ACLS
ACLS
Advanced Cardiovascular
Life Support
2023
Soporte Vital Cardiovascular Avanzado
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International Medical Academy
Índice
Sección 1
Introducción
Introducción al soporte vital 11
Sección 2
Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
Fisiopatología del paro cardiorrespiratorio 25
Fundamentos y habilidades para la reanimación 39
Secuencia de reanimación 83
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Soporte Vital Cardiovascular Avanzado
Sección 3
Soporte Vital Cardiovascular
Bradicardia sintomática 117
Taquicardia estable e inestable 135
Síndrome coronario agudo 157
Electrocardiografía en SCA 187
Sección 4
Apéndices
Sedación y analgesia procedimental 202
Desfibrilador externo automático 206
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Soporte Vital Cardiovascular Avanzado
Antes de empezar
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Sección 1
Introducción
Apartado 1.1
Introducción al
Soporte Vital
12 14
Niveles de soporte vital Equipos de intervención
rápida
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RCP de alta calidad
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Introducción al Soporte Vital
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Introducción al Soporte Vital
• Taquipnea
• Taquicardia
• Hipotensión
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Introducción al Soporte Vital
• Cardiología
• Anestesiología
Compresor 1 Compresor 2 • Cirugía
Compresiones y Compresiones y • Med. intensiva
desfibrilación desfibrilación • Neurología
• Nefrología
Asistente 1 Asistente 2
Control de tiempo Acceso IV/IO y
y otras tareas farmacos
Líder de equipo
Figura 1-1 Se puede observar la distribución del personal esencial en un paro. El encargado de
la vía aérea junto con los dos compresores conforman un triángulo que se mantiene alrededor
del paciente. La función de dar compresiones torácicas debe intercambiarse al menos cada dos
minutos.
El líder tiene movimiento libre alrededor del paciente, pero en general, debido a que su función
es directiva, debe mantenerse a los pies de la cama para evitar estorbar al resto de personas.
Los asistentes también tienen movimiento libre pero deben mantenerse en las posiciones en las
que están cumpliendo una tarea, en un momento dado, para evitar interrupciones o accidentes
(por ejemplo con el desfibrilador).
Otros profesionales convocados, pero que no estén cumpliendo una tarea específica en un
momento dado, deben alejarse unos pasos y dar espacio para que el equipo principal trabaje
eficientemente.
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Berg RA, Sutton RM, Holubkov R, Nicholson CE, Dean JM, Harrison R, Heidemann
S, Meert K, Newth C, Moler F, Pollack M, Dalton H, Doctor A, Wessel D, Berger
J, Shanley T, Carcillo J, Nadkarni VM; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care
Research Network and for the American Heart Association’s Get With the
Guidelines-Resuscitation (formerly the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation) Investigators. Ratio of PICU versus ward cardiopulmonary
resuscitation events is increasing. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:2292–2297. doi: 10.1097/
CCM.0b013e31828cf0c0
5. Cheng A, Kessler D, Lin Y, Tofil NM, Hunt EA, Davidson J, Chatfield J, Duff JP;
International Network for Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research and
Education (INSPIRE) CPR Investigators. Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation
coaching and provider role on perception of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality
during simulated pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20:e191–
e198. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001871
6. Cheng A, Nadkarni VM, Mancini MB, Hunt EA, Sinz EH, Merchant RM, Donoghue
A, Duff JP, Eppich W, Auerbach M, Bigham BL, Blewer AL, Chan PS, Bhanji F;
American Heart Association Education Science Investigators; and on behalf of the
American Heart Association Education Science and Programs Committee, Council
on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on
Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes
Research. Resuscitation education science: educational strategies to improve
outcomes from cardiac arrest: a scientific statement from the American Heart
Association. Circulation. 2018;138:e82–e122. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000583
7. Cheng A, Overly F, Kessler D, Nadkarni VM, Lin Y, Doan Q, Duff JP, Tofil NM,
Bhanji F, Adler M, Charnovich A, Hunt EA, Brown LL; International Network for
Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research, Education (INSPIRE) CPR
Investigators. Perception of CPR quality: Influence of CPR feedback, Just-in-
Time CPR training and provider role. Resuscitation. 2015;87:44–50. doi: 10.1016/j.
resuscitation.2014.11.015
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Introducción al Soporte Vital
10. de Vries EN, Prins HA, Crolla RM, den Outer AJ, van Andel G, van Helden SH,
Schlack WS, van Putten MA, Gouma DJ, Dijkgraaf MG, Smorenburg SM,
Boermeester MA; SURPASS Collaborative Group. Effect of a comprehensive
surgical safety system on patient outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1928–1937.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa0911535
11. Dezfulian C, Orkin AM, Maron BA, Elmer J, Girota S, Gladwin MT, Merchant
RM, Panchal AR, Perman SM, Starks M, van Diepen S, Lavonas EJ; on behalf
of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care,
Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and
Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on
Clinical Cardiology. Opioid-associated out-ofhospital cardiac arrest: distinctive
clinical features and implications for healthcare and public responses: a scientific
statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. In press.
12. Edelson DP, Litzinger B, Arora V, Walsh D, Kim S, Lauderdale DS, Vanden Hoek TL,
Becker LB, Abella BS. Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes
with performance debriefing. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1063–1069. doi: 10.1001/
archinte.168.10.1063
15. Fletcher KA, Bedwell WL. Cognitive aids: design suggestions for the medical
field. Proc Int Symp Human Factors Ergonomics Health Care. 2014;3:148–152. doi:
10.1177/2327857914031024
16. Greif R, Bhanji F, Bigham BL, Bray J, Breckwoldt J, Cheng A, Duff JP, Gilfoyle
E, Hsieh M-J, Iwami T, et al; on behalf of the Education, Implementation, and
Teams Collaborators. Education, implementation, and teams: 2020 International
Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular
Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(suppl
1):S00-S00. doi: 10.1161/ CIR.0000000000000896
17. Hawkes GA, Murphy G, Dempsey EM, Ryan AC. Randomised controlled trial of
a mobile phone infant resuscitation guide. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015;51:1084–
1088. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12968
18. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, Lipsitz SR, Breizat AH, Dellinger EP, Herbosa
T, Joseph S, Kibatala PL, Lapitan MC, Merry AF, Moorthy K, Reznick RK, Taylor B,
Gawande AA; Safe Surgery Saves Lives Study Group. A surgical safety checklist to
reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:491–
499. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa0810119
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20. Holmberg MJ, Wiberg S, Ross CE, Kleinman M, Hoeyer-Nielsen AK, Donnino MW,
Andersen LW. Trends in survival after pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United
States. Circulation. 2019;140:1398–1408. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041667
21. Hunt EA, Heine M, Shilkofski NS, Bradshaw JH, Nelson-McMillan K, Duval-Arnould
J, Elfenbein R. Exploration of the impact of a voice activated decision support
system (VADSS) with video on resuscitation performance by lay rescuers during
simulated cardiopulmonary arrest. Emerg Med J. 2015;32:189–194. doi: 10.1136/
emermed- 2013-202867
22. Kelleher DC, Carter EA, Waterhouse LJ, Parsons SE, Fritzeen JL, Burd RS. Effect
of a checklist on advanced trauma life support task performance during pediatric
trauma resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21:1129– 1134. doi: 10.1111/acem.12487
23. Kessler DO, Cheng A, Mullan PC. Debriefing in the emergency department after
clinical events: a practical guide. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;65:690– 698. doi: 10.1016/j.
annemergmed.2014.10.019
24. Kleinman ME, Brennan EE, Goldberger ZD, Swor RA, Terry M, Bobrow BJ, Gazmuri
RJ, Travers AH, Rea T. Part 5: adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation.
2015;132(suppl 2):S414–S435. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000259
25. Kronick SL, Kurz MC, Lin S, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Billi JE, Cabanas JG,
Cone DC, Diercks DB, Foster JJ, et al. Part 4: systems of care and continuous
quality improvement: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation.
2015;132(suppl 2):S397–S413. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000258
26. Kwon JM, Lee Y, Lee Y, Lee S, Park J. An algorithm based on deep learning for
predicting in-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e008678. doi:
10.1161/jaha.118.008678
27. Lashoher A, Schneider EB, Juillard C, Stevens K, Colantuoni E, Berry WR, Bloem
C, Chadbunchachai W, Dharap S, Dy SM, Dziekan G, Gruen RL, Henry JA, Huwer
C, Joshipura M, Kelley E, Krug E, Kumar V, Kyamanywa P, Mefire AC, Musafir M,
Nathens AB, Ngendahayo E, Nguyen TS, Roy N, Pronovost PJ, Khan IQ, Razzak
JA, Rubiano AM, Turner JA, Varghese M, Zakirova R, Mock C. Implementation
of the World Health Organization Trauma Care Checklist program in 11 centers
across multiple economic strata: effect on care process measures. World J Surg.
2017;41:954–962. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3759-8
28. Lavonas EJ, Drennan IR, Gabrielli A, Heffner AC, Hoyte CO, Orkin AM, Sawyer
KN, Donnino MW. Part 10: special circumstances of resuscitation: 2015 American
Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and
Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 2):S501–S518. doi:
10.1161/CIR.0000000000000264
29. Merchant RM, Abella BS, Abotsi EJ, Smith TM, Long JA, Trudeau ME, Leary M,
Groeneveld PW, Becker LB, Asch DA. Cell phone cardiopulmonary resuscitation:
audio instructions when needed by lay rescuers: a randomized, controlled trial.
Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55:538–543.e1. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2010.01.020
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Introducción al Soporte Vital
30. Mullan PC, Cochrane NH, Chamberlain JM, Burd RS, Brown FD, Zinns LE,
Crandall KM, O’Connell KJ. Accuracy of postresuscitation team debriefings in a
pediatric emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70:311– 319. doi: 10.1016/j.
annemergmed.2017.01.034
31. Paal P, Pircher I, Baur T, Gruber E, Strasak AM, Herff H, Brugger H, Wenzel V,
Mitterlechner T. Mobile phone-assisted basic life support augmented with a
metronome. J Emerg Med. 2012;43:472–477. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2011.09.011
32. Rose SC, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; doi:
10.1002/14651858.CD000560
34. Sayre MR, Berg RA, Cave DM, Page RL, Potts J, White RD; American Heart
Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee. Hands-only
(compression-only) cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a call to action for bystander
response to adults who experience out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest: a
science advisory for the public from the American Heart Association Emergency
Cardiovascular Care Committee. Circulation. 2008;117:2162–2167. doi: 10.1161/
CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189380
35. Subbe CP, Davies RG, Williams E, Rutherford P, Gemmell L. Effect of introducing
the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary
arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions. Anaesthesia.
2003;58:797–802. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03258.x
36. Sweberg T, Sen AI, Mullan PC, Cheng A, Knight L, Del Castillo J, Ikeyama T,
Seshadri R, Hazinski MF, Raymond T, Niles DE, Nadkarni V, Wolfe H; pediatric
resuscitation quality (pediRES-Q) collaborative investigators. Description of
hot debriefings after in-hospital cardiac arrests in an international pediatric
quality improvement collaborative. Resuscitation. 2018;128:181–187. doi: 10.1016/j.
resuscitation.2018.05.015
37. Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP,
Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Delling FN, et al: on behalf of the American
Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee
and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020
update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e139–
e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757
38. Wolfe H, Zebuhr C, Topjian AA, Nishisaki A, Niles DE, Meaney PA, Boyle L,
Giordano RT, Davis D, Priestley M, Apkon M, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, Sutton RM.
Interdisciplinary ICU cardiac arrest debriefing improves survival outcomes. Crit
Care Med. 2014;42:1688–1695. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000327
39. Zinns LE, O’Connell KJ, Mullan PC, Ryan LM, Wratney AT. National survey of
pediatric emergency medicine fellows on debriefing after medical resuscitations.
Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31:551–554. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000196
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Sección 2
Reanimación
Cardiopulmonar
Avanzada
Apartado 2.1
Fisiopatología del Paro
Cardiorrespiratorio
27 31
Tipos de paro Asistolia
cardiorrespiratorio
28 32
Paro desfibrilable Progresión del paro
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Paro no desfibrilable
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Fisiopatología del
Paro Cardiorrespiratorio
• Está inconsciente
• No presenta pulso carotídeo
• No tiene ventilación efectiva
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Fisiopatología del Paro Cardiorrespiratorio
Desfibrilables No desfibrilables
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Fisiopatología del Paro Cardiorrespiratorio
SA
AV Foco
Haz de
Ectópico
His
Figura 2-1 (1) El sistema de conducción eléctrica normal emite la carga eléctrica en el nodo
sinusal o “sinoauricular” (SA) y viaja hacia el nodo auriculoventricular (AV) para llegar a
los ventrículos a través del haz de His y las fibras de Purkinge. (2) La aparición de un foco
ectópico que genera su propia descarga eléctrica, produce una gran cantidad de sístoles
adicionales (taquicardia ventricular sin pulso) que se sobreponen y se presentan con un trazo
característico en el monitor cardíaco. (3) La aparición de múltiples focos ectópicos genera un
movimiento caótico (fibrilación ventricular) y un trazo irregular, sin forma definida.
Figura 2-2 Mientras sigue pasando el tiempo, las reservas energéticas se irán agotando.
Si la RCP no está siendo exitosa, puede notar que la onda de fibrilación se aplanará
progresivamente hasta convertirse en asistolia.
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1 2 3
Fisiopatología Tratamiento
2 FV o TVSP 2 Desfibrilación
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Fisiopatología del Paro Cardiorrespiratorio
Asistolia
Es la ausencia de toda actividad eléctrica y en consecuencia,
también de cualquier actividad contráctil. A pesar que este
tipo de paro se clasifica como no desfibrilable, en realidad,
cualquier condición de paro cardiorrespiratorio que no pueda
ser revertida, terminará en asistolia.
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Fisiopatología del Paro Cardiorrespiratorio
Asistolia
Taquicardia ventricular
sin pulso
Diagrama 2-2 Las 3 ritmos que utilizan energía celular (FV, TVSP y AESP) pueden alternar
entre sí durante la RCP, o caer en asistolia en cualquier momento. Esté atento para
diferenciar cuando está ante un ritmo desfibrilable (FV o TVSP) o ante AESP.
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Asano Y, Davidenko JM, Baxter WT, Gray RA, Jalife J. Optical mapping of drug-
induced polymorphic arrhythmias and torsade de pointes in the isolated rabbit
heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:831–842. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(96)00588-8
3. Beck LR, Ostermayer DG, Ponce JN, Srinivasan S, Wang HE. Effectiveness of
Prehospital Dual Sequential Defibrillation for Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation and
Ventricular Tachycardia Cardiac Arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23:597–602.
doi: 10.1080/10903127.2019.1584256
4. Berg KM, Soar J, Andersen LW, Böttiger BW, Cacciola S, Callaway CW, Couper
K, Cronberg T, D’Arrigo S, Deakin CD, et al; on behalf of the Adult Advanced Life
Support Collaborators. Adult advanced life support: 2020 International Consensus
on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science
With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(suppl 1):S92–S139. doi:
10.1161/ CIR.0000000000000893
5. Berdowski J, ten Haaf M, Tijssen JG, Chapman FW, Koster RW. Time in recurrent
ventricular fibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation.
2010;122:1101–1108. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958173
7. Callaway CW, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr, Dietrich TJ, Holt E, Clarkson MC. Scaling
exponent predicts defibrillation success for out-ofhospital ventricular fibrillation
cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2001;103:1656– 1661. doi: 10.1161/[Link].103.12.1656
8. Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J, Salcido DD, Rea T, Powell J, Edelson DP,
Sell R, May S, Menegazzi JJ, Van Ottingham L, Olsufka M, Pennington S, Simonini
J, Berg RA, Stiell I, Idris A, Bigham B, Morrison L; Resuscitation Outcomes
Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Perishock pause: an independent predictor of
survival from out-ofhospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011;124:58–66.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010736
10. Clemency BM, Pastwik B, Gillen D. Double sequential defibrillation and the tyranny
of the case study. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37:792–793. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2018.09.002
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Fisiopatología del Paro Cardiorrespiratorio
11. Coult J, Blackwood J, Sherman L, Rea TD, Kudenchuk PJ, Kwok H. Ventricular
Fibrillation Waveform Analysis During Chest Compressions to Predict Survival
From Cardiac Arrest. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019;12:e006924. doi: 10.1161/
CIRCEP.118.006924
12. Coult J, Kwok H, Sherman L, Blackwood J, Kudenchuk PJ, Rea TD. Ventricular
fibrillation waveform measures combined with prior shock outcome predict
defibrillation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Electrocardiol.
2018;51:99–106. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2017.07.016
13. Edelson DP, Robertson-Dick BJ, Yuen TC, Eilevstjønn J, Walsh D, Bareis CJ, Vanden
Hoek TL, Abella BS. Safety and efficacy of defibrillator charging during ongoing
chest compressions: a multi-center study. Resuscitation. 2010;81:1521–1526. doi:
10.1016/[Link].2010.07.014
15. Freese JP, Jorgenson DB, Liu PY, Innes J, Matallana L, Nammi K, Donohoe RT,
Whitbread M, Silverman RA, Prezant DJ. Waveform analysis- guided treatment
versus a standard shock-first protocol for the treatment of out-of-hospital
cardiac arrest presenting in ventricular fibrillation: results of an international
randomized, controlled trial. Circulation. 2013;128:995–1002. doi: 10.1161/
CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003273
16. Fumagalli F, Silver AE, Tan Q, Zaidi N, Ristagno G. Cardiac rhythm analysis during
ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the Analysis During Compressions
with Fast Reconfirmation technology. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:248–255. doi:
10.1016/[Link].2017.09.003
17. Gerstein NS, McLean AR, Stecker EC, Schulman PM. External Defibrillator Damage
Associated With Attempted Synchronized Dual- Dose Cardioversion. Ann Emerg
Med. 2018;71:109–112. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2017.04.005
18. Hansen LK, Folkestad L, Brabrand M. Defibrillator charging before rhythm analysis
significantly reduces hands-off time during resuscitation: a simulation study. Am J
Emerg Med. 2013;31:395–400. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2012.08.029
19. Hess EP, White RD. Ventricular fibrillation is not provoked by chest compression
during post-shock organized rhythms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Resuscitation. 2005;66:7–11. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2005.01.011
21. Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA. CPR before defibrillation in outof- hospital
cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas. 2005;17:39–45. doi:
10.1111/j.1742-6723.2005.00694.x
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23. Kern KB, Garewal HS, Sanders AB, Janas W, Nelson J, Sloan D, Tacker WA, Ewy
GA. Depletion of myocardial adenosine triphosphate during prolonged untreated
ventricular fibrillation: effect on defibrillation success. Resuscitation. 1990;20:221–
229. doi: 10.1016/0300-9572(90)90005-y
24. Kudenchuk PJ. Shocking insights on double defibrillation: How, when and why
not? Resuscitation. 2019;140:209–210. doi: 10.1016/[Link]. 2019.05.022
25. Li Y, Bisera J, Weil MH, Tang W. An algorithm used for ventricular fibrillation detection
without interrupting chest compression. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012;59:78–86.
doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2118755
27. Link MS, Atkins DL, Passman RS, Halperin HR, Samson RA, White RD, Cudnik
MT, Berg MD, Kudenchuk PJ, Kerber RE. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated
external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American
Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency
Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(suppl 3):S706–S719. doi: 10.1161/
CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970954
28. Mapp JG, Hans AJ, Darrington AM, Ross EM, Ho CC, Miramontes DA, Harper SA,
Wampler DA; Prehospital Research and Innovation in Military and Expeditionary
Environments (PRIME) Research Group. Prehospital Double Sequential
Defibrillation: A Matched Case-Control Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26:994–
1001. doi: 10.1111/acem.13672
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Fisiopatología del Paro Cardiorrespiratorio
29. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Kudenchuk
PJ, Ornato JP, McNally B, Silvers SM, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular
life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122:S729–
S767. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988
30. Ross EM, Redman TT, Harper SA, Mapp JG, Wampler DA, Miramontes DA. Dual
defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A retrospective cohort analysis.
Resuscitation. 2016;106:14–17. doi: 10.1016/j. resuscitation.2016.06.011
31. Stiell IG, Nichol G, Leroux BG, Rea TD, Ornato JP, Powell J, Christenson J, Callaway
CW, Kudenchuk PJ, Aufderheide TP, Idris AH, Daya MR, Wang HE, Morrison LJ, Davis
D, Andrusiek D, Stephens S, Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Fowler R, Vaillancourt C,
Hostler D, Zive D, Pirrallo RG, Vilke GM, Sopko G, Weisfeldt M; ROC Investigators.
Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N
Engl J Med. 2011;365:787– 797. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010076
33. Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, Clark LL, Spaite DW, Hardman RG. Outcomes of
rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med.
2000;343:1206–1209. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM200010263431701
34. White RD, Asplin BR, Bugliosi TF, Hankins DG. High discharge survival rate
after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation with rapid defibrillation by police and
paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:480–485. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(96)70109-
9
35. Weisfeldt ML, Becker LB. Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-
sensitive model. JAMA. 2002;288:3035–3038. doi: 10.1001/jama. 288.23.3035
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Sección 2
Apartado 2.2
Fundamentos y
Habilidades en RCP
40 62
Evaluación del paciente Desfibrilación
46 66
compresiones torácicas Farmacología y rutas de
administración
49 69
Asistencia ventilatoria y Ecografía en RCP
vía aérea
International Medical Academy
Fundamentos y Habilidades en
Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
• Está inconsciente
• No ventila
• No tiene pulso
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Evaluación inicial
Si nota que un paciente está aparentemente inconsciente,
hágale una pregunta (¿está usted bien?) al mismo tiempo que
lo mueve de los hombros. Si no hay ninguna respuesta, evalúe
la ventilación y pulso.
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Evaluación detallada
En pacientes inestables, pero que evidentemente no están en
paro cardiorrespiratorio, podemos realizar un examen un poco
más detallado de cada parámetro vital. Este examen también Es importante comprender y
puede incluir un EKG. recordar que en un paciente
evidentemente inconsciente,
Evalúe la vía aérea y si hubiera algún indicio de obstrucción, debe aplicar la evaluación
busque la causa para solucionar el problema. Determine según inicial para descartar el paro
el tipo de sonido si hay secreciones (gorgoteo), obstrucción por cardiorrespiratorio.
lengua (ronquido) o cualquier otra condición que requiera la
colocación de una cánula (básica o avanzada) o reposicionar La evaluación detallada se
al paciente. realiza solo en pacientes que
no están en paro.
Evalúe la ventilación, considerando el esfuerzo, la frecuencia,
amplitud, y buscando signos de hipoxia. Considere la
administración de oxígeno para mantener la SpO2 en rangos
normales, según cada caso. Debe iniciar la asistencia ventilatoria
si hay signos de falla o paro ventilatorio.
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3. Evaluación cardiovascular
4. Evaluación neurológica
5. Exponga al paciente
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Reanimación cardiopulmonar
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Compresiones torácicas
Como ya se comentó, conforman el elemento central de la
reanimación y deben garantizar una mínima perfusión cerebral
al menos el 60% del tiempo total de la reanimación.
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Profundidad
Profundidad de la compresión
Figura 2-5 En niños y lactantes la compresión se muestra con una línea vertical
roja y el diámetro torácico anteroposterior con la línea vertical negra.
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1a 2a 3a 4a
1b 2b 3b 4b
Figura 2-6 En la secuencia de arriba hay una adecuada compresión y descompresión torácica, lo que
se convierte en un adecuado llenado y eyección de sangre. En la secuencia inferior, la descompresión
insuficiente luego de la primera compresión (3b) produce un inadecuado retorno venoso, y en
consecuencia, una pobre eyección sistólica (4b).
Frecuencia
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Perfusión
cerebral
efectiva
Pausa de
10 segundos
Diagrama 2-2 Cada barra roja corresponde a una compresión cardíaca. En este
ejemplo, la perfusión cerebral efectiva se alcanza luego de 7 compresiones (debido
a la viscosidad de la sangre). Por esta razón se deben minimizar las interrupciones.
BVM
Asistencia ventilatoria y vía aérea
Se refiere a la bolsa de
Los pacientes que sufren un paro cardiorrespiratorio o paro ventilación asistida (Bolsa-
ventilatorio, pueden tener obstrucción de vía aérea por cuerpo Válvula-Máscara).
extraño (causante del paro) o por la relajación de su propia
lengua al quedar inconscientes. La lengua cae hacia la faringe y En algunos países se conoce
debe ser desplazada anteriormente, antes de administrar cada como resucitador o “Ambu”,
ventilación con el BVM. por la marca comercial que
lo hizo conocido.
La maniobra de hiperextensión cervical aleja la lengua de la
faringe y debe ser aplicada en todo paciente en paro que no
cuenta con un dispositivo adjunto de vía aérea. Consiste en
elevar el mentón al mismo tiempo que rota y desciende la frente
del paciente. Mantenga esta posición mientras insufla el aire.
En caso de obstrucción por cuerpo extraño, administre RCP
igual como lo haría en cualquier otro caso. Cada vez que abra
la boca del paciente para ventilar, busque el cuerpo extraño por
unos segundos en la cavidad oral. Utilice uno o dos dedos para
extraer el cuerpo extraño si lo puede ver y es posible retirarlo
con seguridad.
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Asistencia ventilatoria
1 s. 2 s. 3 s.
Insuflación Exhalación
1 s. 2 s. 3 s. 4 s. 5 s. 6 s.
1 Minuto
1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10°
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Cánula orofaríngea
Cánula nasofaríngea
Figura 2-7 Luego de colocar una cánula, el paciente debe poder ser ventilado igual o mejor
que antes de la colocación. Además, no debería haber ningún sonido ni resistencia. Si no
se cumplen estos criterios, retire la cánula y busque una mejor alternativa de manejo.
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Retírela si el paciente
reacciona
Si la reanimación es
exitosa, es probable que el
paciente recupere el reflejo
nauseoso. Retire la cánula
inmediatamente.
3 Gire la cánula 180° y termine de insertarla
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1 Mida la longitud
La cánula debe tener al menos, la longitud que hay entre la
fosa nasal y el lóbulo de la oreja del mismo lado.
2 Mida el diámetro
La cánula debe ocupar aproximadamente dos tercios del
diámetro de la fosa nasal
Plano facial
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
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Aspiración
1 Mida la profundidad
Mida la distancia entre la comisura labial y el lóbulo de la oreja.
Coloque un dedo en la cánula para marcar esa distancia.
2 Aspire
Aspire fluidos durante 15 segundos como máximo. Trate de
limpiar tanto como sea posible. Vuelva a ventilar luego de ese
tiempo. Repita este proceso hasta que la vía aérea esté limpia.
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
3 Oxigene
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Volumen de aire
= (Tamaño de la máscara - 1) X 10
en el cuff (ml)
EtCO2
50
40
30
20
10
0
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1 Preparación
Prepare una jeringa de 20ml, lubricante y la máscara laríngea
del tamaño adecuado. Infle el cuff para verificar que no haya
fugas.
3 Asista la inserción
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
4 Infle el cuff
Aplique la cantidad de aire correspondiente al tamaño.
Ventilación difícil
Si siente dificultad al
insuflar aire, es posible
que la epiglotis haya
quedado cerrada.
Retroceda el dispositivo
5 Ventile con el BVM unos centímetros e intente
ventilar nuevamente.
Observe que haya un adecuado movimiento ventilatorio, sin
resistencia. Verifique que no haya fuga de aire por la boca, Si el problema persiste,
retire el dispositivo y busque
otra opción de manejo.
