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Introduction Ist

Das Dokument führt in das akademische Studium der Geschichte ein, indem es die Definition und die Herausforderungen der Geschichtswissenschaft behandelt. Es wird betont, dass Geschichte die Untersuchung menschlicher Veränderungen über die Zeit ist und dass Historiker verschiedene Konzepte wie Chronologie, Historicism und Historiographie nutzen, um die Vergangenheit zu interpretieren. Zudem wird die Unterscheidung zwischen geologischer und historischer Zeit sowie die Bedeutung schriftlicher Quellen für das Verständnis der Geschichte hervorgehoben.

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6 Ansichten18 Seiten

Introduction Ist

Das Dokument führt in das akademische Studium der Geschichte ein, indem es die Definition und die Herausforderungen der Geschichtswissenschaft behandelt. Es wird betont, dass Geschichte die Untersuchung menschlicher Veränderungen über die Zeit ist und dass Historiker verschiedene Konzepte wie Chronologie, Historicism und Historiographie nutzen, um die Vergangenheit zu interpretieren. Zudem wird die Unterscheidung zwischen geologischer und historischer Zeit sowie die Bedeutung schriftlicher Quellen für das Verständnis der Geschichte hervorgehoben.

Hochgeladen von

betal3336
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
Wir nehmen die Rechte an Inhalten ernst. Wenn Sie vermuten, dass dies Ihr Inhalt ist, beanspruchen Sie ihn hier.
Verfügbare Formate
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L ndmduction — fp msodurhon = athab it odd. peitog? 1 of the chapter is to introduce the student to the academic study of history. + part of the traditio field, before nd its distinctive features, The by prese ng three core concepts which a 0 discuss the World History approach 3 @ pytroduetion whodis Lhatorg 2 The study of history is the study ofthe human past. This sounds quite straightforward but becomes tricky when probed in more detail. What is the past? Are there logical starting and end points? Can we actually study the past when we have no records of that past? Is what I had for breakfast this morning not also part of the past and therefore history? Or does there need to be sufficient time between the present and the past for historians to be able to more distantly and objectively reflect on past events? The answer to these questions is mostly affirmative: there is a logical starting point, which is the emergence of the early hominids, around 7 million years ago. on We can study the past also in these very early years by using the tools of archaeology, geology and carbon dating, for exampie. Also, what happened this morning in your kitchen, is interesting for historians writing about human diets or dietary history. In short, historians are interested in studying humans in their broadest sense, in their natural environment, across time and across place. Still, we can and should be more specific. When we study the past, we use certain parameters. We study the past usually by dividing it up into time frames (prehistoric) or narrowing it down in geographical scope (Africa) or by focusing on one feature (emergence of hominids). History is generally a story about change over time (the migration out of Africa), about major ruptures (the end of the last ice age 12,000 years ago) and causality (the spread of homo sapiens after the end of the last ice age) and often also about big exploits and momentous events (the development of tools to survive the icy conditions). So, history is in essence the study of change over time in the human past. as. ' Early Hominids, Australopithecus afarensis, cast ‘Lucy’ Jun Te Stedy of History History The study of change over time in the human past When studying this human past, historians have di set. One of the most important tools, already 1 time. We use the idea of chronology, the m cut-off points when these major changes or ruptures occurred and heralded a new time frame. At the end of the last ice age, a new geological epoch started, the Holocene. This is a geological term. Geologists study the planet's surface, oceans and atmosphere and 11,700 years ago the surface of the planet changed substantially and this signaled a transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. Geological time is different from historical time. In 2000, Dutch Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen coined the term the ‘Anthropocene’, referencing the Greek word Anthropos, which means human, It suggests the emergence of a new phase in our planetary history, based on the human imprint on the surface of the Earth, which is a requirement for geological distinction. This imprint has been argued to be visible in the shape of radioactive fallout, microplastics and heavy metals, Presently, there is no agreement among scientists whether the Anthropocene has actually started.” Distinguishing historical time does not require geological proof and there are many examples of time frames and epochs in circulation; prehistory is such a time frame to describe the period between the invention of basic tools and the emergence of script. Scripts or basic writing systems were first developed around 5,000 years ago and signaled the transition to history and history writing based