Ref 417
Ref 417
Introducción
El eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario se compone de una compleja interrelación fisiológica
de diferentes estructuras anatómicas. El hipotálamo es una región localizada hacia
la base del cerebro, este no posee estructuras nerviosas que lo conecten de forma
directa con la glándula hipófisis, por lo que requiere de otro mecanismo, que es
conocido como la circulación hipotálamo-hipofisiario-portal. Esta consiste en una
densa red de capilares que drenan desde la eminencia media del área del hipotálamo
y descienden a lo largo de la glándula pituitaria, llevando así todas las señalizaciones
neuro-hormonales requeridas para el adecuado funcionamiento del eje1,2.
20
Eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario, ciclo ovárico y ciclo menstrual
La GnRH tiene una vida media que oscila entre los 2 a 4 minutos, a causa de esto
se requiere de una liberación constante de dicha hormona, esta se debe dar de una
forma pulsátil y las variaciones en la frecuencia y amplitud serán el factor que
definirá si la estimulación por parte de la GnRH llevará más hacia la síntesis de LH
o de FSH. Se describe que cuando son pulsos rápidos de alta frecuencia se estimula
la hipófisis para la producción de LH, caso contrario para la producción de FSH.
Ambas hormonas, se dirigen hacia la glándula efectora que es el ovario, si bien
ambas actúan tanto en las células de la teca como en las células de la granulosa,
cada una de estas tiene cierta predilección por un tipo de células y esto es lo que
permite que se dé el ciclo de manera adecuada y se logre la esteroidogénesis1.
21
& inhibina -> inhibe FSH y la LH
Núcleo preóptico
Núcleo arcuato
GnRH Secreción por picos (importa la
amplitud y la frecuencia
Estimulación de
células ganadotropas Rápidos: LH (alta frecuencia)
Lentos: FSH (baja frecuencia)
LH y FSH
LH FSH
22
Eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario, ciclo ovárico y ciclo menstrual
Folistatina inhibe 10 fult tras
Ser actividad .
Una vez entendido como funcionan las hormonas dentro de la fisiología del eje,
para entender el ciclo es importante resaltar que se habla tanto de ciclo ovárico
como de ciclo menstrual, el primero se compone de todos los eventos foliculares
que llevan el folículo primordial hasta la ovulación, mientras que el segundo son
todos los eventos endometriales que van desde la fase proliferativa hasta la
secretoria. De igual manera, hay que reconocer que el ciclo ovárico se divide en
tres fases que son: folicular, ovulatoria y lútea; la primera y última coinciden con
la proliferativa y secretoria respectivamente, del ciclo 3.
23
Endocrinología Ginecológica: Claves para la práctica en la actualidad
seleccionar un follculo .
Fase folicular
↓
para que preda
ovular
atresia ,
allas de la
Este folículo preantral contiene células de la granulosa con la habilidad de sintetizar granulora producen
igual manera, se cuenta con un sistema de aromatasa que convierte andrógenos androgenos y
progestagenos
en estrógenos, que está mediado por la acción de la FSH. Este folículo va creciendo
y va desarrollando cada vez más el sistema de las dos células, como se puede ver
en la Figura 3; este sistema es fundamental para la esteroidogénesis, proceso por
el cuál a partir del colesterol se producen las hormonas esteroideas sexuales.
Bajo la influencia de los estrógenos y de la FSH se incrementa la producción de
líquido folicular que se acumula en los espacios intercelulares, llevando este a
la etapa de folículo antral, en este punto todas esas células de la granulosa que
rodean el ovocito pasan a llamarse cúmulo ooforo4.
24
Eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario, ciclo ovárico y ciclo menstrual
LH FSH
Colesterol
Estadiol Estrona
Desmolasa Pregnelona Aromatasa
25
Endocrinología Ginecológica: Claves para la práctica en la actualidad
En este momento la hormona antimulleriana (AMH por sus siglas en inglés) tiene
un papel relevante, si bien su función principal es causar la regresión de los ductos
mullerianos durante el proceso embrionario, durante el ciclo folicular tiene actividad
paracrina e inhibe el crecimiento folicular estimulado por FSH, suprimiendo así el
crecimiento de los folículos más pequeños y permitiendo al folículo dominante
seleccionarse. Este efecto mencionado hace que los niveles séricos de AMH sean
un reflejo del número de folículos crecientes y, por tanto, de la reserva folicular4.