6 Verifique la posición
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tiempo Tiempo
Diagrama 2-4 Se muestra la diferencia entre la probabilidad de éxito de la desfibrilación, cuando no se brinda RCP
vs. cuando se brinda RCP de alta calidad tan pronto el paciente colapsa. En el eje vertical se presenta la probabilidad
de éxito y en el horizontal, el tiempo. Note que cuando no se brinda RCP, a los 5 minutos, la probabilidad se ha
reducido al 50%. En este mismo caso, luego de 10 minutos es casi imposible la recuperación. Por esta razón, hoy
se ponen muchos esfuerzos para capacitar en RCP a la mayor parte de la población.
Desfibrilación
Tan pronto como usted determine que un ritmo es desfibrilable,
la prioridad es desfibrilar. La desfibrilación temprana es uno
de los pocos procedimientos que ha demostrado mejorar
directamente, la probabilidad de éxito en la reanimación y
aumento en la sobrevida. La efectividad de la desfibrilación
cae entre 7 y 10% cada minuto cuando no se administra RCP.
Una RCP de alta calidad que se administre tan pronto ocurra el
colapso del paciente, puede ralentizar la caída de la efectividad
a 3 o 4% por minuto.
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Monofásico Bifásico
+
Linea de
carga neutra
-
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Consideraciones especiales
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Fundamentos y Habilidades en RCP
Intravenosa
Intraósea
Considere
Ruta alternativa
• Tubo endotraqueal
• Vía central
• Flebotomía quirúrgica
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Uso de adrenalina
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105. Ong ME, Ng FS, Anushia P, Tham LP, Leong BS, Ong VY, Tiah L, Lim SH,
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81
Sección 2
Apartado 2.3
Secuencia de
Reanimación
Cardiopulmonar
84 93
Conceptos generales Finalización de la RCP
86 96
Algoritmo de reanimación Paro ventilatorio
90 98
Búsqueda y tratamiento Manejo posparo
de la causa subyacente
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Secuencia de
Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
84
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
85
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86
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
Antiarrítmicos
Luego de 3ra y 5ta descarga
Amiodarona
Evalúe el ritmo / pulso Primera dosis: 300 mg
Segunda dosis: 150 mg
¿Es desfibrilable?
O
SI NO Lidocaína
Primera dosis: 1 - 1,5 mg/kg
Segunda dosis: 0,5 - 0.75 mg/kg
Desfibrile Monitorización
• Acceso IV / IO
Causas probables
• Adrenalina 1mg
Hipovolemia
• Considere vía aérea avanzada y EtCO2 Hipoxia
• Fármaco antiarrítmico Hidrogenión (acidosis)
Hipo / hiperkalemia
• Busque y trate la causa Hipotermia
Tensión, neumotórax
Taponamiento cardiaco
Toxinas
2 minutos cumplidos Trombosis pulmonar
Trombosis cardiaca
87
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88
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
89
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• Ultrasonido
• Exámenes de laboratorio
• Información proveniente del personal
prehospitalario
• Consulta con especialistas
90
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
Tabla 2-2 Causas potencialmente reversibles de paro, y las patologías subyacentes frecuentemente asociadas.
91
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mmHg
80
40
20
0
RCP inefectiva RCP efectiva
92
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
Finalizar la RCP
93
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94
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
ALS - TOR
• El paro no fue presenciado
• Nadie inició RCP antes que llegue la ambulancia
• No hay recuperación de la circulación
• No se desfibriló
SI NO
95
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96
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
97
International Medical Academy
MANEJO POSPARO
98
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
99
International Medical Academy
NO SI
Comatoso Despierto
• Temperatura objetivo
• TAC cerebral • Otros tratamientos
• Electroencefalograma críticos
• Otros tratamientos
100
Secuencia de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar
101
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JL, Manara A, Hubert JC, Guihard B, Vermylen O, Lievens P, Auffret Y, Maisondieu
C, Huet S, Claessens B, Lapostolle F, Javaud N, Reuter PG, Baker E, Vicaut E,
Adnet F. Effect of Bag-Mask Ventilation vs Endotracheal Intubation During
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Neurological Outcome After Out-of-Hospital
Cardiorespiratory Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319:779–787.
doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0156
51. Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL. Effect of adrenaline on survival
in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised doubleblind placebo-controlled
trial. Resuscitation. 2011;82:1138–1143. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2011.06.029
52. Janiczek JA, Winger DG, Coppler P, Sabedra AR, Murray H, Pinsky MR, Rittenberger
JC, Reynolds JC, Dezfulian C. Hemodynamic Resuscitation Characteristics
Associated with Improved Survival and Shock Resolution After Cardiac Arrest.
Shock. 2016;45:613–619. doi: 10.1097/SHK. 0000000000000554
106
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55. Johnson NJ, Dodampahala K, Rosselot B, Perman SM, Mikkelsen ME, Goyal M,
Gaieski DF, Grossestreuer AV. The Association Between Arterial Oxygen Tension
and Neurological Outcome After Cardiac Arrest. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag.
2017;7:36–41. doi: 10.1089/ther.2016.0015
62. Koster RW, Walker RG, Chapman FW. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation during
advanced life support care of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation.
2008;78:252–257. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2008.03.231
64. Kramer-Johansen J, Edelson DP, Abella BS, Becker LB, Wik L, Steen PA. Pauses in
chest compression and inappropriate shocks: a comparison of manual and semi-
automatic defibrillation attempts. Resuscitation. 2007;73:212–220. doi: 10.1016/j.
resuscitation.2006.09.006
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65. Krischer JP, Fine EG, Weisfeldt ML, Guerci AD, Nagel E, Chandra N. Comparison
of prehospital conventional and simultaneous compressionventilation
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 1989;17:1263– 1269. doi:
10.1097/00003246-198912000-00005
66. Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, Olsufka M, Maynard C, Nichol G. Transthoracic
incremental monophasic versus biphasic defibrillation by emergency responders
(TIMBER): a randomized comparison of monophasic with biphasic waveform
ascending energy defibrillation for the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac
arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2006;114:2010–2018. doi: 10.1161/
CIRCULATIONAHA.106.636506
69. Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA. In-hospital
factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A
comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation. 2003;56:247–263. doi:
10.1016/s0300-9572(02)00409-4
70. Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP. Predicting survival from
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1652–
1658. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81302-2
72. Laver S, Farrow C, Turner D, Nolan J. Mode of death after admission to an intensive
care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:2126–2128. doi:
10.1007/s00134-004-2425-z
74. Leary M, Grossestreuer AV, Iannacone S, Gonzalez M, Shofer FS, Povey C, Wendell
G, Archer SE, Gaieski DF, Abella BS. Pyrexia and neurologic outcomes after
therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1056–1061. doi:
10.1016/[Link].2012.11.003
108
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75. Leng CT, Paradis NA, Calkins H, Berger RD, Lardo AC, Rent KC, Halperin HR.
Resuscitation after prolonged ventricular fibrillation with use of monophasic and
biphasic waveform pulses for external defibrillation. Circulation. 2000;101:2968–
2974. doi: 10.1161/[Link].101.25.2968
76. Lindner KH, Ahnefeld FW, Prengel AW. Comparison of standard and high-dose
adrenaline in the resuscitation of asystole and electromechanical dissociation.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1991;35:253–256. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1991.tb03283.x
77. Link MS, Berkow LC, Kudenchuk PJ, Halperin HR, Hess EP, Moitra VK, Neumar RW,
O’Neil BJ, Paxton JH, Silvers SM, et al. Part 7: adult advanced cardiovascular life
support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl
2):S444–S464. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261
78. Lipman J, Wilson W, Kobilski S, Scribante J, Lee C, Kraus P, Cooper J, Barr J, Moyes D.
High-dose adrenaline in adult in-hospital asystolic cardiopulmonary resuscitation:
a double-blind randomised trial. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1993;21:192–196. doi:
10.1177/ 0310057X9302100210
79. Longstreth WT Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA.
Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital
cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2002;59:506–514. doi: 10.1212/wnl.59.4.506
81. Marsch S, Tschan F, Semmer NK, Zobrist R, Hunziker PR, Hunziker S. ABC versus
CAB for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized simulator-
based trial. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143:w13856. doi: 10.4414/smw.2013.13856
82. Mather C, O’Kelly S. The palpation of pulses. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:189– 191. doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07713.x
84. Morrison LJ, Henry RM, Ku V, Nolan JP, Morley P, Deakin CD. Single-shock
defibrillation success in adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation.
2013;84:1480–1486. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2013.07.008
85. Nichol G, Huszti E, Kim F, Fly D, Parnia S, Donnino M, Sorenson T, Callaway CW;
American Heart Association Get With the Guideline-Resuscitation Investigators.
Does induction of hypothermia improve outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest?
Resuscitation. 2013;84:620–625. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2012.12.009
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87. Nolan JP, Laver SR, Welch CA, Harrison DA, Gupta V, Rowan K. Outcome following
admission to UK intensive care units after cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of
the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Anaesthesia. 2007;62:1207–1216. doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05232.x
89. Oksanen T, Skrifvars MB, Varpula T, Kuitunen A, Pettilä V, Nurmi J, Castrén M. Strict
versus moderate glucose control after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation.
Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:2093–2100. doi: 10.1007/s00134-007-0876-8
90. Panchal AR, Berg KM, Cabanas JG, Kurz MC, Link MS, Del Rios M, Hirsch KG,
Chan PS, Hazinski MF, Morley PT, et al. 2019 American Heart Association focused
update on systems of care: dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and
cardiac arrest centers: an update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation.
