4/22/2024 Chemical Technology Petrochemical Industry: Constituents and classifications, products of Fefining, petrochemicals methods, synthetic gas, petrochemicals from ethane, ethylene and Acetylene, petrachemicals from Aromatics, Butanes Oil and fats: The term vegetable ol is used as synonyms for edible els. Few ofthe edible oil like castor oil are non edible and some ofthe edible oil are used in the industrial application such as cosmeties and soap making Edible oils are major source of nutrition in country India, Major source of vegetable oil: Coconnt oi, Soyabecn oil, Cottonseed oil, Peanut oi Sunflower ol, Linseed (Max/alsitisi) oil, Palm oil, Rapseed (hindi - Rayi) oil, Com oi Few ather source of vegetable ol is there bul they ae in low perventae,ny name Where is the oil located? a * Pants use stores ol as foo for germinating embryo, calorie content is so highs eficint storage mater It is couble that of carbohydrates and proteins + ilcanbe stored in endosperm caso, coconut), eatyledons (peanut, soybean), seutellum (or), fruit pulp (geims and olives), + Seeds have organelles called 2s glyxosomes tht convert faty acids into cabotydrates during gainaton, Oils + Mainly hydrocarbons made up of + Glycerol (backbone) with three fatty acids chemically bonded to it triglycerides Ho-g—n i Estenfieaben no-d—n * noo _— Gycero} Fraty welds Tapyeendes 4/22/20244 Chemical composition and physical property of vegetable vil 1 ‘at and Oils: mixtures of glycerides of fatty acids where Rj, Ry. Ry and not necessarily same, 2. Waxes: mixed esters of polyhydre aleohols other than glycerin, 3._ Effect of degree of saturation ~ number of double bonds inthe fatty acid radical (R) Controls the melting points and chemical reactivity The ability to react with oxygen enhances the use of unsaturated fatty acids as film forming vehicle for paints 11s also the eause of rancidity in edibte fat products which can be avoided by Following methods: * Hydrogenation: removes reactive double bonds ‘+ Antioxidants: compounds which oxidizes preferentially to fats without much increase in the eolor and odor. is the spoling of food due to incomplete oxidation or hydrolysis of fats and lls. it oceurs when food is exposed to light, ar, moisture orto any bacterial action. Hydrogenation of oils Hydrogenation isa unit process which is used in the fat and oil industry to remove double bonds, raise melting point of the fat, and improve its resistance to rane oxidation, ‘The end products of hydrogenation are Vanaspati oll from dalda brand (majorly produced in india), hardened industrial oils and partially hydrogenated liquid ol Drs niiieceteulinienmaR cacy aR Gaye es ee cu oy SHS de faineer onesie \ tk Ceara ere Agr Vege hee Ae ty pe Ca RSE (scx Sti aoe Hydrogenation mgt ewteysons Sulphur FH 0d i containing LL oo compaund 2 CCoeas) WSan45S0) Saami are not desi EB! ~~ 4/22/2024Fier aio Fulereearn [carton Decotoeization “Tene number eguls tho number of yo iene required to psi 0 of te. fated hve ember, ite yas ve inh ine nome: pyratyfaesoncated Ot + Sulphur comsiniag compounds [S0: eis, They are removed fom eyogen Satan re poisonous 19 hyrogenation catalysis ‘chemical reaction of hydrogenation (0) Ru(C~O R= C9 He RUCHCH Re :aH mee (b) Nick catalyst pepasion nike ormotedecomposion) 1Ni8HCOO}, 2180 1 prodoces a nel vided catalyst which is suitble for wll sme hyrogenation reactors (e) Nick! Nit +260; + Hh 28:0, zal preprtion (reduc on net eras support Nill): = Hs Ni #10 Nico, + He 9 Nir EhO “CO: Nickel salts re peciptated on in porous cate a reduce at high temper. yong eostere. 4) Nickel catalyst preparation (Raney or spangy mc! mead) 2AINi + GNAOIL Ni + 2NAAIOS + Tb produces uefoe area catalyst wn the sodium aluminate washed out with wate, 1) ae poisonous 10 byogeation catalysis Note: Suhr soutaining compounds (SO 1 proces, They ate removed fom eryogeni dba 4/22/2024[Advantages of hydrogenation of on Secu ke ote kas ee RET CIuT Nari ae unUusc Uc onclg FNC Roe Re Lt gon CCEA Toc Bre Kako RULE increasing saturation). Bice acy Pesci cna cua} Disadvantages of hydrogenation of oil + Mono- and poly-unsaturated fats are healthier for the heart than pate + In partial hydrogenation, trans fats can form, BIS ue ae ee NAc ‘and are dificult to excrete from the body. ‘Trans fats also increase levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and are Perea eau Method of extraction of vegetable ols i, Mechanical operation: crushing grinding, deshelling, ec. ii, Solvent extraction: hexane, propane, tricholoroethylene, ete ii, Purification: j, NaOH, Na,CO,, HPO, to remove fre fatty aids, ii, Fuller's earth, activated carbon for bleaching Ter refining, wsvally called degiumming, consists of wearing the natural oil with smal! amount of water, followed by centrifivgal separation ‘The degunmed oil may be used directly in industrial applications, such as in pans or lly resins, or refined with alkalies for ultimate edible consumption 