Indicativo Mood/Mode (action, process, or identity as taking place in reality.
)
yo (1s) tú (2S) Ud./él/ella (3S) nosotros, -as (1P) vosotros, -as (2P) uds/ellos/ellas (3P)
Usos Sample Stem ar er ir ar er ir ar er ir ar er ir ar er ir ar er ir
Presente Present Tense Cantan. They sing. Infinitive - end o o as es a e amos emos imos áis éis ís an en
WILL happen or may be happenning Iré al banco mañana. I will go
Futuro (will) Full Infinitive é ás á emos éis án
now to the bank tomorrow.
Like past tense gerund. Repeated or
Pretérito Imperfecto Yo cantaba. I was singing. Infinitive - end aba ía abas ías aba ía ábamos íamos abais íais aban ían
ongoing. Was/Were/Used to
Something completed in the past. Stem
Pretérito Perfecto Simple
changes in present do not affect Yo andé. I walked. Infinitive - end é í aste iste ó ió amos imos asteis isteis aron ieron
(Indefinido)
preterite.
Estaría en casa. (me gustaría)
Condicional Simple Indicates future time within the past or
She was probably at home. (I Full Infinitive ía ías ía íamos íais ían
(would) that it probably happened in past.
would like)
Pretérito Perfecto
haber(auxillario) + he + he + has + has + ha + ha + hemos + hemos + habéis + habéis + han +
Compuesto (Presente Masculine single form of past participle Lo ha visto. I have seen it. han + [_ido]
(participio) [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado]
Perfecto)
(Pretérito anterior haber preterite + hube + hube + hubiste + habiste + hubo + hubo + hubimos + hubimos + habéis + habéis + hubieron hubieron +
Had tense. ???
Perfecto)1 participio [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] + [_ado] [_ido]
Habría llamado ayer si hubiera
Finished future action in relation to past haber conditional habría + habría + habrías + habrías + habría + habría + habríamos + habría + habríais + habríais + habrían + habrían +
Condicional Perfecto podido, I would have phoned
actions. simple + participio [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido]
yesterday if I had been able to.
Participio Mood/Mode (Participle. "To Have" form. Used as adjectives)
yo (1s) tú (2S) Ud./él/ella (3S) nosotros, -as (1P) vosotros, -as (2P) uds/ellos/ellas (3P)
Habíamos vendido todas y
Pluscuamperfecto (Past Discrete activity in past (had). Actioon
todavía no habían llegado las había + particpio habías + particpio había + particpio habíamos + particpio habíais + particpio habían + particpio
Perfect) completed prior to another action.
nuevas.
Habré comido antes de salir. I
Futuro perfecto … activity in future (will have) will have eaten before leaving habré + particpio habrás + particpio habrá + particpio habremos + particpio habréis + particpio habrán + particpio
(before I leave).
Subjuntivo Mood/Mode (action, process, or identity as dependent on the speaker's reaction- doubt, feel, wish, )
yo (1s) tú (2S) Ud./él/ella (3S) nosotros, -as (1P) vosotros, -as (2P) uds/ellos/ellas (3P)
Action expected. Same as impertive
Presente (Present Quiero que me escriba? I want
except don't drop "ga", 1st same as 3rd, Yo - o/oy e a es as e a emos amos éis áis en an
Simple) you to write to me?
