-a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä

❖ `-c-W-L-S-\- cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-¶- -
thfbn-Â- {]tXyIw- kw-c-£n-¡-
s¸-tSï- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS H-cp-
]-«n-I- Xs¶ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â-
D-Äs¸Sp-¯p-I-bp-ïmbn- A-h-
A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä(Fundamental Rights)
❖ `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS `m-Kw- III-Â- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 12 ap-X-Â- 35 hsc
a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§sf Ip-dn-¨v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-.

❖ `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B-Wn-¡-Ãv, C-´y-bpsS am-ám-Im-À-«-, kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ

hn-f-¡p-I-Ä- F-¶o- hntij-W-§-fp-Å- `-c-W-L-S-\- `m-Kw- : -`m-Kw- III

❖ C-´y-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bnse a-u-en-Im-h-Im-iw- F-¶- B-i-bw- Atacn-¡-³-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â- \n-¶m-Wv I-SsaSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv (Bill of rights).
❖ a-u-en-I- A-h-Im-is¯ ]-än- ]-d-bp-¶- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS aq-¶mw- `m-Ks¯
C-´y-bpsS am-ám-Im-À-«- F-¶m-Wv hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

❖ C-´y-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bnse a-u-en-I- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- \o-Xn-]-c-am-b-h-

( justiciable) B-Wv .

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

❖ C-´y-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bnse a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- bp-F-kvF- D-Äs¸-sS
-temI-¯nse atä-sXmcp- cm-Py-¯n-sâbpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â-
Im-Wp-¶-Xnt\¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-]p-e-am-Wv.
❖ bmsXmcp- hnthN-\-hp-an-ÃmsX F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- `-c-W-L-S-\-
a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-d-¸v \-Â-Ip-¶p-.

❖ C-Xv F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-fpsSbpw- ka-X-zw-, hy-àn-bpsS A-´-Êv, h-en-b-

hn-`m-Kw- h-cp-¶- P-\-§-fpsS -s]mXp-Xm-Â-¸-cyw-, cm-{ã-¯n-sâ sF-Iyw-
F-¶n-h- D-b-À-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶p-.

❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- cm-{ão-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ (POLITICAL

DEMOCRACY ) B-Z-À-iw- t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å-Xm-Wv.

❖ cm-Py-¯v tk-zÑm-[n-]-Xy- `-c-Ww- kvYm-]n-¡p-¶-Xv X-S-bp-I-bpw-

`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-[n-\nthi-¯ns\Xnsc P-\-§-fpsS
Liberty & Freedom kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.

❖ \n-b-a-\n-À-½m-W- k`-bpsS F-Ivkn-Iyq-«o-hn-sâbpw- G-I-]-£o-b-am-b-

\n-b-a-§-fpsSbpw tk-zÑm[n]-Xy-¯n-sâ ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fm-bn- a-u-en-I-
A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶p-.

❖ Np-cp-¡-¯n-Â-, a-u-en-I- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- e-£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv 'a-\p-jy-cpsSb-Ã-,

\n-b-a-§-fpsS H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À-' kvYm-]n-¡m-\m-Wv.
❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- h-fsc {]m-[m-\ytadn-b-Xm-b-Xn-\m-Â- K-h-¬saâv
Xs¶ A-h- ew-Ln-¡p-I-bnsöv `-c-W-L-S-\- D-d-¸v h-cp-¯p-¶p-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§sf D-d-¸v h-cp-¯p-¶-Xv cm-Py-¯n-sâ `-c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv.
❖ hy-àn-I-fpsS kÀ-htXm·p-J-am-b- hn-Im-k¯n-\v (`-u-Xn-I-hpw-
_-u-²n-I-hpw- [m-À-½n-I-hpw- B-ßo-b-hpw-) G-ä-hpw- A-Xy-´mt]£n-X-am-Wv
F-¶- A-À-°-¯n-Â- `-c-W-L-S-\- Fundamental B-Wv.
❖ Im-cy-\n-À-h-l-W- hn-`m-K-¯n-sâbpw-, \n-b-a- \n-À-½m-W- hn-`m-K-¯n-sâbpw-
{]-h-À-¯-\-§-Ä- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡p-Itbm, A-\ym-b-am-b-
co-Xn-bn-Â- \n-b-{´n-¡p-Itbm -sNbvXm-Â- C-¯-cw- {]-h-À-¯n-Isf
\n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-¡m-³- A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å- hn-`m-Kw- -\o-Xn-\ym-bw-
❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS kw-c-£-I-³-' F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv :
kp-{]owtImS-Xn-

❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS kw-c-£-W-¯n-\p-Å- D-]-I-c-Ww-

F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv- : dn-«p-I-Ä-

❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- A-Sn-b-´-cm-h-kvY- Im-e-L-«-¯n-Â- d-±v -sN¿p-¶p-

❖ A-Sn-b-´-cm-h-kvY- Im-e-L-«-¯n-Â- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- d-±v -sN¿m-³-
A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å-Xv- : cm-{ã-]-Xn-¡v
❖ C-´y-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bnse a-u-en-I- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS in-ev]n-
F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv : kÀ-Zm-À- h-Ã-`m-bv ]t«Â-

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 `-c-W-L-S-\- G-gv a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- \-Â-In-bn-cp-¶p-
1. ka-X-z-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14--18)
2. kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 19--22)
3. Nq-j-W-¯ns\Xn-cm-b- A-h-Im-iw- (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 23--24)
4. a-X-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 25--28)
5. kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k]-c-hp-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
(B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 29--30)
6. kz-¯nte¡p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 31).
7. `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- ]-cn-lm-c-§-Ä-¡p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
(B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 32).

❖ 1978se 44-mw- -t`Z-K-Xn- \n-b-aw- aptJ\- kz-¯nte¡p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS ]-«n-I-bn-Â- \n-¶v \o-¡w- -sN¿s¸«p-. A-Xn-\m-Â-
\n-e-hn-Â- B-dv a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- am-{X-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

❖ C-´y-³- `-c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn-Â- h-cpt¼mÄ- kz-¯-h-Im-iw-
a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn-cp-¶p-. \n-e-hn-Â- kz-¯-h-Im-iw- H-cp- \n-b-am-h-Im-iw-
B-Wv.
❖ kz-¯-h-Im-iw- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fn-Â- \n-¶pw- \o-¡w- -sNbvX-
`-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn 44-mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- (1978)
❖ 44-mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- \n-e-hn-Â- h-¶-Xv- 1979
❖ kz-¯-h-Im-is¯ 44-mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- {]-Im-cw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â-
Iq-«nt¨À-¯-Xv XII-mw- `m-K-¯n-em-Wv.

❖ 44-mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- {]-Im-cw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â- Iq-«nt¨À-¯-

h-Ip-¸v- : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 300 A
❖ kz-¯-h-Im-is¯¸-än- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cp-¶- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- :- 31
❖ B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 31A, 31B, 31C Ct¸mgpw- \n-e-hn-Â- D-ïv.

a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS khntij-X-I-Ä-
1. a-u-en-I- A-h-Im-i-§-fn-Â- Nn-e-Xv ]-u-c-·m-À-¡v am-{Xta e-`y-am-Iq-,
a-äp-Å-h- ]-u-c-·mtcm hntZin-Itfm -tImÀ-¸tdj-\p-Itfm I-¼-\n-Itfm -
t]mep-Å- \n-b-a-]-c-am-b- hy-àn-Itfm (LEGAL PERSONS )B-Is«
F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- e-`y-am-Wv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

2. a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- ]-cn-]q-À-W-tam kw-]q-À-®-tam (Absolute)
A-\n-b-{´n-Xtam (Unlimited) A-Ã-. A-h- hy-h-kvYm- hnt[b-am-Wv.
A-h-bv¡ptaÂ- K-h-¬saân-\v bp-àn-]-c-am-b- (Reasonable)
\n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- G-Às¸Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. K-h-¬saân-sâ C-¯-cw-
\n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- \ym-b-amtWm A-Ãtbm F-¶v Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xv
-tImS-Xn-I-fm-Wv.
3. `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-Ä- s¡Xnscbp-Å- ]-u-c-sâ
kw-c-£-W- I-h-N-am-bn- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- \n-esImÅp-¶p-. A-h-bn-Â-
Nn-e-Xv kz-Im-cy- hy-àn-I-fpsS \-S-]-Sns¡Xnscbpw- e-`y-am-Wv.

4. a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fn-Â- Nn-e-Xv -s\K-äo-hv kz-`m-h-ap-Å-h-bm-Wv. A-h- `-c-W-

kw-hn-[m-\-§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯-\- kzm-X-{´y-§sf ]-cn-an-Xs¸Sp-¯p-¶p-.
a-äv Nn-e-Xv -t]mkn-äo-hv kz-`m-h-ap-Å-h-bm-Wv C-h- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v Nn-e-
{]tXyIm-h-Im-i-§-Ä- \-Â-Ip-¶p-.