2019;140:e895– e903. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000733
91. Pearce A, Lockwood C, van den Heuvel C, Pearce J. The use of therapeutic
magnesium for neuroprotection during global cerebral ischemia associated with
cardiac arrest and cardiac surgery in adults: a systematic review. JBI Database
System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15:86–118. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003236
92. Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD, Quinn T, Nolan JP, Scomparin C, Regan S, Long
J, Slowther A, Pocock H, Black JJM, Moore F, Fothergill RT, Rees N, O’Shea L,
Docherty M, Gunson I, Han K, Charlton K, Finn J, Petrou S, Stallard N, Gates
S, Lall R; PARAMEDIC2 Collaborators. A Randomized Trial of Epinephrine in
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:711–721. doi: 10.1056/
NEJMoa1806842
93. Perucki WH, Hiendlmayr B, O’Sullivan DM, Gunaseelan AC, Fayas F, Fernandez AB.
Magnesium Levels and Neurologic Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Therapeutic
Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag. 2018;8:14–17.
doi: 10.1089/ther.2017.0016
95. Reynolds JC, Rittenberger JC, Callaway CW. Methylphenidate and amantadine
to stimulate reawakening in comatose patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.
Resuscitation. 2013;84:818–824. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2012.11.014
96. Ribaric SF, Turel M, Knafelj R, Gorjup V, Stanic R, Gradisek P, Cerovic O, Mirkovic
T, Noc M. Prophylactic versus clinically-driven antibiotics in comatose survivors
of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-A randomized pilot study. Resuscitation.
2017;111:103–109. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2016.11.025
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97. Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Chansky ME, Mittal N, Wooden J, Trzeciak S. Association
between postresuscitation partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and
neurological outcome in patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation.
2013;127:2107–2113. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000168
98. Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Hunter BR, Puskarich MA, Shea L, Donnino M, Jones
C, Fuller BM, Kline JA, Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Abella BS, Trzeciak S. Association
Between Elevated Mean Arterial Blood Pressure and Neurologic Outcome After
Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest: Results From a Multicenter Prospective Cohort
Study. Crit Care Med. 2019;47:93–100. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003474
99. Russo JJ, Di Santo P, Simard T, James TE, Hibbert B, Couture E, Marbach J, Osborne
C, Ramirez FD, Wells GA, Labinaz M, Le May MR; from the CAPITAL study group.
Optimal mean arterial pressure in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac
arrest: An analysis of area below blood pressure thresholds. Resuscitation.
2018;128:175–180. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2018.04.028
100. Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann AL. Predictors of survival from out-of-
hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc
Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:63–81. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576
101. Scales DC, Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Pinto R, Austin D, Brooks SC, Dainty KN,
Goncharenko K, Mamdani M, Thorpe KE, Morrison LJ; Strategies for Post-
Arrest Care SPARC Network. Prehospital cooling to improve successful targeted
temperature management after cardiac arrest: A randomized controlled trial.
Resuscitation. 2017;121:187–194. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2017.10.002
102. Schneider T, Martens PR, Paschen H, Kuisma M, Wolcke B, Gliner BE, Russell
JK, Weaver WD, Bossaert L, Chamberlain D. Multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360- J monophasic shocks
in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response
to Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) Investigators. Circulation. 2000;102:1780–1787. doi:
10.1161/[Link].102.15.1780
103. Sherman BW, Munger MA, Foulke GE, Rutherford WF, Panacek EA. High-dose
versus standard-dose epinephrine treatment of cardiac arrest after failure of
standard therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17:242–247.
104. Sideris G, Voicu S, Dillinger JG, Stratiev V, Logeart D, Broche C, Vivien B, Brun
PY, Deye N, Capan D, Aout M, Megarbane B, Baud FJ, Henry P. Value of post-
resuscitation electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2011;82:1148–1153. doi:
10.1016/[Link].2011.04.023
105. Soar J, Nolan JP, Böttiger BW, Perkins GD, Lott C, Carli P, Pellis T, Sandroni C,
Skrifvars MB, Smith GB, Sunde K, Deakin CD; Adult advanced life support section
Collaborators. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation
2015: Section 3. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2015;95:100–147. doi:
10.1016/[Link].2015.07.016
106. Solanki P, Coppler PJ, Kvaløy JT, Baldwin MA, Callaway CW, Elmer J; Pittsburgh
Post-Cardiac Arrest Service. Association of antiepileptic drugs with resolution
of epileptiform activity after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2019;142:82–90. doi:
10.1016/[Link].2019.07.007
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108. Stiell IG, Walker RG, Nesbitt LP, Chapman FW, Cousineau D, Christenson
J, Bradford P, Sookram S, Berringer R, Lank P, Wells GA. BIPHASIC Trial: a
randomized comparison of fixed lower versus escalating higher energy levels for
defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2007;115:1511–1517. doi:
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.648204
109. Suffoletto B, Peberdy MA, van der Hoek T, Callaway C. Body temperature changes
are associated with outcomes following in-hospital cardiac arrest and return
of spontaneous circulation. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1365– 1370. doi: 10.1016/j.
resuscitation.2009.08.020
111. Thomas M, Voss S, Benger J, Kirby K, Nolan JP. Cluster randomised comparison
of the effectiveness of 100% oxygen versus titrated oxygen in patients with a
sustained return of spontaneous circulation following out of hospital cardiac
arrest: a feasibility study. PROXY: post ROSC OXYgenation study. BMC Emerg
Med. 2019;19:16. doi: 10.1186/s12873-018-0214-1
113. Trzeciak S, Jones AE, Kilgannon JH, Milcarek B, Hunter K, Shapiro NI, Hollenberg
SM, Dellinger P, Parrillo JE. Significance of arterial hypotension after resuscitation
from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2895–903; quiz 2904. doi: 10.1097/
ccm.0b013e3181b01d8c
114. Tsai MS, Chuang PY, Huang CH, Tang CH, Yu PH, Chang WT, Chen WJ. Postarrest
Steroid Use May Improve Outcomes of Cardiac Arrest Survivors. Crit Care Med.
2019;47:167–175. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003468
116. Van Alem AP, Chapman FW, Lank P, Hart AA, Koster RW. A prospective,
randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and
biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2003;58:17–24.
doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(03)00106-0
118. Vissers G, Soar J, Monsieurs KG. Ventilation rate in adults with a tracheal tube
during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review. Resuscitation.
2017;119:5–12. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2017.07.018
112
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119. von Auenmueller KI, Christ M, Sasko BM, Trappe HJ. The Value of Arterial Blood
Gas Parameters for Prediction of Mortality in Survivors of Out-ofhospital Cardiac
Arrest. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2017;10:134–139. doi: 10.4103/JETS.JETS_146_16
120. Wang HE, Prince DK, Drennan IR, Grunau B, Carlbom DJ, Johnson N, Hansen
M, Elmer J, Christenson J, Kudenchuk P, Aufderheide T, Weisfeldt M, Idris A,
Trzeciak S, Kurz M, Rittenberger JC, Griffiths D, Jasti J, May S; Resuscitation
Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Post-resuscitation arterial oxygen and
carbon dioxide and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation.
2017;120:113–118. doi: 10.1016/j. resuscitation.2017.08.244
121. Wang HE, Schmicker RH, Daya MR, Stephens SW, Idris AH, Carlson JN, Colella MR,
Herren H, Hansen M, Richmond NJ, Puyana JCJ, Aufderheide TP, Gray RE, Gray PC,
Verkest M, Owens PC, Brienza AM, Sternig KJ, May SJ, Sopko GR, Weisfeldt ML,
Nichol G. Effect of a Strategy of Initial Laryngeal Tube Insertion vs Endotracheal
Intubation on 72-Hour Survival in Adults With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A
Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;320:769–778. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.7044
123. Winters SA, Wolf KH, Kettinger SA, Seif EK, Jones JS, Bacon-Baguley T. Assessment
of risk factors for post-rewarming “rebound hyperthermia” in cardiac arrest
patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1245–1249.
doi: 10.1016/[Link].2013.03.027
125. Young MN, Hollenbeck RD, Pollock JS, Giuseffi JL, Wang L, Harrell FE, McPherson
JA. Higher achieved mean arterial pressure during therapeutic hypothermia
is not associated with neurologically intact survival following cardiac arrest.
Resuscitation. 2015;88:158–164. doi: 10.1016/j. resuscitation.2014.12.008
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Sección 3
Soporte Vital
Cardiovascular
Apartado 3.1
Bradicardia
Sintomática
119 124
Evaluación del paciente Uso de marcapasos
transcutáneo
120 130
Manejo de la bradicardia Interpretación del EKG en
bradicardia
123
Algoritmo de manejo
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Bradicardia Sintomática
Busque la causa subyacente Por otro lado, también existe la bradicardia relativa, que presenta
o derive a consulta con un una frecuencia cardíaca que sería considerada “normal”
especialista. en un paciente sin patologías, pero, que en un paciente con
alguna patología que genera taquicardia, sería una frecuencia
La bradicardia sintomática anormalmente baja. Por ejemplo, en un paciente en shock
requiere ser tratada de hipovolémico severo se esperaría una frecuencia cardíaca
inmediato. mayor de 100. Si este paciente tiene una frecuencia cardíaca
de 70, se considera que está en bradicardia relativa. Es decir, su
frecuencia cardíaca no es congruente con lo que se esperaría
en ese estado. Estos casos requieren el tratamiento de la causa
subyacente, no de la bradicardia.