objects in front. Has "que"
Pretérto Imperfecto (Past Might (follows "If"). Like the were in "If I Si supiera, podría… If I knew, 3rd Pl preterite - iera / aras / ieras / iera / áramos / iéramos / areis / ierais / aran /
ara / ese ara / ese ieran / iesen
Simple) were…" I would be able to... "ron" iese eses iese iese ásemos iésemos aseis ieseis esen
Presente
Pretérito Perfecto main=present, future, present perfect, or Espero que hayas comido. (I haya + haya + hayas + hayas + haya + haya + hayamos + hayamos + hayáis + hayáis + hayan + hayan +
Subjuntivo of
(Present Simple) imperative tense. subjuntivo=completed expect you to have eaten.) [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido] [_ado] [_ido]
haber + participio
Hypothetical action in future. Rarely Sea lo que fuere lo que hizo 3rd Pl preterite -
Futuro (Future Simple) are iere ares ieres are iere áremos iéremos areis iereis aren ieren
used. (Be that as it may what he did) "n" (I think)
Llámame cuando hubieres
Haber Futuro
Completed Actions in future/past. terminado el proyecto. (Call me hubiere + hubiere hubieres hubieres hubiere hubiere hubierémos hubierémos hubiereis hubiereis + hubieren hubieren +
(Futuro perfecto)1 Subjuntivo +
Rarely used. when you have finished the [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] [_ido] + [_ado] [_ido]
participle
project)
Si yo hubiera estudiado más, Haber Pretérito
Pluscuamperfecto (Past Regret about action completed in the habría aprobado. (If I had Imperfecto hubiera + hubiera hubieras hubieras hubiera hubiera hubierámos hubierámos hubieráis hubieráis + hubieran hubieran +
Perfect) past. studied more, I would have Subjuntivo + [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] + [_ido] + [_ado] [_ido] + [_ado] [_ido]
passed) participle
Imperativo Mood/Mode (Commands or Suggestions)
Pon lo en la mesa. (gogo no
Commands. Objecto despues verbo. Infinitive - (o/oy) + (d) for Vds
Afirmativo ending) Yo - o/oy Same as Ud. ad id en an
Switch tracks.
Muestre (mostrar) el video. e a emos amos
No me digas esso. Don't tell
Negativo Neg Commands. Objecto antes verbo. Yo - o/oy es as e a emos amos éis áis en an
me that.
Otras formas
estar + [verb][ando/iendo] (present
Gerundio Infinitive - end estar + ando estar + iendo
participle)
Participio pasado ??? Infinitivo - end + ado Infinitivo - end + ido
Participio Presente Gerund - ING verbs Estoy sufriendo de dolores Infinitive - end
Lo mas pronto possible. As soon as possible.
En qué piensas? What are you thinking about?
había (haber imperfect) There was, there were
¿Para qué sirve esto? What is this for?
hágame un favor (hazme?) Do me a favor.
Form Notes Example
Se Impersonal se used to represent generic concept of a person. Verb is 3rd person. Se debe saber.
Se Impassivo
Has explicit passive subject that usually precedes the verb Muchos festivales se celebran en el mundo españo.
Se with Reflexive verbs
The infinitive + se signifies a reflexive verb (me, te, se) Reflexive=(nos, se) levantarse
Adverb Adj + "mente" (o->a adjective ending change) contento -> contentamente
acabar de + infinitive to have just done something acabo de llegar.
al + infinitive Means "upon" or "just completed". acts as gerundo. Al llegar.
If there is a stem change in the presente, not there except in third person
ir verb preterites
plural (ustedes).
Hace with time. Still occurring. hace + [tiempo] + que + [verb] Hace dos años que ellas estudian inglés.
Hace with time. In preterite. Means "ago" hace + [tiempo] + preterite Hace dos dias fuí al centro.
(and) y -> e, (or) o -> u When next word begins with "i"/"hi" or "o"/"ho" respectively Español e Ingles. Siete u ocho
que = [which, that, who] for both persons and things El tren que acaba de partir …
Relative Pronouns. Takes place of previous noun
quien(es) = [whom] refers to people. Precede w/ (a, con, para, de) Mi esposa, con quien viajo...
ito/ita == Affection, small, extreme, ironic. if ends w/ e or consonantuse _cito/_cita blanquito. Grandecito.
Tener versus haber Tener is the usual active. Yo tengo un carro. Yo he terminado.
[___]poner == [___]pose in English To Put = Pose. Componer. Disponer.
