1›nù

©lCþ{o(
 Outline

ùLJ:

1 Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
gŠŽÎŠ¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K¥{¿
y–

2 lS-L.§Š¯Kw©lCþ{
©lCþ{°Â
©lCþ{uÐ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Outline

ùLJ:

1 Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
gŠŽÎŠ¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K¥{¿
y–

2 lS-L.§Š¯Kw©lCþ{
©lCþ{°Â
©lCþ{uÐ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .

References

ÇÂÁ§5êÆÔn{6§§18.3 — 18.6

ù&œ§5êÆÔn{6§§9.4

nÎ!X1Á§5êÆÔn{6§§10.6

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

ùLJ:

1 Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
gŠŽÎŠ¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K¥{¿
y–

2 lS-L.§Š¯Kw©lCþ{
©lCþ{°Â
©lCþ{uÐ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

ŠŽÎ

Definition
LÚM ½Â3˜½¼ê˜mS(‡©)Ž
ΧeéuT¼ê˜mS?¿ü‡¼êuÚv§
ðk
(v, Lu) = (M v, u)
= Z b Z b
∗
v Ludx = (M v)∗ udx
a a
K¡M ´LŠŽÎ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

d
~13.1 L =
dx
b b
dv ∗
Z Z
du b
v ∗ dx = v ∗ u − udx
a dx a a dx
¤±§uÚvÑ÷v>.^‡

y(a) = y(b)
d d
ž§ ŠŽÎ´−
dx dx

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

d
~13.1 L =
dx
b b
dv ∗
Z Z
du b
v ∗ dx = v ∗ u − udx
a dx a a dx
¤±§uÚvÑ÷v>.^‡

y(a) = y(b)
d d
ž§ ŠŽÎ´−
dx dx

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

d
~13.1 L =
dx
b b
dv ∗
Z Z
du b
v ∗ dx = v ∗ u − udx
a dx a a dx
¤±§uÚvÑ÷v>.^‡

y(a) = y(b)
d d
ž§ ŠŽÎ´−
dx dx

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

eM ´LŠŽÎ§Kéu?¿¼êuÚv§k
Z b Z b ∗
∗ ∗
v M udx = (M u) vdx
a a
Z b ∗ Z b
= u∗ Lvdx = (Lv)∗ udx
a a

¤±L´M ŠŽÎ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

eM ´LŠŽÎ§Kéu?¿¼êuÚv§k
Z b Z b ∗
∗ ∗
v M udx = (M u) vdx
a a
Z b ∗ Z b
= u∗ Lvdx = (Lv)∗ udx
a a

¤±L´M ŠŽÎ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

eM ´LŠŽÎ§Kéu?¿¼êuÚv§k
Z b Z b ∗
∗ ∗
v M udx = (M u) vdx
a a
Z b ∗ Z b
= u∗ Lvdx = (Lv)∗ udx
a a

¤±L´M ŠŽÎ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

d2
~13.2 L = 2
dx
©ÜÈ©üg=
Z b 2 ib Z b  d 2 v ∗
∗d u
h
∗ 0 ∗ 0
v dx = v u − (v ) u + udx
a dx2 a a dx2
¤±§¼êuÚv÷v
h ib
∗ 0 ∗ 0
v u − (v ) u = 0
a
d2
ž§ 2 ŠŽÎÒ´§g
dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

d2
~13.2 L = 2
dx
©ÜÈ©üg=
Z b 2 ib Z b  d 2 v ∗
∗d u
h
∗ 0 ∗ 0
v dx = v u − (v ) u + udx
a dx2 a a dx2
¤±§¼êuÚv÷v
h ib
∗ 0 ∗ 0
v u − (v ) u = 0
a
d2
ž§ 2 ŠŽÎÒ´§g
dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

d2
~13.2 L = 2
dx
©ÜÈ©üg=
Z b 2 ib Z b  d 2 v ∗
∗d u
h
∗ 0 ∗ 0
v dx = v u − (v ) u + udx
a dx2 a a dx2
¤±§¼êuÚv÷v
h ib
∗ 0 ∗ 0
v u − (v ) u = 0
a
d2
ž§ 2 ŠŽÎÒ´§g
dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

h ib
∗ 0 ∗ 0
Ÿo^‡e v u − (v ) u = 0º
a

¼êuÚv÷v˜!!na>.^‡
α1 y(a) + β1 y 0 (a) = 0 α2 y(b + β2 y 0 (b) = 0
(Ù¥ |α1 |2 + |β1 |2 6= 0, |α2 |2 + |β2 |2 6= 0)

¼êuÚv÷v±Ï^‡
y(a) = y(b) y 0 (a) = y 0 (b)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

h ib
∗ 0 ∗ 0
Ÿo^‡e v u − (v ) u = 0º
a

¼êuÚv÷v˜!!na>.^‡
α1 y(a) + β1 y 0 (a) = 0 α2 y(b + β2 y 0 (b) = 0
(Ù¥ |α1 |2 + |β1 |2 6= 0, |α2 |2 + |β2 |2 6= 0)

¼êuÚv÷v±Ï^‡
y(a) = y(b) y 0 (a) = y 0 (b)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~

h ib
∗ 0 ∗ 0
Ÿo^‡e v u − (v ) u = 0º
a

¼êuÚv÷v˜!!na>.^‡
α1 y(a) + β1 y 0 (a) = 0 α2 y(b + β2 y 0 (b) = 0
(Ù¥ |α1 |2 + |β1 |2 6= 0, |α2 |2 + |β2 |2 6= 0)

¼êuÚv÷v±Ï^‡
y(a) = y(b) y 0 (a) = y 0 (b)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎ

Definition
eŽÎLŠŽÎÒ´§g§=éuT¼ê˜
mS?¿ü‡¼êuÚv§ðk

(v, Lu) = (Lv, u)

= Z b Z b
∗
v Ludx = (Lv)∗ udx
a a
K¡L´gŠŽÎ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~
d
~13.3 L = i
dx
Z b   Z b ∗
du b dv
v∗ i dx = iv ∗ u − i udx
a dx a a dx

uÚvÑ÷vÚ~13.1Ó>.^‡
y(a) = y(b)ž
Z b   Z b ∗
du d(iv)
v∗ i dx = udx
a dx a dx
d
¤±i ´gŠŽÎ
dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~
d
~13.3 L = i
dx
Z b   Z b ∗
du b dv
v∗ i dx = iv ∗ u − i udx
a dx a a dx

uÚvÑ÷vÚ~13.1Ó>.^‡
y(a) = y(b)ž
Z b   Z b ∗
du d(iv)
v∗ i dx = udx
a dx a dx
d
¤±i ´gŠŽÎ
dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~
d
~13.3 L = i
dx
Z b   Z b ∗
du b dv
v∗ i dx = iv ∗ u − i udx
a dx a a dx

uÚvÑ÷vÚ~13.1Ó>.^‡
y(a) = y(b)ž
Z b   Z b ∗
du d(iv)
v∗ i dx = udx
a dx a dx
d
¤±i ´gŠŽÎ
dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Þ~
d
~13.3 L = i
dx
Z b   Z b ∗
du b dv
v∗ i dx = iv ∗ u − i udx
a dx a a dx

uÚvÑ÷vÚ~13.1Ó>.^‡
y(a) = y(b)ž
Z b   Z b ∗
du d(iv)
v∗ i dx = udx
a dx a dx
d
¤±i ´gŠŽÎ
dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

ŽÎgŠ5§o´Ú˜½¼ê˜méX3˜
å
Ï~§·‚o´‡¦

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

ŽÎgŠ5§o´Ú˜½¼ê˜méX3˜
å
Ï~§·‚o´‡¦
• ¼ê½Â3‰½«mþ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

ŽÎgŠ5§o´Ú˜½¼ê˜méX3˜
å
Ï~§·‚o´‡¦
• ¼ê½Â3‰½«mþ
• ¼êäkv ëY5

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

ŽÎgŠ5§o´Ú˜½¼ê˜méX3˜
å
Ï~§·‚o´‡¦
• ¼ê½Â3‰½«mþ
• ¼êäkv ëY5
~X§éu‡©ŽÎ§Ò‡¦¼ê
êëY§–©ãëY¶XJ´Ã.«m§K‡
¦¼ê²ŒÈ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

ŽÎgŠ5§o´Ú˜½¼ê˜méX3˜
å
Ï~§·‚o´‡¦
• ¼ê½Â3‰½«mþ
• ¼êäkv ëY5(áu,˜Hilbert˜m)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

ŽÎgŠ5§o´Ú˜½¼ê˜méX3˜
å
Ï~§·‚o´‡¦
• ¼ê½Â3‰½«mþ
• ¼êäkv ëY5(áu,˜Hilbert˜m)
• ¼ê÷v˜½>.^‡§=ہ3Hilbert˜
m¥˜½f˜m(6/)S

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

ŽÎgŠ5§o´Ú˜½¼ê˜méX3˜
å
Ï~§·‚o´‡¦
• ¼ê½Â3‰½«mþ
• ¼êäkv ëY5(áu,˜Hilbert˜m)
• ¼ê÷v˜½>.^‡§=ہ3Hilbert˜
m¥˜½f˜m(6/)S
ýØUøl>.^‡å5?؎ÎgŠ5
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K

Definition
eLgŠŽÎ§K§

Ly(x) = λy(x)

¡gŠŽÎŠ¯K

ùp™Ñyàg>.^‡§Ï>.^‡®²Û
¹3gŠŽÎL½Â¥

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K

Definition
eLgŠŽÎ§K§

Ly(x) = λy(x)

¡gŠŽÎŠ¯K

ùp™Ñyàg>.^‡§Ï>.^‡®²Û
¹3gŠŽÎL½Â¥

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ1 (Øy)
gŠŽÎŠ˜½3©Škáõ
‡§¤Œê8

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ2
gŠŽÎŠ7¢ê

Proof
Ly = λy =⇒ (Ly)∗ = λ∗ y ∗
duL´gŠŽÎ
Z b Z b
[y ∗ Ly − (Ly)∗ y] dx = 0 =⇒ (λ − λ ) ∗
yy ∗ dx = 0
a a

∴ λ = λ∗ i.e. Šλ¢ê

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ2
gŠŽÎŠ7¢ê

Proof
Ly = λy =⇒ (Ly)∗ = λ∗ y ∗
duL´gŠŽÎ
Z b Z b
[y ∗ Ly − (Ly)∗ y] dx = 0 =⇒ (λ − λ ) ∗
yy ∗ dx = 0
a a

∴ λ = λ∗ i.e. Šλ¢ê

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ2
gŠŽÎŠ7¢ê

Proof
Ly = λy =⇒ (Ly)∗ = λ∗ y ∗
duL´gŠŽÎ
Z b Z b
[y ∗ Ly − (Ly)∗ y] dx = 0 =⇒ (λ − λ ) ∗
yy ∗ dx = 0
a a

∴ λ = λ∗ i.e. Šλ¢ê

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ2
gŠŽÎŠ7¢ê

Proof
Ly = λy =⇒ (Ly)∗ = λ∗ y ∗
duL´gŠŽÎ
Z b Z b
[y ∗ Ly − (Ly)∗ y] dx = 0 =⇒ (λ − λ ) ∗
yy ∗ dx = 0
a a

∴ λ = λ∗ i.e. Šλ¢ê

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ3
gŠŽÎ¼êäk5§=éAØÓ
Š¼ê˜½
Proof
λi Úλj ´Øƒü‡Š§éA¼êyi Úyj
Lyi = λi yi Lyj = λj yj
Šλi , λj ¢ê
Z b Z b
∗ ∗
[yi Lyj − (Lyi ) yj ] dx = (λj − λi ) yi∗ yj dx
a Z b a
∗
∴ yi (x)yj (x)dx = 0
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ3
gŠŽÎ¼êäk5§=éAØÓ
Š¼ê˜½
Proof
λi Úλj ´Øƒü‡Š§éA¼êyi Úyj
Lyi = λi yi Lyj = λj yj
Šλi , λj ¢ê
Z b Z b
∗ ∗
[yi Lyj − (Lyi ) yj ] dx = (λj − λi ) yi∗ yj dx
a Z b a
∗
∴ yi (x)yj (x)dx = 0
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ3
gŠŽÎ¼êäk5§=éAØÓ
Š¼ê˜½
Proof
λi Úλj ´Øƒü‡Š§éA¼êyi Úyj
Lyi = λi yi Lyj = λj yj
Šλi , λj ¢ê
Z b Z b
∗ ∗
[yi Lyj − (Lyi ) yj ] dx = (λj − λi ) yi∗ yj dx
a Z b a
∗
∴ yi (x)yj (x)dx = 0
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ3
gŠŽÎ¼êäk5§=éAØÓ
Š¼ê˜½
Proof
λi Úλj ´Øƒü‡Š§éA¼êyi Úyj
Lyi = λi yi Lyj = λj yj
Šλi , λj ¢ê
Z b Z b
∗ ∗
[yi Lyj − (Lyi ) yj ] dx = (λj − λi ) yi∗ yj dx
a Z b a
∗
∴ yi (x)yj (x)dx = 0
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

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˜‡Šλi §Ñk
Z b
yi∗ (x)yi (x)dx = 1
a
ùÒ´˜‡8˜¼ê|
Z b
yi∗ (x)yj (x)dx = δij
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

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êÏfE,´¼ê
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˜‡Šλi §Ñk
Z b
yi∗ (x)yi (x)dx = 1
a
ùÒ´˜‡8˜¼ê|
Z b
yi∗ (x)yj (x)dx = δij
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

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êÏfE,´¼ê
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˜‡Šλi §Ñk
Z b
yi∗ (x)yi (x)dx = 1
a
ùÒ´˜‡8˜¼ê|
Z b
yi∗ (x)yj (x)dx = δij
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ4
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|§=?¿˜‡3«m[a, b]¥këYê!
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?ê
∞
X
f (x) = cn yn (x)
n=1
(™–Y)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ4
(Yc)
Z b
f (x)yn∗ (x)dx
Ù¥ cn = Z ab
yn (x)yn∗ (x)dx
a

AO´§éu8˜z¼ê|
Z b
cn = f (x)yn∗ (x)dx
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

5Ÿ4
(Yc)
Z b
f (x)yn∗ (x)dx
Ù¥ cn = Z ab
yn (x)yn∗ (x)dx
a

AO´§éu8˜z¼ê|
Z b
cn = f (x)yn∗ (x)dx
a

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

8˜¼ê|5
∞
X
yn (x)yn∗ (x0 ) = δ(x − x0 )
n=1

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dþ¡5Ÿ3Ú4Œ±w§‡ò¼
ê·8˜z§K¼êNÒ¤
˜‡8˜¼ê8
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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

8˜¼ê|5
∞
X
yn (x)yn∗ (x0 ) = δ(x − x0 )
n=1

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dþ¡5Ÿ3Ú4Œ±w§‡ò¼
ê·8˜z§K¼êNÒ¤
˜‡8˜¼ê8
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?ØþŒ·^
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

8˜¼ê|5
∞
X
yn (x)yn∗ (x0 ) = δ(x − x0 )
n=1

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dþ¡5Ÿ3Ú4Œ±w§‡ò¼
ê·8˜z§K¼êNÒ¤
˜‡8˜¼ê8
Ïd§þ˜!¥k'8˜¼ê8
?ØþŒ·^
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

?Ø
±þ6žÑK˜«ŒU5§=éAu˜‡
ŠŒUk؎˜‡(‚5Ã')¼
ê§Ï ŒU¿Ø*d

 ò?Øù«œ/

=¦3ù«œ/§o„Œ±æ^Schmidt
zÚ½(„Ö18.1!)¦ƒz§ Ï E
,Œ±˜‡8˜¼ê8

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

?Ø
±þ6žÑK˜«ŒU5§=éAu˜‡
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ê§Ï ŒU¿Ø*d

 ò?Øù«œ/

=¦3ù«œ/§o„Œ±æ^Schmidt
zÚ½(„Ö18.1!)¦ƒz§ Ï E
,Œ±˜‡8˜¼ê8

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

?Ø
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ê§Ï ŒU¿Ø*d

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=¦3ù«œ/§o„Œ±æ^Schmidt
zÚ½(„Ö18.1!)¦ƒz§ Ï E
,Œ±˜‡8˜¼ê8

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ

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²ŒÈ¼ê§Ðmª
∞
X
f (x) = cn yn (x)
n=1
3²þÂñ
Z b N
X 2
lim f (x) − cn yn (x) dx = 0
N →∞ a n=1
¿ÂeE,¤á

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ
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Q«©ùüaŠ¯K
§ QãB§3k'Lã¥Ñ
æ^ k.«m/ª
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

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æ^ k.«m/ª
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

gŠŽÎŠ¯K5Ÿ
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æ^ k.«m/ª
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

ùLJ:

1 Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
gŠŽÎŠ¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
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2 lS-L.§Š¯Kw©lCþ{
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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm-Liouville.§
8cŽ§·‚?ØLA‡~‡©§
Š¯K©9‡©§k
X 00 + λX = 0
2
   
d dy m
1 − x2


+ λ− y=0
dx dx 1 − x2
m2
   
1 d dR
r + λ− 2 R=0
r dr dr r
§‚Œ±8Be¡˜„/ª
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx
¡Sturm–Liouville.§({¡S–L.§)
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm-Liouville.§
8cŽ§·‚?ØLA‡~‡©§
Š¯K©9‡©§k
X 00 + λX = 0
2
   
d dy m
1 − x2


+ λ− y=0
dx dx 1 − x2
m2
   
1 d dR
r + λ− 2 R=0
r dr dr r
§‚Œ±8Be¡˜„/ª
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx
¡Sturm–Liouville.§({¡S–L.§)
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx

¼êp(x), q(x)Úρ(x)Ñ´¢¼ê§ Ñ÷v

7‡ëY5‡¦

ρ(x)§¡­¼ê

­¼êρ(x) = ~ꞧŒ±1
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx

¼êp(x), q(x)Úρ(x)Ñ´¢¼ê§ Ñ÷v

7‡ëY5‡¦

ρ(x)§¡­¼ê

­¼êρ(x) = ~ꞧŒ±1
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx

¼êp(x), q(x)Úρ(x)Ñ´¢¼ê§ Ñ÷v

7‡ëY5‡¦

ρ(x)§¡­¼ê

­¼êρ(x) = ~ꞧŒ±1
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx

¼êp(x), q(x)Úρ(x)Ñ´¢¼ê§ Ñ÷v

7‡ëY5‡¦

ρ(x)§¡­¼ê

­¼êρ(x) = ~ꞧŒ±1
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

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Œ±5 u­¡‹IX¦^(ùžŒ±
lLaplaceŽÎäNLˆª¥JÏ­¼
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!5(~X§—Ý©ÙØþ!)
Ïd§Ò·‚¤'%Ôn¯K ó§Ø”
bρ(x) ≥ 0§ Øð0
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

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Œ±5 u­¡‹IX¦^(ùžŒ±
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bρ(x) ≥ 0§ Øð0
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

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bρ(x) ≥ 0§ Øð0
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

?Ø

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Œ±5 u­¡‹IX¦^(ùžŒ±
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Ïd§Ò·‚¤'%Ôn¯K ó§Ø”
bρ(x) ≥ 0§ Øð0
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx

½Â‡©ŽÎ
 
d d
L≡− p(x) + q(x)
dx dx
Kk
Sturm–Liouville.§ŽÎ/ª
Ly(x) = λρ(x)y(x)
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx

½Â‡©ŽÎ
 
d d
L≡− p(x) + q(x)
dx dx
Kk
Sturm–Liouville.§ŽÎ/ª
Ly(x) = λρ(x)y(x)
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯K

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx
N\þ·>.^‡§Ò¤Sturm–Liouville
.§Š¯K

λ, A½Šž§k÷vSturm–Liouville
§9>.^‡š")§ λù A½Š=
Š§ƒAš")=¼ê
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯K

Sturm–Liouville.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx
N\þ·>.^‡§Ò¤Sturm–Liouville
.§Š¯K

λ, A½Šž§k÷vSturm–Liouville
§9>.^‡š")§ λù A½Š=
Š§ƒAš")=¼ê
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

Sturm–Liouville.§Ly(x) = λρ(x)y(x)Ú
Ly(x) = λy(x)«O3uÑy ­¼êρ(x)

¦Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KÎÜg
ŠŽÎŠ¯K‡¦§ŒŠXe?U

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

Sturm–Liouville.§Ly(x) = λρ(x)y(x)Ú
Ly(x) = λy(x)«O3uÑy ­¼êρ(x)

¦Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KÎÜg
ŠŽÎŠ¯K‡¦§ŒŠXe?U

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

?Uƒ˜
• Ú?#ŽÎ
   
1 1 d d
L0 ≡ L≡ − p(x) + q(x)
ρ(x) ρ(x) dx dx

KSturm–Liouville.§Òz

L0 y(x) = λy(x)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

?Uƒ˜
• Ú?#ŽÎ
   
1 1 d d
L0 ≡ L≡ − p(x) + q(x)
ρ(x) ρ(x) dx dx

KSturm–Liouville.§Òz

L0 y(x) = λy(x)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

?Uƒ
• æ^#SȽÂ
Z b
(y1 , y2 )ρ ≡ y1∗ (x)y2 (x)ρ(x)dx
a

3ùSȽÂe§Òk

(y1 , L0 y2 )ρ = (y1 , Ly2 ) (L0 y1 , y2 )ρ = (Ly1 , y2 )

∗
  
d dy 2 dy
∴ y1∗ Ly2 −(Ly1 )∗ y2 = − p(x) y1∗ −y2 1
dx dx dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

?Uƒ
• æ^#SȽÂ
Z b
(y1 , y2 )ρ ≡ y1∗ (x)y2 (x)ρ(x)dx
a

3ùSȽÂe§Òk

(y1 , L0 y2 )ρ = (y1 , Ly2 ) (L0 y1 , y2 )ρ = (Ly1 , y2 )

∗
  
d dy 2 dy
∴ y1∗ Ly2 −(Ly1 )∗ y2 = − p(x) y1∗ −y2 1
dx dx dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

?Uƒ
• æ^#SȽÂ
Z b
(y1 , y2 )ρ ≡ y1∗ (x)y2 (x)ρ(x)dx
a

3ùSȽÂe§Òk

(y1 , L0 y2 )ρ = (y1 , Ly2 ) (L0 y1 , y2 )ρ = (Ly1 , y2 )

∗
  
d dy 2 dy
∴ y1∗ Ly2 −(Ly1 )∗ y2 = − p(x) y1∗ −y2 1
dx dx dx
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

?Uƒn
• N\>.^‡
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
p(x) y1 − y2 =0
dx dx a

ùÒ

(y1 , Ly2 ) = (Ly1 , y2 ) = (y1 , L0 y1 )ρ = (L0 y1 , y2 )ρ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

?Uƒn
• N\>.^‡
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
p(x) y1 − y2 =0
dx dx a

ùÒ

(y1 , Ly2 ) = (Ly1 , y2 ) = (y1 , L0 y1 )ρ = (L0 y1 , y2 )ρ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

(Ø
ùL²§‡æ^SȽÂ
Z b
(y1 , y2 )ρ ≡ y1∗ (x)y2 (x)ρ(x)dx
a
   
1 0 d d
KŽÎL ≡ − p(x) + q(x)
ρ(x) dx dx
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
3>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0 e´gŠ
dx dx a


C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

(Ø
†é{`§3>.^‡
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
p(x) y1 − y2 =0
dx dx a

ƒe§gŠŽÎŠ¯K˜X(ØÑU£
‡S–L.§
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx
Š¯K¥
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

(Ø
†é{`§gŠŽÎŠ¯K˜X(ØÑ
U£‡S–L.§Š¯K
 
d dy
p(x) + [λρ(x) − q(x)] y = 0
dx dx
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
p(x) y1 − y2 =0
dx dx a
¥

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

Sturm–Liouville.§Š¯KgŠ5

(Ø
˜UC´3SȽ¥IÑy¼êρ(x)©
ƒA/§¼ê5ÒC
Z b
yi∗ (x)yj (x)ρ(x) dx = 0, λi 6= λj
a

k'¼ê59ÐmXêúªIŠƒA
UC

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
1. ep(a) 6= 0§Œ\þ1˜!!na>.^‡

αy(a) − βy 0 (a) = 0, αÚβþ()¢ê

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
1. ep(a) 6= 0§Œ\þ1˜!!na>.^‡

αy(a) − βy 0 (a) = 0, αÚβþ()¢ê

Skip proof

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
1. ep(a) 6= 0§Œ\þ1˜!!na>.^‡

αy(a) − βy 0 (a) = 0, αÚβþ()¢ê

y²µ αyi (a) − βyi0 (a) = 0, i = 1, 2

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
1. ep(a) 6= 0§Œ\þ1˜!!na>.^‡

αy(a) − βy 0 (a) = 0, αÚβþ()¢ê

y²µ αyi (a) − βyi0 (a) = 0, i = 1, 2
αyi∗ (a) − βyi∗ 0 (a) = 0, i = 1, 2

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
1. ep(a) 6= 0§Œ\þ1˜!!na>.^‡

αy(a) − βy 0 (a) = 0, αÚβþ()¢ê

y²µ αyi (a) − βyi0 (a) = 0, i = 1, 2
αyi∗ (a) − βyi∗ 0 (a) = 0, i = 1, 2
αÚβØӞ0§k
y1∗ (a) y1∗0 (a)
0 = y1∗ (a)y20 (a) − y2 (a)y1∗0 (a) = 0
y2 (a) y2 (a)
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
2. ep(a) = 0§ùžx = a:´§Û:©b½
p(x), q(x)Úρ(x)÷v˜½‡¦§¦x = a:
´§KÛ:§ 1˜)k.§1)Ã
.©ùž>.^‡Ï~´k.^‡

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
2. ep(a) = 0§ùžx = a:´§Û:©b½
p(x), q(x)Úρ(x)÷v˜½‡¦§¦x = a:
´§KÛ:§ 1˜)k.§1)Ã
.©ùž>.^‡Ï~´k.^‡
Skip details

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
2. ep(a) = 0§ùžx = a:´§Û:©b½
p(x), q(x)Úρ(x)÷v˜½‡¦§¦x = a:
´§KÛ:§ 1˜)k.§1)Ã
.©ùž>.^‡Ï~´k.^‡
~X
p(a) = 0 p0 (a) 6= 0
ρ(x)Ú(x − a)q(x)þ3x = a:)Û
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~
2. ep(a) = 0§ùžx = a:´§Û:©b½
p(x), q(x)Úρ(x)÷v˜½‡¦§¦x = a:
´§KÛ:§ 1˜)k.§1)Ã
.©ùž>.^‡Ï~´k.^‡
½
p(a) = 0 p0 (a) = 0 p00 (a) 6= 0
ρ(x)Úq(x)þ3x = a:)Û
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a

 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~

3. ep(a) = 0§ x = a:´§šKÛ:
3˜½^‡e§ŒÏL‡¦¼ê²ŒÈ(=
/8˜z^‡0) (½Š

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a

 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/˜µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bþ0
dx dx
±à:x = a~

3. ep(a) = 0§ x = a:´§šKÛ:
3˜½^‡e§ŒÏL‡¦¼ê²ŒÈ(=
/8˜z^‡0) (½Š

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bü:ê
dx dx
Šƒ§؏0
XJ

p(a) = p(b) q(a) = q(b) ρ(a) = ρ(b)

¿
y(a) = y(b) y 0 (a) = y 0 (b)
Ҍ±÷vù‡‡¦
ù´?ØL±Ï^‡œ/
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bü:ê
dx dx
Šƒ§؏0
XJ

p(a) = p(b) q(a) = q(b) ρ(a) = ρ(b)

¿
y(a) = y(b) y 0 (a) = y 0 (b)
Ҍ±÷vù‡‡¦
ù´?ØL±Ï^‡œ/
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn
b
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
>.^‡p(x) y1 − y2 = 0äNz
dx dx a
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
œ/µp(x) y1 − y2 3x = a, bü:ê
dx dx
Šƒ§؏0
XJ

p(a) = p(b) q(a) = q(b) ρ(a) = ρ(b)

¿
y(a) = y(b) y 0 (a) = y 0 (b)
Ҍ±÷vù‡‡¦
ù´?ØL±Ï^‡œ/
C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

ùLJ:

1 Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
gŠŽÎŠ¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K¥{¿
y–

2 lS-L.§Š¯Kw©lCþ{
©lCþ{°Â
©lCþ{uÐ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

0 (Ø©y²ž„Ö§18.5
½n
XJS–L.§Š¯K¼ê´E§
Ù¢ÜÚJ܂5Ã'§KdŠ¯K´
­{¿

½n
y1 (x)Úy2 (x)Ñ´S–L.§Š¯Kü‡
¢‚5Ã'¼ê§ ¿
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
p(x) y1 − y2 3x = aÚx = b:þ0§
dx dx
Ky1 (x)Úy2 (x)،UéAuӘ‡Šλ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

0 (Ø©y²ž„Ö§18.5
½n
XJS–L.§Š¯K¼ê´E§
Ù¢ÜÚJ܂5Ã'§KdŠ¯K´
­{¿

½n
y1 (x)Úy2 (x)Ñ´S–L.§Š¯Kü‡
¢‚5Ã'¼ê§ ¿
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
p(x) y1 − y2 3x = aÚx = b:þ0§
dx dx
Ky1 (x)Úy2 (x)،UéAuӘ‡Šλ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Self-Adjiont Operators
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn
Method of Separation of Variables . . .
Degeneration in Eigenproblem of S-L Eqn

0 (Ø©y²ž„Ö§18.5
½n
XJS–L.§Š¯K¼ê´E§
Ù¢ÜÚJ܂5Ã'§KdŠ¯K´
­{¿

½n
y1 (x)Úy2 (x)Ñ´S–L.§Š¯Kü‡
¢‚5Ã'¼ê§ ¿
 dy
∗ 2 dy1∗ 
p(x) y1 − y2 3x = aÚx = b:þ0§
dx dx
Ky1 (x)Úy2 (x)،UéAuӘ‡Šλ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

