BIVALVOS
Los bivalvos (Clase Bivalvia=Pelecypoda=Lamellibranchiata) constituyen un grupo
de moluscos acuticos con una concha externa con 2 valvas que encierra un
cuerpo blando comprimido lateralmente. Presentes en medios acuticos, sean
marinos o de agua dulce. Euritermos, pero la temperatura afecta el grosor de la
concha.
La concha esta compuesta de cristales de carbonato clcico embebidos en una
matriz organica. Los bivalvos segregan 2 polimorfos de carbonato clcico, calcita y
aragonito, que a veces coexisten en una misma concha (Pteriorida, Mytiloida). Un
tercer polimorfo, la vaterita, solo aparece ocasionalmente durante procesos de
regeneracin de concha.
La regin dorsal interna suele contener una placa charnelar con elevaciones
(dientes) y depresiones (fosetas) que son un molde de los dientes y fosetas de la
valva opuesta. Todo este conjunto se denomina denticin y queda total o
parcialmente por debajo del eje de la charnela. La denticin previene movimientos
rotacionales (salvo excepciones), alinea las valvas cuando los aductores la cierran
y mantiene el contacto entre ellas durante el proceso de excavacin.
Existen 7 tipos de denticin llamadas taxodonta, esquizodonta, disodonta,
isodonta, heterodonta, desmodonta y pachidonta. Bivalvos con ausencia de
dientes son llamados edentados.
Modo de vida:
Bisados: utilizan el biso para fijarse al sustrado duro normalmente y carecen de
capacidad para excavar con el pie, que esta muy reducido.
Cementantes: viven adheridos al sustrado duro mediante material esqueltico.
Reclinados: son bivalvos que viven sobre el sustrado blando o esta parcialmente
enterrados en el, pero carecen de capacidad para fijarse o excavar.
Nadadores: se mueven libremente por el agua mediante autopropulsin. Su alto
gasto energtico requiere que sus movimientos sean intermitentes.
Excavadores: penetran sustrato blando mediante locomocin pedal y mantienen
una posicin de vida enterrados, como minimo parcialmente.
Perforantes: ocupan permanente o semi-permanente una cavidad realizada por
ellos mismos en sustrato duro.
Rupcolas: viven en cavidad preexistentes del sustrato duro y carecen de
capacidad para excavar por si mismos.
TAXONOMIA (Bouchet, Rocroi, Bieler, Carter & Coan, 2010)
Grade Euprotobranchia
Order Fordillida
o Superfamily Fordilloidea
Family Fordillidae
Family Camyidae
Order Tuarangiida
o Family Tuarangiidae
Subclass Heterodonta
Infraclass Archiheterodonta
Order Carditoida
Superfamily Carditoidea
o Family Carditidae
o Family Condylocardidae
Superfamily Crassitelloidea
o Family Crassitellidae
o Family Astartidae
Infraclass Euheterodonta
Unassigned Euheterodonta
Superfamily Gastrochaenoidea
o Family Gastrochaenidae
Superfamily Hiatelloidea
o Family Hiatellidae
Superfamily Solenoidea
o Family Solenidae
o Family Pharidae
Order Anomalodesmata
Superfamily Clavagelloidea
o Family Clavagellidae
o Family Penicillidae
Superfamily Cuspidarioidea
o Family Cuspidariidae
Superfamily Myochamoidea
o Family Cleidothaeridae
o Family Myochamidae
Superfamily Pandoroidea
o Family Pandoridae
o Family Lyonsiidae
Superfamily Pholadomyoidea
o Family Parilimyidae
o Family Pholadomyidae
Superfamily Poromyoidea
o Family Poromyidae
Superfamily Thracioidea
o Family Thraciidae
o Family Laternulidae
o Family Periplomatidae
Superfamily Verticordioidea
o Family Lyonsiellidae
o Family Verticordidae
o Family Euciroidae
Order Myoida
Suborder Myina
o Superfamily Myoidea
Family Corbulidae
Family Myidae
o Superfamily Pholadoidea
Family Pholadidae
Family Teredinidae
Order Lucinoida
Superfamily Lucinoidea
o Family Lucinidae
Superfamily Thyasiroidea
o Family Thyasiridae
Order Veneroida
Superfamily Arcticoidea
o Family Arcticidae
o Family Trapeziidae
Superfamily Corbiculoidea
o Family Corbiculidae
Superfamily Dreissenoidea
o Family Dreissenidae
Superfamily Sphaerioidea
o Family Sphaeriidae
Superfamily Cyamioidea
o Family Cyamiidae
o Family Neoleptonidae
o Family Sportellidae
Superfamily Glossoidea
o Family Glossidae
