PEU4302- Linear Algebra- CAT01
Answer Guide-2024/2025
01.
1 𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 1 𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐
|1 𝑏 𝑏 2 − 𝑐𝑎 | |0 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)|
1 𝑐 𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑎 𝑟3 − 𝑟1 0 𝑐−𝑎 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑎)
1 𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 (𝑐 − 𝑎) 1 𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑟3 − 𝑟
= |0 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)| (𝑏 − 𝑎) 2 |0 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)|
0 𝑐−𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0 0 0
= 0
02.
𝑟2 − 3𝑟1
1 2 −5 2 1 2 −5 2
𝑟3 − 2𝑟1
3 −1 2 4 0 −7 17 −2
𝐴=( ) ( )
2 3 −4 3 𝑟4 − 5𝑟1 0 1 −6 −1
5 2 −2 7 0 here.
⬚⬚ 𝑟Type equation −8 23 −3
1 2 −5 2 1 2 −5 2
𝑟2 ↔ 𝑟3 0 1 −6 1 0 1 −6 1
( ) 𝑟3 + 2𝑟2 ( )
0 −7 17 −2 0 −5 5 0
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟2 × −1 𝑟4 + 3𝑟2
0 −8 23 −3 0 −5 5 0
1 2 −5 2 1 2 −5 2
𝑟4 − 𝑟3 0 1 −6 1 0 1 −6 1
( ) 𝑟3 /(−5) ( )
0 −5 5 0 0 1 −1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
This is the echelon form. Hence rank is 3.
03.
1 3 3
𝐴 = ( 1 4 3)
1 3 4
1 3 31 0 0 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 1 3 3 1 0 0
(𝐴|𝐼) = (1 4 3|0 1 0) (0 1 0|−1 1 0)
1 3 40 0 1 𝑟3 − 𝑟1 0 0 1 −1 0 1
𝑟1 − 3𝑟2 1 0 3 4 −3 0 𝑟1 − 3𝑟3 1 0 0 7 −3 −3
(0 1 0|−1 1 0) (0 1 0|−1 1 0)
0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1
7 −3 −3
−1
⟹𝐴 = (−1 1 0)
−1 0 1
(04).
3 −1 4 3 1 2 −3 −2
(𝐴|𝐵) = (1 2 𝑟
−3|−2) 1 ↔ 𝑟2 (3 −1 4 | 3 )
6 5 𝜆 −3 6 5 𝜆 −3
𝑟2 − 3𝑟1 1 2 −3 −2 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 1 2 −3 −2
(0 −7 13 | 9 ) (0 −7 13 | 9 )
𝑟3 − 6𝑟1 0 −7 𝜆 + 18 9 0 0 𝜆+5 0
(i) For a unique solution 𝜆 ≠ −5.
(ii) No inconsistent case.
(iii) When 𝜆 = −5, there are infinitely many solutions.
1 −1 4
(05) 𝐴 = (3 2 −1)
2 1 −1
The characteristic equation is
1−𝜆 −1 4
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = | 3 2−𝜆 −1 |
2 1 −1 − 𝜆
= (1 − 𝜆)[(2 − 𝜆)(−1 − 𝜆) + 1] − (−1)[3(−1 − 𝜆) + 2] + 4[3 − 2(2 − 𝜆)]
= (1 − 𝜆)[−1 − 𝜆 + 𝜆2 ] + [−1 − 3𝜆] + 4[−1 + 2𝜆]
= −(1 − 𝜆)(1 + 𝜆) + 𝜆2 (1 − 𝜆) − 5 + 5𝜆
= −1 + 𝜆2 + 𝜆2 − 𝜆3 + 5𝜆 − 5
𝜆3 − 2𝜆2 − 5𝜆 + 6 = 0
Cayley-Hamiltonian theorem is verified if 𝐴 satisfies the above equation
𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴3 − 2𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 6𝐼 = 0
1 −1 4 1 −1 4 6 1 1
2
𝐴 = (3 2 −1) . (3 2 −1) = (7 0 11)
2 1 −1 2 1 −1 3 −1 8
1 −1 4 6 1 1 11 −3 22
3 2
𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = (3 2 −1) . (7 0 11) = (29 4 17)
2 1 −1 3 −1 8 16 3 5
∴ 𝐴3 − 2𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 6𝐼
11 −3 22 6 1 1 1 −1 4 1 0 0
= (29 4 17) − 2 (7 0 11) − 5 (3 2 −1) + 6 (0 1 0)
16 3 5 3 −1 8 2 1 −1 0 0 1
11 −3 22 12 2 2 5 −5 20 6 0 0
= (29 4 17) − (14 0 22) − (15 10 −5) + (0 6 0)
16 3 5 6 −2 16 10 5 −5 0 0 6
11 − 12 − 5 + 6 −3 − 2 + 5 + 0 22 − 2 − 20 + 0 0 0 0
= (29 − 14 − 15 + 0 4 − 0 − 10 + 6 17 − 22 + 5 + 0) = (0 0 0)
16 − 6 − 10 + 0 3+2−5+0 5 − 16 + 5 + 6 0 0 0
Consider the equation 𝐴3 − 2𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 6𝐼 = 0
Multiply both sides by 𝐴−1
𝐴−1 . 𝐴3 − 2𝐴−1 . 𝐴2 − 5𝐴−1 . 𝐴 + 6𝐴−1 . 𝐼 = 0
𝐴2 − 2𝐴 − 5𝐼 + 6𝐴−1 = 0
6𝐴−1 = 5𝐼 + 2𝐴 − 𝐴2
1 0 0 1 −1 4 6 1 1
= 5 (0 1 0) + 2 (3 2 −1) − (7 0 11)
0 0 1 2 1 −1 3 −1 8
1 −3 7
−1
6𝐴 = (−1 9 −13)
1 3 −5
1 −3 7
−1 1
𝐴 = (−1 9 −13)
6
1 3 −5