolar of one or more
archwire in these phases6 this type of mechanics is quadrants are in perfect condition and the second
done just to conserve the posterior anchorage since one, for example, already has restorations or even
it is not easy to retract six teeth together relying endodontic treatments and unfortunately the first one
only on the first molars, not to mention the unsightly is extracted and the most damaged tooth is left in the
phase the patient goes through when the canine mouth, The reason is symmetry and biomechanical
is retracted first. (Figure 4) in the Tip-Edge system preferences, i.e. if we want to preserve our posterior
thanks to the design of the bracket (Figure 5) created anchorage it is easier to contain it if the second
for space closure, it is possible to bring distally the premolar is found that could reinforce it, this is the
six anterior teeth together at a considerable speed,7 biggest reason that the orthodontist takes to justify
or even eight teeth when the second premolars are this pattern of extractions, and it is the same reason
extracted or also to retract ten teeth together, in why in class II cases the most biomechanically
cases of extraction or absence of the first molars comfortable pattern is to extract first premolars above
and retract from the second premolar to the second and second below in order to facilitate the closure of
premolar together without the need of additional spaces, in the same way happens with class III cases
anchorage (Figure 6), this is a great advantage at a where second premolars are extracted above and first
biomechanical and esthetic level. below (Figure 9),8 this is when there is dental health
and we have the decision to choose which tooth we
Re-leveling premolars are going to extract but it is even more complex when
the patients already present with asymmetrically
During orthodontic treatment is very frequent a absent teeth and we must close the spaces as part
[Link]
phase to re-level the premolars which prolong the
treatment time, for this reason, authors like Tweed,
of the treatment, a great advantage of the Tip-Edge
system in these cases is because either the operator
Alexander recommends placing bands on the has decided it or because the patient presents these
premolars to tolerate the forces of mastication 6 that absences, due to the characteristics, permissibility of
cause the constant fall of the brackets of these teeth bracket inclination and ease of sliding without arch
either by depression in the arches generated by the flexion in space closure it is relatively easy to retract
treatment, Something similar happens in cases of different anterior and posterior segments without
deep bites, this results in the necessary change or losing the sagittal relationships in this way we can
regression to a flexible or smaller archwire that lacks close asymmetric spaces in a symmetric way even
containment and vertical control in the occlusion without the use of temporary anchorage devices or
causing a problem of several appointments to solve it mini-implants (TAD) (Figure 10).
Medellín FR et al. Ventajas del sistema Tip-Edge en ortodoncia fija
210
[Link]
9. Begg PK, Kesling PC. Ortodoncia de Begg Teoria y técnica. 2ª
happens in the Tip-edge system by having eliminated ed. Madrid, España; 1973.
the contra-opposite corners of the slot (Figure 5). 10. Medellin R. Técnica de arco recto diferencial tip-edge una
The use of heavy mechanisms in orthodontics invites alternativa de tratamientoen ortodoncia fija. Rev Esp Cienc
you to handle greater pressure in biomechanical Salud. 2000; 3 (1-2): 25-31.
11. Tweed CH. The Aplication of the principles of the edgewise arch
procedures which could cause tissue damage in the treatment of malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 1941; 11 (1):
more easily and the closure of spaces irregularly 5-11.
and arbitrarily producing compromised results and 12. Burstone CJ, Hanley KJ. Modern edgewise mechanics
undesirable anchorage losses, The management segmented arch technique. USA: Ormco Corporation; 1989.
13. Thourow RC. Edgewise orthodontics. 2nd ed. United States of
of high pressures increases the risk of undesirable
America: Mosby Company; 1966.
movements and limited results, in an in vivo 14. Graber LW, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KWL. Ortodoncia principios y
comparative study of 3 techniques in orthodontics técnicas actuales. 4th ed. Madrid: Elsevier Mosby; 2006.
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211
15. Ricketts RM, Bench RW, Gugino CF, Hilgers JJ, Schulhof RJ. 18. Wagner D, Lévy-Benichou H, Lefebvre F, Bolender Y. Are self-
Técnica bioprogresiva de ricketts. 3rd ed. México: Editorial ligating brackets more efficient than conventional brackets? A
Médica Panamericana; 1999. meta-analysis of randomized controlled and split-mouth trials.
16. McLaughlin RP, Bennett JC, Trevisi HJ. Mecánica sistematizada Orthod Fr. 2020; 91 (4): 303-321.
del tratamiento ortodóncico. Madrid: Elsevier Mosby; 2002.
17. Medellin R. A clinical longitudinal Comparative study of the
orthodontic treatments of triplets utilizing three different fixed Correspondencia / Correspondence:
orthodontic techniques. Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2012; 23 (4): Ricardo Medellín Fuentes
39-45. E-mail: medellinricardo65@[Link]
[Link]
Instrucciones para los autores
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Instrucciones para los autores
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia