1.

Tiempos de Presente y Pasado

Tiempo Uso Principal Estructura Ejemplo

Present Simple Rutinas y Sujeto + Verbo She works every

verdades (-s en 3ª pers.) day.
generales.

Present Acciones que am/is/are + I am studying

Continuous ocurren ahora Verbo-ing right now.
mismo.

Past Simple Acciones Verbo -ed / We visited

terminadas en Irregular London last
el pasado. year.

Past Acciones en was/were + I was sleeping

Continuous desarrollo en el Verbo-ing when you called.
pasado.

2. Tiempos Perfectos

Present Perfect

Conecta el pasado con el presente. Se usa para experiencias o acciones

con un resultado actual.
●​ Estructura: have/has + participio.
●​ Ejemplo: I have lost my keys (no las tengo ahora).
Past Perfect

El "pasado del pasado". Una acción que ocurrió antes que otra acción en
el pasado.
●​ Estructura: had + participio.
●​ Ejemplo: The film had started when I arrived.

3. El Futuro
●​
Will: Decisiones espontáneas, promesas o predicciones basadas en
opiniones. (I'll help you!)
●​ Be going to: Planes e intenciones claras, o predicciones basadas en
evidencia física. (It's going to rain).

4. Condicionales

Tipo Uso Estructura (If... / Result)

Zero Hechos científicos / Present Simple / Present

Verdades. Simple

First Posibilidad real en el Present Simple / Will +

futuro. infinitivo

Second Situación hipotética Past Simple / Would +

(presente). infinitivo

Third Arrepentimiento (pasado). Past Perfect / Would have

+ participio
5. Modales y Modales Perfectos
Los verbos modales son herramientas esenciales en inglés para expresar
matices como posibilidad, obligación, permiso o consejo. Se dividen en
dos grandes grupos dependiendo de si hablas de una situación
general/presente o si estás juzgando el pasado.

1. Modales Simples (Presente / Futuro)

Se usan seguidos de un infinitivo sin "to" (excepto ought to). No cambian
con la persona (no llevan -s).

Modal Uso Ejemplo

Can / Can't Habilidad o permiso. I can swim.

Must Obligación fuerte o deducción You must stop. / He must be

lógica. home.

Have to Obligación externa (leyes, reglas). I have to wear a uniform.

Should / Ought Consejo o sugerencia. You should eat more fruit.

to

May / Might Posibilidad o permiso formal. It might rain later.

Mustn't Prohibición. You mustn't smoke here.

Don't have to Ausencia de obligación (no es You don't have to pay now.
necesario).

2. Modales Perfectos (Pasado)

Estos se usan para evaluar, imaginar o deducir cosas que ya pasaron. No
hablan de lo que pasó, sino de lo que pensamos ahora sobre lo que pasó.

Estructura: Sujeto + Modal + Have + Participio (-ed o 3ª columna)

A. Deducciones (¿Qué pasó?)

●​ Must have: Certeza de que algo ocurrió.
○​ The ground is wet. It must have rained. (Seguro que llovió).
●​ Can't have / Couldn't have: Certeza de que algo NO ocurrió.
○​ He can't have stolen the money; he was with me. (Es imposible
que robara...).
●​ Might / May / Could have: Posibilidad de que algo ocurriera (pero no
estamos seguros).
○​ I can't find my keys. I might have left them at work. (Puede que
las dejara...).

B. Sentimientos y Críticas
●​ Should have: Arrepentimiento o crítica por algo que no se hizo.
○​ I should have studied more. (Debería haber estudiado, pero no
lo hice).
●​ Shouldn't have: Crítica por algo que sí se hizo.
○​ You shouldn't have said that to her. (No deberías haberle dicho
eso).
●​ Would have: Se usa en la 3ª condicional para situaciones
imaginarias.
○​ I would have gone to the party, but I was sick. (Habría ido...).
●​ Needn't have: Hiciste algo que no era necesario.
○​ You needn't have bought wine; we have plenty. (No hacía falta
que compraras...).

6. La Voz Pasiva y Causativa

Pasiva Estándar

Mueve el foco del sujeto que hace la acción al objeto que la recibe.
Estructura: Be (en cualquier tiempo) + participio.

Pasiva Impersonal (It is said...)

Se usa para reportar información general de manera formal.