4/22/2024Extraction of vegetable oil ngs 4/22/2024Proctsng of ols I involve the proces of bleaching, hydrogenation and deodorization, " aon i, Degumming/steam refining iil, Deodorization iv, Hydrogenation refining: The oils are deyummed by coagulation with phosphoric acid (0.05%: acid refining) and sodium hydroxide (0.01%: alkalt refining). They are helpful in ‘breaking emulsion, The gum and soaps are removed by centrifugation and the fatty acids are recovered by acidulation (i, to make acid or slightly acidic), Bleaching: It is a simple operation which improve oil quality by removal of contaminants that adversely impact the appearance and performance of these triglyceride (triacylglycerol) based materials, For edible oi, clayvactivared carbon are used to absorb pigments in crude edible oil, For this process involve the use of adsorptive bentomite clays (for edible oi) ana ‘chemical reaction (for non-edible oi) Deodorization: It is accomplished by blowing superheated steam through the oil under high ‘vacuum and 210-275 °C. It removes ador causing compounds and also destroy many color producing pigments. Animal fats and oils “The soutce of animal fits are; Whale oil, Cod-lver ol, Fish ei, Shark-liver al, te Waxes vr Sepending upon the source, wax are animal, vegetable, mineral end synthetic waxes. «Animal waxes are secreted as protective coating by certain insect. + Vegetable waxes are found as coating on leaves, stem, lowers and seeds. 1 Mivoral waxes are parafin waxes obtained from petroleum and such waxes are yielded by coal, peat and lignite. Yiinoral wanes are not true waxes but are so classified because of their physical characteristics. « Yaulous kind of waxes are: Beeswax, Carmauba wax (a type of palm), Ozocerite, paratfin wax, montan wax, candela wax, synthetic wax 4/22/2024Soap and detergents ‘Soap ~ compounds ofthe type [Link], Where, [Link]. is fatty acid rad ryristic which is mixture based on glyce sting olvic, stearic, palmitic, laurie and materials. M isan alkali elements such as Na and K. Detergents synthetic organic chemicals which promotes better surface tension lowering than soaps. 4/22/2024Method of soap production tis prepared by two methods: () Batch saponification process: Acid hyrolysis of glycerides followed by alkali ‘Addition (Twitchell process) or direct saponification using strong strong caustic (b) Continuous Hydrolysis and Saponification Process ‘This method isin greater use because it has following advantage over batch process: + Flexibility in control of product distribution + Higher glycerin yields (80%) + Less off-color production during the short-time hydrolysis step + Require less space and manpovier Basic Steps in Soap Manufacture Faponification [A mints ar allow Canal Taw sre aise xed proportion au fe aa, Soa Tp ama osstent reaction “The soa bate Imi using team sparging be soap produce is ¥ “Dpeatog oF praia oF] Upon csion oT sapwilieaionaldiionaT sat To The wel soap Sang soap anid Glycerine | it to separate out to soap and plyerine in sat water Soap snot ery removal | soto in at water, ipesie vey ate by pros son fective removal 1 very anpemant process Upon addition of alt she | single phase soap i eonvered tte layer, Ths baton Laver i @ | level of sa. is soup whieh Iyserol and only sll amount of soap wile the tp ayer allowed 19 ste for several ours. Aqueous soli ‘called ye is dean fiom the boltom which eoasist of most of the lycerine whieh is sem othe glycerine recovery plant where glycerol recovered puritied, Le 4/22/2024Saponification process eno— Ken. «non bio— Rene + axon ——e brow + a0 —femen —[Link] cuon ATRIGLCERIDE —— CAUSTICSODA GLYCERINE METAL SOAP O1ytat + Sodium nydroxie ~ soap + alycerot <— Soe drole Soap Manufacture...continued @ 4 The soap eamining im the Fete Sill contains some glyeerine which is Soap — purification h column. by axlding small amount of eaustic soda in the and drying remot “The soap and Iye are separated, The lye removed is reused in the process @ ‘The top neat soap layer sill contains some caustic soda which is | neutralised with a weak acid such as citric acid. The separated soap containing water are lurter dried by heating under vacuum § | Filly aitves such s preservatives, colour and prfime re aed nd Finishing @ visti ep itis supe sal 4/22/2024 10ure soap DRAREO TD" TTT TTT a 7 yeerine sop ciycrne cma ofS saoiine 7 ‘iashing Sites eperaon eer Hen || sxteeten tt — ca lt i {oesaoreton) ' Na0llag, Fragrances Conservative Agent ‘Colouring preservatives citric acid Flow diagram of soap manufacture 4/22/2024 1sates ost slyenn pat soap manufacture and its commercialization Detergents Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain of benzene sulphonic aid Natural detergents are made from animal/vegetable ol wile synthetic, Getergents is made fcom petroleum products etergent are generally sodium alkyl sulphate and sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates ch ah ho ot ey E-cih= Coes Ene