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excluyeron 1.281 basándose en título/resumen. Se evaluaron La persistencia bacteriana (persisters) representa una
34 artículos de texto completo, de los cuales se excluyeron 25 subpoblación metabólicamente inactiva que tolera altas
(razones: no ECA, cirugía no cardíaca, comparador incorrecto, concentraciones de antibióticos y puede reactivarse tras la
sin desenlaces relevantes, datos no extraíbles). Nueve ECA suspensión del tratamiento, causando recaídas 31 .
cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y se incluyeron en el
metaanálisis. El diagrama PRISMA se resume en la Figura Disfunción orgánica inducida por sepsis
1.
La respuesta inflamatoria desregulada conduce a daño
endotelial difuso, aumento de la permeabilidad capilar,
Fisiopatología edema intersticial y microtrombosis, que comprometen la
perfusión tisular 56 . La disfunción mitocondrial, caracterizada
La fisiopatología de las infecciones por bacterias resistentes
por inhibición de la cadena respiratoria y producción de
en la UCI es un entramado complejo que involucra la
especies reactivas de oxígeno, contribuye al fallo celular y
interacción dinámica entre el microorganismo, el huésped
al metabolismo anaeróbico con acidosis láctica 57 . A nivel
críticamente enfermo y el entorno de la unidad. No se limita
orgánico, se desencadena:
a la mera presencia de un patógeno resistente, sino que
abarca una cascada de eventos que conducen a disfunción
orgánica múltiple, fallo terapéutico y elevada mortalidad. A Disfunción cardiovascular: Depresión miocárdica
continuación se desglosan sus componentes fundamentales. por citocinas, disfunción autonómica, hiporrespuesta
vascular a catecolaminas (shock vasoplégico) 58 .
Interacción huésped-microorganismo en la UCI
Disfunción pulmonar: Infiltración neutrofílica, daño
El paciente crítico presenta una barrera epitelial alveolar difuso, edema pulmonar no cardiogénico
comprometida (por ventilación mecánica, catéteres, sondas) (SDRA) 59 .
que facilita la translocación bacteriana. La colonización por
MDR suele preceder a la infección, y el tracto gastrointestinal Disfunción renal: Necrosis tubular aguda por
actúa como el principal reservorio 46 . Los antibióticos isquemia y efectos directos de endotoxinas, con
de amplio espectro alteran profundamente la microbiota requerimiento de terapia de reemplazo renal 60 .
intestinal, eliminando bacterias comensales protectoras y
permitiendo la sobreinfección por patógenos resistentes Disfunción hepática: Colestasis intrahepática,
(efecto de selección) 50 . Este fenómeno, conocido como esteatosis, alteración de la síntesis de proteínas y de la
disbiosis inducida por antibióticos, se asocia con pérdida depuración de toxinas 61 .
de diversidad microbiana, reducción de ácidos grasos de
cadena corta y aumento de la permeabilidad intestinal, lo Disfunción neurológica: Encefalopatía séptica me-
que favorece la translocación de bacterias y endotoxinas al diada por citocinas, alteración de la barrera hemato-
torrente sanguíneo 51 . encefálica y disfunción mitocondrial neuronal 62 .
Tabla 3. Prevalencia e incidencia de infecciones por patógenos resistentes en UCI según regiones (datos seleccionados)
Región Patógeno Prevalencia ( %) Incidencia (casos/1000 días-paciente) Referencia
Europa (Sur) K. pneumoniae KPC 35-40 2,1-3,4 (author?) 72
América Latina A. baumannii MDR 70-85 3,2-4,5 (author?) 73
Asia-Pacífico P. aeruginosa XDR 28-35 1,9-2,8 (author?) 74
EE. UU. SARM 25-30 0,8-1,2 (author?) 75
Global VRE 12-18 0,6-0,9 (author?) 8
Nota: Los datos representan un promedio ponderado de múltiples estudios de vigilancia.
infección bacteriana de otras causas inflamatorias y para guiar bacterias resistentes en UCI. La respuesta inflamatoria
la duración de la antibioticoterapia 93 . Otros biomarcadores desregulada, la disfunción mitocondrial y la microcirculatoria,
como la interleucina-6 (IL-6), la proteína de unión a junto con la apoptosis celular, conducen a fallo respiratorio,
lipopolisacáridos (LBP) y la presepsina pueden aportar cardiovascular, renal, hepático, hematológico y neurológico 99 .
información adicional, aunque su disponibilidad es limitada 94 . La puntuación SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment)
La monitorización de la respuesta inmune mediante la se utiliza para cuantificar la gravedad y predecir la
expresión de HLA-DR en monocitos ayuda a identificar mortalidad, con un valor >8 asociado a una mortalidad
pacientes en fase de inmunosupresión que podrían beneficiarse superior al 30 % 84 . La disfunción renal aguda (DRA) ocurre
de terapias inmunoestimuladoras 95 . en el 40-60 % de las sepsis por Gramnegativos MDR,
requiriendo terapia de reemplazo renal en un tercio de
Evaluación farmacocinética/farmacodinámica los casos 100 . La falla cardiovascular se manifiesta como
shock séptico refractario a vasopresores, con incremento
La monitorización terapéutica de fármacos (TDM) es
de la mortalidad hasta el 70 % 101 . El daño pulmonar
crucial para antibióticos con estrecho margen terapéutico
agudo inducido por sepsis (SDRA) complica la NAV y
(vancomicina, aminoglucósidos) y para betalactámicos en
prolonga la ventilación mecánica 102 . La disfunción hepática
pacientes con aclaramiento aumentado o disfunción renal 96 .
y la coagulopatía son factores independientes de mal
La optimización de la dosificación basada en PK/PD (infusión
pronóstico 103 . La encefalopatía séptica es frecuente y se
continua, dosis ajustadas por concentración) mejora la
asocia a delirium y estancia prolongada 104 .
eficacia y reduce la toxicidad 97 .
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