El Presente Perfecto (Present perfect)
Conjugacin del presente perfecto
La estructura del present perfect en ingls es:
[SUJETO] + have/has + [PARTICIPIO DEL VERBO]
Conjugacin
Significado
I have played
yo he jugado
you have played t has jugado
he has played
l ha jugado
we have played
nosotros hemos
jugado
you have played vosotros habis
jugado
they have
played
ellos han jugado
Como podis observar el auxiliar "has" se utiliza en la tercera persona del singular y el auxilar
"have" en los dems casos.
Construccin del participio
Los verbos regulares forman el participio se aadiendo "-ed".
playplayed
Aunque hay que tener en cuenta unas consideraciones:
Verbos irregulares
Para los verbos irregulares hay que memorizar su forma de pasado y de participio.
Verbo
Participio
Significado
to go
Gone
ir
to make
Made
hacer
Participio en verbos acabados en "-e"
Los verbos regulares acabado en "-e" forman su participio aadiendo simplemente una "-d".
Verbo
Participio
Significado
to use
Used
usar
to excuse
Excused
disculpar
La negacin en el presente perfecto
La negacin en el present perfect no tiene ninguna complicacin. Su estructura es simplemente:
[SUJETO] + have/has + not + [VERBO EN PARTICIPIO]
HE
has
not
played
well
l no ha jugado bien
I have not eaten in 2 days
(Yo) no he comido en 2 das
La interrogacin en el presente perfecto
Se construye la interrogacin invirtiendo el orden de sujeto y verbo to have. Es decir:
Have/has + [SUJETO] + [VERBO EN PARTICIPIO]?
Conjugacin
Significado
have I done?
he hecho?
have you done?
has hecho?
has he done?
he hecho?
have we done?
hemos hecho?
have you done?
habis hecho?
have they done?
han hecho?
Si la oracin tuviera una partcula interrogativa la forma sera:
[PARTCULA INTERROGATIVA] + have + [SUJETO] + [VERBO EN PARTICIPIO]?
What
have
you
done?
Qu has hecho?
Uso del presente perfecto
El present perfect es usado para:
Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y que no han terminado an en el presente
I have not slept in the past two days
No he dormido en los ltimos 2 das
Acciones que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado pero que su efecto continua en el
presente.
I am not hungry because I have eaten an apple
No tengo hambre porque he comido una manzana
El matiz del ejemplo anterior es, que aunque hemos terminado de comer la
manzana, esta accin tiene repercusin en el presente (no tenemos hambre en el
presente por habernos comido la manzana)
I have bought a car
(Yo) he comprado un coche
El matiz de este segundo ejemplo es, que aunque la accin de comprar termin, el
coche nos sigue perteneciendo en el presente (continua el efecto de la accin).
Acciones que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado pero que el interlocutor ha situado la
accin en un intervalo de tiempo no acabado. Esta situacin de la accin en un intervalo
temporal no finalizado obliga a construir la oracin en presente perfecto:
Intervalo temporal no finalizado (Present Perfect):
I have been in USA this year
He estado este ao en Estados Unidos
Intervalo temporal finalizado (Past Simple):
I was in USA last year
Estuve el ao pasado en Estados Unidos
Partculas usadas en "Present Perfect"
Just (acabar de)
Just se usa en "Present Perfect" para decir que una accin acaba de ser terminada:
we have just eaten and we are not hungry
Nosotros acabamos de comer y no tenemos hambre
Already (ya)
Already significa "ya", pero slo con oraciones afirmativas y en Present Perfect:
I have already ordered the books
ya he pedido los libros
Yet (ya o todava)
Yet en "Present Perfect" significa "ya" en oraciones interrogativas y "todava" en negativas :
Have you ordered her book yet?
Ya has pedido su libro?
No, I have not ordered her book yet
No, todava no he pedido su libro
Ever (alguna vez)
Ever se usa en oraciones interrogativas con la estructura "Have you ever ...?" (has alguna
vez ...?)
Have you ever seen a camel crying?
Has visto alguna vez un camello llorando?
present perfect
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a
verb:
The present perfect continuous is formed with have/has been and the -ing form of the verb:
Use: We use the present perfect tense:
for something that started in the past and continues in the present:
Theyve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
Note: We normally use the present perfect continuous for this:
She has been living in Liverpool all her life.
Its been raining for hours.
for something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:
Ive played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
Ive been watching that programme every week.
We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:
Theyve been staying with us since last week.
I have worked here since I left school.
Ive been watching that programme every week since it started.
when we are talking about our experience up to the present:
Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
Note: and we use never for the negative form:
Have you ever met George?
Yes, but Ive never met his wife.
for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking:
I cant get in the house. Ive lost my keys.
Teresa isnt at home. I think she has gone shopping.
Im tired out. Ive been working all day.
We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned:
A: Where have you been?
B: Ive just been out to the supermarket.
A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?
B: No, but Ive been to Los Angeles.
But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:
A: Where is Maria? I havent seen her for weeks.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. Shell be back tomorrow.
We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:
just; only just; recently;
Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
or adverbials which include the present:
ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives)
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far Ive only done my history.
WARNING:
We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which is finished:
I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new car last week.
When we were children we have been to California.
But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished:
Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.