5. a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- \ym-bo-I-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv (Justiciable).

a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- \-S-¸n-em-¡m-³- H-cp- ]-u-c-\v -tImS-Xnsb
kao-]n-¡m-\pw- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS kw-c-£-Wm-À-°w- kp-{]ow- -
tImS-Xn-bntem -ssl-t¡mS-Xn-bntem -t\cn-«v -tIkv ^-b-Â- -sN¿m-\pw-
km-[n-¡pw-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

6. km-[m-c-W- \n-b-aw- -sImïv ]m-À-esaân-\v X-S-bm-³- I-gn-bp-¶- H-¶-Ã-
a-u-en-Im-h-Im-iw-. A-Xn-\v `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- -thïn-h-cpw-.
`-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-L-S-\sb _m-[n-¡m-¯- hn-[-¯n-Â-
]m-À-esaân-\v a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fn-Â- -t`Z-K-Xn- h-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

7. -tZio-b- A-Sn-b-´-cm-h-kvY- \n-e-\n-Â-¡p-¶- km-l-N-cy-¯n-Â-

K-h-¬saân-\v B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 20, 21 H-gn-¨p-Å- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fn-Â-
\n-b-{´-W- -taÀs¸Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 19 {]-Im-c-ap-Å-
B-dv a-u-en-I- kzm-X-{´y-§-Ä-taÂ- \n-b-{´-W- -taÀs¸Sp-¯-Wsa¦n-Â-
bp-²tam hntZi- A-[n-\nthitam -t]m-sebp-Å- km-l-N-cy-§-Ä-
D-ïm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 ARTICLE 12 : DEFINITION OF STATE
(- 'kv-tääv ' F-¶-Xn-sâ \n-À-h-N-\w-)

❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«- hn-hn-[- hy-h-kvY-I-fn-Â

'kv-tääv ' F-¶- ]-Zw- D-]tbmKn-¨n-«p-ïv.
❖ kv-tääv F-¶m-Â- C-\n- ]-dbp-¶-h- D-ÄsImÅp-¶p-
 -tI{µ-a-{´n-k`-bpw- ]m-À-esaâpw- kw-kvYm-\- a-{´n-k`-bpw-
\n-b-a-k`-bpw- Xt±i-kz-bw- `-c-W-kvYm-]-\-§-fpw-, kÀ-¡m-À-
A-À-²-kÀ-¡m-À- kvYm-]-\-§-fpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv cm-{ãw-.
 km-äyq-«-dn-, -t\m¬-kväm-äyq-«-dn- AtXmdn-än-I-fpw- C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
(LIC, ONGC, SAIL etc….)

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 12 {]-Im-cw- cm-{ã-¯n-sâ ]-cn-[n-bn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶-

kz-Im-cy- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- -t]mepw- kv-tään-sâ ]-cn-[n-bn-Â-
D-Äs¸Sp-¶psh¶v kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn- hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-ïv.

 A-Xn-\m-Â- C-h-bpsS {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fm-Â- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-iw-

ew-Ln-¡s¸«m-Â- C-h-bn-Â- G-Xns\Xnscbpw- \n-b-a-klm-bw- -
tXSm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 Pp-Uo-jy-Â- dn-hyq- (\o-Xn-\ym-b- ]p-\-]-cntim[-\-) B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 13

❖ ]m-À-esa\v-tdm kw-kvYm-\- \n-b-a-\n-À-½m-W- k`-Itfm ]m-Êm-¡p-¶-

\n-b-a-§tfm, kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ D-¯-c-hp-Itfm a-u-en-Im-h-Im-is¯
l-\n-¡p-I-bmsW¦n-Â- A-hsb A-km-[p-hm-¡m-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw-
kp-{]owtImS-Xn-bv¡pw- (Article 32) -ssl-t¡mS-Xn-bv¡pw-(Article 226)
D-ïv.

❖ Pp-Uo-jy-Â- dn-hyq- F-¶- B-i-bw- C-´y- I-SsaSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv

Atacn-¡-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â- \n-¶m-Wv.

❖ B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 13 {]-Im-cw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xnsb \n-b-a-¯n-sâ

]-cn-[n-bn-Â- \n-¶v H-gn-hm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p- ( `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xnsb
\n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-bn-eqsS A-km-[p-hm-¡m-³- km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn-Â- km-[y-a-Ã- )
F-¶m-Â- , tIi-hm-\-µ- `m-c-Xn- -tIkv (1973) -Â- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS
'A-Sn-kvYm-\- L-S-\-bpsS' `m-K-am-b- H-cp- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-is¯
ew-Ln-¡p-¶p- F-¦n-Â- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t-t`Z-K-Xnsbbpw- -tImS-Xn-¡v
]p-\:]-cn-tim[n-¡m-³- I-gn-bpw-.

❖ tI{µ-hpw- kw-kvYm-\-§-fpw- kw-_-Ôn-¨v hn-j-b-¯n-Â- -tImS-Xn-¡v

\o-Xn-\ym-b- ]p-\-:]-cntim[-\m-[n-Im-cw- D-]tbmKn-¡mw-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

❖ `-c-W-L-S-\-bnsemcn-S-¯pw- \o-Xn-\ym-b- ]p-\:]-cntim[-\- ( JUDICIAL REVIEW )
F-¶- ]-Zw- ]-cm-a-À-in-¡s¸«n-«n-Ã-.

❖ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-¯n-\v hn-cp-²sa¦n-Â- GsXmcp- \n-b-a-hpw- d-±v

sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn-¡p-ïv.

❖ s^U-d-Â- X-¯-z-§-fpsS Im-cy-¯n-Â-,`-c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-im-kn-¡p-¶-

A-[n-Im-c- hn-`-P-\-¯n-\v hn-cp-²sa¦n-Â- B- \n-b-aw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-
]p-\:]-cntim[-\-bv¡v hnt[b-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw-
kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn-¡p-ïv.

D-Zm- : -tI{µ- K-h-¬saâv \n-À-½n-¨- H-cp- \n-b-aw- kw-kvYm-\- en-kvän-Â-

D-Äs¸Sp-¶-XmsW¶v GsX¦n-epw- kw-kvYm-\-¯n-\v -tXm¶p-¶- ]-£w-
A-h-À-¡v kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. A-h-cpsS
\n-e-]m-Sv i-cn-bmsW¶v kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn-¡v -t_m[ys¸«m-Â- B- \n-b-aw-
`-c-W-L-S-\m- hn-cp-²-am-bn- kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn- {]-Jym-]n-¡pw-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 ka-X-z-¯n-\p-f-f- A-h-Im-iw- (14 -- 18)

 \n-b-a-¯n-\p- ap-¶n-Â- ka-X-zw-,\n-b-aw- aptJ\- Xp-ey- kw-c-£-Ww- -:

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14
 \n-b-a-ka-X-zw- : H-cp- ]-u-c-\pw- \n-b-a-¯n-\v ap-¶n-Â- {]tXyI- ]-cn-K-W-\-
e-`n-¡n-Ã-.
 Xp-ey-\n-b-a-kw-c-£-Ww- : C-´y-bn-Â- \n-À-½n-¡s¸Sp-¶- \n-b-a-§-Ä- F-Ãm-
]-u-c-·mscbpw- H-cp- -t]m-se kw-c-£n-¡pw-.
 `-c-W-L-S-\-bnse 14- -mw- h-Ip-¸v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv
“C-´y-¡-I-¯v H-cp- hy-àn-¡pw- \n-b-a-¯n-\p- ap-¶n-Â- ka-X-z-hpw-
\n-b-aw- aptJ-s\bp-Å- Xp-ey- kw-c-£-W-hpw- \ntj[n-¡-cp-Xv.”

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 \n-b-a-¯n-\p- ap-¶n-Â- ka-X-zw- F-¶-Xv {_n-«o-jv -s]mXp-\n-b-a-¯n-sâ
(British Common Law) H-cp- B-i-b-am-Wv.

 \n-b-aw- aptJ\-bp-Å- Xp-ey-kw-c-£-Ww- F-¶-Xv Atacn-¡-³-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â- \n-¶p-Å- H-cp- B-i-b-am-Wv.
 C-´y-³- ]-u-c-\p- ]p-dta hntZi- ]-u-c-·m-À-¡pw- kväm-äyq-«-dn-
-tImÀ-¸tdj-\p-I-Ä- /I-¼-\n-I-Ä-/ c-Pn-kv-täÀ-Uv skmsskän-I-Ä-
Xp-S-§n-b- \n-b-a- P-\y- hy-àn-X-z-§-Ä-¡pw- Cu- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- e-`n-¡pw-.

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14 {]-Im-cw- \n-b-a-¯n-\v ap-¶n-Â- Xp-ey-X- F-¶- `-c-W-L-S-\-

X-X-z-¯n-Â- \n-¶v C-f-hv e-`n-¡p-¶- ]-Z-hn- : cm-{ã-]-Xn-/K-h-À-W-À-
 \n-b-a-¯n-\p- ap-¶n-Â- ka-X-zw- (Equality before Law) F-¶-Xv
H-cp- s\K-äo-hv B-i-b-hpw- \n-b-aw- aptJ\- Xp-ey- kw-c-£-Ww-
- (Equal protection of Laws) F-¶-Xv -t]mkn-äo-hv
- B-i-b-hp-am-Wv.
 {_n-«o-jv \n-b-a-Ú-\m-b- [Link]-.-ssUkn-bpsS B-i-b-am-Wv
"dq-Ä- Hm-^v -tem,
 Cu- B-i-b-¯n-Â- \n-¶p-am-Wv \n-b-a-¯n-\p- ap-¶n-Â- ka-X-zw-
(Equality of Before law) F-¶- B-i-bw- D-ïm-b-Xv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

  kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14 -s\ `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-
L-S-I-§-fnsem¶m-bn- \n-À-h-Nn-¨n-«p-ïv.A-XpsImïv Xs¶ `-c-W-L-S-
\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- {]-Im-cw- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14 -s\ \o-¡w- -sN¿p-hmt\m, A-Sn-
kvYm-\- kz-`m-h-§-fn-Â- am-äw- h-cp-¯p-hmt\m km-[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã-.

 equals and unequals hy-Xy-kvX-am-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-¡s¸Sp-¶n-S-¯v

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14 _m-[-I-asöv kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn- hy-à-am-¡n-.

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 361 {]-Im-cw- C-´y-³- {]-kn-U-â nt\m K-h-À-W-Àt¡m

A-\p-h-Zn-¡s¸Sp-¶- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-

 kz-´w- A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn-Â- h-cp-¶- hn-j-b-§sf¡p-

- dnt¨m {]-h-À-¯-\-
]-²-Xn-Isf¡p-dnt¨m -tImS-Xn-bn-Â- -shfns¸Sp-¯m-³- K-h-À-Wtdm
{]-kn-U-\v-tdm _m-²y-kvY-\-Ã-
 cm-{ã-]-Xnt¡m K-h-À-W-Àt¡m F-Xnsc A-h-À- B- kvYm-\-¯v Xp-S-cp-¶-
Im-et¯mfw- A-h-Às¡Xnsc H-cp- -tImS-Xn-bv¡pw- {In-an-\-Â- \-S-]-Sn-I-Ä-
F-Sp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.

 cm-{ã-]-Xnsb-tbm K-h-À-Wsd-tbm A-d-kväv -sN¿p-¶-Xnt\m P-bn-en-Â-

A-S-bv¡p-¶-Xnt\m D-Å- H-cp- \-S-]-Sn-bpw- A-h-cpsS `-c-W-Im-e-¯v H-cp- -
tImS-Xn-bv¡pw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-hm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 {]-kn-U-\v-tdm K-h-À-Wtdm B- kvYm-\w- h-ln-¨p- Xp-S-§n-bm-Â- A-h-cpsS
GsXmcp-hn-[- {]-h-À-¯- \n-§-Ä-¡psaXnsc 2 am-kw- aps¼¦n-epw-
-t\m«o-kv \-Â-ImsX bmsXmcp- kn-hn-Â- \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw- F-Sp-¡m-³- -
tImS-Xn-bv¡v A-[n-Im-c-an-Ã-.

 ]m-À-esaânse-tbm \n-b-a-k`-bnse-tbm kXy-kÔ-am-b- H-cp-

kw-`-hs¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- dnt¸mÀ-«v ]-{X-¯n-eqsS-tbm -tdUntbmbn-eqsS-
tbm -sSen-hn-j-\n-eqsS-tbm {]-N-cn-¨psh¶- Im-c-W-¯m-Â- H-cp-
hy-àns¡Xnscbpw- kn-hn-Â- {In-an-\-Â- \-S-]-Sn-I-Ä- ]m-Sn-Ãmsb¶v
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 361 A A-\p-im-kn-¡p-¶p-.

 ]m-À-esaânse GsX¦n-epw- I-½n-än-bntem GsX¦n-epw- \-S-]-Sn-¡-\p-

Iq-e-amtbm -thm«psNbvXpsh¶- Im-c-W-¯m-tem GsX¦n-epw-
{]-kvXm-h-\- \-S-¯nsb¶- Im-c-W-¯mtem H-cw-K¯ - n-\psaXnsc
bmsXmcp- -tImS-Xn- \-S-]-Sn-bpw- ]m-Sn-Ãmsb¶v B-À«- n-¡n-Ä- 105
A-\p-im-kn-¡p-¶p-.

 A-kw-»n-bntem GsX¦n-epw- I-½n-än-bntem -thm«psNbvX-Xnt\m

{]-kvXm-h-\- \-S-¯n-b-Xnt\m H-cw-K-¯n-\psaXnsc \n-b-a- \-S-]-Sn-
]m-Snsöv B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 194 \n-Àt±in-¡p-¶p-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 31 kn-, B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14-sâ \n-À-Æ-N-\- ]-cn-[n-bn-Â- \n-¶v -thdn-«v
\n-Â-¡p-¶p-. \n-Àt±i-I- X-X-z-§-Ä- \-S-¸n-em-¡m-\p-Å- \n-b-a-§-Ä-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 39se -t¢mkv _nbn-epw-, kn bn-epw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-ïv.
CsXmcp- Im-c-W-h-im-epw- B-À«- n-¡n-Ä- 14-sâ ew-L-\sa¶- \n-e-bn-Â- -
tNmZyw- -sN¿s¸Sm-³- ]m-Sp-Å-X-Ã-.

 CsX¡p-dn-¨v kp-{]owtImS-Xn- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv “B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 31 kn- {]thin-

¡pt¼mÄ- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14 ]p-dt¯¡v -t]mhpw-" F-¶m-Wv.
 hntZi- `-c-W-I-À-¯m-¡-Ä-, Aw-_m-kn-U-À-am-À-, \-bX - -{´-Ú-À- F-¶n-hsc
{In-an-\-Â-, kn-hn-Â- \-S-]-Sn-I-Ä-¡v hnt[b-cm-¡m-³- ]m-Sp-Å-X-Ã-.

 bp-.F-³-.H-.A-Xn-sâ a-äv G-P-³-kn-I-Ä- F-¶n-h-bnse

AwK§Äs¡Xnscbpw- \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn- ]m-Sn-Ã-.

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 15 hnthN-\-¯n-Â- \n-¶p-Å- kw-c£

- -Ww-

 a-Xw-, hw-iw-, Pm-Xn-, enw-Kw-, P-·-kvY-ew-

F-¶n-h-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-ep-Å-
hnthN-\w- \ntcm[n-¡p-¶-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 Km-Ôn-Pn-bpsS km-aq-ly- ka-X-z-kn-²m-´w- B-hn-jvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv
Cu- A-h-Im-iw- -sImïpt±in-¡p-¶-Xv.

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 15(2) {]-Im-cw- GsXmcp- ]-u-c-\pw- a-Xw-, h-À-Kw-, Pm-Xn-,

enw-Kw-, P-·-kvY-ew- F-¶n-htbm A-h-bn-Â- GsX¦n-eptam
Im-c-W-am-¡n-.
(a) I-S-I-Ä-, -s]mXpt`mP-\- im-e-I-Ä-, -tlm«-ep-I-Ä-, -s]mXp- hnt\mZ-
kvY-e-§-Ä- F-¶n-h-bnte¡p-Å- {]thi-\w- Asæn-Â-
(b) ]q-À-W-amtbm `m-Kn-I-amtbm cm-{ã-¯n-sâ k¼-¯v -sImïv
kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-htbm -s]mXp- P-\-§-fpsS D-]tbmK-¯n-\m-bn-
ka-À-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-htbm B-b- In-W-dp-I-Ä-, Ip-f-§-Ä-, k-\-m\-
L-«-§-Ä-, \n-c-¯p-I-Ä-, -s]mXp- hn-{i-a-kvY-e-§-Ä- F-¶n-h-bpsS
D-]tbmKw- kw-_-Ôn-¨v bmsXmcp- hnthN-\-hpw- ]m-Sn-Ã-.