Passive Voice (True Passive) The verb receives the action. Subject + ser + [past participle] + por + agent Los cuerpos fueron enterrado por sus padres.
Objects
Preposition object pronouns
mí, ti, Ud, él, ella, nosotros, Uds, ellos, ellas. (conmigo, consigo, contigo) Compran fruta para mí.
Direct object pronouns (first recipient of verb/action) me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las
Indirect object pronouns (Ultimate recipient of verb/action.
Naturally sounds like it has "to" in front of it.)
me, te, le, nos, les. (Le/les usually clarified with "a object pronoun") Voy a hablarle a ella mañana.
Nos la llena. --or-- Esta llenando nos lo.
Direct aways follows the indirect. Va lleno nos lo.
Indirect and direct object pronouns in same sentence 3rd person object pronouns (le, les) change to se. Se lo da. Le da.
Can both be appended to gerund/infinitive. Accent preserves stress of
original verb. Está dándonoslos.
Reflexive verbs Use se instead of le/les.
Comparison
Comparison: Superiority más (adjective/adverb/noun) que Este autobus es más lento que esse.
Comparison: Inferiority menos (adjective/adverb/noun) que Cual vestido is menos costoso.
tan (adjective/adverb) como
Comparison: Equality
tanto/tantos/tanta/tantas (noun) como
Comparison: Irregulars better=mejor, worse=peor, fewer=menos, smaller=menor
Superlatives definite article + noun + más/menos + adj el coche más caro.
Conditional Form might happen in the future. gustaría, daría
Verb Conjugation
[_]ger & [_]gir verbs g->j in yo form proteger -> protejo
[_]cer & [_]cir verbs add z in front of c in yo form. merercer -> merezco. Conocer -> conozco.
[_]guir verbs iregular in you form. seguir -> siga.
Yo preterite irregulars in _gar, _car & _zar gar -> gué | car -> qué | zar -> cé Pagué, Toqué, Comencé
Preterite using "u". estar->estuve: tener->tuve puse (poner). supe (saber). hube (haber)
Preterite ir/ser fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
Preterite e->i & o->u only in 3rd person singular/plural. pedí, pidió.
Preterite j stem change add a "j" decir - > dije. Traer -> trajiste
Futuro stem change many add a "r" in the futuro Tendré. Saldré. Lo haré.
To Become
ponerse Change in emotional or physical condition Se pone triste cuando teine hanbre.
volverse like ponerse but radical or sudden. Se volvió loco.
hacerse OR llegarse hacer to indicate a result. él hizo lobo El presidente llegó hacer un asesino..
To become. Hacerse, llegarse, ponerse le puse el rojo.
Translation
One should think.
To get yourself up.
happily
I have just arived.
Upon arriving.
They injured themselves (Lesson 8)
They have been studying English for two years.
I went downtown two days ago.
Spanish and English. Seven or eight.
The train that just left…
My wife, with whom I'm traveling.
The whitest sand.
I have a car. I have finished.
Compose. Dispose.
The bodies were buried by their parents
They are buying fruit for me.
I going to talk to her tomorrow.
He is filling it for us.
He is going to fill it for us.
He gives it to us. He gives.
He is giving them to us.
This bus is slower than that one.
The most expensive car.
would like to, maybe give
I protect.
I deserve. I am familiar with.
I paid, I touched, I started.
I put. I found out. There was/were.
I asked for,.. He asked for...
I said. You fell.
He will have. You will leave. I will do it.
She gets sad when she is hungry.
She went crazy.
He became a wolf. He bacame a murderer.
It became red.
ALT+NUMPAD
Type char Value
dieresis u ü = 129
accented e é = 130
accented a á = 160
accented i í = 161
accented o ó = 162
accented u ú = 163
accented E É = 144
tilde + n ñ = 164
tilde + N Ñ = 165
inverted ! ¡ = 173
inverted ? ¿ = 168
left angled quotes « = 174
right angled quotes » = 175