118
Bradicardia Sintomática
119
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120
Bradicardia Sintomática
Atropina
121
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Marcapasos
122
Bradicardia Sintomática
Evalúe y asegure:
• Vía aérea y ventilación (O2 de ser necesario)
• Conecte el monitor cardíaco y evalúe las funciones vitales
• Establezca un acceso IV
• Obtenga EKG de 12 derivadas (si el tiempo lo permite)
• Considere causas hipóxicas / toxicológicas
SI NO
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MARCAPASOS TRANSCUTÁNEO
Identificación de onda R
Para que el dispositivo pueda emitir la descarga en el momento
adecuado, es necesario que pueda identificar las ondas R del
paciente. Debido a que la computadora utiliza un algoritmo
electrónico, en ocasiones puede “confundirse” e identificar
incorrectamente las ondas R.
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Bradicardia Sintomática
Diagrama 3-1 En esta secuencia se muestran de forma esquemática los dos tipos
de marcapasos. Para fines educativos, utilizamos dos colores. En su monitor no
aparecerá de esta forma.
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Identificación de onda R
Identificación adecuada de onda R
R R R R
RR RR
?
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Bradicardia Sintomática
Ajuste de sensibilidad
Identificación adecuada con mayor sensibilidad
R R R R
Ajuste de sensibilidad
Algunos equipos cuentan con un selector de sensibilidad para
ayudar al sistema electrónico de la computadora, a discriminar
y reconocer las ondas R.
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aVR aVL
Si su equipo dispone de
un selector de sensibilidad,
utilícelo en el paso 2, para
ayudar a la identificación de aVF
ondas R.
R R R R
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Bradicardia Sintomática
4 Inicie la terapia
10 mA 30 mA 50 mA 70 mA 70 mA 70 mA 70 mA
Trazo de ejemplo
Si la terapia eléctrica no es
exitosa, considere iniciar
la infusión de adrenalina o
5 Confirme la captura mediante el pulso radial dopamina
129
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Bradicardia sinusal
PR
130
Bradicardia Sintomática
PR PR’ PR’’
131
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Brady WJ, Swart G, DeBehnke DJ, Ma OJ, Aufderheide TP. The efficacy of atropine
in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular
block: prehospital and emergency department [Link].
1999;41:47–55. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9572(99)00032-5
3. Chadda KD, Lichstein E, Gupta PK, Kourtesis P. Effects of atropine in patients with
bradyarrhythmia complicating myocardial infarction. Usefulness of an optimum
dose for overdrive. Am J Med. 1977;63:503–510. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(77)90194-2
4. Cole JB, Knack SK, Karl ER, Horton GB, Satpathy R, Driver BE. Human Errors and
Adverse Hemodynamic Events Related to “Push Dose Pressors” in the Emergency
Department. J Med Toxicol. 2019;15:276–286. doi: 10.1007/s13181-019-00716-z
5. Ferguson JD, Banning AP, Bashir Y. Randomised trial of temporary cardiac pacing
with semirigid and balloon-flotation electrode catheters. Lancet. 1997;349:1883.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)24026-2
6. Jou YL, Hsu HP, Tuan TC, Wang KL, Lin YJ, Lo LW, Hu YF, Kong CW, Chang SL, Chen
SA. Trends of temporary pacemaker implant and underlying disease substrate.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1475–1484. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02893.x
7. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR,
Goldschlager NF, Hamilton RM, Joglar JA, Kim RJ, Lee R, Marine JE, McLeod CJ,
Oken KR, Patton KK, Pellegrini CN, Selzman KA, Thompson A, Varosy PD. 2018
ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With
Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College
of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice
Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2019;140:e382–e482. doi:
10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628
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10. Nawrocki PS, Poremba M, Lawner BJ. Push Dose Epinephrine Use in the
Management of Hypotension During Critical Care Transport. Prehosp Emerg Care.
2020;24:188–195. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2019.1588443
11. Sherbino J, Verbeek PR, MacDonald RD, Sawadsky BV, McDonald AC, Morrison
LJ. Prehospital transcutaneous cardiac pacing for symptomatic bradycardia or
bradyasystolic cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2006;70:193–200.
doi: 10.1016/[Link].2005.11.019
12. Smith I, Monk TG, White PF. Comparison of transesophageal atrial pacing with
anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of intraoperative bradycardia. Anesth
Analg. 1994;78:245–252. doi: 10.1213/00000539- 199402000-00009
13. Swart G, Brady WJ Jr, DeBehnke DJ, MA OJ, Aufderheide TP. Acute myocardial
infarction complicated by hemodynamically unstable bradyarrhythmia: prehospital
and ED treatment with atropine. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:647–652. doi: 10.1016/
s0735-6757(99)90151-1
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Sección 3
Apartado 3.2
Taquicardia
Estable e Inestable
138 144
Evaluación del paciente Taquicardia estable
138 145
Manejo de la taquicardia Taquicardia sinusal
inestable
140 146
Cardioversión eléctrica Interpretación de EKG
en taquicardia
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136
Taquicardia Estable e Inestable
137
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138
Taquicardia Estable e Inestable
Evalúe y asegure:
SI NO
Busque causa
¿Ritmo sinusal? SI
subyacente
NO
• Sedación y analgesia si
el tiempo lo permite
Estrecho Ancho
Amiodarona: 150 mg. Repita la dosis de ser necesario, si aparece taquicardia ventricular
• Mantenimiento: 1mg/minuto durante las 6 primeras horas
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Cardioversión eléctrica
Este procedimiento consiste en aplicar una, o más descargas
controladas, similares a la desfibrilación, pero usualmente
con menor intensidad. Tiene la finalidad de generar un breve
periodo de asistolia, que permita la reorganización del ritmo a
una frecuencia cardíaca normal.
Cardioversión Cardioversión
sincronizada no sincronizada
Tabla 3-2 Se muestran los casos en los que se utiliza cada tipo de cardioversión. Si tiene alguna duda y el
paciente está inestable, realice cardioversión no sincronizada.
140
Taquicardia Estable e Inestable
141
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aVR aVL
R R R R
3 Seleccione la potencia
Bifásica Monofásico
142
Taquicardia Estable e Inestable
4 Administre la descarga
Sincronizado No sincronizado
Periodo crítico
5 Evalúe el resultado
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Las taquicardias con complejo En caso de complejos estrechos con ritmo regular, utilice
estrecho e irregular, suelen maniobras vagales, beta bloqueadores, antagonistas de calcio o
ser fibrilación auricular. adenosina. Las maniobras vagales (valsalva y masaje carotídeo)
logran revertir el 25% de taquicardias supraventriculares. El
otro 75% requerirá adenosina. Administre 6 mg y espere dos
minutos. Si la taquicardia no revierte, administre una segunda
dosis de 12 mg.
144
Taquicardia Estable e Inestable
Infusión antiarrítmica
Procainamida: 20 - 50 mg/minuto. Detenga cuando revierta la arritmia, o cuando: aparezca
hipotensión, el QRS se ensache más del 50%, o se alcance la dosis máxima (17 mg/kg)
• Mantenimiento: 1 - 4 mg/minuto. Evitar en QT prolongado o ICC
Amiodarona: 150 mg. Repita la dosis de ser necesario, si aparece taquicardia ventricular
• Mantenimiento: 1mg/minuto durante las 6 primeras horas
Taquicardia sinusal
Suele tener inicio y fin, de forma gradual, sin llegar a exceder
los 130 latidos por minuto. Debido a que se origina en el nodo
sinusal, tiene ondas P (aunque estas pueden quedar ocultas por
el complejo QRS si la frecuencia es muy alta).
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Taquicardia sinusal
SA
AV Haz de
His
Fibrilación auricular
Múltiples focos
ectópicos
auriculares
Flutter auricular
Un foco
ectópico
auricular
146
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Taquicardia supraventricular
Un foco
ectópico
(nodal o
auricular)
Un foco
ectópico
ventricular
Algunos focos
ectópicos, o
distintas vías
de conducción
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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Taquicardia Estable e Inestable
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24. Drew BJ, Ackerman MJ, Funk M, Gibler WB, Kligfield P, Menon V, Philippides GJ,
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28. Gallagher MM, Yap YG, Padula M, Ward DE, Rowland E, Camm AJ. Arrhythmic
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P, Kuck KH, Kudaiberdieva G, Lin T, Raviele A, Santini M, Tilz RR, Valgimigli M,
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Adenosine induced ventricular fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson- White syndrome.
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9592.2002.00477.x
36. Ho DS, Zecchin RP, Richards DA, Uther JB, Ross DL. Double-blind trial of lignocaine
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38. Hou ZY, Chang MS, Chen CY, Tu MS, Lin SL, Chiang HT, Woosley RL. Acute
treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter with a tailored dosing
regimen of intravenous amiodarone. A randomized, digoxin-controlled study. Eur
Heart J. 1995;16:521–528. doi: 10.1093/ [Link].a060945
39. Inácio JF, da Rosa Mdos S, Shah J, Rosário J, Vissoci JR, Manica AL, Rodrigues CG.
Monophasic and biphasic shock for transthoracic conversion of atrial fibrillation:
systematic review and network meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2016;100:66–75. doi:
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40. Jacob AS, Nielsen DH, Gianelly RE. Fatal ventricular fibrillation following verapamil
in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med.
1985;14:159–160. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(85)81080-5
41. Janua1ry CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Ellinor
PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Furie KL, Heidenreich PA, Murray KT, Shea JB, Tracy
CM, Yancy CW. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/
HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report
of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on
Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With
the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2019;140:e125–e151. doi: 10.1161/
CIR.0000000000000665
42. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Conti
JB, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Murray KT, Sacco RL, Stevenson WG,
Tchou PJ, Tracy CM, Yancy CW; ACC/AHA Task Force Members. 2014 AHA/ACC/
HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive
summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society.