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 15 (3) {]-Im-cw- kv{Xo-I-Ä-, Ip-«n-I-Ä- F-¶n-h-À-¡v

{]tXyI- ]-cn-K-W-\- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xv hnthN-\-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 15 (4) {]-Im-cw- km-aq-ln-I-hpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k]-c-hp-am-bn-
]nt¶m¡- hn-`m-K-¯n-Â- -s]«- ]-u-c-·m-À-¡pw- ]-«n-I-Pm-Xn- - ]-«n-I-
h-À-¤-¡m-À-¡pw- {]tXyI- ]-cn-K-W-\- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xv hnthN-\-a-Ã-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 15 (5) {]-Im-cw- km-aq-ly-amtbm hn-Zym-`ymk]amtbm
]nt¶m¡m-h-kvY-bn-Â- \n-Â-¡p-¶- hn-`m-K-§-fnse Aw-K-§-Ä-¡pw-
]-«n-I- Pm-Xn- ]-«n-I- h-À-K- hn-`m-K-§-Ä-¡pw- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-¯n-Â-
{]thin-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-³-K-W-\- \-Â-In-bn-«p-ïv.
 km-¼-¯n-I-am-bn- Zp-À-_-e-cm-b- GsXmcp- ]-u-c-·m-cpsSbpw-
]ptcmK-Xn-¡m-bn- {]tXyI- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-³- kw-kvYm-\-¯n-\v
A-[n-Im-c-ap-ïv.


 Iq-SmsX, \yq-\-]-£- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- H-gnsIbp-Å- kw-kvYm-\-

¯n-sâ F-bvU-Uv Asæn-Â- A-¬- F-bvU-Uv B-b- kz-Im-cy- hn-Zym-`ym-k
kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- D-Äs¸-sSbp-Å- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§-fnse {]thi-\-
¯n-Â- A-¯-cw- hn-`m-K-§-Ä-¡v 10% hsc ko-äp-I-Ä- kw-h-c-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-
Xn-\p-Å- hy-h-kvY- D-ïm-¡m-³- kw-kvYm-\-¯n-\v A-\p-a-Xn-bp-ïv.

 10% hscbp-Å- Cu- kw-h-c-Ww- \n-e-hn-ep-Å- kw-h-c-W-§-Ä-¡v ]p-dta

B-bn-cn-¡pw-. Cu- B-h-iy-¯n-\m-bn-, km-¼-¯n- I-am-bn- ]n-¶m-¡w- \n-Â-
¡p-¶- hn-`m-K-§sf Ip-Spw-_- h-cp-am-\- ¯n-sâbpw- a-äv km-¼-¯n-I- ]-cm-
[o-\-X-I-fpsSbpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- Im-em-Im-e-§-fn-Â- kw-kvYm-\w- A-
dn-bn-¡pw-.
 km-¼-¯n-I-am-bn- ]n-¶m-¡w- \n-Â-¡p-¶- aq-¶m-¡-¡m-À-¡v (EWS) 10%
hsc ko-äp-I-Ä- kw-h-c-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-Xns\ ]-cm-a-À-in-¡p-¶- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- -
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 15 (6)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À«- n-¡n-Ä- 16 - A-h-kc-ka-X-zw-

 s]mXp- \n-b-a-\-§-fnse A-h-kc- ka-X-zw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶p-.

 ka-X-zs¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v C-´y-³-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B-ap-J-¯n-Â-
]-cm-a-À-in-¡p-¶- c-ïv Im-cy-§-Ä-
-Xp-ey-]-Z-hn-, A-h-kc-ka-X-zw-

 A-h-kc-ka-X-zw- F-¶-Xv -sImïv A-À-°-am-¡p-¶-Xv

kaq-l-¯nse F-Ãm- hn-`m-K-§-Ä-¡pw- Xp-ey- A-h-kc-§-Ä-
A-\p-`-hn-¡m-³- I-gn-bp-I- F-¶m-Â- ]nt¶m¡w- \n-Â-¡p-¶- Nn-e-
hn-`m-K-§-fpsS (km-aq-ln-I-hpw-, km-¼-¯n-I-hp-am-bn- ]nt¶m¡w-
\n-Â-¡p-¶-h-À-, kv{Xo-I-Ä-, Ip-«n-I-Ä-) D-¶-a-\-¯n-\m-bn- {]tXyI-
]-²-Xn-I-fpw- \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw- K-h¬
- saâ n-\v \-S-¸n-em-¡m-hp-¶-XmsW¶v
`-c-W-L-S-\- hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-.

 F-Ãm- ]-u-c-·m-À-¡pw- cm-{ã-¯n-sâ Io-gn-ep-Å- Po-h-\s¯-tbm A-Y-hm-

GsX¦n-epw- DtZymK-¯n-ep-Å- \n-b-a-\s¯-tbm kw-_-Ôn-¨-
hn-j-b-§-fn-Â- A-h-kc-ka-X-zw- D-ïm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶v
{]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶- A-\ptOZw- : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 16 (1)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 cm-{ã-¯n-sâ Io-gn-ep-Å- GsX¦n-epw- Po-h-\s¯-tbm, DtZymKs¯-tbm
kw-_-Ôn-¨v a-Xw-, h-À-Kw-, Pm-Xn-, enw-Kw-, hw-iw-, P-\-\k
- vY-ew-,
hm-kkvY-ew- F-¶n-htbm, A-h-bn-Â- GsX¦n-eptam am-{Xw-
A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-¡n- H-cp- ]-u-c-\pw- AtbmKy-\m-hp-Itbm hnthN-\¯ - n-\v
hnt[b-\m-Ip-Itbm -sN¿p-¶-X-Ã- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 16 (2)
 Xm-a-kkvY-e-hp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«v kÀ-¡m-À- \n-b-a\- -§-fn-Â-
hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-³- ]m-À-esaân-\v A-[n-Im-c-apsï¶v ]-d-bp-¶-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 16 (3)
 cm-{ã-¯n-sâ Io-gn-ep-Å- kÀ-Æo-kp-I-fn-Â- a-Xn-bm-b- {]m-Xn-\n-[yw-
e-`n-¨n-«n-Ãm-¯- GsX¦n-epw- ]n-¶m-¡- hn-`m-K-¯n-Âs]«- ]-u-c-·m-À-¡v
\n-b-a-\-§tfm X-kvXn-I-Itfm kw-h-c-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-\v hy-h-kvY-
D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 16 (4)
 kÀ-¡m-cn-\v Io-gn-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- a-X-kvYm-]-\-§-fn-Â- B- a-X-¯n-Â-
D-Äs¸Sp-¶-h-À-¡v am-{Xw- e-`n-¡p-¶- kw-h-c-Ww- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn-
A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv F-¶v ]-cm-a-À-in-¡p-¶- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- :
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 16(5)
 km-¼-¯n-I-am-bn- ]n-¶m-¡w- \n-Â-¡p-¶- ap-¶m-¡- hn-`m-K-¯n-Âs¸«-
h-À-¡v (EWS) kÀ-¡m-À- \n-b-a\ - -§-fn-Â- kw-h-c-Ww-
G-Às¸Sp-¯p-¶X - v A-h-kc- ka-X-z- ew-L-\-¯n-sâ ]-cn-[n-bn-Â-
h-cp-¶n-Ã- F-¶v ]-cm-a-À-in-¡p-¶- A-\ptOZw- : -

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 17 - A-bn-¯- \n-À-am-À-Ö-\w-
 1976 - -se -t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS -sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bva- \ntcm[-\-\n-b-a-¯n-\v
e-`n-¨- ]p-Xn-b- -t]cv - Protection of the Civil Rights Act

 A-bn-¯w- F-¶- ]-Z-¯n-\v

`-c-W-L-S-\-bntem Cu- B-Întem
\n-À-h-N-\w- \-Â-In-bn-«n-Ã-.

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 17 {]-Im-c-ap-Å-
A-h-Im-iw- ew-Ln-¡s¸Sp-¶n-söv
D-d-¸m-¡m-³- B-h-iy-am-b- \-S-]-Sn- kzo-I-cnt¡ï-Xv kw-kvYm-\-¯n-sâ
`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- _m-[y-X-bmsW¶v kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn-
hy-à-am-¡n-bn-«p-ïv.