oH i cron 040 2 “P_ sapranates gous Sulphate B05 sadn ay waphoto osu Faye 4/22/2024 12Detergents Definition: A water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble, and Giffers from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water. on Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene | sulphuric acids, ! + Itis used in both, Powder and Liquid form, and sold as laundry powders, hard surface cleansers, dish washing liquids, fabric conditioners etc. ‘Structure of soap anddetergents —saqurrenscoe Hydropiic par: Hydkophie is sodium st which 67 B® es ssl ter (oomeccnwnton eg. > ~$05,~0505- 01 NR PRET 1 SE 2a i ale and anced by pole water molecules ‘, Hydrophobic part: Hydrocarbon part of detergents is called hydrophobic part. It is non. polar and insoluble in water but soluble in oil + Solute molecule or ions that are absorbed at surface and reduce the surface interfacial tension is called surfactants. They contain 2 polerheadornompolortal. yf mi 2 . aecveaenatacontipe EERE CEES fo 0 site the detergents are cased wh BAR BOE ath TTT safe non : ont eter Bo WAA wm aie 4/22/2024 134/22/2024 Steps of cleaning mechanism of soap/detergents = Tree moving soap anions ane 7 Rydrophille pan c soap anions fenans te same water 903 yarophoble pant dssates a wes eo the grease. WS | ey we movemert ot mater dung ve scrtbng anaiationg tate BY) stcssenea’ anc ited off the surtae T The hydiophabe pact scap anor surTeund he grease, Me | geastisisuspended in the water ~The grease m dapersed lo omer droplet The smat arepiets do ho redepost on the surface of coh due £2 fepuricn betace’ negative cbaiges detergent Lite ‘suspended nater forme an emulston 5 A ees tea a ‘The cleansing action of Soap and Cleaning mechanism of soap/detergents 14‘Summary of cleaning mechanism of soapidetergents Gta MGT Sertte mt vy vyvyyyy Soper aed ‘Acetergents reduces the ' a surface tension of water. AS tee a result of ths, water a spreads over the surface sak and wets it more easily A detergents thus act 38 werting agent ‘A detergents increase the | wetting power of water | Tap water does not wet | this piece of cloth easily, | but detergents solstion | does. Basic component of detergents Detergent (Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate) Builders: Phosphate (Sodium tripolypliosphate boost detergent py carbonates. zeolite Filters and Processing Aids; Sodium carbonate, sodium sulphonate Corrosion inhibitors: Sodium silicate ‘Anti redeposition agent: Carbony methyl cellulose Fabric Brightners: Fluoroscent dyes Bluing: Improve whitencrs by counteracting natural yellowing tendsney ‘Antimicrobial agents: Carbinilides, salieylanilides fnaymes: Decompose or aller the composition of sil and render the particles more easily rower) citrate. silicates, removable, 4/22/2024 15Detergents builders + These are chemical compo: improve the cleaning property which are used 10 Various category of detergent builders ge i. Phosphates such as sodium tripols phosphates and tetrdsodium sp schs 30 in tgs rman ented on Sodium carbo cellloe(1-.) to mprove soll and di suspension Fluorescent dyes as brighteners + Sodium silicate to avoid a SF Zealtes as alleratne of phosphate builers Gisy fe pyrophosphate used winum corrosion in washing machines Synthetle Detergents «= Synthetic detergents are cleaning chemical agents that have all of the qualities of soap but include no soap. «+ Hence this is 9 non-soap cleanser that exerts its impact by reducing the surface tension of an aqueous cleaning mixture. «They produce foam even in hard water, these can be used in both soft and hard water. «+ Some detergents produce foam even in ice-cold water. synthetic detergents can be classified ast Having negatively charged head and widely used due to low cost and nin ond pertomonce Uses nudes S inoaryeetergets [Bam rab Orendeones | Sct oy suite 2 finieae |+ Sodium dodecylbenzene «ean Hog postively charged ead Uses Ince edn coin pes sophorte 6 Hat shermpooe rene ‘Fabric softeners and conditioners peter eee «+ Nom-foni or neutral: Having an uncharged head. Uses include Cetereents ave fr less Homi or uta Heng anchored head Usts ee gag than contouratin ttc 8 Sawamer detergents o eames detergents 4/22/2028 16+A synthetic detergent is a cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap, but Is made from chemical compounds instead of fats and Ive. These detergents were developed in order to overcome some of soap's, shortcomings, such as soap's inability to lather in hard or acidic environments, as itis reliant on fats and oils. + These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. Synthetic detergents can be made from petrochemicals, fats and cils Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions, Synthetic detergents are used for a variety of applications, such as: + Washing clothes + Fuel additives to prevent fouling + Biological reagents + Soap less cleansers used in an array of products THE END 4/22/2024 Vy