Superfamily Tridacnoidea
o Family Tridacnidae
Superfamily Cardioidea
o Family Cardiidae
Superfamily Chamoidea
o Family Chamidae
Superfamily Galeommatoidea
o Family Galeommatidae
o Family Kellidae
o Family Lasaeidae
o Family Leptonidae
o Family Montacutidae
Superfamily Mactroidea
o Family Cardiliidae
o Family Mactridae
o Family Mesodesmatidae
Superfamily Tellinoidea
o Family Donacidae
o Family Psammobiidae
o Family Semelidae
o Family Tellinidae
o Family Solecurtidae
Superfamily Ungulinoidea
o Family Ungulinidae
Superfamily Cyrenoididae
o Family Cyrenoididae
o Family Glauconomidae
Superfamily Veneroidea
o Family Petricolidae
o Family Turtoniidae
o Family Veneridae
Subclass Palaeoheterodonta
Order Trigoniida
Superfamily Beichuanioidea Liu & Gu, 1988
o Family Beichuaniidae Liu & Gu, 1988
Superfamily Megatrigonioidea Van Hoepen, 1929
o Family Megatrigoniidae Van Hoepen, 1929
o Family Iotrigoniidae Savelive, 1958
o Family Rutitrigoniidae Van Hoepen, 1929
Superfamily Myophorelloidea Kobayashi, 1954
o Family Myophorellidae Kobayashi, 1954
o Family Buchotrigoniidae Leanza, 1993</small
o Family Laevitrigoniidae Savelive, 1958
o Family Vaugoniidae Kobayashi, 1954
Superfamily Trigonioidea Lamarck, 1819
o Family Trigoniidae Lamarck, 1819
o Family Eoschizodidae Newell & Boyd, 1975 (syn: Curtonotidae)
o Family Groeberellidae Prez, Reyes, & Danborenea 1995
o Family Myophoriidae Bronn, 1849 (syn: Cytherodontidae,
Costatoriidae, Gruenewaldiidae)
o Family Prosogyrotrigoniidae Kobayashi, 1954
o Family Scaphellinidae Newell & Ciriacks, 1962
o Family Schizodidae Newell & Boyd, 1975
o Family Sinodoridae Pojeta & Zhang, 1984
Order Unionoida
Superfamily Archanodontoidea Modell, 1957 (placement in Unionoida
uncertain)
o Family Archanodontidae Modell, 1957
Superfamily Etherioidea Deshayes, 1832
o Family Etheriidae Deshayes, 1832 (syn: Mulleriidae,
Pseudomulleriidae)
o Family Iridinidae Swainson, 1840 (syn: Mutelidae, Pleiodontidae)
o Family Mycetopodidae Gray, 1840
Superfamily Hyrioidea Swainson, 1840
o Family Hyriidae Swainson, 1840
Superfamily Trigonioidoidea Cox, 1952
o Family Trigonioididae Cox, 1952
o Family Jilinoconchidae Ma, 1989 (placement uncertain)
o Family Nakamuranaiadidae Guo, 1981 (syn:Sinonaiinae,
Nippononaiidae)
o Family Plicatounionidae Chen, 1988
o Family Pseudohyriidae Kobayashi, 1968
o Family Sainschandiidae Kolesnikov, 1977
Superfamily Unionoidea Rafinesque, 1820
o Family Unionidae Rafinesque, 1820
o Family Liaoningiidae Yu & Dong, 1993 (placement uncertain)
o Family Margaritiferidae Henderson, 1929 (syn:Margaritaninae,
Cumberlandiinae, Promargaritiferidae)
o Family Sancticarolitidae Simone & Mezzalira, 1997
Subclass Protobranchia
Order Nuculanoida
Superfamily Nuculanoidea
o Family Bathyspinulidae
o Family Lametilidae accepted as Phaseolidae
o Family Malletidae
o Family Neilonellidae
o Family Nuculanidae
o Family Siliculidae
o Family Tindariidae
o Family Yoledidae
Order Nuculida
Superfamily Nuculoidea
o Family Nuculidae
o Family Praenuculidae
o Family Sareptidae
Order Solemyoida
Superfamily Manzanelloidea
o Family Manzanellidae
Superfamily Solemyoidea
o Family Solemyidae
Subclass Pteriomorphia
Order Arcoida
Superfamily Arcoidea
o Family Arcidae
o Family Cucullaeidae
o Family Glycymerididae
o Family Noetiidae
o Family Parallelodontidae
Superfamily Limopsoidea
o Family Limposidae
o Family Philobryidae
Infraclass Eupteriomorphia
Order Ostreoida
Superfamily Ostreoidea
o Family Gryphaeidae
o Family Ostreidae
Suborder Pectinoida
Superfamily Anomoiidea
o Family Anomiidae
Superfamily Plicatuloidea
o Family Plicatulidae
Superfamily Dimyoidea
o Family Dimyidae
Superfamily Pectinoidea
o Family Entoliidae
o Family Pectinidae
o Family Propeamussiidae
o Family Spondylidae
Suborder Limoida
Superfamily Limoidea
o Family Limidae
Suborder Mytiloida
Superfamily Mytiloidea
o Family Mytilidae
Suborder: Pterioida
Superfamily Pinnoidea
o Family Pinnidae
Superfamily Pteroidea
o Family Malleidae
o Family Pteriidae
o Family Pulvinitidae