 -sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bva- \ntcm[-\-\n-b-aw- \n-e-hn-Â- h-¶- h-À-jw- : -1955

 “a-lm-ßm-Km-Ôn- Io- P-bv ' F-¶- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyt¯mSp-Iq-Sn- ]m-Êm-¡n-b-

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 17
 Untouchability \ntcm[-\w- hy-h-kvY- -sN¿p-¶- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- :
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 17

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 18 kvYm-\t¸cp-I-Ä- \n-À-¯-em-¡-Â-
(X-es¡«p-I-fpsS \ntcm[-\w-)
 ssk\n-Itam, hn-Zym-`ym-k]-ctam B-b-h- H-gnsI atä-sXmcp-
_-lp-a-Xn-I-fpw- -t]cns\m¸w- -tNÀ-¡p-¶-Xn-Â- \n-¶v hn-e-¡p-¶p- : 18 (1)

 hntZi-¯v \n-¶v -t\Sp-¶- H-cp-

_-lp-a-Xn-I-fpw- H-cp- C-´y-³-
]-u-c-³- X-sâ -t]cns\m¸w-
-tNÀ-¡p-hm-³- ]m-Sp-Å-X-Ã-: 18(2)

 C-´ym-K-h-¬saân-sâ
kvYm-\w- h-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- hntZin-¡v
{]-kn-U-â n-sâ A-\p-a-Xn- C-ÃmsX asämcp- cm-Py-¯n-sâ _-lp-a-Xn-
X-sâ -t]cns\m¸w- -tNÀ-¡p-hm-³- ]m-Sp-Å-X-Ã- : 18 (3)

 C-´ym-K-h-¬saân-\v Io-gn-Â- H-cp- kvYm-\w- h-ln-¡p-¶- C-´y-³-

]-u-ct\m hntZintbm B-b- hy-àn- {]-kn-U-â n-sâ A-\p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX
H-cp- hntZi- cm-Py-¯v \n-¶p-Å- ]p-c-kvIm-c-§tfm D-¶-X- ]-Z-hn-Itfm
kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- ]m-Sp-Å-X-Ã- : 18 (4)

_m-em-Pn- cm-L-h-³- v/s bq-Wn-b-³- Hm-^v C-´y- (1996)

 Cu- -tIkv {]-Im-cw- `m-c-X-c-Xv\-, ]-ß- A-hm-À-Up-I-Ä- F-¶n-h-

A-\ptOZw- 18 Â- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶- X-es¡«p-I-fn-Â- D-Äs¸Sn-Ã- F-¶v
kp-{]nwtImS-Xn- hn-[n-¨p-.
CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL
 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 19 - kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
 B-dv a-u-en-I- kzm-X-{´y-§-Ä- D-Äs¡mÅn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv Cu- h-Ip-¸n-em-Wv.
<<<<<<<<<

 19(1)(F-) -: kw-km-c-¯n-\pw- B-i-b- {]-I-S-\-¯n-\p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-

(Right to freedom of speech and expression )

 19(1)(_n-) :\n-cm-bp-[-cm-bn-, kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bn- H-¯p- -tNcm-\p-Å-

kzm-X-{´yw- (Right to assemble peaceably and without arms)
 19(1)(kn-)- : kw-L-S-\-I-fpw-, {]-kvYm-\-§-fpw- cq-]-h-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å-
A-h-Im-iw-. (Right to form associations or unions or
co-operative societies )

 2011 -se 97--mw- -t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS -tIm-Hm-¸tdäo-hv skmsskän-I-fpw-

cq-]o-I-cn-¡m-³- kzm-X-{´yw- \-Â-Ip-¶p-.

 19(1)(Un-) : C-´y-bn-ep-S-\o-fw- k©-cn-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-

(Right to move freely throughout the territory of India)

 19(1)(C-) : C-´y-bn-Â- F-hnsSbpw- Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶- Xn-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-

(Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory
of India )

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 19(i)(Pn-) C-ã-ap-Å- -tPmen- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pw-, kz-´-am-bn- hy-h-km-bw-,
I-¨-h-Sw- F-¶n-h- Xp-S-§p-¶-Xn-\pw- \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-
(Right to practice any profession or to carry on any
occupation,trade or business)

 19(1)(F-^v) - kz-¯-h-Im-i-hp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«- kzm-X-{´yw-

(44-mw- -t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-¯n-Â- \n-¶pw- \o-¡w- -sNbvXp-
 Cu- B-dv A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- cm-Pys¯ ]-u-c-·m-À-¡pw- cm-Pys¯ I-¼-\n-
I-fpsS Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-I-Ä-¡pw- am-{Xta e-`y-am-Iq-. hntZin-I-Ä-¡v
e-`y-am-In-Ã-.
 Cu- B-dv A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- kv-tään-sâ \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-Â- \n-¶v am-{X-am-Wv
kw-c-£n-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv.

A-`n-{]m-b- kzm-X-{´y-hpw- B-hn-jvIm-c- kzm-X-{´y-hpw-

 Hmtcm ]-u-c-\pw- kz-´w- B-i-b-§-Ä- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm-³- kzm-X-{´y-ap-ïv.
Cu- kzm-X-{´yw- A-\n-b-{´n-X-a-Ã-.
 H-cm-Ä- C-ãs¸Sp-¶-Xpt]m-se-tbm, B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xpt]m-se-tbm
{]-h-À-¯n-¡m-\p-Å-X-Ã- kzm-X-´yw-.

 A-Xv K-h-¬saâ n-sâ \n-b-{´-W-¯n-\v hnt[b-am-Wv (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä-19(2))

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 {I-a-kam-[m-\-\n-e- X-I-cm-dn-em-¡p-¶-, B-{I-a-W-¯n-\p- -t{]c-W-
\-Â-Ip-¶-, am-\l- m-\n-bp-ïm-¡p-¶-, -tImS-Xn- A-e-£y-am-Ip-¶- X-c-¯n-Â-
A-`n-{]m-b- kzm-X-{´yw- A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-Ã-.
kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn-bpsS am-\-Z-WvU- {]-Im-cw- A-`n-{]m-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-Â-
DÄs¸Sp-¶-h-

 H-cm-fpsS Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-Itfm a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-Itfm

{]-N-cn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

 am-[y-a- kzm-X-{´yw-

 hm-Wn-Py- ]-c-ky-§-fpsS kzm-X-´yw-

 -sSet^m¬- kw-`m-j-Ww- -tNmÀ-¯m-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

 kw-{]-j-W- kzm-X-´yw-, A-Xm-b-Xv C-et{ÎmWn-Iv ao-Un-b-bn-Â-

kÀ-¡m-cn-\v Ip-¯-I-bn-Ã-.

 H-cp- cm-{ão-b- ]m-À-«ntbm kw-L-S-\tbm B-l-zm-\w- -sNbvX-

_-µns\Xn-cm-b- A-h-Im-iw-

 kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ {]-h-À-¯-\-§sf¡p-dn-¨v A-dn-bm-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

 \n-i-Ð-X- ]m-en-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

  H-cp- ]-{X-¯n-\v {]osk³-kÀ-jn-¸v G-Às¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xns\Xn-cm-b-
A-h-Im-iw-

 {]-I-S-\-¯nt\m ]n-¡-än-§nt\m D-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

(]-Wn-ap-S-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-a-Ã-)

 C-´y-bpsS ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-hpw- A-J-WvU-X-bpw-, cm-Py-¯n-sâ kp-c-£-,

hntZi-cm-Py-§-fp-am-bp-Å- ku-lr-Z-_-Ôw-, -s]mXp-{I-aw-, a-cym-Z-
Asæn-Â- [m-À-½n-I-X-, -tImS-Xn-b-e-£yw-, A-]-Io-À-¯ns¸Sp-¯-Â-,
Ip-äw- -sN¿m-\p-Å- -t{]c-W- Xp-S-§n-b- Im-c-W-§-fm-Â-
kw-kvYm-\-¯n-\v \ym-b-am-b- \n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- G-Às¸Sp-¯m-³-
I-gn-bpw-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 20
Ip-ä-§-Ä- kvYm-]n-¡p-¶-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å- kw-c-£-Ww-
(A-\n-b-{´n-X- Xo-{h- in-£m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn-Â- \n-¶pw- Ip-ämtcm]n-Xsc
kw-c-£n-¡p-¶p-)
No ex post facto law
 ap-³-Im-e- {]m-_-eyt¯m-sS {In-an-\-Â- \n-b-a-§-Ä- ]m-Êm-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-.
(B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 20(1))
 \n-e-hn-Â- D-Å- \n-b-aw- ew-Ln-¡p-¶- B-fm-Wv Ip-ä-hm-fn-.