●​ It is said that she is very talented.
●​ She is said to be very talented.

Causativa (Have something done)

Se usa cuando otra persona realiza un servicio por nosotros.

●​ Estructura: Have + objeto + participio.
●​ Ejemplo: I had my hair cut (fui a la peluquería).

7. Deseos: Wish e If Only

Referencia Estructura Significado

Presente Wish + Past Simple Deseo que algo fuera

diferente ahora.

Pasado Wish + Past Perfect Arrepentimiento por

algo que pasó.

Queja Wish + someone + Deseo que alguien

would cambie su conducta.

1.​ I wish I spoke English fluently.

 2.​ If only I had saved more money last year.
3.​ I wish it would stop raining!

8. Had Better

Significa "más vale que" o "sería mejor que", implicando una advertencia.
●​ Afirmativa: You had better leave now.
●​ Negativa: You had better not do that.

9. Reported speech
Se usa para contar lo que otro dijo. La regla principal es que el tiempo
verbal retrocede un paso al pasado.

1. El Salto en el Tiempo (Backshift)

●​ Presente Simple pasa a Pasado Simple ("I am" pasa a He said he was)
●​ Presente Continuo pasa a Pasado Continuo ("I'm working" pasa a He
said he was working)
●​ Pasado Simple / Present Perfect pasa a Pasado Perfecto ("I did/have
done" pasa a He said he had done)
●​ Will pasa a Would ("I will go" pasa a He said he would go)
●​ Can pasa a Could ("I can fly" pasa a He said he could fly)

2. Say vs. Tell

●​ Say: No dices a quién. (He said he was late).
●​ Tell: Siempre dices a quién. (He told me he was late).

3. Reporting Verbs (Verbos de informe)

No usar solo say. Usar verbos que resuman la intención:

●​ Verbo + to + infinitivo:
○​ Offer: He offered to help. (Se ofreció a ayudar).
○​ Promise: He promised to call. (Prometió llamar).
○​ Refuse: He refused to go. (Se negó a ir).
●​ Verbo + alguien + to + infinitivo:
○​ Advise: He advised me to study. (Me aconsejó estudiar).
 ○​ Ask: He asked me to stay. (Me pidió que me quedara).
●​ Verbo + -ing:
○​ Suggest: He suggested eating pizza. (Sugirió comer pizza).
○​ Deny: He denied stealing it. (Negó haberlo robado).

4. Cambios de lugar y tiempo

●​ Now pasa a Then
●​ Today pasa a That day
●​ Tomorrow pasa a The next day
●​ Here pasa a There

10. Relative clauses

1. Defining Relative Clauses (Especificativas)

Dan información necesaria para identificar de quién o de qué estamos

hablando. Sin esa parte, la frase no se entiende o queda incompleta.

●​ Regla de oro: NO llevan comas.

●​ Pronombres: Who, which, that, whose, whom.
●​ That: Se puede usar that en lugar de who o which.
●​ Omisión: Puedes quitar el pronombre si no es el sujeto de la frase (si
después viene otra persona/pronombre).
●​ Ejemplo: The man who lives next door is a doctor. (Si quito "who lives
next door", no sabemos de qué hombre hablo).

2. Non-defining Relative Clauses (Explicativas)

Dan información extra que no es necesaria para saber de quién

hablamos. Es como un paréntesis.

●​ Regla de oro: SIEMPRE van entre comas.

●​ That: NUNCA se usa that. Solo who o which.
●​ Omisión: NUNCA se puede quitar el pronombre.
●​ Ejemplo: My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. (Ya sé quién es
 mi hermano; que viva en Londres es solo un dato extra).

3. Estructuras Formales vs. Informales

Aquí es donde la mayoría de los estudiantes fallan. El cambio principal

ocurre con las preposiciones.

Estructura Informal (Cercana)

La preposición se pone al final de la frase de relativo.

●​ The girl who I was talking to is my cousin.

●​ The house that we live in is very old.

Estructura Formal (Académica/Escrita)

La preposición se pone delante del pronombre. En este caso, solo puedes

usar Whom (personas) o Which (cosas). Nunca that o who.

●​ The lady to whom I was speaking is my cousin.

●​ The house in which we reside is ancient.