ùLJ:

1 Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
gŠŽÎŠ¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K
Sturm-Liouville.§Š¯K¥{¿
y–

2 lS-L.§Š¯Kw©lCþ{
©lCþ{°Â
©lCþ{uÐ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

©Ûµé½)¯K‡¦

E±uîįK~
üà½ugdÄ
∂2u 2
2∂ u
− a =0 0 < x < l, t > 0
∂t2 ∂x2
u x=0 = 0 u x=l = 0 t≥0
∂u
u t=0 = φ(x) = ψ(x) 0≤x≤l
∂t t=0
XJ3˜‡S–L§Š¯K
LX = λρX
X(0) = 0 X(l) = 0
üö>.^‡/ªƒÓ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

©Ûµé½)¯K‡¦

E±uîįK~
üà½ugdÄ
∂2u 2
2∂ u
− a =0 0 < x < l, t > 0
∂t2 ∂x2
u x=0 = 0 u x=l = 0 t≥0
∂u
u t=0 = φ(x) = ψ(x) 0≤x≤l
∂t t=0
XJ3˜‡S–L§Š¯K
LX = λρX
X(0) = 0 X(l) = 0
üö>.^‡/ªƒÓ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

©Ûµé½)¯K‡¦

E±uîįK~
üà½ugdÄ
∂2u 2
2∂ u
− a =0 0 < x < l, t > 0
∂t2 ∂x2
u x=0 = 0 u x=l = 0 t≥0
∂u
u t=0 = φ(x) = ψ(x) 0≤x≤l
∂t t=0
XJ3˜‡S–L§Š¯K
LX = λρX
X(0) = 0 X(l) = 0
üö>.^‡/ªƒÓ

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

©Ûµé½)¯K‡¦

Ïd§Œ±ò½)¯K)u(x, t)Uì¼ê
N{Xn (x), n = 1, 2, 3, · · · }Ðm
X∞
u(x, t) = Tn (t)Xn (x)
n=1
(B儧b¼ê®8˜z)
ùp§¼ê|5å û½5Š^
∞
P
 y Tn (t)Xn (x)U Âñ(–´²þÂñ)
n=1
)u(x, t)§ 7LH9ܼê¦Ú©ý،±Ã
nd/VïeZ‡¼ê
ÄK§¦+3/ªþqEU¦˜‡?ê/)0§
§ý،UÂñý)u(x, t)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

©Ûµé½)¯K‡¦

Ïd§Œ±ò½)¯K)u(x, t)Uì¼ê
N{Xn (x), n = 1, 2, 3, · · · }Ðm
X∞
u(x, t) = Tn (t)Xn (x)
n=1
(B儧b¼ê®8˜z)
ùp§¼ê|5å û½5Š^
∞
P
 y Tn (t)Xn (x)U Âñ(–´²þÂñ)
n=1
)u(x, t)§ 7LH9ܼê¦Ú©ý،±Ã
nd/VïeZ‡¼ê
ÄK§¦+3/ªþqEU¦˜‡?ê/)0§
§ý،UÂñý)u(x, t)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

©Ûµé½)¯K‡¦

Ïd§Œ±ò½)¯K)u(x, t)Uì¼ê
N{Xn (x), n = 1, 2, 3, · · · }Ðm
X∞
u(x, t) = Tn (t)Xn (x)
n=1
(B儧b¼ê®8˜z)
ùp§¼ê|5å û½5Š^
∞
P
 y Tn (t)Xn (x)U Âñ(–´²þÂñ)
n=1
)u(x, t)§ 7LH9ܼê¦Ú©ý،±Ã
nd/VïeZ‡¼ê
ÄK§¦+3/ªþqEU¦˜‡?ê/)0§
§ý،UÂñý)u(x, t)

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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K¼ê0Ylm (θ, φ)Ðm
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l=0 m=−l

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4

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l=0 m=−l

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4
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Rlm (0)k. Rlm (1) = 0

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4
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Rlm (0)k. Rlm (1) = 0

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4

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l
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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4

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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4

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2

C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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C. S. Wu 1›nù ©lCþ{o(
 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

~13.4

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 Eigenproblem of Sturm-Liouville Eqn . . . Method of Separation of Variables
Method of Separation of Variables . . . Method of Separation of Variables: Development

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