 Ip-äw- -sN¿p-¶- ka-b-¯v {]m-_-ey-¯n-Â- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw-

Np-a-¯m-am-bn-cp-¶-Xn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-em-b- in-£-bv-t¡m ]n-gtbm B-
Bsf hnt[b-\m-¡m-³- ]m-Sp-Å-X-Ã-.
No double Jeopardy

 H-cp- Ip-ä-¯n-\v H-cp- hy-ànsb H-¶n-e-[n-Iw- X-h-W- -t{]mkn-Iyq-«v -sN¿mt\m

in-£n-¡p-hmt\m ]m-Sn-Ã- (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 20(2) )
No self incrimination

 H-cp- hy-ànsb A-bm-Äs¡Xnsc Xs¶ -sXfn-hp-I-Ä- \-Â-Im-³- -

t{]cn-¸n-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã- (B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 20(3)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 21
Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- hy-àn- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

 kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-§-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-\s¸«-Xv

Po-h-\pw-, hy-àn- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
(Right to life and personal liberty)

 \n-b-a-¯m-Â- kvYm-]n-X-am-b- \-S-]-Sn- {I-a-§-fn-ep-sSb-ÃmsX (Procedure

established by law) GsXmcm-fptSbpw- Po-ht\m, hy-àn- kzm-X-{´ytam
l-\n-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-.
 Nq-j-W-ap-à-am-bn- A-´-tÊm-sS Po-hn-¡p-hm-\p-Å- a-\p-jy-sâ A-h-Im-iw-
Cu- A-h-Im-i-¯n-Âs¸Sp-¶psh¶v kp-{]owtImS-Xn- hy-à-am-¡n-bn-«p-ïv.
 Po-ht\m]m-[n-bn-ÃmsX H-cp- hy-àn-¡pw- Po-hn-¡m-³- I-gn-bn-Ã- F-¶pw-
Po-hn-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-S-i-¯n-Â- ]m-À-¸n-S-¯n-\pw- D-]-Po-h-\-¯n-\p-ap-Å-
A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Iq-Sn- D-Äs¸Sp-¶psh¶pw- kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn-
hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-.

 4-4mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- {]-Im-cw- -tZio-b- A-Sn-b-´n-cm-h-kvY-bn-Â- -

t]mepw- Cu- A-h-Im-iw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv X-S-bm-\m-hn-Ã-.
 a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS A-Sn-¯-d- F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶- h-Ip-¸v.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 -s]mXp- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- ]p-I-h-en- \ntcm[n-¨-Xv `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Cu-
B-À-«n-¡n-fn-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-em-Wv.

 H-cp- ]-u-c-\v kz-´w- C-ãm-\p-kc-Ww- Po-hn-X- ]-¦m-fnsb

Xn-csªSp-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- \-Â-Ip-¶- A-\ptOZw-.

 kz-Im-cy-X-¡p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶- A-\ptOZw-. kz-Im-cy-X-¡p-Å-

A-h-Im-iw- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-sW¶v kp-{]owtImS-Xn- hn-[n- {]-kvXm-hn-¨- -
tIkv -: sI.F-kv. ]p-«-kzm-an- - tIkv v/s bq-Wn-b-³- Hm-^v C-´y- (2017)

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 21 -am-bn- _-Ôs¸«- a-äv {]-[m-\- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-

▪ A-Xn-Po-h-\-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
▪ kp-c-£n-X-am-b- A-`-b-kvYm-\-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
▪ BtcmKyt¯m-sS Po-hn-¡p-hm-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
▪ A-XnthK- hn-Nm-c-W-bv¡p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

▪ G-Im-´-¯-S-hv \ntj[n-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

▪ hntZi- k©m-c-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

▪ \n-À-_-Ôn-X- -tPmen- F-Xn-À-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

▪ kÀ-¡m-À- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn-Â- b-Ym-ka-bw- Nn-In-Õ e-`n-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw

▪ hn-h-c-§-fpw- hm-À-¯-I-fpw- A-dn-bm-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-

▪ D-d-§m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
▪ I-kvä-Un-bn-Â- ]o-Un-¸n-¡m-Xn-cn-bv¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-.

▪ P-bn-en-Â- A-Sn-kvYm-\- ku-I-cy-§-Ä- e-`n-bv¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-.

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 21 A
hn-Zym-`ym-k¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
▪ B-dv h-b-kp- ap-X-Â- 14 h-b-kp- hsc F-Ãm- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡pw- ku-P-\y-
hn-Zym-`ym-kw- \-Â-I-Wsa¶v \n-jvI-À-jn-¡p-¶p-.
▪ hn-Zym-`ym-k-s¯ a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-¡n-b- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn-
86-mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -t`Z-K-Xn- (2002)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 hn-Zym-`ym-k A-h-Im-i- \n-b-aw-, 2009
 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 21(A) bn-Â- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶- hn-Zym-`ym-k A-h-Im-i-hp-am-bn-
_-Ôs¸«v \n-À-an-¡s¸«- \n-b-aw- B-Wv hn-Zym-`ym-k \n-b-aw-.

 Po-hn-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-¯n-\v kam-\-am-b- A-h-Im-i-am-¡n- hn-Zym-`ym-k

A-h-Im-is¯ am-än-.
 F-Ãm- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡pw- Kp-Wta·-bp-Å- {]m-Y-an-I- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-
D-d-¸p-h-cpt¯ï-Xv cm-{ã-¯n-sâ D-¯-c-hm-Zn-X-z-am-Wv. ]m-À-esaâv
hn-Zym-`ym-k A-h-Im-i- \n-b-aw- ]m-Êm-¡n-b-Xv 2009 B-K-kväv 26
 ]m-À-esaâv ]m-Êm-¡n-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k A-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw- \n-e-hn-Â- h-¶-Xv
- 2010 G-{]n-Â- 1

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 22
 A-\ym-b-am-b- A-d-kvän-\pw-, X-S-¦-en-Â- h-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\psaXn-cm-b- A-h-Im-iw
 A-\ym-b-am-bn- A-d-kväp- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pw- X-S-¦-en-Â- h-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\psaXnsc
22-mw- h-Ip-¸v kw-c-£-Ww- D-d-¸p- \-Â-Ip-¶p-. aq-¶v A-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv C-Xv
D-d-¸p-\-Â-Ip-¶-Xv.
1. A-d-kväv -sN¿s¸Sp-¶- hy-àn-¡v A-d-kvän-sâ Im-c-Ww- A-dn-bm-\p-Å-
A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv.
2. A-d-kväv -sN¿s¸«- hy-àn-¡v A-bm-Ä-¡v C-ã-ap-Å- A-`n-`m-j-I-\p-am-bn
- BtemNn-¡m-\pw- At±lw- aptJ\- -tIkv hm-Zn-¡m-\p-ap-Å-
A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv.
3. A-d-kväv -sNbvXv I-kvä-Un-bn-Â- h-bv¡s¸Sp-¶- Bsf 24 a-Wn-¡q-dn-\-Iw-
-sXm«-Sp-¯- a-Pn-kv-t{Sän-\p- - ap-¼msI lm-P-cmt¡ï-Xm-Wv.
( bm-{Xm-ka-bw- C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sn-Ã- )

 -t]meo-kn-sâ `m-K-a-Ãm-¯- a-Pn-kv-t{Säv Cu- A-d-kväv \o-Xn-bp-à-amtWm

A-Ãtbm F-¶- Im-cy-¯n-Â- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-¡pw-.
 I-cp-X-Â- X-S-¦-ens\Ip-dn-¨v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv Cu- A-\ptOZ-¯n-em-Wv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 Nn-e- kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â- Ip-äw- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-³-]m-bn- Ip-äw- -sN¿m-³-
km-[y-X-bpsï¶- kw-i-b-¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- hy-àn-Isf
Ip-d-¨p- ka-bt¯¡v \n-b-a-¯m-Â- kvYm-]n-X-am-b- \-S-]-Sn- {I-a-§sfm¶pw
- Iq-SmsX A-d-kväv -sN¿mw-.

 H-cp- hy-àn- cm-{ã-¯n-sâ kp-c-£-bv-t¡m, {I-a- kam-[m-\-¯nt\m `o-j-Wn-

D-b-À-¯psa¶v K-h-¬saân-\v -tXm¶p-I-bmsW¦n-Â- A-bmsf A-d-kväv -
sN¿m-\pw- hn-Nm-c-W- Iq-SmsX X-S-¦-en-Â- h-bv¡m-\pw- K-h-¬saân-\v
A-[n-Im-c-ap-ïv.
 X-S-¦-Â- D-¯-c-hns\Xnsc {]-Xn-\n-[nsb A-b-bv¡p-hm-³- X-S-hp-]p-Ån-¡v
A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv.
 I-cp-X-Â- X-S-¦-Â- _n-Â- ]m-À-esaân-Â- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv
- kÀ-Zm-À- h-Ã-`v`m-bv ]t«Â-
 I-cp-X-Â- X-S-¦-Â- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- A-d-kvän-em-b- B-Zy- hy-àn-
F-.-[Link]]m-e-³-