Característica Defining (Necesaria) Non-defining (Extra)

Comas No Sí

Uso de "That" Permitido Prohibido

Omitir pronombre Sí (si no es sujeto) No, nunca

Preposición (Informal) Al final (...which I look for) Al final

Preposición (Formal) Delante (...for which I look) Delante

Vocabulari t5

Palabra / Expresión Traducción (Catalán)

act out representar, interpretar

appeal (to) atreure, agradar a

at every opportunity quan es presenta l'ocasió

attend assistir / anar a

audience públic

award-winning guardonat/ada, premiat/ada

barefoot descalç/a

be around existir

be in the limelight ésser el centre d'atenció

be worth seeing valer la pena de veure

beeping sound xiulet, bip

behind the scenes entre bastidors

box-office hit èxit de taquilla

break a leg molta merda (desitjar sort a algú)

break up separar-se

catch on tenir èxit, popularitzar-se

catchy fàcil de recordar, enganxós/osa

character personatge

cheer aplaudir / cridar (amb entusiasme)

childhood infància

come a long way millorar, avançar

come out estrenar-se

come together reunir-se, ajuntar-se

conduct dur a terme, realitzar

costume disfressa

dance routine coreografia

deliver a decent performance oferir una interpretació decent / correcta

down trist/a, moix/a (entristir-se)

dozens (of) un munt (de), molts/es

emotions run high les emocions són intenses / a flor de pell

expenses despeses

explode popularitzar-se, créixer ràpidament

failure fracàs

fine art belles arts

fit in encaixar, integrar-se

flawlessly perfectament, impecablement

following seguidors/es (de culte)

Palabra / Expresión Traducción (Catalán)

gang banda (de delinqüents)

go all out deixar-hi la pell, esforçar-se al màxim

have a feeling that tenir el pressentiment que

have an impact influir, contribuir

hit the big time triomfar, aconseguir l'èxit

hype promoció / publicitat excessiva

indescribable indescriptible

interval descans

invest invertir
involve implicar; requerir

keep up with estar / posar-se al dia de

label catalogar, considerar

let-down decepció

lines guió, text

loneliness solitud, soledat

long-running de llarga durada

make an appearance presentar-se (en un lloc), fer acte de presència

make it into the mainstream arribar al gran públic

massive enorme, molt gran

move on passar / canviar d'activitat

newsletter butlletí informatiu

odds probabilitats (probablement)

on the edge of one's seat enganxat/ada a la butaca, en suspens

one-off aïllat/ada, esporàdic/a

out of this world extraordinari/ària, increïble

outfit vestit, disfressa

outline esquema, guió

overrated sobrevalorat/ada

pace ritme, velocitat

pop up aparèixer, sorgir

preview avanç

pull in atreure, interessar

pull off tirar endavant; aconseguir

queue (n) cua

realise adonar-se de
rehearsal assaig

release llançament, estrena

run the show manar, remenar les cireres

safety hazard risc de seguretat

set plató

set a good/bad example donar bon / mal exemple

set up muntar, instal·lar

showing projecció, sessió

shut down apagar

sights llocs d'interès turístic

sing one's heart out cantar amb passió / tota l'ànima

sit through quedar-se / aguantar fins al final

sold out exhaurit/ida

stand out destacar

star-studded event esdeveniment ple d'estrelles

stunt proesa / escena perillosa

take up ocupar / portar (temps)

tend (to) acostumar (a), tenir tendència (a)

the show must go on continuar amb els plans previstos

touching (adj) commovedor/a, emotiu/iva

understatement eufemisme (quedar molt curt)

unreasonable poc raonable, excessiu/iva

Palabra / Expresión Traducción (Catalán)

expend dedicar, emprar

expenditure despesa, desemborsament

expensive car/a, costós/osa

follow seguir, anar a continuació de

followed seguit/ida

follower seguidor/a

get the show on the road posar-se en marxa, posar fil a l'agulla

go back to the drawing board tornar a començar de zero

go into a decline entrar en decadència

overrate sobrevalorar, sobreestimar

play along with seguir el corrent de

queue (v) fer cua

range from ... to anar / incloure des de... fins a

rate (v) valorar

rating valoració; índex d'audiència

set the scene preparar el terreny

sit back quedar-se esperant / sense fer res

tendency tendència

underrate subestimar, infravalorar

underrated subestimat/ada, infravalorat/ada

Palabra / Expresión Traducción (Catalán)

break out esclatar / brotar

hold celebrar

hold up to tenir capacitat per a

priest sacerdot/essa

robe túnica

act up portar-se / comportar-se malament

appealing atractiu/iva, interessant

arena estadi

catch (someone) out enxampar (algú) in fraganti

charades (joc de) mímica

come about sorgir, aparèixer

Vocabulari t6

Palabra / Expresión Traducción (Catalán) Ejemplo de uso

Acknowledge reconèixer; donar les She acknowledged his help in her speech.
gràcies

As opposed to en comparació amb I prefer working in the office as opposed to

working from home.