Circulation. 2014;130:2071–2104. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000040
44. Kim RJ, Gerling BR, Kono AT, Greenberg ML. Precipitation of ventricular fibrillation
by intravenous diltiazem and metoprolol in a young patient with occult Wolff-
Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31:776–779. doi:
10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01086.x
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45. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Chan YH. Slow infusion of calcium channel
blockers compared with intravenous adenosine in the emergency treatment of
supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation. 2009;80:523– 528. doi: 10.1016/j.
resuscitation.2009.01.017
46. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS. Slow-infusion of calcium channel blockers
in the emergency management of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation.
2002;52:167–174. doi: 10.1016/s0300- 9572(01)00459-2
48. Luqman N, Sung RJ, Wang CL, Kuo CT. Myocardial ischemia and ventricular
fibrillation: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Int J Cardiol. 2007;119:283–
290. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2006.09.016
49. Madsen CD, Pointer JE, Lynch TG. A comparison of adenosine and verapamil
for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in the prehospital setting. Ann
Emerg Med. 1995;25:649–655. doi: 10.1016/s0196- 0644(95)70179-6
51. Marill KA, Wolfram S, Desouza IS, Nishijima DK, Kay D, Setnik GS, Stair TO, Ellinor
PT. Adenosine for wide-complex tachycardia: efficacy and safety. Crit Care Med.
2009;37:2512–2518. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a93661
53. Nalliah CJ, Zaman S, Narayan A, Sullivan J, Kovoor P. Coronary artery reperfusion
for ST elevation myocardial infarction is associated with shorter cycle length
ventricular tachycardia and fewer spontaneous arrhythmias. Europace.
2014;16:1053–1060. doi: 10.1093/europace/eut307
54. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Kudenchuk
PJ, Ornato JP, McNally B, Silvers SM, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular
life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122:S729–
S767. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988
55. Panchal AR, Berg KM, Kudenchuk PJ, Del Rios M, Hirsch KG, Link MS, Kurz MC,
Chan PS, Cabañas JG, Morley PT, Hazinski MF, Donnino MW. 2018 American
Heart Association Focused Update on Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Use
of Antiarrhythmic Drugs During and Immediately After Cardiac Arrest: An Update
to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2018;138:e740–e749. doi: 10.1161/
CIR.0000000000000613
56. Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, Calkins H, Conti JB, Deal BJ, Estes NA III, Field ME,
Goldberger ZD, Hammill SC, Indik JH, Lindsay BD, Olshansky B, Russo AM, Shen
WK, Tracy CM, Al-Khatib SM; Evidence Review Committee Chair‡. 2015 ACC/
AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular
Tachycardia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm
Society. Circulation. 2016;133:e506–e574. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000311
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57. Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, Calkins H, Conti JB, Deal BJ, Estes NAM 3rd,
Field ME, Goldberger ZD, Hammill SC, Indik JH, Lindsay BD, Olshansky B, Russo
AM, Shen WK, Tracy CM, Al-Khatib SM. 2015 ACC/ AHA/HRS Guideline for the
Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of
the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force
on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2016;67:e27–e115. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2015.08.856
58. Parham WA, Mehdirad AA, Biermann KM, Fredman CS. Case report: adenosine
induced ventricular fibrillation in a patient with stable ventricular tachycardia. J
Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2001;5:71–74. doi: 10.1023/a:1009810025584
61. Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK, Trouton T, Waktare J, Gallik D, Olgin JE, Ricard P,
Dalzell GW, Reddy R, Lazzara R, Lee K, Carlson M, Halperin B, Bardy GH; BiCard
Investigators. Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial
fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter
trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1956– 1963. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01898-3
62. Platia EV, Michelson EL, Porterfield JK, Das G. Esmolol versus verapamil in the
acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:925–929.
doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90141-0
63. Raymond RJ, Lee AJ, Messineo FC, Manning WJ, Silverman DI. Cardiac performance
early after cardioversion from atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 1998;136:435–442. doi:
10.1016/s0002-8703(98)70217-0
66. Salerno DM, Dias VC, Kleiger RE, Tschida VH, Sung RJ, Sami M, Giorgi LV. Efficacy
and safety of intravenous diltiazem for treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.
The Diltiazem-Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:1046–
1051. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90076-3
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70. Shah CP, Gupta AK, Thakur RK, Hayes OW, Mehrotra A, Lokhandwala YY.
Adenosine-induced ventricular fibrillation. Indian Heart J. 2001;53:208– 210.
71. Siu CW, Lau CP, Lee WL, Lam KF, Tse HF. Intravenous diltiazem is superior to
intravenous amiodarone or digoxin for achieving ventricular rate control in patients
with acute uncomplicated atrial fibrillation. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2174–9; quiz
2180. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a02f56
72. Smith GD, Fry MM, Taylor D, Morgans A, Cantwell K. Effectiveness of the Valsalva
Manoeuvre for reversion of supraventricular tachycardia. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev. 2015:Cd009502. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD009502.pub3
73. Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI, Paladino WP, Kerin NZ, Bridges D, Timar S,
Molnar J; Amio-Aqueous Investigators. Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous
amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia.
Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:853–859. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02707-8
74. Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blömstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, Di
Mario C, Dickstein K, Ducrocq G, Fernandez-Aviles F, et al; and the Task Force
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myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart
J. 2012;33:2569–2619. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs215
75. Suarez K, Mack R, Hardegree EL, Chiles C, Banchs JE, Gonzalez MD. Isoproterenol
suppresses recurrent torsades de pointes in a patient with long QT syndrome type
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76. Trohman RG, Parrillo JE. Direct current cardioversion: indications, techniques, and
recent advances. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(suppl):N170–N173. doi: 10.1097/00003246-
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79. Van Houzen NE, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Garlitski AC, Homoud MK, Weinstock J, Link MS,
Estes NA III. Short QT syndrome review. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2008;23:1–5.
doi: 10.1007/s10840-008-9201-x
81. Vrana M, Pokorny J, Marcian P, Fejfar Z. Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for
prevention of sudden cardiac death and management of postmyocardial infarction
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2013;157:114–124. doi: 10.5507/bp.2013.030
83. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow
GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, et al; on behalf of the American College
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Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure:
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Sección 3
Apartado 3.3
Síndrome
Coronario Agudo
158 171
Evaluación del paciente Fibrinolisis fallida
161 171
Manejo del posible SCA Fibrinolisis prehospitalaria
167 174
Estrategia de reperfusión Resumen
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158
Síndrome Coronario Agudo
Niveles de afección
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1. Disección aórtica
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Síndrome Coronario Agudo
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80
60
Beneficio absoluto
por 1000 pacientes 40
tratados
20
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Demora en el tratamiento (horas)
Diagrama 3-4 El beneficio del tratamiento es muy dependiente del tiempo durante las primeras
horas, porque es en ese periodo, en el que ocurre la mayor parte del daño.
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Síndrome Coronario Agudo
Figura 3-1 En términos generales, podemos decir que la mayoría de pacientes sufre la mayor parte
del daño en las primeras 4 horas, abarcando alrededor del 70% del grosor miocárdico.
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164
Síndrome Coronario Agudo
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ANTICOAGULACIÓN
Paciente que tendrá intervención coronaria percutánea y está recibiendo ticagrelol o prasugrel:
• Heparina no fraccionada (50 a 70 unidades/kg IV, max. 5000 unidades)
Enoxaparina
• Paciente <75 años: dosis inicial IV (30 mg), seguido inmediatamante de 1 mg/kg SC.
Repetir dosis SC cada 12 horas sin exceder 100 mg en las primeras 2 dosis.
• Paciente ≥75 años: no aplicar dosis inicial IV. Administre solo SC (0.75 mg/kg) cada 12
horas, sin exceder 75 mg en las primeras 2 dosis.
Paciente que recibirá fibrinolisis, pero además, es probable que sea intervenido en las próximas
horas:
Alternativa
• Enoxaparina: con el mismo esquema de dosis presentado más arriba
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ESTRATEGIA DE REPERFUSIÓN
La terapia de elección en la mayoría de casos será la
intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) con balón o stent.
Si el hospital receptor tiene capacidad de ICP, el tiempo
transcurrido desde el primer contacto médico (prehospitalario
o intrahospitalario) debe ser menor de 90 minutos hasta que se
realiza la intervención. En los casos en que el primer hospital
receptor no cuente con capacidad de ICP, se debe considerar
el traslado interhospitalario a un centro de mayor nivel, siempre
y cuando, el tiempo total no exceda los 120 minutos desde el
primer contacto médico.
Fibrinolisis
Este tipo de tratamiento consiste en la administración de
fármacos “destructores de coágulos” para lograr la reperfusión
coronaria. Sin embargo, debe considerarse como alternativa, solo
cuando no sea posible la ICP dentro del tiempo recomendado.
Para iniciar la fibrinolisis no hace falta esperar la confirmación
del diagnóstico mediante resultados de laboratorio. Los
principales riesgos de esta terapia son: hemorragias y accidente
cerebrovascular agudo (hemorrágico). En pacientes con shock
cardiogénico o infarto miocárdico complicado con insuficiencia
cardíaca se debe, en la medida de lo posible, evitar la fibrinolisis
y hacer todos los esfuerzos para lograr la ICP.