 I-cp-X-Â- X-S-¦-Â- F-{X- am-kw- hsc \o-«ns¡mïp- -t]mIm-³- I-gn-bpw-

- 3 am-kw-
 aq-¶v am-k¯n-\v -tijw- Cu- -tIkv H-cp- D-]tZi-I- kan-Xn-¡v ap-³-]msI
]p-\-]-cntim[-\-bv¡v hnt[b-am-¡-Ww-.
 I-cp-X-Â- X-S-¦-Â- \n-b-a-¯n-\v {]-kn-U-â n-sâ Aw-Ko-Im-cw- e-`n-¨-Xv 1950 -
s^{_p-h-cn- 25
 I-cp-X-Â- X-S-¦-Â- \n-b-aw- \n-e-hn-Â- h-¶-Xv 1950 -s^{_p-h-cn- 26
CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL
 Nq-j-W-¯ns\Xn-cm-bp-Å- A-h-Im-iw- (23- 24)
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 23
 A-Sn-a-¸-Wn- Asæn-Â- Iq-en- \-Â-ImsX \n-À-_-Ôn-X- -the- -sN¿n-¸n-¡-Â-,
a-\p-jy-hym-]m-cw-, A-Sn-a-I-fm-¡n- D-]tbmKn-¡p-I- Xp-S-§n-b-h- `-c-W-L-S-\-
\ntcm[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-.

 a-\p-jy-¡-¨-h-S-hpw- -A-Xpt]m-se \n-À-_-Ôn-¨v ]-Wn- -sN¿n-¡-en-sâ a-äp-

cq-]-§-fpw- ( t_Km-dpw ) \ntcm[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, Cu- hy-h-kvY-bpsS G-Xv
ew-L-\-hpw- \n-b-a-a-\p-kcn-¨v in-£n-¡m-hp-¶- H-cp- Ip-ä-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-
Ip-¶p- .
 \n-À-_-Ôn-X- -tPmen- X-S-bm-\pw- an-\n-aw- Iq-en- \-S-¸n-em-¡m-\pw- {]m-_-ey-¯n-Â-
h-¶- \n-b-a-§-Ä-
▪ Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976
▪ Minimum Wages Act, 1948
▪ Contract Labour Act, 1970
▪ Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 23(2) A-\p-kcn-¨v Cu- \n-b-a-§-Ä- _m-[-I-a-Ãm-¯-
km-l-N-cy-§-Ä- : an-en-ä-dn- kÀ-Æo-kn-epw- a-äpw- -s]mXp- Xm-Â-]-cy- {]-Im-cw- -
thX-\- c-ln-X \n-À-_-Ôn-X- tkh-\-¯n-\v \n-b-aw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p-ïv.
F-¶m- C-¯-cw- tkh-\w- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡pt¼mÄ- a-Xw-, hw-iw-, Pm-Xn-,
h-À-Kw- F-¶o- ]-cn-K-W-\-I-Ä- Iq-SmsXbm-bn-cn-¡-Ww- ]-u-c-·msc
kzo-I-cnt¡ï-Xv.

 -tZh-Zm-kn- k{¼-Zm-bs¯ hn-e-¡p-¶- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 23

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 24
 C-Xp-{]-Im-cw- hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn-epw- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- -taJ-e-I-fn-epw-
Ip-«n-Isf -tPmen-¡v \ntbmKn-¡p-¶-Xv \ntcm[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-.
 hy-h-km-b- im-e-I-Ä-, J-\n-I-Ä- F-¶n-h- -t]m-sebp-Å- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- -
taJ-e-I-fn-Â- F-{X- h-b-Ên-Â- Xmsgbp-Å- Ip-«n-Isf -sImïv -sXmgn-Â- -
sN¿n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv `-c-W-L-S-\- hn-e-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- 14

 _m-ethe- D-]tbmKn-¨n-«n-Ãm-¯- D-Â-¸-¶-§-Ä-¡p- \-Â-Ip-¶- ap-Z- d-Üm-À-¡v

 d-Üm-À-¡v \n-e-hn-Â- A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv Kp-Uvho-hv

 d-Üm-À-¡v F-¶- B-i-b-¯n-\v ]n-¶n-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¨- C-´y-³- -s\m-t_Â-
k½m-\- -tPXm-hv ssIem-jv kXym-À-°n-
 -ssIem-jv kXym-À-°n-¡v -s\m-t_Â- k½m-\w- e-`n-¨- h-À-jw- 2014

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 Btcm-sSm¸-am-Wv -ssIem-jv kXym-À-°n- s\m-t_Â- k½m-\w- ]-¦n-«-Xv
- a-em-e- bq-k^v km-bn-
 _m-ethe- X-S-bm-\pw- Ip-«n-I-fpsS kw-c-£-W-¯n-\p-am-bn- -ssIem-jv
kXym-À-°n- B-cw-`n-¨- kw-L-S-\- -s_Nv]-³- _-¨mthm Bt´mf-³- (1980)

 -temI- _m-ethe- hn-cp-²-Zn-\w- Pq-¬- 12

A-Sn-b-´n-cm-h-kvY- ka-b-§-fn-Â- -t]mepw- d-±p- -sN¿m-³-

I-gn-bm-¯- B-À-«n-¡n-fp-I-Ä- : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 20,21
`-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS kp-h-À-®- {XntImWw- F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-
A-\ptOZ-§-Ä- : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 14, 19, 21

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 a-X- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- (25 :- 28)
 F-´m-Wv atXX-c-X-zw- -sImïv A-À-°-am-¡p¶-Xv
✓ C-´y-bv¡v H-cp- HutZymKn-I- a-X-an-Ã-.
✓ H-cp- a-Xs¯bpw- C-´y- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
✓ F-Ãm- a-X-§sfbpw- H-cp- -t]m-se _-lp-am-\n-¡Ww-.
✓ ]-u-c-\v a-X-kzm-{X-´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv.
✓ ]-u-c-³- kzo-I-cn-¨- a-X-¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- hnthN-\w- ]m-Sn-Ã-.

 atXX-c-X-zw- F-¶- ]-Zw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â- (B-ap-J-¯n-Â-) Iq-«nt¨À-¯- -

t`Z-K-Xn- : 42- t`Z-K-Xn- (1976)

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 25
 kz-X-{´-am-bn- G-Xp- a-X-¯n-epw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- B-N-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw-
{]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw-, ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-
(B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 25(1)).
 Cu- A-h-Im-iw- ]-u-c-·m-À-¡pw- hntZin-I-Ä-¡pw- A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.

 Cu- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- {]-Im-cw- km-aq-lyt£aw- D-d-¸m-¡p-I-bpw- -s]mXp-

ln-µp-a-X- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- F-Ãm- ln-µp-¡-Ä-¡p-am-bn- Xp-d-¶p- -
sImSp-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 26
 a-X-hn-`m-K-§-Ä-¡v a-X- Po-h-Im-cp-Wy- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- kvYm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- -
t\m¡n- \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- D-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-.
 a-X-]-c-am-b- B-Nm-c-§-Ä- Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p-hm-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- A-Xm-Xv
a-X-§-Ä-¡v \-Â-Ip-¶- A-\ptOZw-.

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 27
 GsX¦n-epw- a-X-¯n-sâ-tbm a-X-hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ-tbm
hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-¯nt\m ]-cn-]m-e-\-¯n-t\m -thïn- H-cp- hy-àn-bpw- \n-Ip-Xn-
A-S-bv¡m-³- \n-À-_-Ôn-X-c-Ã-
 F-¶m-Â- Xo-À-°m-S-I-À-¡v Nn-e- {]tXyI- tkh-\-§tfm km-l-N-cy-§tfm
H-cp-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-h-cn-Â- \n-¶pw- ^o-kv Cu-Sm-¡p-¶-Xn-Â- \n-b-a-X-S-kan-Ã-.
a-X-]-c-am-b- H-¯ptNc-ep-I-Ä-¡pw- an-X-am-b- \n-c-¡n-Â- ^o-kv
Cu-Sm-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 28
 K-h-¬saâv \-S-¯p-¶- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§-fn-Â- a-X- B-Nm-c-§-Ä-
\-S-¯mt\m a-Xm-Nm-c-§-Ä- \n-À-_-Ô-am-¡mt\m ]m-Sn-Ã- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 28(1)
 cm-{ãw- `-c-Ww- \-S-¯p-¶-Xpw- F-¶m-Â- a-X-]-c-am-b- -t_m[-\w- B- kvYm-]-\-
¯n-\v \-Â-I-Wsa¶v B-h-iys¸Sp-¶- GsX¦n-epw- {S-kvän-sâ- Io-gn-Â-
kvYm-]n-¨n-«p-Å-Xp-am-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§-fn-Â- a-X-]-c-am-b- \n-Àt±i-§-
fpw-, a-X-]-c-am-b- B-cm-[-\-I-fpw- \-S-¸n-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 28 (2)

 kv-tääv ^-ïv -sImïv {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- GsX¦n-epw- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-

¯n-Â- \-S-¯p-¶- a-X- {]t_m[-\-¯n-Â- ]s¦Sp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-³- GsXmcp-
hn-Zym-À-°n-¡pw- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 28(3)