Asset avantatge, factor positiu Good communication skills are a great asset
in this job.

Co-worker company/a de feina My co-worker helped me finish the report.

Dismiss ignorar; rebutjar The manager dismissed the idea as too

 risky.

Excel destacar She excels at solving complex problems.

Hire contractar (personal) The company plans to hire new staff this
year.

Membership condició de soci/sòcia Gym membership is included in the benefits

package.

Never-ending interminable It felt like a never-ending meeting.

Overseas a l'estranger He worked overseas for five years.

Resign dimitir, renunciar a She decided to resign from her position.

Rewarding gratificant, Teaching can be a very rewarding career.

satisfactori/òria

Roughly aproximadament The project will take roughly two months.

Take over absorbir, prendre el She will take over the company next year.
control

Wage/s sou/s, salari/s Workers are asking for higher wages.

Work environment ambient de treball A positive work environment improves

 productivity.

Expresión Traducción (Catalán) Ejemplo de uso

All or nothing tot o res For him, it's all or nothing when it comes to
success.

Back and forth d'aquí cap allà / d'un costat a We went back and forth trying to decide
l'altre where to eat.

Bright and early ben d'hora We have to wake up bright and early
tomorrow.

By and large en general By and large, the project was a success.

Ins and outs detalls, ets i uts She knows the ins and outs of the
business.

More or less més o menys I more or less understand the lesson.

Now or never o ara o mai It's now or never if you want to apply for
the job.

On and off de tant en tant / intermitent It rained on and off all day.

Peace and quiet pau i tranquil·litat I just want some peace and quiet after
work.
Tried and tested provat, d'eficàcia provada This is a tried and tested method.

Wine and dine convidar a menjar i beure bé They like to wine and dine their clients.

Phrasal Verb Traducción (Catalán) Ejemplo de uso

Call off cancel·lar, suspendre They called off the meeting because of the storm.

Clock in fitxar (entrada) I clock in at 8:30 every morning.

Drop by passar (per algún lloc) I'll drop by your office later today.

Fall behind quedar-se enrere He fell behind in his work after being absent.

Fill in for substituir (a algú) She will fill in for her colleague this week.

Fill out omplir (formulari) Please fill out this form before the interview.

Follow up fer un seguiment I will follow up on your request tomorrow.

Look into investigar The manager will look into the problem.

Put off ajornar Don't put off your homework until the last minute.
Slack off afluixar el ritme He started to slack off after lunch.

Sort out solucionar, resoldre We need to sort out this issue quickly.

Step up fer un pas endavant It's time to step up and take responsibility.

Stress out estressar-se Exams can really stress students out.

Take (time) off agafar temps lliure She decided to take some time off work.

Take on acceptar / assumir He decided to take on more responsibilities.

Palabra / Expresión Traducción (Catalán) Ejemplo de uso

Employed contractat/ada She is employed by a large company.

Employer empresari/ària / qui The employer offered better working

contracta conditions.

Excellence excel·lència The school is known for academic

excellence.

Fair and square honestament, sense He won the competition fair and square.
trampes
Fall out with enfadar-se / discutir She fell out with her best friend.

Get along with avenir-se / portar-se bé I get along well with my co-workers.

Make or break l'èxit o la ruïna This project could make or break his
career.

Resignation dimissió He announced his resignation yesterday.

Safe and sound sa i estalvi They arrived home safe and sound.

Show up presentar-se / arribar He didn't show up to the meeting.

Tell off esbroncar, renyar The teacher told him off for being late.

Chalk and cheese com la nit i el dia The two brothers are like chalk and
cheese.

Dos and don'ts pautes (què fer y què no) The guide explains the dos and don'ts of
the job.