Fase lútea
Dentro de los cambios que sufre el folículo antes de la ruptura está el incremento en
el tamaño de las células de la granulosa y vacuolización, generando acumulación
de pigmento (luteína), lo que conlleva a la formación del cuerpo lúteo. La función
principal del cuerpo lúteo es la producción de progesterona para poder sostener
el embarazo hasta que la placenta se forme y se encargue de la esteroidogénesis
necesaria. La fase lútea inicial se caracteriza por una mayor angiogénesis, proceso
que es mediado por el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular (VEGF) y por un
crecimiento de nuevos vasos controlado por la angiopoyetina 1. La regresión
del cuerpo lúteo se da por una disminución de los VEGF y de la angiopoyetina
1. Alrededor del día 8 a 9 post-ovulatorio se da un pico máximo de niveles de
progesterona principalmente, estradiol e inhibina A, que actúan de manera
central para suprimir la FSH y LH. La iniciación de un nuevo crecimiento folicular
durante la fase lútea se inhibe gracias a los bajos niveles de gonadotropinas por el
feedback negativo. Del día 9 al 11 post-ovulatorio, empieza la regresión del cuerpo
lúteo que implica la acción luteolítica de su propia producción de estrógenos,
26
Eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario, ciclo ovárico y ciclo menstrual
27
Endocrinología Ginecológica: Claves para la práctica en la actualidad
LH
FSH
Estradiol
Progesterona
1 14 28
Conclusión
El ciclo de la mujer es una interrelación e integración fisiológica de diferentes
estructuras anatómicas y de mecanismos que permiten el desarrollo normal
del ciclo ovárico y menstrual en la mujer. El entendimiento del funcionamiento
de este es fundamental para comprender el sustento fisiopatológico de las
diferentes patologías que pueden afectar a la mujer a lo largo de su vida.
Referencias bibliográficas
1. Taylor HS, Pal L, Seli E. Neuroendocrinology. En: Fisher A. Speroff’s Clinical
gynecologic endocrinology and fertility. 9th Ed. 2020.
2. Taylor HS, Pal L, Seli E. The Ovary, embriology and development. In: Fisher A, editor.
Speroff’s Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and fertility. New Haven: editorial
Wolters Kluwer; 9th Ed. 2020. p. 159 – 91.
28
Eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario, ciclo ovárico y ciclo menstrual
3. Hoffman BL, Schorge JO,Halvorson LM, Hamid CA, Corton MM, Schaffer JI. Capítulo 16
- Endocrinología de la reproducción. In: Hoffman BL, Schorge JO,Halvorson LM, Hamid
CA, Corton MM, Schaffer JI. Williams Ginecología. 4ed.
4. Taylor HS, Pal L, Seli E. The regulation of menstrual cycle. In: Fisher A, editor.
Speroff’s Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and fertility. New Haven: editorial
Wolters Kluwer; 9th Ed. 2020. p. 159 – 91.
5. Fraser IS, Hilary C, Broder M, Munro M. The FIGO Recommendations on Terminologies
and Definitions for Normal and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Semin Reprod Med.
2011;29:383–390.
6. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, Dokras A, Moran LJ, Piltonen TT, et al. Recommendations
from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and
management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023;189(2):G43-G64.
29
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Anticoncepción y
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Planificación familiar
Laura Isabel Jaramillo Jaramillo
Especialista en Ginecología y Obstetricia
UnidadNivel
Maternoinfantil
de texto 1
Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana
UnidadNivel Ginecología
de texto 2 Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe
Nivel de texto 3
Nivel de texto 4
Nivel de texto 5
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pregnancy commonly cite planningwomen ages
a pregnancy 18 to 50: “Would you like to be-
as ap-
[Link]
intentions. Therate
American College ofages
for women Ob- 15propriate
to 44 only
years when they
come are pregnant
in an ideal in the next year?”5 A common
stetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) en- relationship and when they are living in a
The authors reported no potential
decreased by 18% between 2008 workflow
courages clinicians to ask women about financially stable environment—conditions includes the medical assistant ask-
Escuelaconflict
de Ciencias de latoVida
of interest relevant this
and 2011,
pregnancy almost half
intendedness of pregnancies
and encourages that somein themay never
women ing women
achieve. about pregnancy intentions and article.
patients to develop a reproductive life plan, Another caveat is that women may not
United
or a set of States
personalremain
goals aboutunintended.
whether or have
1
On pregnancyproviding
a more
explicit intentions, inawhich
preconception and/or contracep-
Contraceptive care best practices Renee T. Sullender, BA,
medical student; Jessica
Dalby, MD; Stacy Loerch,
MD
These 5 practice-changing initiatives can help reduce the University of Wisconsin School
of Medicine and Public Health
number of unwanted pregnancies and allow women to (Ms. Sullender); Department
of Family Medicine and Com-
5
take moreRoutinely
control of their reproductive
counsel health.