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FIBRINOLISIS - CONTRAINDICACIONES
Absolutas
Relativas
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Síndrome Coronario Agudo
FIBRINOLISIS - DOSIS
Alteplase
• Bolo inicial de 15mg en 1 o 2 minutos
(Régimen
acelerado) • Luego 0,75mg/kg (Max. 50mg) a lo largo de los siguientes 30 minutos
• Luego 0,50mg/kg (Max. 35mg) a lo largo de los siguientes 60 minutos
Tenecteplase
• Dosis según peso, es un solo bolo en 5 a 10 segundos:
- <60 kg: 30 mg
- 60 to 69 kg: 35 mg
- 70 to 79 kg: 40 mg
- 80 to 89 kg: 45 mg
- ≥90 kg: 50 mg
Reteplase
• Bolo inicial de 10 unidades en 2 minutos
• Luego de 30 minutos, un segundo bolo de 10 unidades
Estreptokinasa
• 1.5 millones de unidades entre 30 a 60 minutos
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• Hipotensión
• Nauseas y/o vómitos
• Dolor de cabeza
• Alteración del nivel de consciencia o signos de
deterioro neurológico súbitos
• Aumento súbito de presión arterial
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Síndrome Coronario Agudo
Fibrinolisis fallida
Se considera que la fibrinolisis es fallida cuando en los siguientes
45 - 90 minutos:
• Los signos y síntomas persisten o empeoran
• Aparecen nuevos síntomas (por ejemplo dificultad El tiempo de vida media de
respiratoria) los fármacos fibrinolíticos
• Aparece inestabilidad hemodinámica o shock es entre 50 y 90 minutos.
cardiogénico Este es uno de los factores
a considerar cuando se
• Se mantiene la elevación ST o empeora debe realizar la ICP tras
• El segmento ST desciende menos del 50% fibrinolisis fallida.
FIBRINOLISIS PREHOSPITALARIA
La fibrinolisis puede llegar a ser muy efectiva cuando se aplica
rápidamente, como estrategia de reperfusión en aquellos
pacientes en los que la ICP no es posible.
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Procedimientos estandarizados.
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Síndrome Coronario Agudo
Paso 3: Traslado
• Paciente estable: al centro con capacidad de ICP más cercano
• Paciente crítico: al hospital más cercano para estabilización inicial
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RESUMEN
Todo paciente con cuadro clínico que sugiere SCA, debe ser
evaluado rápidamente para confirmar o descartar un infarto
agudo al miocardio en los primeros 10 minutos de atención.
La evaluación debe ser enfocada, y debe incluir EKG de 12
derivadas.
Su aplicación y cálculo Si el EKG no muestra elevación ST, evalúe el riesgo del paciente
exceden el propósito de de sufrir un evento isquémico utilizando las escalas validadas
este libro y requieren un TIMI y GRACE. Utilice el nivel de riesgo, el estado de salud y los
entrenamiento adicional. resultados de laboratorio para determinar la mejor aproximación.
No demore en consultar con el especialista. Repita el EKG cada
30 minutos si hay alguna duda. Muchos pacientes no muestran
elevación ST en la primera evaluación.
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Síndrome Coronario Agudo
Según EKG
• Inicie terapia
complementaria según Depresión ST, inversión EKG no diagnóstico o
su protocolo (Pej. dinámica de onda T, elevación normal y puntaje de bajo
transitoria ST, o puntaje de alto riesgo
anticoagulación)
riesgo
• Establezca monitoreo
• Establezca estrategia • Repita EKG en 20 - 30
de reperfusión minutos
• Consulte al especialista
¿Hace cuanto comenzaron • Considere ICP si hay • Considere internamiento
los síntomas? troponina elevada y además:
- Malestar torácico isquémico
refractario
< 12 horas >12 horas - Desviación ST persistente
- Taquicardia ventricular
- Inestabilidad hemodinámica
- Insuficiencia cardíaca
Alternativas
• Consulte al especialista
• Intervención Coronaria
Percutánea
• Fibrinolisis
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
2. Alexander KP, Newby LK, Cannon CP, et al. Acute coronary care in the elderly, part
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47. Glickman SW, Shofer FS, Wu MC, et al. Development and validation of a
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55. Grijseels EW, Bouten MJ, Lenderink T, et al. Pre-hospital thrombolytic therapy with
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85. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Sayah A, et al. Evaluation of the time saved by prehospital
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86. Moradkhan R, Sinoway LI. Revisiting the role of oxygen therapy in cardiac patients.
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Sección 3
Apartado 3.4
Electrocardiografía
en SCA
189 194
Desviación del segmento Evolución de los cambios
ST en el EKG
191 195
Otros hallazgos en el EKG EKG prehospitalario
192
Ubicación de la lesión
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Electrocardiografía en SCA
188
Electrocardiografía en SCA
189
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A C
J
Elevación
T P
T P
J Depresión
B D
En la figura (A) se muestran las referencias En la figura (C) se muestran las referencias
para medir la elevación (punto J y línea basal). para medir la depresión. Utilice el punto J + 2
mm (marca verde) y la línea basal.
En la figura (B) se observa que la elevación es
de 7,0mm En la figura (D) se observa que la depresión
es de 2,5mm
190
Electrocardiografía en SCA
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aVR I, aVL
• V1-V2 – Anteroseptal
• V3-V4 – Anteroapical
• V5-V6 – Anterolateral
• I, aVL – Lateral
• II, III, aVF – Inferior
V3,V4 V5,V6
V1,V2
Ubicación de la lesión
La elevación ST tiene alta correlación y especificidad con
isquemia o infarto miocárdico. La ubicación de la lesión puede
inferirse según las derivadas en las que se observe elevación
ST.
192
Electrocardiografía en SCA
aVF
EKG derecho
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194
Electrocardiografía en SCA
EKG prehospitalario
El tamaño de la lesión miocárdica aumenta con el tiempo, hasta
llegar al punto en que la muerte es irremediable. La mayor parte
del daño ocurre en las primeras horas, por lo que cualquier “EKG prehospitalario” es
demora en el diagnóstico solo se traduce en aumento de la un término que puede
mortalidad. referirse también a la
obtención de un EKG
Desde el momento en que aparece el primer síntoma hasta en centros de salud de
que se logra la reperfusión (con fibrinolisis o ICP), existen 4 atención primaria o rural.
intervalos de tiempo en que puede ocurrir alguna demora:
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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196
Síndrome Coronario Agudo
11. Sagie A, Larson MG, Goldberg RJ, et al. An improved method for adjusting the QT
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infarction. Circulation 2012; 126:2020.
15. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial
Infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:2231.
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Sección 4
Apéndices
Sección 4
Apéndices
202 206
Sedación y analgesia Desfibrilador externo
procedimental automático
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Apéndice 01
Sedación y Analgesia Procedimental
Ketamina
202
Apéndice 1: Sedación Procedimental
Etomidato
Midazolam
Otros fármacos
Precauciones generales
203
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Choi GJ, Kang H, Baek CW, et al. Etomidate versus propofol sedation for electrical
external cardioversion: a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:2023.
2. Kim MG, Park SW, Kim JH, et al. Etomidate versus propofol sedation for complex
upper endoscopic procedures: a prospective double-blinded randomized
controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 86:452.
4. Godwin SA, Caro DA, Wolf SJ, et al. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and
analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:177.
7. Krauss BS, Andolfatto G, Krauss BA, et al. Characteristics of and Predictors for
Apnea and Clinical Interventions During Procedural Sedation. Ann Emerg Med
2016; 68:564.
9. Miller KA, Andolfatto G, Miner JR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency
Department Procedural Sedation With Propofol: 2018 Update. Ann Emerg Med
2019; 73:470.
204
Apéndice 1: Sedación Procedimental
12. Valk BI, Struys MMRF. Etomidate and its Analogs: A Review of Pharmacokinetics
and Pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1253.
13. Erstad BL, Barletta JF. Drug dosing in the critically ill obese patient-a focus on
sedation, analgesia, and delirium. Crit Care 2020; 24:315.
14. Burton JH, Bock AJ, Strout TD, Marcolini EG. Etomidate and midazolam for
reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann
Emerg Med 2002; 40:496.
17. Strayer RJ, Nelson LS. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural
sedation in adults. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26:985.
18. Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B. Clinical practice guideline for
emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update. Ann Emerg
Med 2011; 57:449.
19. Sener S, Eken C, Schultz CH, et al. Ketamine with and without midazolam for
emergency department sedation in adults: a randomized controlled trial. Ann
Emerg Med 2011; 57:109.
20. Messenger DW, Murray HE, Dungey PE, et al. Subdissociative-dose ketamine
versus fentanyl for analgesia during propofol procedural sedation: a randomized
clinical trial. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15:877.
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Apéndice 02
Desfibrilador Externo Automático (DEA)
1 Encienda el equipo
Algunos cuentan con un botón de encendido y otros se
encienden automáticamente al abrir la tapa superior.
206
Apéndice 2: Desfibrilador Externo Automático
4a Ritmo desfibrilable
Si el DEA recomienda la descarga, pida en voz alta que se alejen
del paciente y confírmelo visualmente, antes de presionar el
botón de desfibrilación. Reasuma la RCP inmediatamente
después de la descarga, y siga las instrucciones del DEA.
4b Ritmo no desfibrilable
Si el DEA no recomienda la descarga, reasuma la RCP
inmediatamente, y siga las instrucciones del DEA.
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