on written sources. Prehistory itself can be subdivided into three phases of Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age related to the acquiring of control over metallurgy. This will be further discussed in chapter two. The core feature of the past is that it is a period of time that is behind us. However, this history or the story of the past is subject of perennial change. This seems paradoxical. How can we explain this? This is where history as an academic subject starts to take shape. Not only do we use chronology as a sense making tool, but there are also other important concepts that historians use. For the purposes of this handbook, we introduce three: historicism, meta-history and historiography. Hisdoyicid™ The study of the past is an exercise in interpretation. Even if we lived through the period of the past we investigate, there is subjectivity, partial view, partiality, loped an important tool tioned, is compartmentalizing surement of time, and identify logical ‘We will return to this iss In the English language i have opted to use histori historical science. ein more detail in chapter cricism is used interchangeably with historism denoting the same phenomenon. We sm as it was the original term ‘Historismus’ as developed by the German school of v ved. H ean weal ulle! pic sexe 0 z et afin i sty isan wn se a et 20 st oe arying to ste he SI oes 0 ‘cont ra La i : re nis best aon oT ped pists 5, These jnternal ‘meanings ° pistory eed to e covere i He result FE ninetee™™ pe aeury Rane” old vor anke, ho highly ye and contexts: TY his idea fistoricism © Md afeer Ger™at reearchet LeOP ocess 0 fessional! cory writing: term historians. Th Revolution, na™ influential in the Pr Leo} old von Ranke His ii invitatios possible n was to fe to that lis focus eyes at Live on ho nee d experience, Hist really wai called h sientiig ater Elaetesdae aa ee ele ere comes and limitatic Is to te acaref text, look Se ai jitations. Thest ake place, whi au ee and eee the take place, which requires ito «and cure to e spelled eh miod en out as istorii n (thi mittlab dence is is as possi e aw: sible” Faz The Study » i. i Historicisny wr a, The study g of history in its uni ‘ S unique contest, time and p HAM to Ny toget as close us posstenn uae 8 the task to the lived historical An example of the a hist [he Sumerians in Mesopotamig were the history, Around 6oo0 OBCE, the are also noted for th application of st approach would Ma ould be the following: Firat onal frst known and recorded civil e as ist cities emerged in Aj cient Sumer, ieir devel ‘opment of written seri Mth Sources could only be appre: od ae : be appreciated when combine Sumerian civi eee cuneiform, «d with an understai hese written nding of the tion, _____ Sumerian Cuneiform (ca. 2500 BCE), six-colurnn Sumerian economic tablet ‘mentioning various quantities of barley, flour, bread and beer. Excavated at Shuruppak, Tell Fara, Iraq An important Sumerian record and often (reinterpreted is the Gilgamesh epos (c. third millennium BCE), a mythical story of a Sumerian king, which was found on clay tablets and which displayed significant similatities to the Christian Bible written in the first century CE. 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Although there are ( ializatior of specializat he first forms i : igi jefs wer « ance. Religious beli uidanc “reracting. Eventually started inter: y about racism also spread on a population» ave trade, et at to markets, goods. In ordert A Food surplus could be Brought 0 M8, satire population was 10 1REEE TEST ane of antteer primary sources 0 COFFODOTNE A apg was probably violence, closely followed) bysel ale one of the first ideas that easily can ata the spread of ideas led to wor as ae practices global scale. Ideas had consequences nae a = 7 at uate networks. Some : it jntricate i of the spread of peop ideas er i on in haan I ers and organizations a i an oth aos networks were more formalized thi others a ork and 2 organization ‘ks to function. A distinction be! i Se areas tape clear-cut, but what they have in common is that he oe 2 EOL ava world History beyond the importance of the nation state, ; 5 " regional, national, transnational and jnternational sourc va conaps Dpabon World History The study of history from a world perspective focusing on the spread of people, goods and ideas and increased interconnectedness. To further unpack World History, we will use the three concepts introduced in the first part of this chapter - historiography, historicism and meta-history ~ to gain a deeper understanding of the field. EE ydo _ te HikdoniOgraphiy of Wordd T There has been a long tradition of civilizational history writing with notable contributions from different parts of the world and different authors, such as Herodotus, Ssu-ma Chen, Polybius, Rashid al-Din, and Ibn Khaldoun. These studies form the core of the historiography in World History and recount the experiences of peoples in different civilizations in different parts of the world across time. ‘Twentieth century examples of civilizational history writing are Oswald Spengler and Amold Toynbee, Spengler, in his Untergang des Abendlandes (Decline of the West) published in 1918, predicted the decline of the West, based on a cyclical and organic