about, and advance-prescribe, emergency contraception pills munity Health, University of
Wisconsin School of Medicine
and Public Health (Drs. Dalby
and Loerch), Madison
W
[Link]@fammed.
hile the unintended pregnancy women ages 18 to 50: “Would you like to be- [Link]
rate for women ages 15 to 44 years come pregnant in the next year?” A common
5
W
All women of reproductive age should be low-income women.6 Additionally, women [Link]@fammed.
hile forthetheirunintended
screened routinely pregnancy
pregnancy commonly cite planningwomen ages
a pregnancy 18 to 50: “Would you like to be-
as ap-
[Link]
intentions. Therate
American College ofages
for women Ob- 15propriate
to 44 only
years when they
come are pregnant
in an ideal in the next year?”5 A common
stetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) en- relationship and when they are living in a
The authors reported no potential
decreased by 18% between 2008 workflow
courages clinicians to ask women about financially stable environment—conditions includes the medical assistant ask-
Escuelaconflict
de Ciencias de latoVida
of interest relevant this
and 2011,
pregnancy almost half
intendedness of pregnancies
and encourages that somein themay never
women ing women
achieve. about pregnancy intentions and article.
patients to develop a reproductive life plan, Another caveat is that women may not
United
or a set of States
personalremain
goals aboutunintended.
whether or have
1
On pregnancyproviding
a more
explicit intentions, inawhich
preconception and/or contracep-
Generalidades del ciclo
Estrógeno Progestágeno
Diu de oro
y
↓ no los cubre el
pos ,
.Recomendaciones sobre prácticas seleccionadas para el uso de anticonceptivos. Tercera edición. OMS.2018
Efectividad
Eficaz 1a9
Moderadamente eficaz 10 a 19
Nivel de texto 1
Nivel de texto 2
Nivel de texto 3
Nivel de texto 4
Nivel de texto 5
En este capítulo se describen los preservativos masculinos de látex. En algunas zonas se
dispone de preservativos femeninos, que se insertan en la vagina (véase “Preservativos
Preservativo masculino
femeninos”, p. 261, y “Comparación de los preservativos”, p. 428).
rvativos masculinos
y En algunos hombres puede disminuir la sensación sexual. Comentar esta
cuestión en la pareja a veces puede ayudar a superar esta objeción.
La mayoría de ellos están hechos de una fina goma de látex. Los preservativos
masculinos también están hechos de otros materiales, como poliuretano,
poliisopreno, piel de cordero y nitrilo.
Preservativo masculino
cutáneo, como la infección por el virus del herpes y el virus del papiloma humano.
15
Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida
inos
Preservativo femenino
Son revestimientos que se adaptan a la vagina de la mujer, sin
quedar estrechamente ajustados
16
¿Qué son los espermicidas?
agmas
Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida
y Son sustancias que destruyen los espermatozoides y que se introducen
Espermicidas nonoxina -
a espermicida + vrade
Diafragma
Otros cambios físicos posibles:
y Lesiones vaginales
afragmas
Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida
Aclarar malentendidos (véase también “Preguntas y respuestas”, p. 286)
Título de presentación
Anticoncepción hormonal
Nivel de texto 1
Nivel de texto 2
Nivel de texto 3
Nivel de texto 4
Nivel de texto 5
indeseables de los gestágenos.
Progestágenos
CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS GESTÁGENOS 1
ESTEROIDES
NATURALES SINTÉTICOS
Progestágenos
progesterone because it has a methyl group at the
Table 2
leads to a highly active progestin, which is clinically
Progestágenos
,
que estudiarla .
Contraindicaciones
Tumores hepáticos
Cirrosis hepática
Ventajas Desventajas
Perfil de paciente
• No le importa la regularidad
• Paciente con contraindicación para ACOS: migraña,
obesidad, diabetes complicada, lactancia materna
• Capacidad de ser adherente con un horario estricto
Aproterona +
prespirenona -
primo espironolactona
Globulina transportadora
de andrógenos
↓
lo estimulan
Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida
todas
los anticonceptual
Progestágenos: Drospirenona
Perteneciente al grupo de la
Progestágeno sintético
espironolactona.