 Ip-«n- -ssa\-dmsW¦n-Â- c-£-I-À-¯m-hn-sâ A-\p-hm-Zt¯m-sS am-{Xta

Ip-«nsb a-X- {]t_m[-\- ¢m-kn-Â- ]s¦Sp-¸n-¡m-hp- B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 28(3)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 • {]-h-À-¯-\- co-Xn-b-\p-kcn-¨v hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§sf \m-em-bn-
Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-.
A. ]q-À-W-am-bpw- kv-tään-sâ A-[o-\-X-bn-ep-Å-h-
B. kv-tään-sâ \n-b-{´-W-¯n-ep-Å-Xpw- F-¶m-Â- GsX¦n-epw-
{S-kvän-sâ- Io-gn-Â- kvYm-]n-X-am-b-h-.
C.- kv-tään-sâ Aw-Ko-Im-c-ap-Å-h-
D. kv-tään-Â- \n-¶v km-¼-¯n-I- klm-bw- kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-.
• C-Xn-Â- ‘A' hn-`m-K-¯n-Â- a-X-]-c-am-b- {]t_m[-\w- ]q-À-W-am-bpw- \ntcm[n-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶p-. 'B' hn-`m-K-¯n-Â- a-X-]-c-am-b- {]t_m[-\w- A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.
"C', "D' hn-`m-K-§-fn-Â- a-X-]-c-am-b- {]t_m[-\w- kzta[-bm-
A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k ]-c-hp-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- (29- : 30)

 \yq-\-]-£- ]-Zh
- n- a-Xs¯ am-{Xw- B-{i-bn-¨p-Å-X-Ã-
 `m-jm-]-c-hpw-, kmw-kvIm-cn-I-]-c-hp-am-b- \yq-\- ]-£§
- -Ä- C-Xn-sâ
]-cn-[n-bn-Â- h-cp-¶p-.
 cm-Py-¯n-sâ GsX¦n-epw- H-cp- {]tXyI- `m-Kt¯m Asæn-Â-
cmPys¯m«msI-tbm a-äv hn-`m-K-§sf¡m-Ä- F-®-¯n-Â- Ip-d-hp-Å-h-cpw-
H-cp- -s]mXp-`m-jtbm a-Xtam D-Å-h-cp-am-b- hn-`m-K-§f- m-Wv \yq-\-]-£-§-Ä-.
 \yq-\-]-£- kw-c-£W- w- D-d-¸p- \-Â-Ip-¶- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k]-c-hp-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 29
 `m-c-X-¯n-sâ `q-{]tZit¯m A-Xn-sâ GsX¦n-epw- `m-Kt¯m Xm-a-kn-¨p-
h-cp-¶- ]-u-c-·m-cn-Â-, `n-¶a- m-b- H-cp- `m-jtbm en-]ntbm kw-kvIm-ctam
kz-´-am-bp-Å- GsXmcp- hn-`m-K-¯n-\pw- A-Xv kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v
A-h-Im-i-ap-ïm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 29(1)

 K-h-¬saâv \-S-¯p-¶tXm, K-h-¬saâv klm-bw- kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶tXm

B-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- a-Xw-, h-À-Kw-, Pm-Xn-, `m-j- F-¶n-h-bpsS
A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- GsXmcp- ]-u-c-\pw- {]thi-\w- \ntj[n-¡p-hm-³-
]m-Sp-Å-X-Ã- B-À«- n-¡n-Ä- 29 (2)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 C-´y-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-Â- \yq-\-]-£w- F-¶- ]-Zw- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-Xy-£s¸Sp-¶-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- B-À«- n-¡n-Ä- 29

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 30
 a-X-`m-jm- \yq-\-]-£-§-Ä-¡v kz-´w- C-ã- {]-Im-cw- hn-Zym-`ym-k
kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
D-d-¸v \-Â-Ip-¶- h-Ip-¸v.
 \yq-\-]-£- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- aq-¶v hn-[-¯n-ep-ïv.
1. kw-kvYm-\-¯n-sâ Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw- klm-b-hpw- e-`y-am-Ip-¶-h-
2. kw-kvYm-\-¯n-sâ Aw-Ko-Im-cw- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xpw- klm-bw-
e-`n-¡m-¯-Xp-am-b- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä-
3.`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-Â- \n-¶v Aw-Ko-Im-ctam klm-btam B-h-iys¸Sm-¯-
kvYm-]-\-§-Ä-
 K-h-¬saâv \-Â-Ip-¶- [-\-klm-bw- hn-Zym-`ym-k \n-e-hm-cw- D-b-À-¯p-¶-Xn-\v
hn-\ntbmKnt¡ï-Xm-Wv.
 C-ãm-\p-kc-Ww- hn-Zym-`ym-k kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- kvYm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- \n-b-{´n-
¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- \yq-\-]-£-§-Ä-¡v Nn-e- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïv.

 hn-Zym-`ym-kkvYm-]-\-¯n-sâ kvYm-]-I-À-¡v kvYm-]-\¯ - n-sâ Im-cy-§-Ä-

\-S-¯m-\pw- `-c-WI- m-cy-§-Ä- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-\pw- hn-i-zm-kap-Å-
`-c-W-kan-Xnsb s- XcsªSp¡-mw-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 So-¨nw-Kv, -t\m¬- So-¨nw-Kv DtZymK-kvYsc Cu- `-c-W-kan-Xn-¡v \n-b-an-¡mw-.
 A-À-l-X-bp-Å- hn-Zym-À-Yn-Isf Cu- `-c-W- kan-Xn-bv¡v {]thin-¸n-¡m-\pw-
\ym-b-am-b- ^o-kv L-S-\- kÖo-I-cn-¡m-\pw- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 30 {]-Im-cw- \yq-\-]-£-§-Ä-¡v \-Â-Ip-¶- A-h-Im-iw-

`q-cn-]-£-hp-am-bp-Å- Xp-ey-X- D-d-¸m-¡m-³- am-{X-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. \yq-\-]-£-
§sf `q-cn-]-£t¯¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]tbmP-\-I-c-am-b- kvYm-\-¯v
\n-À-¯m-³- Dt±in-¨n-«p-Å-X-Ã-.

`-c-WL
- -S-\m-]c- -am-b- {]-Xn-hn-[n-I-Ä-¡p-Å- A-h-Im-iw-
B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 32
 a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i§
- -fpsS ew-L-\w- D-ïm-bm-Â- H-cp- ]-uc- -\v kp-{]ow
tImS-Xnsb -t\cn-«v kao-]n-¡mw- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶- A-\ptOZw-.
 C-´y-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\- khntij-X-bm-Wv Cu- h-Ips¸¶v
kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn- A-`n-{]m-bs¸«n-«p-ïv.
 a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i§
- -fpsS kw-c£
- -W-¯n-\v t- hïn- kp-{]owtImS-Xn-¡v dn-«v
]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-³- A-h-Im-iw- D-ïv.

 C-´y-³- `-c-W-LS- -\-bpsS lr-Z-b-hpw-, B-ßm-hpw- F-¶v Awt_ZvI-À-

hntijn-¸n-¨- h-Ip-¸v

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 “a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i§
- -fn-Â- a-u-en-I-am-b-Xv” F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶- A-\ptOZw-
F-¶v Awt_ZvI-À- hntijn-¸n-¨-Xv B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 32 -s\bm-Wv.

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 32, a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS kÀ-Æ-hn-[- kw-c-£-W-hpw-

e-£y-am-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL



CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL



ordinary legal right)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL




co- warranto.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL



CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL



(a)
b)

(c)
(d)

 A B
A
A B A
B
B
A

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL






CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 

 to Forbid

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL



 to be
cer fied), to be informed)

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL



CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL



CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL

 B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 33
 km-bp-[-tk\-, ]m-cm-an-en-«-dn- tk\-, -t]meo-kv tk\-, c-l-kymt\zj-W- tk\-,
kam-\- tkh-\-§-Ä- F-¶n-h-bpsS Im-cy-¯n-Â- ]m-À-esaân-\v
a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i§
- -fpsS {]tbmKw- \n-b-{´n-¡mt\m d-±m-¡mt\m I-gn-bpw-
F-¶v ]-cm-a-À-in-¡p-¶- A-\ptOZw-

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 34
 GsX¦n-epw- {]tZi-¯v ]-«m-f- `-c-Ww- {]m-_-ey-¯n-en-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-
a-u-en-Im-h-Im-iw- ]-cn-an-Xs¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv F-¶v
{]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶- A-\ptOZw-.

B-À-«n-¡n-Ä- 35
\n-À-±n-ã- a-u-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-Ä- {]m-_-ey-¯n-Â- h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\v \n-b-a-§-Ä-
\n-À-an-¡p-hm-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- ]m-À-esaân-\v am-{Xta D-Åq-.
kw-kvYm-\- \n-b-a-k`-I-Ä-¡v C-Ã-.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN VOCABSPEDIA PSC TELEGRAM CHANNEL