interpretation of the development of human history. Instead of lookin; at the development of human societies in the past from a linear or teleolo; ical perspective, a cyclical view is inspired by the life spans and seasonal changes which can be observed in nature. For example, the movements of th ithe su and the life cycles of flora and fe hi aan fauna, which all follow a cyclical pattern from birth * Oswald Spengler, Der untergang des aben Tasch aang des abendlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie der weltgeschichte (Muenchen: 26 4 similar Pengler ide Alife sp, Pattern, approach. His ch lenge-response the, stiticized more p 8 ai COMOPE Of Degreshion Civilization A comptes sci {Y bound together by common ‘Tule, sharing a common territory, identity, means Feommunication and retina Assecond strand in the historiography of World History is big or universal history This approach focuses on. the writing of the histor > ofthe Earth, starting with the Bg ng and brin; Ativers of change. The core concerns oF Wa with the idea of increasing connectivity, rid History are again the pre-occupation mobility of people, goods and ideas, and scending bi exchange between people transcending orders and boundaries. ise res 2078 ey ate Us ‘Arnold reyabes Sel often Saad ee Pe Dovid chitin, Orsini. Ag neey ie Davi cheatan, Origin a cofcolonialism. Ina effect of colonialism. etheapproach t Anexampletoillustrate the apP ia os raving TO “i : vive scholars have identified cae Pare Sebo oars atthe geotogieal eC CTT castes, Mu and tYP Theyhave taken actose looks smallpox, nost 90% of ee Atlantic, who brouight with them germs for mericans, alm the Atlantic, who bt rity million indigenous AMT troduction. This i ce than fifty million in their intro’ These discases lad or in ew decades Te the total indigenot ation, d to the i UEpary road Uewoy 40H axp 04 BusBuOjeq Sy00q ayy SuoUE ArexgH WeIREA ay Ur paypreoUN dyosnuew amu yuan wl Puno} uoaq sey prlq ano S14, “ooTeso00 v 30 aBeuit ue Jo Azasoasip axp st ‘siuoufa asaya iay2a801 sBunq yey Arinbut Jo Pury ai 2tensnl! 0l pur “pouyquioo puv pasn axe ssounos soy jo ajdiuexa uy “yzo% Sxtuorsny £ios9 0 aigeaiidde prepues awies ay £q poSpnf aze saomnos asoyy, “soinos Arepuooos pue reund sosn ueosiy aya ‘Sroisiy pLom Suionoeed uaa ‘seu102%9 puv sidaou00 ‘suoruyop osyp ng sowoyy suowsoy ‘souuvaf aur ‘dood fo sdno18 suasaffip ua snzofuvs ostndiwoo yy “wostsndod yBnaxyp yowasos Sunonpu0s 04 yovosdn uy u8\saq Y>weasay annereduio> hette? debprps Hy tp e oldest image of the ‘The image dates from around 1241-1248 and is believed to be th ole isn about bird in Europe. This in itselfiis an interesting find and adds to tl flora and fauna present in Europe. Moreover, the image has triggered new quests about trading routes through which the Emperor managed to get hold of the bit The specific species of yellow-crested cockatoo comes from New Guinea and the most northern part of Australia, These parts of the world, as this image proves. were part of the existing trading routes much earlier than was hitherto assume! WotA ppedory ob Mtoe - Hitdorg What is the aim of World History writing? The focus is on telling the story of the multiplicity, but also commonality, of the human experience across time. Apart from this ambition, it is important to note that World History also subscribes to @ core meta narrative. The idea that human history is a story of ever-increasing connections and connectivity to create an interconnected world is in essence a metachistory exercise. While the occasional set-back occurred, a retreat from globalization in the interbellum as well as possibly today with the rise of geo- Political rivalry, the story of World History is one of the emergence of ever tighter networks spanning the globe. As part of this larger objective of highlighting connections, World History also exhibits a normative strand. It subscribes to the ideal of helping to create a ‘global citizenship’. It is founded on a normative agenda that scholarship should be geared towards creating, especially among the younger generations, an ideal of cosmopolitanism, of global citizenship. re Conapt cdefrhon Global Citizenship The field of World History operates in the belief that the study of the Process of ever-increasing connections can help in the formation and education of future generations of responsible and informed global citizens. This is the cosmopolitan ideal of the field. It is not the ambition of this book to tell the history of everything that happened in the world in the past two millennia, Instead, this book seeks to approach World History from an ‘area focus’. Such an approach can seem outdated, from a by-gone era of Toynbee and Spengler. They understood World History as made up of separate and distinct cultural spheres and civilizations, while neglecting the patterns of globalization which had shaped these separate cultures and states. Since the end Heather Dalton, Jukka Salo, Pekka Niemela, and Simo Orma, ‘Frederick If of Hohcnstaufea's Australasian ‘cockatoo: Symbol of detente between East and West and evidence ofthe Ayyubids' global reach Parergon, Vo. 35 No.1 (2038), pp. 35°60. 30 7 1p e 51724 quo gdaqusopou s! BUN gdaonsitd PHOM 5! 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