4ta Generación
No aprobación como
anticonceptivo
progestágeno
Progestágenos inyectables solo
Perfil de paciente
• No le importa la regularidad
• Paciente con contraindicación para ACOS: migraña,
obesidad, diabetes complicada, lactancia materna
implanen 3 años
Etenorgestrel ong
Jadelle 5 años
Wonorgestrtung Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida
Lonergestrel sinamplant
75
mg
Progestágenos subdérmicos
Perfil de paciente
• No le importa la regularidad
• Máximo peso
7 años
30 mm
30 mm
32 mm
Siempre descartar
Epi q no retude
Perfil de paciente
• No le importa la regularidad
• Paciente con contraindicación para
anticonceptivos hormonales orales
• Util en contexto de una Hemorragia
Uterina Anormal (dependiendo de la
causa y dispositivo)
Amenorrea
12% Hilos azul
Kyleena 5 años 19.5mg 12.6ug/24h 28x30mm Anticoncepción
Anillo plateado
Spotting 26%
Amenorrea 6%
Hilos marrón
Jaydess 3 años 13.5mg 8ug/24h 28x30mm Anticoncepción
Anillo plateado
Spotting 18%
Sepsis puerperal
Inmediatamente después de un aborto séptico
Sangrado vaginal de etiología desconocida
Enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional con niveles persistentes de bhcg o malignidad
Cáncer de cérvix pendiente de iniciar tratamiento
Cáncer de mama actual
Cáncer de endometrio inicial ***
Miomas uterinos con distorsión de la cavidad uterina
Anormalidades anatómicas que distorsionen la cavidad uterina
EPI actual
ITS - cervicitis, chlamydia, neisseria
Tuberculosis pélvica
Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida
orales combinados
Anticonceptivos orale
Anticonceptivos orales combinados
A. Ciproterona 2mg
A. Ciproterona 2mg
35 mcg Alta
Dienogest 2mg
ultrabaja
Drospirenona 3mg
Gestodeno 60 mcg 15 mcg Etinilestradiol 30 mcg A. Clormadinona 2mg
Levonorgestrel 150 mcg
estandar
Desogestrel 150 mcg
bafa 20 mcg C
Estraded
hemidrato dinegelt
Ac nomegestrol 2.5mg
Estradiol 17B estradiol Drospirenona 2mg
• Estrógeno natural
Estradiol
• Simula el ciclo menstrual
17B estradiol
Ac nomegestrol 2.5mg
• Efecto antiandrogénico
Drospirenona 2mg
• Utilidad en la perimenopausia
Ventajas Desventajas
Perfil de paciente
• Desea regularidad
• Desea efecto antiandrogénico
• Desea control de la dismenorrea
• Condición subyacente: SPM, E
• Fertilidad a corto plazo
• Capacidad de ser puntual con la toma
O'Connell K, Burkman RT. The transdermal contraceptive patch: an updated review of the literature. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50(4):918-26.
Estrógenos + Progestágenos / Vaginal
Dispositivo en forma de anillo flexible
Anticonceptuo + afocado a
lucorias es el anilla
Estrógenos + Progestágenos / Inyectable
Inyectables mensuales
Puntos clave para proveedores y usuarias 5
Inyectables mensuales
y Los cambios en el sangrado son frecuentes y no son perjudiciales.
Lo habitual es que la menstruación sea más leve y que el sangrado dure
menos días, sea irregular o infrecuente.
y Regrese en la fecha programada. Para que la efectividad sea óptima es
importante volver a consulta cada 4 semanas.
y La inyección puede adelantarse o atrasarse hasta 7 días. Incluso
aunque se retrase aún más, todavía se le puede poner la inyección.
Efectivo durante
12 años
Anticoncepción de emergencia
Efectividad de las píldoras anticonceptivas de urgencia (PAU)
8 embarazos
<1 embarazo
Acetato de
ulipristal
1 embarazo
PAU de
Si 100 mujeres tuvieran progestágeno
solo
relaciones sexuales una
vez durante la segunda o
PAU de 2 embarazos
la tercera semana del ciclo estrógeno
menstrual... y progestágeno
combinados
Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida
Dosis única de 30 mg
Puede ser más efectivo que las otras entre las 72 y 120 horas
Ac. Ulipristal
6 días
Cualquier método con progestágeno
AUP Inserción de DIU LNG
Inmediato
Píldora Cualquier método anticonceptivo sin tener
anticonceptiva que esperar la próxima menstruación
6 días
Cualquier método con progestágeno
AUP Inserción de DIU LNG
Es la anticoncepción que se
realiza después de un parto o un
Reducir tasas de
aborto y antes del alta morbimortalidad materna y
hospitalaria, inmediata o antes perinatal
de 48 horas.
T de cobre o T de oro
Tubectomía / Vasectomía